40 results on '"Bačić, Marin"'
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2. Shortage of Labour Force in Forestry of Bosnia and Herzegovina – Forestry Experts' Opinions on Recruiting and Retaining Forestry Workers
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Šporčić, Mario, Landekić, Matija, Šušnjar, Marijan, Pandur, Zdravko, Bačić, Marin, Mijoč, David, Šporčić, Mario, Landekić, Matija, Šušnjar, Marijan, Pandur, Zdravko, Bačić, Marin, and Mijoč, David
- Abstract
Labour force represents the sum of human physical and mental abilities used for the production of whatever kind of use values. In forestry, the performance of work operations, especially wood harvesting, represents a high-risk, physically intensive, and professionally very demanding activity, which inevitably requires a qualified and sustainable labour force. Professional, skilful and motivated forestry workers are the basic requirement for efficient forestry operations and make a constituent part of todays sustainable forest management. However, the forestry sector has recently been facing the increasing problem of a shortage of forestry workers i.e. the major challenge of obtaining the necessary labour force. The reasons for this are different demographic, economic, technological and political processes, as well as the specifics of the forestry sector itself. Therefore, in addition to some general indicators of the forestry workforce condition in Europe and worldwide, this paper presents forestry experts’ reflections on the future perspectives of forest work in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Special attention is paid to current issues and problems in attaining and ensuring the necessary labour force (attitudes on forestry work and the profession of forestry worker, gravity of the labour shortage, leading causes and reasons for the lack of forestry workers) and to possible measures and instruments important for improving the forestry workforce sustainability (factors for successful recruitment of forestry workers, stronger retention of workers, greater work commitment, general forest management issues affecting workforce sustainability, etc.). The opinions of forestry experts in public and private companies were statistically tested for differences. The aim of the study is to sensibilize the sector and the public on the problems of the labour force in forestry, its condition and status, and to create the basis that can contribute to bettering the status and sustainability
- Published
- 2024
3. Energy Gain and Carbon Footprint in the Production of Bioelectricity and Wood Pellets in Croatia.
- Author
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Pandur, Zdravko, Bačić, Marin, Šušnjar, Marijan, Landekić, Matija, Šporčić, Mario, and Ištok, Iva
- Abstract
The paper presents the process of electricity and thermal energy production in a cogeneration plant and the process of wood pellet production. The aim of this study was to analyze the energy gain—EROI for energy products that are created as a product contained in electrical and thermal energy and the energy contained in wood pellets. According to the obtained results, the production of only electrical energy from wood biomass in a cogeneration plant was not sustainable from an energy point of view, since the obtained electrical energy was only 1.46 times greater than the input wood energy (EROI
el = 1.46), while the obtained energy of the produced wood pellets was 4.82 (EROIpel = 4.82). According to the results of equivalent carbon emission, positive net value was achieved only with cogeneration plant and pellet plant working in synergy. Wood is a renewable source of energy, and its economic use can create a significant energy gain. However, due to the trend of using renewable energy sources and the increasing need for electricity, such a process of obtaining electricity is financially profitable, although it is not justified from the energy profitability and environmental sustainability point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Usporedba dobiti energije kogeneracijskoga postrojenja i proizvodnje drvnih peleta
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Pandur, Zdravko, primary, Bačić, Marin, additional, and Lepoglavec, Kruno, additional
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- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Kinematic Analysis of the Forestry Workers’ Upper Body during Chainsaw Starting Activity
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Landekić, Matija, primary, Bačić, Marin, additional, Pandur, Zdravko, additional, Bakarić, Matija, additional, Šporčić, Mario, additional, and Nakić, Josipa, additional
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- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Shortage of Labour Force in Forestry of Bosnia and Herzegovina – Forestry Experts' Opinions on Recruiting and Retaining Forestry Workers
- Author
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Šporčić, Mario, primary, Landekić, Matija, additional, Šušnjar, Marijan, additional, Pandur, Zdravko, additional, Bačić, Marin, additional, and Mijoč, David, additional
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Vibration levels and daily vibration exposure while using different tools in a forest cleaning
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Bačić, Marin, Landekić, Matija, Šušnjar, Marijan, Šporčić, Mario, and Pandur, Zdravko
- Subjects
forest cleaning ,hand tools ,battery tools ,vibration levels ,vibration exposure ,Forestry - Abstract
Forest cleaning, being an operation that requires investment, but the return on investment is due for the next generations, utilizes tools and methods that mostly haven’t been humanized. Harmful vibration is still present in today’s forestry operations, and new tools provide possible reduction of exposure to vibrations. Petrol chainsaw and battery chainsaw (late cleaning) and billhook, machete, and battery shears (early cleaning) were used and observed in this study. Vibration levels were measured and assessed using validated Brüel & Kjær 4447 vibrometer which complies with the ISO 8041:2017 standard. The measurement was performed according to the recommendations of ISO 5349-1:2001 and ISO 5349-2:2001 standards. Vibration exposure was assesed using work sampling method on the obtained video recordings in order to calculate relative shares of different work elements. Results show that hand tools (machete and billhook) are causing the highest vibration levels, while battery shears cause the lowest. Battery chainsaw causes higher vibration levels while cutting, but lower daily vibration exposure than petrol chainsaw. A detailed revision in the classification of tools is needed, considering their ability to produce and transmit harmful vibrations to the operator. Using the current classification, the daily exposure to vibration of workers in early forest cleaning is high above legislative values.
