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Nailed Bread (1973) is a conceptual work by the artist Dragoljub Raša Todosijević in the collection of the Museum of Contemporary Art, Zagreb. It consists of a piece of bread into which three nails have been hammered. Over the several decades of its existence, it has begun to show signs of decay. In 2010 it was consolidated with a solution of Paraloid B-72 in ethanol, and was subjected to gamma irradiation. Eight years later, again changes were noted and further consolidation was deemed necessary. Four consolidants were tested with the aim of comparing their characteristics and determining the most appropriate for use: Paraloid B-72 (same as previously used), Mowilith 50, Aquazol 200, and Aquazol 500.

Critical evaluation of the use of dispersive Raman spectroscopy for quantification of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in pharmaceutical formulations

Coffee is the most commonly consumed functional beverage and the determination of the mineral composition of coffee beans can be of great interest to both consumers and producers. The mineral composition of coffee differs depending on the geographical origin and type of coffee. Zinc, copper, manganese, and iron are essential micronutrients that play an important role in many physiological processes. Since the human body cannot synthesize them, it is necessary to take them in with food or supplements.[1] In this paper, the composition of zinc, copper, manganese, and iron was determined using FAAS and EDXRF techniques. Although the FAAS technique is often used for the determination of heavy metal content, special attention is now paid to the use of analytical methods that take into account the principle of "green chemistry", i.e. primarily avoidance of time-consuming pretreatment by using concentrated acids for complete sample digestion, low amounts of reagents, as well as a fast, simple and safe procedure. In this sense, EDXRF becomes an important tool for qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis. The main objective of this work is to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of two different analytical techniques (FAAS and EDXRF) and different methods of sample preparation (wet digestion, dry digestion, powder sample, pellet) for the determination of the content of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe) in collected coffee samples that are commonly consumed. The specific objective of the study was to determine the possible relationship between the elemental composition of coffee samples and the coffee variety through chemometric data processing involving univariate and multivariate analysis. The univariate analysis showed that copper, manganese, and iron can be considered as the elements that account for the greatest difference between the samples studied. PCA analysis was performed for all coffee samples including the variables (elements analysed), and the loading diagram showed a close relationship between copper and manganese, copper and iron, manganese, and iron, and two significant factors related to the source of the elements in the coffee samples were determined. Cluster analysis was used to divide the samples into groups based on similarity of elemental composition. The resulting dendrogram shows the division of the coffee samples into four main groups, with similarity by coffee type among the samples within the same group, with one exception. A good correlation was found between the elemental composition and the coffee type, and the study shows that the variables studied can be used to distinguish the coffee types in terms of pure coffee and coffee with additives.

Optimizacija ekstrakata smilja u otapalima koja uključuju različite tipove ciklodekstrina te ispitivanje ukupne količine polifenola, flavonoida i fenolnih kiselina u ekstraktima smilja.

Anthropological analysis of the skeletal remains was performed, including histological analysis to obtain the age at the time of death, sex, stature and possible bone pathologies. The basic recognition of textile-type fragments and the preparation of microscopic samples with the aid of a stereomicroscope were obtained. The final determination of the origin of textile fibres by their morphological characteristics was performed on a comparative microscope and compared with the reference natural fibres collection of the Forensic Science Centre "Ivan Vucetic". A further textile material analysis was carried out using Raman micro-spectroscopy. In total eight textile-type samples were extracted and analysed microscopically. The microscopic and stereological analysis (Nikon, FX 70-300) of tanned leather from the tomb was used to determine the ratio of collagen and elastic fibres, which may have referred to their origin of certain animal species. The elemental analysis and insight into the morphological properties of two metal objects and the glittery dust particles was performed by a non-destructive Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDX