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- 2023
8. Workability and Physical Wellbeing Among Chainsaw Operators in Croatia
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Landekić, Matija, Šporčić, Mario, Bačić, Marin, Pandur, Zdravko, and Bakarić, Matija
- Subjects
forestry, chainsaw operator, workability, musculoskeletal disorders, Croatia ,Forestry - Abstract
Motor-manual felling and wood processing is a high-risk work process where the chainsaw, in connection to other variables in the working environment, is a key and constant source of risk and danger for forest chainsaw operators. Pursuant to the foregoing, the purpose of this research is to investigate and compare detected musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) symptoms among the chainsaw workers in Croatia according to their employer (state company – Hrvatske šume Ltd. or private forestry contractor) and self-evaluated Workability Index. A combined three-stage research method was used: (a) defining a sample; (b) preparation and administration of questionnaire; and (c) data analysis and elaboration. The Standardized Nordic Questionnaire (SNQ) was used as a medium to detect musculoskeletal disorder symptoms in chainsaw operators and the Workability Index (WAI) questionnaire was used as a medium for workability self-evaluation. The field part of face-to-face data collection was conducted in the first quarter of 2022 with a total of 158 sampled workers interviewed directly at the forest worksite. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to verify and analyze the data. The anatomical area with the highest 12-month period prevalence of MSD symptoms for all chainsaw operators is the low back (70.89%), followed by the shoulders (41.14%), neck (39.87%) and wrist/hands (36.71%). Research results, according to the employer, showed that workers employed by Hrvatske šume Ltd. have a higher prevalence of MSD symptoms in almost all anatomical locations compared to chainsaw operators employed by private forest contractors. Mean WAI Score among all respondents was 34.96 points (max. 49) falling into the rank »moderate«, while the current workability compared with the lifetime best was 7.33 (range 0–10). The results of MSD symptoms confirm the self-estimated higher values related to health problems caused by forestry work and lower WAI Score by workers employed in the state forestry sector compared to workers employed in private forestry sector. The prevalence of MSD symptoms, observed through WAI Score, showed a significantly lower percentage of affirmative responses for all anatomical regions except for shoulders in workers who need to maintain their workability. The obtained results show positive correlation with descriptive indicators, where younger workers with less chainsaw work experience have a lower prevalence of MSD symptoms and better WAI Score. In the discussion and conclusion part of the research in question, the need for development of possible solutions is emphasized. The proposed solutions can be included into educational programs or on-site training related to the MSD risks for professional chainsaw workers to change their behaviour that will reduce occupational risks.
- Published
- 2022
9. Daily Vibration Exposure in the Context of State and European Legislature: A Case Study among Chainsaw Operators in Croatia
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Bačić, Marin, primary, Pandur, Zdravko, additional, Šušnjar, Marijan, additional, Šporčić, Mario, additional, and Landekić, Matija, additional
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- 2023
- Full Text
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10. Deliberations of Forestry Workers on Current Challenges and Future Perspectives on Their Profession—A Case Study from Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Šporčić, Mario, primary, Landekić, Matija, additional, Šušnjar, Marijan, additional, Pandur, Zdravko, additional, Bačić, Marin, additional, and Mijoč, David, additional
- Published
- 2023
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11. Correct Calculation of the Existing Longitudinal Profile of a Forest/Skid Road Using GNSS and a UAV Device
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Lepoglavec, Kruno, primary, Šušnjar, Marijan, additional, Pandur, Zdravko, additional, Bačić, Marin, additional, Kopseak, Hrvoje, additional, and Nevečerel, Hrvoje, additional
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- 2023
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12. Working Posture and the Center of Mass Assessment While Starting a Chainsaw: A Case Study among Forestry Workers in Croatia
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Landekić, Matija, primary, Bačić, Marin, additional, Bakarić, Matija, additional, Šporčić, Mario, additional, and Pandur, Zdravko, additional
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Usporedba dobiti energije kogeneracijskoga postrojenja i proizvodnje drvnih peleta
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Pandur, Zdravko, Bačić, Marin, Lepoglavec, Kruno, Pandur, Zdravko, Bačić, Marin, and Lepoglavec, Kruno
- Abstract
U radu se prikazuje proces proizvodnje toplinske i električne energije u kogeneracijskom postrojenju te proces proizvodnje drvnih peleta. Cilj je ovoga rada analizirati dobit energije (EROI) od energenata koji nastaju kao proizvod sadržan u toplinskoj i električnoj energiji te energiji koja je sadržana u drvnim peletima. Prema dobivenim rezultatima proizvodnja samo električne energije iz drvne biomase u kogeneracijskom postrojenju nije isplativa s energijske točke gledišta jer je dobivena električna energija tek 1,43 puta veća od uložene energije drva (EROIel = 1,43 : 1). Dobivena je toplinska energija 4,38 puta veća od uložene energije drva (EROItopl = 4,38 : 1), dok je dobivena energija kod proizvedenih drvnih peleta 4,81 puta veća od uložene energije drva (EROIpel = 4,81 : 1). Takav dobitak energije u proizvodnji toplinske energije u kogeneracijskom postrojenju i drvnih peleta energijski je isplativ, ali je višestruko nepovoljniji u odnosu na upotrebu drvne sječke, a posebice u odnosu na upotrebu kratko cijepanoga drva u kotlovima za dobivanje samo toplinske energije. Drvo je obnovljiv izvor energije i njegovom ekonomičnom upotrebom može se stvoriti značajan energijski dobitak, ali zbog trenda upotrebe obnovljivih izvora energije i sve veće potrebe za električnom energijom takav je način dobivanja električne energije financijski isplativ, iako on nije opravdan s gledišta energijske isplativosti.
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- 2023
14. Određivanje položaja centra mase radnika pri radu motornom pilom pomoću Xsens odijela za snimanje pokreta
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Landekić, Matija, Bakarić, Matija, Pandur, Zdravko, Bačić, Marin, Landekić, Matija, Bakarić, Matija, Pandur, Zdravko, and Bačić, Marin
- Abstract
Unatoč razvoju mehanizacije i primjeni visokih tehnologija u sustavima pridobivanja drva ručno-strojni rad motornom pilom i dalje prevladava u Jugoistočnoj Europi, ali i šire. Biomehaničko opterećenje šumskoga radnika u takvim operacijama kategorizirano je kao »vrlo veliko«. Procjena centra mase pritom ima važnu ulogu u razumijevanju izloženosti šumskih radnika posturalnim i profesionalnim rizicima, bilo kao dio cjelokupnoga procesa rada ili kao dio pojedinoga elementa radne tehnike. U skladu s tim cilj ovoga istraživanja sastoji se u određivanju položaja centra mase radnika s motornom pilom s obzirom na tri ključna radna elementa pri sječi stabala (izvođenje zasjeka, izvođenje završnoga reza i zabijanje klina sjekirom) te njegove povezanosti s osobnim i profesionalnim čimbenicima. Za mjerenje položaja centra mase (n = 28 šumskih radilišta, što ujedno čini 28 uzorkovanih radnika) korišteno je odijelo za snimanje pokreta Xsens MVN Link kao vrhunska tehnologija koja omogućuje prikupljanje podataka u stvarnim terenskim uvjetima. Za analizu snimljenih podataka primijenjene su deskriptivne i inferencijalne statističke metode. Promatrani profesionalni čimbenici (metoda rada, model gospodarenja i prsni promjer stabla) i osobni čimbenici (životna dob, visina i indeks tjelesne mase) rezultirali su statistički značajnom razlikom u pogledu izmjerenih vrijednosti centra mase. Na osnovi svega navedenoga daljnja kinematička istraživanja u šumarstvu trebala bi pridonijeti jačemu uključivanju rješenja Industrije 5.0 u sječu i izradu drva, posebno u ručno-strojni rad, primjenom tehnologija virtualne stvarnosti tijekom obuke radnika ili primjenom najnovijih tehnoloških rješenja u smislu jačanja ljudskoga rada s jedne strane te povećanja sigurnosti i zaštite zdravlja s druge strane.
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- 2023
15. Izazov regrutiranja šumarske radne snage u Europi i svijetu
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Šporčić, Mario, Mijoč, David, Bakarić, Matija, Pandur, Zdravko, Bačić, Marin, Landekić, Matija, Šporčić, Mario, Mijoč, David, Bakarić, Matija, Pandur, Zdravko, Bačić, Marin, and Landekić, Matija
- Abstract
SažetakRad u šumarstvu razumijeva sve ljudske aktivnosti koje su prijeko potrebne za obavljanje planiranih šumarskih poslova, a radi ostvarivanja dobrobiti od šume i šumskoga zemljišta. U skladu s tim šumarski radnici, tj. ljudi s potrebnim znanjima, vještinama i sposobnostima, uz odgovarajuća sredstva za rad i predmet rada predstavljaju temeljni čimbenik šumarske proizvodnje. Stručno osposobljeni, odgovorni, savjesni i motivirani šumarski radnici imaju odlučujuću ulogu u ostvarivanju uspješnih proizvodnih i poslovnih rezultata te čine neodvojivu sastavnicu u suvremenoj, općeprihvaćenoj paradigmi održivoga gospodarenja šumama. Međutim, danas u svijetu stalnih promjena šumarstvo se neprestano nalazi pred izazovom osiguranja kvalificirane i održive radne snage. Nedostatak šumarskih radnika postaje sve učestaliji problem u europskom i svjetskom šumarstvu, a razlog tomu su različiti globalni demografski, ekonomski, tehnološki i politički procesi, kao i specifičnosti samog sektora. U radu se stoga, uz opće značajke šumarskog rada prikazuju neki pokazatelji stanja i položaja radne snage u šumarstvu Europe i svijeta. Posebno se obrađuju aktualna pitanja i problemi u regrutiranju potrebne šumarske radne snage (nedostatak radnika, manjak interesa kod mladih ljudi, starenje postojeće radne snage, šumarski poduzetnici, neformalno zapošljavanje i sl.) te određeni alati i instrumenti važni za uspješno privlačenje i zadržavanje šumarskih radnika (razumijevanje motivacije, kompenzacije za rad, obrazovanje i trening radnika, nove tehnologije i sl.). Svrha rada se sastoji u pružanju podloga koje mogu biti važan doprinos u unapređenju stanja i održivosti radne snage u šumarstvu., SummaryWe can define workforce as the totality of human physical and mental abilities that is used to produce use values of any kind. The scope or size of the workforce depends on the total number of inhabitants and their numerous structural characteristics. As an economically active part of the population, it is the most significant factor in the production process in all types of society, regardless of the changes that took place during historical development in its role as the initiator and bearer of the production process. Work in forestry includes all human activities that are necessary for the performance of planned forestry tasks, in order to achieve benefits from the forest and forestland. In accordance with this, forestry workers, i.e. people with the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities, along with the appropriate work means and the subject of work, represent a fundamental factor in forestry production. Professionally trained, responsible, conscientious and motivated forestry workers have a crucial role in achieving successful production and business results and are an inseparable component in the modern, generally accepted paradigm of sustainable forest management.Forestry work, especially wood harvesting, is a high-risk, physically intensive and professionally demanding activity, which requires a qualified and sustainable workforce. However, today in a world of constant changes, forestry is faced with the challenge of securing the necessary workforce. The lack of forestry workers is becoming an increasingly frequent problem in European and global forestry, and the reason for this are different demographic, economic, technological and political processes, as well as the specifics of the sector itself. Therefore, in addition to the general characteristics of forestry work, the paper presents some indicators of the status and position of the forestry workforce in Europe and the world. Special attention is paid to current issues and problems in obtainin