Learning Overview: The goal of this presentation is to demonstrate preparation, characterization, and efficiency of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) designed to extract azo and anthraquinone dyes from complex matrices such as diesel fuel. MIPs are prepared for the Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) to be a faster, simpler, and more accurate way for the determination of the presence of these dyes in “laundered” fuel, even when they are present at very low concentrations. Impact on the Forensic Science Community: This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing insight into how novel polymeric materials, prepared in a laboratory in an economical and fast way, and used as a sample pretreatment can improve detection of the desired analytes and thus provide valuable forensic evidence. Fuel consumption is steadily rising, which generates substantial profits for the oil industry, but also causes fuel prices to rise. Except, the economic factors, local laws, and regulations also determine the level of fuel tax, which differs from country to country and depends on its use. In Croatia, fuels are distinguished by use for transport vehicles, heating fuel, and fuel for propulsion of agricultural machines. Blue diesel, intended for use in agriculture, fishing, and aquaculture, has a taxable amount of 0.0 and is classified as a tax-reduced energy source, unlike tax-fueled diesel, for which the price is higher for even 0.4 €/L. In order to distinguish fuels depending on use and to prevent misuse, fuels are marked with a dye and a marker. The most commonly used marker in the European Union is Solvent Yellow 124 (SY124), the application of which is legally prescribed in Croatia. This marker is not visible to the naked eye, but only by extraction with hydrochloric or sulfuric acid, and the fuel is also labeled with visible colorants. Colorant used for labeling blue diesel in Croatia is Solvent Blue 35 (SB35), and Solvent Red 19 (SR19) is used for labeling heating oil. The fuel quantity is not legally prescribed, as opposed to the SY124 marker, which is added to the fuel in the amount of 6.0mg/L to 9.0mg/L. A big difference in the tax on such fuels, unlike fuel for transportation and its ever-increasing cost, leads to misuse. The illegal practice of removing fuel differentiation components and reselling it at a higher price is called fuel “laundering.” Fuel “laundering” occurs by adsorption of markers and colorants from fuel with widely available materials and chemicals. Losses for the state are measured in the millions. Except for the state, users of such fuel are also damaged, and the substantial damage is made to the environment because of the waste, which is disposed without proper care. As marker SY124 is not noticeable in fuel to the naked eye, intense work is conducted on the development of analytical procedures for its detection, especially in “laundered” fuel where its concentrations are extremely low. In addition to the SY124 marker, it is also important to prove the presence of blue and red dyes such as SB35 and SR19. For this purpose, MIP syntheses were performed using 4- vinylpyridine, methacrylic acid, or hydroxyethyl methacrylate as functional monomers, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a crosslinker, 2, 2′-Azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN) as an initiator, and acetonitrile as a porogen. Template molecules were dyes SY124, SR19, and SB35 or combinations thereof. Various methods such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface analysis method, and Evolved Gas AnalysisMass Spectrometry (EGA-MS) have been used to characterize the MIPs. The efficiency of the prepared printing polymers was monitored by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and compared to commercially available SPE columns. The obtained results indicate that MIPs have a possible application in the daily problem of fuel “laundering.”

Identification and monitoring of specific plant biomarkers in animal products and tissues can relate to feed and nutrition whereby lamb meat fed with pasturage contains more phenols, terpenes, indoles and sulfur compounds. Aromatic herbs, as part of hey/pasturage botanical composition, can affect sheep’s / lamb’s health, quality and aroma profile with their bioactive molecules. Numerous studies have confirmed a better aroma, color and quality of lamb meat and a more favorable composition of fatty acids. It all points to the possibility of producing functional lamb meat. During May, June and July 2019 on the pastures of GEA-COM Ltd. (Crkvina) there was a noticeable occurrence of Matricaria perforata and Thymus pulegioides, both of them rich in terpenes and terpenoids. Therefore, within the scope of the research, the content of aromatic hydrocarbons and derivatives in Matricaria perforata and Thymus pulegioides is determined using GC-MS analysis. The chemical composition of the Matricaria perforata identified by gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric data is listed: naphthalene, phenanthrene, benzophenone, trans-anethole, β-farnesene, aromadendrine, α-bisabolol, matricarin. Constituents found in Thymus pulegioides were α-Pinene, Camphene, β-Pinene, Myrcene, Eucalyptol, Carene, β-Ocimene, allo-Ocimene, Bornyl Acetate, α-Copaene, β-Bourbonen, Caryophyllene, β-Cubeben, α-Bergamotene, Germacrene D, Bicyclogermacrene, α-Farnesene, δ-Cadinene, Spathulenol, Caryophyllene Oxide. Since the breeding and feeding system of lambs on GEA-COM Ltd. farm may have significant influence on lamb meat aroma or on the composition of volatile compounds, it is the project's (HRZZ ; IP-2016-06-3685) interest to determine chemical composition (terpenes) of aromatic herbs from Crkvina pastures. Results could contribute to a better understanding of the environmental impact (plant flora) on the quality and aroma of Lika pramenka lamb meat.