- Published
- 2023
16. Workability and Physical Wellbeing Among Chainsaw Operators in Croatia
- Author
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Landekić, Matija, Šporčić, Mario, Bačić, Marin, Pandur, Zdravko, Bakarić, Matija, Landekić, Matija, Šporčić, Mario, Bačić, Marin, Pandur, Zdravko, and Bakarić, Matija
- Abstract
Motor-manual felling and wood processing is a high-risk work process where the chainsaw, in connection to other variables in the working environment, is a key and constant source of risk and danger for forest chainsaw operators. Pursuant to the foregoing, the purpose of this research is to investigate and compare detected musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) symptoms among the chainsaw workers in Croatia according to their employer (state company – Hrvatske šume Ltd. or private forestry contractor) and self-evaluated Workability Index. A combined three-stage research method was used: (a) defining a sample; (b) preparation and administration of questionnaire; and (c) data analysis and elaboration. The Standardized Nordic Questionnaire (SNQ) was used as a medium to detect musculoskeletal disorder symptoms in chainsaw operators and the Workability Index (WAI) questionnaire was used as a medium for workability self-evaluation. The field part of face-to-face data collection was conducted in the first quarter of 2022 with a total of 158 sampled workers interviewed directly at the forest worksite. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to verify and analyze the data. The anatomical area with the highest 12-month period prevalence of MSD symptoms for all chainsaw operators is the low back (70.89%), followed by the shoulders (41.14%), neck (39.87%) and wrist/hands (36.71%). Research results, according to the employer, showed that workers employed by Hrvatske šume Ltd. have a higher prevalence of MSD symptoms in almost all anatomical locations compared to chainsaw operators employed by private forest contractors. Mean WAI Score among all respondents was 34.96 points (max. 49) falling into the rank »moderate«, while the current workability compared with the lifetime best was 7.33 (range 0–10). The results of MSD symptoms confirm the self-estimated higher values related to health problems caused by forestry work and lower WAI Score by workers employed in the state
- Published
- 2023
17. Possibilities for the Development of an Electric Hybrid Skidder Based on Energy Consumption Measurement in Real Terrain Conditions
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Šušnjar, Marijan, primary, Pandur, Zdravko, additional, Bačić, Marin, additional, Lepoglavec, Kruno, additional, Nevečerel, Hrvoje, additional, and Kopseak, Hrvoje, additional
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- 2022
- Full Text
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18. Energy Consumption and Cutting Performance of Battery-Powered Chainsaws
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Pandur, Zdravko, Bačić, Marin, Šušnjar, Marijan, Landekić, Matija, Šporčić, Mario, Jambreković, Branimir, and Lepoglavec, Kruno
- Subjects
battery chainsaws ,energy consumption ,cutting performance - Abstract
The aim of this research is to measure the energy consumption and compare the cutting performance of three types of battery-powered chainsaws (Stihl MSA 200, Stihl MSA 220, and Stihl MSA 300). Tested chainsaws were powered by two different battery packs (Stihl AP 300 S and Stihl AP 500 S) with different energy capacity and output current when cutting two wooden beams, European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) with different densities and moisture content. Energy consumption was measured using a multimeter built-in battery charger housing, and consumed energy was noted in watt- hours. Each individual cut was recorded with an action camera at 60 frames per second, and the duration of the cuts recorded in centiseconds was observed on the obtained recordings. Results show significant differences in energy consumption and cutting duration between individual chainsaw/battery combinations. Energy consumption ranged from 2.45 to 4.50 Wh per cut for beech (Stihl MSA300E_AP500S and Stihl MSA220_AP300S, respectively) and from 3.10 to 5.00 Wh per cut for black locust (Stihl MSA300M_AP500S and Stihl MSA220_AP500S, respectively). Duration of the cut ranged from 3.48 to 9.24 s per cut for beech (Stihl MSA300M/H_AP500S and Stihl MSA220_AP300S, respectively) and from 3.74 to 9.35 s per cut for the black locust (Stihl MSA300M_AP500S and Stihl MSA220_AP300S, respectively). In general, it can be concluded that more powerful chainsaw/battery combinations (Stihl MSA300_AP500S) consumed less energy per cut and had better cutting performance (shorter cut). In that regard, more powerful chainsaws had greater cutting efficiency, i.e., more cuts on one charge (battery) but shorter cutting time on one charge. The effect of tree species (fresh-sawed beech/air-dried black locust) on energy consumption and cutting performance is absent on the most powerful chainsaw/battery combinations. Today, lithium-ion batteries still have 70 times less energy density than petrol. However, if there is a significant increase in the energy density of the batteries in the coming times, battery chainsaws will most certainly displace petrol chainsaws from use in the future.
- Published
- 2023
19. Exhaust Gases from Skidder ECOTRAC 140 V Diesel Engine
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Kopseak, Hrvoje, primary, Pandur, Zdravko, additional, Bačić, Marin, additional, Zečić, Željko, additional, Nevečerel, Hrvoje, additional, Lepoglavec, Kruno, additional, and Šušnjar, Marijan, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Possibilities for the Development of an Electric Hybrid Skidder Based on Energy Consumption Measurement in Real Terrain Conditions.
- Author
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Šušnjar, Marijan, Pandur, Zdravko, Bačić, Marin, Lepoglavec, Kruno, Nevečerel, Hrvoje, and Kopseak, Hrvoje
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ENERGY consumption ,ELECTRIC motors ,ELECTRIC drives ,HYBRID electric vehicles ,INTERNAL combustion engines ,ELECTRIC propulsion ,GSM communications ,ELECTRIC power distribution grids - Abstract
Growing demand for forest machines that cost less to operate than current compared to traditional hydraulic and mechanical ones, along with regulatory pressures for lower emissions, is increasing manufacturers' interest in developing electric and hybrid drives. While purely electric drives of forest machines meet a lot of bottlenecks (costs of the electric components, battery durability, duration of charging, access to the electrical grid, size of batteries that can ensure enough energy for 8 h working time), electric hybrid drives offer a favorable solution for the propulsion of forestry machinery in terms of lower fuel consumption and improved efficiency. Among all forest vehicles, specialized forest tractors (skidders), so far, have not been considered for forest vehicles with hybrid drive capabilities. A skidder is a forest-articulated self-propelled vehicle for pulling trees or parts of trees. In most countries in southern Europe, the use of skidders equipped with forest winches is the most common technique for timber extraction. The first goal of the research is to develop methods for measuring the energy consumption of skidders at different operating tasks and under different field conditions. Research was performed on the skidder Ecotrac 140V (from Croatian producer Hittner Ltd.) during timber extraction in mountainous terrains in Lika–Senj County. The skidder was equipped with a measuring device WIGO-E (Telematic Data collector) gateway with an integrated GPS system, which ensured data were collected from sensors and motor and stored in a computer via CANBUS and data transfer with GSM to Web platforms. Additionally, a fuel-flow meter was installed on the skidder. Data on fuel consumption (mL), position (traveling route), detection of winch work, engine rpm (min
−1 ), engine torque (% of max), throttle position (%), and engine temperature were measured with a sampling frequency of 5 s. Furthermore, skidder load volumes per cycles and slopes of tractor paths were constantly measured. The paper shows the skidder's energy consumption per day, work cycle, and individual work procedure with regard to the size of the load, the slope of the tractor path, and the direction of movement based on overlapping and merging all measurement data. Using mathematical and simulation models of the drive with defined operating cycles obtained by measurement, the possibilities of the hybrid drive and the dimensions of the elements of the hybrid drive (internal combustion engine, electric motor, batteries, control unit) were determined and are presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Effect of forwarder multipassing on forest soil parameters changes.
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Pandur, Zdravko, Kopseak, Hrvoje, Šušnjar, Marijan, Landekić, Matija, Šporčić, Mario, and Bačić, Marin
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FOREST soils ,CLAY loam soils ,BEARING capacity of soils ,SOIL structure ,SOIL compaction ,SOIL porosity ,SOIL moisture - Abstract
In the lowland part of Croatia, heavy machinery such as forwarders is mainly used for the purpose of extracting wood from even-aged forest stands. According to the forest management plan, forwarders are used intensively in the winter period when the soil is mostly saturated with water and when their activity can cause significant damage to the soil. The aim of this study was to determine changes in soil characteristics as a consequence of the repeated passage of a loaded 8-wheel forwarder on silty clay loam type of soil. The research was conducted in an area where the forwarder usually works and in a way that did not significantly disrupt his normal workflow. The results indicate that during the study period the soil had a good bearing capacity and that the observed changes in soil characteristics (bulk density, total soil porosity, soil moisture, particle density, soil water retention capacity etc.) occurred as a result of breaking structural soil aggregates after soil compaction by multiple passes. Characteristic points (T) of equalized penetration curves indicate the compaction of the soil surface layer. Cone penetration index (CI) values did not show a proportional increase as the number of forwarder passes increased, although significant differences in their values with respect to the number of passes were found. Shear strength (r) did not significantly increase with increasing the number of passes, but a statistically significant difference in the measured values was detected at the soil surface, which was not observed at a depth of 15 cm. Exceeding the rut depth limit of 10 cm occurred only after the 20
th pass. Our results indicate that the soil at the harvesting site had a good bearing capacity during the study period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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22. Analysis of the Offering and Resale Prices on the Second-Hand Skidders Market
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Šporčić, Mario, primary, Šušnjar, Marijan, additional, Pandur, Zdravko, additional, Bačić, Marin, additional, Mijoč, David, additional, and Landekić, Matija, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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23. Technical Solutions of Forest Machine Hybridization
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Mergl, Václav, primary, Pandur, Zdravko, additional, Klepárník, Jan, additional, Kopseak, Hrvoje, additional, Bačić, Marin, additional, and Šušnjar, Marijan, additional
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- 2021
- Full Text
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24. Can forest work be greener and safer? – The Role of Environmental and Safety Indicators in Forest Harvesting Operations
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Landekić, Matija, Šporčić, Mario, Poje, Anton, Pandur, Zdravko, Bačić, Marin, and Holušová, Kateřina
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forestry, environmental indicators, safety indicators, harvesting operations - Abstract
In Croatia the assessment of forest companies` performance is mainly based on the evaluation of achievements in meeting the general objectives of management and harvesting operations, that is, it is traditionally based on the ability to harvest and extract wood at the lowest possible cost. The existing evaluation of companies` production results solely through the achieved financial goals emphasizes the economical component of the business, which is in line with the conventional approach to growth and development under the motto "grow now, clean later". On the other hand, the environmental and social component of business operations in the forestry sector, which advocates “green growth” as one of the strategies for achieving defined goals of sustainable development, is neglected. In accordance with the above, this paper presents the role and implementation possibility of selected environmental and safety indicators in evaluation of forest harvesting operations. The results provide an overview of environmental indicators such as energy intensity indicator (EEI), energy return on investment (EROI), greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, particulate matter (PM) emission, non-renewable (NR) energy consumption and key safety indicators in forest harvesting operations as a social component of business. The central part of the paper provides tabular comparison of selected environmental and safety indicators based on their implementation in the forestry sector. Discussion and conclusion part emphasize the need for calculation and reporting of selected indicators on a weekly basis. Also, it advocates development of a document in the form of an action plan for the operationalization and implementation of environmental and safety indicators in everyday forest harvesting operations.