U ovom završnom radu proučavat ćemo geometrijske grafove i njihova svojstva. U uvodu ćemo reći što je teorija grafova te kako je nastala. U drugom poglavlju ćemo ponoviti što je matrica i neka njena svojstva. Također ćemo definirati matricu incidencije i matricu susjedstva te ih pokazati na primjeru. U trećem poglavlju ćemo definirati 𝑡-dizajne i jako regularne grafove i navesti primjere za jako regularne grafove. U četvrtom poglavlju ćemo definirati geometrijske grafove, iskazati i dokazati neke njihove tvrdnje. Definirat ćemo i pseudo-geometrijske grafove te iskazati Boseov teorem. Također ćemo navesti i opisati podgrafe geometrijskih grafova.

Archeometry was first to show how, and to what extent, scientific methods can solve archaeological problems. Furthermore, the use of forensic methods in archaeometry often provides unexpected data, which give a new dimension to the examined archeological case. Discovering hidden details, such as a trace of red pigment on the lesion of a 5000 years old skull, traces of tiny dust particles on a fragment of a deceased's shirt fabric, tiny fragments of degraded skin from a destroyed grave, tiny fragments of burnt bones or buckshot traces embedded into bones, indicate the justification for tighter connection between forensics and archeometry. The results of the analysis of these cases, as well as the analytical methods used (XRF, Raman Spectroscopy, SEM-EDX, histological methods) are presented in detail. Forensic research methods are also spreading swiftly to other archeological materials, thereby setting new standards in archeology and approaching it partly to the exact sciences.

Biomimikrija je nova grana znanosti uz pomoć koje se nastoje oponašati održiva rješenja iz prirode kako bi se stvorili materijali poboljšanih svojstava. Membrana ljuske jaja predstavlja jedinstveni 198 biomaterijal koji se zbog svoje vlaknaste i porozne mikrostrukture može koristiti kao bio- predložak za sintezu hijerarhijski strukturiranih nanomaterijala. U ovom radu sintetiziran je nanostrukturirani titanijev dioksid sol-gel/sonokemijskom sintezom pomoću membrane ljuske jaja kao bio- predloška. Za pripravu sola korišten je titanov izopropoksid kao prekursor, 2-propanol kao otapalo, acetilaceton kao kelirajući reagens uz dodatak nitratne kiseline kao katalizatora. U pripremljenu sol dodane su membrane ljuske jaja kao bio-predložak. Nakon infiltriranja, geliranja i sušenja uzorak je toplinski obrađen na temperaturi od 500 °C. Karakterizacija nanostrukturiranog TiO2 sintetiziranog na bio- predlošku provedena je pretražnim elektronskim mikroskopom s emisijom polja (FE-SEM), XRD analizom te FT-IR i mikro-Raman spektroskopijom. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da je sintetizirani nanostrukturirani TiO2 na bio- predlošku u kristalnoj formi anatasa s veličinom kristalita od 29 nm.