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- 2021
25. Skidders Fuel Consumption in Two Different Working Regions and Types of Forest Management
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Kopseak, Hrvoje, primary, Šušnjar, Marijan, additional, Bačić, Marin, additional, Šporčić, Mario, additional, and Pandur, Zdravko, additional
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- 2021
- Full Text
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26. Dnevna izloženost vibracijama u šumarstvu: razlika između ručne i ručno-strojne metode čišćenja
- Author
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Bačić, Marin, Šušnjar, Marijan, Zečić, Željko, Koren, Snježana, Kolarić, Manuela, and Pandur, Zdravko
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motorna pila, kosir, dnevna izloženost vibracijama, A(8) vrijednosti - Abstract
Problem izloženosti štetnim vibracijama u šumarstvu javlja se s primjenom prvih motornih pila u sječi i izradi. Iako je rad s motornim pilama bio višestruko brži, produktivniji te fizički manje zahtjevan od ručnog obaranja, motorne pile emitirale su velike količine vibracija i s vremenom je došlo do negativnog utjecaja na zdravlje šumskih radnika. Bolest bijelih prstiju (Raynaudov sindrom) postala je stvaran problem s velikim potencijalom za smanjenje radne sposobnosti radnika. Uz primjenu motornih pila, u šumarstvu se za neke radove i dalje upotrebljavaju ručni alati. Glavna tema ovog rada je usporedba dnevne izloženosti vibracijama u uzgojnim radovima čišćenja pri radu s motornom pilom i kosirom. EU Direktiva 2002/44/EC nedvosmisleno propisuje granične vrijednosti za dnevnu izloženost vibracijama, A(8) koje služe kao mjera protiv pretjeranog izlaganja vibracijama. U ovome radu procijenjene su A(8) vrijednosti za rad s motornom pilom i rad s kosirom u čišćenju. Vremenski udjeli pojedinih radnih zahvata u radu čišćenja dobiveni su korištenjem metoda studije rada i vremena na videosnimkama efektivnog rada. Rezultat vremenske analize rada je da radnik pri radu s motornom pilom 46, 7 % vremena provede u radu rezanja, dok se ostatak vremena odnosi na različite načine nošenja upaljene motorne pile. U radu s kosirom radnik prosječno napravi 27 sjekova u minuti. Razine vibracija su snimljene vibrometrom Brüel & Kjaer 4447 i izračunate prema uputama ISO 5349 norme. Dobivene su A(8) vrijednosti od 4, 9 m/s2 na desnoj ruci i 3, 4 m/s2 na lijevoj ruci pri radu s motornom pilom te 13, 7 m/s2 na desnoj ruci pri radu s kosirom. Rezultati upućuju na ozbiljnu zabludu pri organiziranju rada i korištenju ljudskih resursa. Uvriježeno mišljenje da je rad s kosirom, na koji se radnici s narušenim zdravljem većinom alociraju, “lakši” od rada s motornom pilom, može dovesti do ozbiljnih zdravstvenih posljedica za zdravlje radnika. Rezultati ovoga istraživanja indiciraju na smjer kojim se šumarska struka treba voditi pri organiziranju uzgojnih radova čišćenja koji će biti u skladu s važećim propisima zaštite zdravlja radnika.
- Published
- 2020
27. Battery Technology
- Author
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Pandur, Zdravko, primary, Šušnjar, Marijan, additional, and Bačić, Marin, additional
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- 2020
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28. Vibration Levels of Used Chainsaws
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Landekić, Matija, primary, Bačić, Marin, additional, Pandur, Zdravko, additional, and Šušnjar, Marijan, additional
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- 2020
- Full Text
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29. Analiza radnih obilježja šumskih kamionskih skupova za prijevoz drva
- Author
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Šušnjar, Marijan, primary, Bačić, Marin, additional, Horvat, Tomislav, additional, and Pandur, Zdravko, additional
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- 2019
- Full Text
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30. Energy Efficiency of Timber Transport by Trucks on Hilly and Mountainous Forest Roads.
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Pandur, Zdravko, Nevečerel, Hrvoje, Šušnjar, Marijan, Bačić, Marin, and Lepoglavec, Kruno
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ENERGY consumption ,TIMBER ,FOREST fires ,SUPPLY chains ,FUEL - Abstract
Timber transport by forest truck represents one of the largest energy consumers in the whole timber supply chain. Previous studies suggest that forest trucks spend as much as 14% of time driving on the primary forest roads, and that they consume a significant amount of energy in their total driving time. The fuel consumption is significantly impacted by the longitudinal slopes of the primary forest road network on which the timber is transported. This paper presents the results of research on fuel consumption by forest trucks while driving unloaded and loaded, depending on the longitudinal slope of forest roads. While driving an unloaded forest truck, increase in slope increases fuel consumption exponentially, and ranges from .7 L/km at an inclination of 3.5% to 1.6 L/km at an inclination of 9.5%. The fuel consumption of a loaded truck tends to increase exponentially with an increase of slope, and ranges from 1.21 L/km with 0% slope to 3 L/km with 8% slope. It can be concluded that a nominally loaded forest truck consumes on average 2.5 times more fuel on the same longitudinal slope in relation to the unloaded vehicle. The results show a strong link between fuel consumption and longitudinal slope. Carbon dioxide emissions are several times lower when the loaded forest truck is driven down the slope, when compared to being driven up the slope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
- Full Text
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31. Movement analysis of a worker in the forest cleaning activities
- Author
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Bačić, Marin, Landekić, Matija, Šušnjar, Marijan, Šporčić, Mario, and Pandur, Zdravko
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movement analysis ,forest cleaning ,billhook ,battery shears - Abstract
The main tool used in a forest cleaning is a billhook, a hand tool consisting of a hold and a hooked blade sharpened on both sides. Forest cleaning is physically very tiring and takes place under difficult working conditions (high temperature and humidity, dense vegetation, insects). Moreover, working with billhook is exclusively manual work and its effects on health are mostly unknown. A novelty in Croatia, regarding motor - manual forest cleaning, are battery shears, a more ergonomic and humane approach to forest cleaning. For the purpose of the ergonomic comparison of the two types of forest cleaning methods, a top technology was used – Xsens MVN. Xsens technology consists of sophisticated hardware and software for human movement analysis. It is a full-body human measurement system based on inertial sensors, biomechanical models, and sensor fusion algorithms. The aim of this paper is to present a new and modern method of movement analysis in ongoing research of two mentioned forest cleaning methods, to show challenges of field measurements, and to assume possible application in forestry regarding ergonomic measurements.
- Published
- 2019
32. Razvoj nove metode za procjenu stanja površinskog sloja šumskih cesta
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Šušnjar, Marijan, Pandur, Zdravko, Nevečerel, Hrvoje, Lepoglavec, Kruno, and Bačić, Marin
- Subjects
površinski sloj šumske ceste ,oštećenja šumske ceste ,mjerenje vibracija ,frekvencija snimanja ,lcsh:TA1-2040 ,lcsh:Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,forest road surface ,forest road damage ,vibration measurement ,recording frequency - Abstract
U radu se analizira nova metoda za procjenu stanja površinskog sloja šumskih cesta mjerenjem vibracija. Istraživanje je provedeno na dijelu šumske ceste tijekom vožnje vozila opremljenog mjernim uređajem kojim se mjere vibracije u sve tri osi, položaj i brzina vozila te vrijeme. Ispitivanja su provedena u oba smjera vožnje na dijelu ceste s različitim frekvencijama mjerenja, tlakovima u gumama i brzinama vožnje. Na temelju rezultata mjerenja stanja površinskog sloja šumske ceste preporučuje se frekvencija snimanja od 10 Hz, brzina vozila od 20 km/h te tlak u gumama od 2 bara., A new method for assessing condition of forest road surface layers by vibration measurements is analysed in the paper. The research was conducted on a forest road segment while driving a vehicle equipped with a measuring device for determining vibrations in all three axes, vehicle position, vehicle speed, and time. Tests were performed in both driving directions of the forest road segment using different measuring frequencies, tyre inflation pressures, and driving speeds. The recording frequency of 10 Hz, vehicle speed of 20 km/h, and tyre inflation pressure of 2 bars, can be recommended based on the forest road surface measurement results.
- Published
- 2019
33. Evaluation and comparison of forest machinery operators’ cardiovascular workload
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Landekić, Matija, Šporčić, Mario, Martinić, Ivan, Šušnjar, Marijan, Pandur, Zdravko, and Bačić, Marin
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forestry, workload, heart rate, forest machinery operator, Croatia - Abstract
Due to fast developing technologies and production process the occupational safety and health in forestry significantly changed through time. From the aspect of energy workload, old ergonomic paradigm “less is better” for traditional forest technologies is now replaced by a new paradigm “more can be better” because reduced physical activity in modern technologies can have harmful impacts on workers’ health. Accordingly, in this paper an evaluation and comparison of cardiovascular workload for three forest machinery operators (chainsaw, harvester and forwarder) has been made from an ergonomic point of view by using the heart rate method. In the conducted research Garmin Fenix 3HR device has been used to measure the heart rate frequency of selected machinery operators. Field measurements and data collection were conducted during the summer of 2017 while applying different harvesting technologies in the same forest stand. During the measurement, apart from heart rate frequency, the shares of effective and additional (rest, stoppage, physiological need etc.) worktime were also monitored. The energy workload of workers when operating the mentioned forest machinery was taken as a relevant comparison factor. The results obtained for average heart rate at effective, but also at additional time, show significant difference between motor-manual and machine work in wood harvesting process. Also, the average recorded heart rate during the additional time is noticeably higher in machine work (harvester and forwarder) than in motor- manual operation. For the improvement of ergonomic conditions in forest machinery operating, discussion and conclusion part of the paper provide examples of good practice and guidelines for further research needs.
- Published
- 2018
34. Physical workload while working with hedging bill and battery cutter in tending of pedunculate oak
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Bačić, Marin, Šušnjar, Marijan, Pandur, Zdravko, Šporčić, Mario, and Landekić, Matija
- Subjects
physical workload, hedging bill, battery cutter, forest tending, Croatia - Abstract
The main tool used in forest tending work is a hedging bill, a hand tool consisting of a hold and a blade sharpened on both sides. Working with the hedging bill is physically very tiring and takes place under difficult working conditions (high temperature, dense vegetation, insects). For purpose of humanizing the forest tending work, a tool that has not been yet used in Croatian forestry - the battery cutter, in this case, Stihl ASA 85 - has been tested. In this paper, a comparison of hedging bill and battery cutter was made from an ergonomic aspect. An average and maximum heart rate of a worker when working with the two mentioned tools was taken as a relevant comparison factor. Measuring the heart rate during effective work time the physical workload of the worker was determined. Garmin Fenix 3HR has been used to measure heart rate in the conducted research. The results obtained show less physical workload of workers when working with battery cutter.
- Published
- 2018
35. Energy Efficiency of Mechanized Thinning in Broadleaf Stand
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Pandur, Zdravko, Đuka, Andreja, Papa, Ivica, Bačić, Marin, Janeš, David, Vusić, Dinko, Radojčić Radovniković, Ivana, Jakovljević, Tamara, Petravić Tominac, Vlatka, Panić, Manuela, Stojaković, Renata, Erdec, Dina, Radošević, Kristina, Gaurina Sarček, Višnja, and Cvjetko Bubalo, Marina
- Subjects
harvester, forwarder, energy return on investment - Abstract
Efficiency of timber harvesting systems is traditionally expressed in time and/or monetary values per unit of a product. Unit cost of production is still regarded as a main factor for selecting harvesting systems in the planning phase and for the evaluation of their efficiency. Rapid development of the renewable energy sector and bioenergy sector as its key part raised a question of bioenergy competitiveness when compared to energy produced from fossil fuels as well as from other renewables. At this point, when timber harvesting systems had to be analysed as energy production systems, unit of a timber product could no longer be the sole denominator for calculating the efficiency and novel research methods had to be applied. In this research, energy efficiency of mechanized timber harvesting by a harvester (Timberjack 1470D) – forwarder (Timberjack 1710D) system in an 80-year old broadleaf harvesting site was determined, and expressed as EROI (Energy Return On Investment). Field experiment consisted of time studies and measuring fuel consumption while other input data was gathered from own previous research in similar conditions or literature sources. System boundaries were set at the landing, i.e. roundwood delivered to the roadside is regarded as a system’s final product. Energy investment was calculated on PMH (Productive Machine Hour) level enabling the use of input parameters of cost calculations as well as expressing the results in the span of main factors (DBH and extraction distance) used in the productivity models. Energy investment of a harvester amounted to 1022.4 MJ/PMH (84% fuel ; 9% production of a machine ; 6% oil ; 1% tyres) and that of a forwarder to 529.9 MJ/PMH (75% fuel ; 16% production of a machine ; 5% oil ; 4% tyres). When expressed on a product level, energy investment of a harvesting system reached 130 MJ/m3 (for average DBH = 23 cm and average extraction distance of 360 m). Energy return for beech and hornbeam wood in fresh state (45% moisture content) is 9282 MJ/m3, thus the application of the investigated harvesting system under the conditions of the specified felling site results with EROI of 71.5. Furthermore, EROI is expected to range from 38 (for DBH 12.5 cm) to 102 (for DBH 42.5 cm) with the average extraction distance of 360 m ; and from 76 (for 100 m extraction distance) to 65 (for 800 m extraction distance) with the average DBH of 23 cm. Reduction of the moisture content to half of the initial value (by natural drying of energy wood) would increase the energy gain by 8%. But, in order to cover the EROI of the final energy product, system boundaries should be shifted to the end user. Energy investment calculation should cover the transportation and preferably explore different transformation processes (production of firewood in the household ; mechanized production of oven-ready chopped firewood and production of wood pellets).
- Published
- 2018
36. Is Life Cycle Assessment In Forestry Still At Starting Position?
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Đuka, Andreja, Vusić, Dinko, Bačić, Marin, Janeš, David, Pandur, Zdravko, Papa, Ivica, and Borz, Stelian A.
- Subjects
life cycle assessment, energy consumption, environmental management, wood products, environmental impact - Abstract
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is one of the most used tools for environmental management, but its application in forestry is still slow. Forestry and wood technology together produce vast amount of different wood products, but the production of timber as raw material is still not included often enough in the LCA process. Production steps have a significant influence on the environmental impact of wood products depending on machinery used, building and maintaining forest roads, management type (clear-cut, even-aged management or selective cut) etc. This paper will show past and present of LCA studies in forestry and its sections: 1) harvesting operations, 2) biomass and 3) forest infrastructure network construction and maintenance.
- Published
- 2017
37. Development of the New Method for Assessing Condition of Forest Road Surface
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Šušnjar, Marijan, primary, Pandur, Zdravko, additional, Nevečerel, Hrvoje, additional, Lepoglavec, Kruno, additional, and Bačić, Marin, additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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38. Fuel consumption and CO2 emission in timber haulage on different types of roads
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Šušnjar, Marijan, Pandur, Zdravko, and Bačić, Marin
- Subjects
timber haulage, truck and trailer, fuel consumption, CO2 emission - Abstract
Timber haulage is the last phase of timber harvesting. Due to its characteristics, cycle operation, a lot of unloaded driving, high purchase price of truck, transport of small amounts of goods, high fuel consumption, timber haulage is the most expensive phase of timber harvesting. Also timber haulage has a lot of negative impact on the environment due to its high greenhouse gas emission, especially CO2 emission. The aim of the paper is to analyze fuel consumption of forest truck and trailer during timber haulage in comparison to longidutinal slopes of roads, types of roads and total vehicle mass. Fuel consumption is measured by CANBUS module and data was transferred via Fleet manager system from truck to registred server. Fuel consumption is analyzed by overlapping the positions of truck from GPS signal with maps of public and forest road, in the aim to connect data with types and slopes of the road. Mass of the vehicle is measured with integrated scales on the air cushions on the truck and trailer. Research were performed on public and forest roads placed in mountanious and hilly regions. CO2 emissions are calculated based on fuel consumption data on different slopes and types of road.
- Published
- 2016
39. Smjernice razvoja harvestera
- Author
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Bačić, Marin
- Subjects
harvester ,smjernice ,morfološka raščlamba - Abstract
Glavni cilj istraživanja je na temelju izabranih geometrijskih, masenih i drugih veličina utvrditi trenutačno stanje, svojstva i zakonitosti, ali i mogući tijek razvoja harvestera. Svrha ovog diplomskog rada je napraviti morfološku analizu različitih tipova harvestera, te usporediti modele harvestera proizvedenih do 2003. godine i nakon 2003. godine i na osnovu rezultata ukazati na posebnosti njihovih značajki, te dati smjernice za budući razvoj harvestera. Na osnovi provedenog istraživanja ističu se slijedeći rezultati: U provedenim analizama izdvajaju se gusjenični harvesteri te ih treba promatrati kao zasebnu skupinu vozila. Zbog negativnog utjecaja mase harvestera na šumsko tlo preporuča se traženje rješenja stabilnosti u drugim morfološkim značajkama. Snagu pogonskog motora potrebno je prilagoditi zahtjevima hidrauličnih komponenti harvestera. Pri konstrukciji harvestera duljina treba biti svedena na minimum. Tehnologija rada harvestera treba biti prilagođena trenutačnim dohvatima hidrauličnih dizalica.
- Published
- 2015
40. Primjena FMS-a u svrhu analize izloženosti vozača skidera vibracijama
- Author
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Bačić, Marin
- Subjects
FMS ,skider ,vibracije - Abstract
Uz pomoć sustava daljinskog praćenja rada vozila obavljeno je snimanje radnog dana skidera. Kako je pogonski motor glavni izvor vibracija, snimljeni brojevi okretaja su se daljinski prenosili, te su se na temelju njih odredili karakteristični režimi rada pri kojima su izmjerene vibracije na upravljaču i sjedalu skidera. Kombinacijom vrijednosti i trajanja karakterističnih brzina vrtnje motora s izmjerenim vibracijama izračunati će se energijski ekvivalent A(8) potreban za analizu izloženosti radnika vibracijama.
- Published
- 2013
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