U ovom radu nanostrukturni filmovi cirkonijevog dioksida stabilizirani itrijevim oksidom (YSZ) pripravljeni su sol-gel postupkom i tehnikom uranjanja naneseni na podloge od austenitnog nehrđajućega čelika AISI 316L (X2CrNiMo17-2-2). Istraživanje je usmjereno na optimiranje procesnih parametara priprave YSZ filmova. Određen je utjecaj udjela stabilizatora kristalne faze, broja slojeva, brzine nanošenja slojeva, vremena kvašenja te temperature i atmosfere toplinske obrade. Za karakterizaciju sol-gel filmova ZrO2 i njegovih praškastih oblika korištene su sljedeće analitičke tehnike: difrakcija rentgenskog zračenja u polikristalnom uzorku (PXRD), infracrvena spektroskopija s Fourierovom transformacijom (FTIR), Ramanova spektroskopija, diferencijalna toplinska analiza/termogravimetrija (DTA/TG) i diferencijalna pretražna kalorimetrija/termogravimetrija (DSC/TG), analiza oslobođenih plinova sa spektrometrijom masa (EGAMS), optička emisijska spektrometrija s tinjajućim izbojem (GDOES), pretražna elektronska mikroskopija uz energijski razlučujuću rentgensku spektroskopjiu (SEM/EDS) te mikroskopija atomskih sila (AFM). Istraživanja korozijske otpornosti nezaštićenog nehrđajućega čelika te čelika prevučenog nanostrukturnim sol-gel ZrO2 filmovima provedena su elektrokemijskim mjernim tehnikama potenciodinamičke polarizacije (Tafelova ekstrapolacija) i elektrokemijske impedancijske spektroskopije (EIS) u mirujućem simuliranom morskom okolišu (3,5%-tna vodena otopina NaCl). Dugotrajnost zaštite koju pružaju keramički filmovi ispitana je elektrokemijskom impedancijskom spektroskopijom (EIS). Elektrokemijskim mjerenjima utvrđeno je da nanostrukturni sol-gel ZrO2 filmovi, posebice troslojni filmovi toplinski obrađeni u vakuumu na temperaturi 400 C, značajno povećavaju korozijsku postojanost nehrđajućega čelika u 3,5%-tnoj vodenoj otopini NaCl. Abstract In this thesis nanostructured films of zirconia stabilized with yttria were prepared by sol-gel method and deposited on the austenitic stainless steel AISI 316L (X2CrNiMo17-2-2) surface by dip coating method. Process parameters optimisation for YSZ films was the aim of the study. Influence of the amount of crystal structure stabiliser, number of layers, withdrawal speed, soaking time, temperature and atmosphere of thermal processing were determined. For the characterization of sol-gel ZrO2 films and its powders following analytical techniques were used: powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies, differential thermal/thermogravimetric analysis (DTA/TG), differential scanning calorimetry/thermogravimetric analysis (DSC/TG), evolved gas analysis-mass spectrometry (EGAMS), glow-discharge optical emission spectrometry (GDOES), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), atomic force microscopy (AFM). Electrochemical corrosion behaviour of the sol-gel ZrO2 films coated and uncoated stainless steel substrates was evaluated by electrochemical tests such as Tafel extrapolation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in simulated marine environment (3.5 wt.% aqueous NaCl solution). Electrochemical tests confirmed that protection longevity of nanostructure sol-gel ZrO2 film, especially 3 layered films, thermally processed at 400 C in vacuum, significantly increased corrosion stability of stainless steel in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution.

Planiranje je prva i najvažnija funkcija u menadžmentu. Od planiranja počinje svaki posao. Važno je isplanirati što će organizacija raditi. Glavne zadatke definira vrhovni menadžment. On definira strategiju organizacije, misiju, viziju i ciljeve. Bez njih ni jedna organizacija ne može uspjeti ali ni postojati. Nakon toga menadžment srednje razine planira zadatke svake organizacijske funkcije. Operativni menadžment planira najniže svakodnevne zadatka. Proces planiranja se sastoji od analize okoline, definiranja vizije, misije, ciljeva, definiranja strategije i planova te implementacija planova. Metode u planiranju su klasične i suvremene. Suvremene metode planiranja su scenarijsko planiranje, kontigencijsko planiranje, projektni menadžment i krizni menadžment. Planning is the first and the most important function in management. Plannng is the starting point of every bussiness. It is very important to plan what the organization will do. Top level management defines the main tasks. It defines organizations strategy, mission, vision and goals. There is no organization that can succed or exist without them. After that middle level management plans tasks for every organizational function. Operative management plans every-day, lower-tier tasks. The process of planning consists of analizing the surrounding, defining the vision, mission, goals, defining the strategy and plans, and implementing plans, Planning methods can be classic and modern. Modern methods of planning are scenarious planning, contingency planning, project management and crisis management.

In this paper, one layer and three layers of yttria stabilized sol-gel ZrO2 thin films were deposited on the X2CrNiMo17-12-2 (AISI 316L) austenitic stainless steel by dip coating method. For the preparation of sol zirconium(IV) butoxide was used as pre-cursor, i-propanol as a solvent with addition of nitric acid as a catalyst, acetylacetone as chelating agent and water for hydrolysis. Deposited films were calcined at the temperature of 400 °C. Thickness of sol-gel ZrO2 films deposited on stainless steel was determined by glow- discharge optical emission spectrometry (GD- OES). It was found that thickness of deposited films increases by increasing the number of layers.

Analysis and interpretation of human cremated remains in the archaeological record still presents a real challenge to the bioarchaeologists. The standard osteological procedures for unburned skeletal remains often fail to identify those fragments transformed by fire. By examining thermal destruction patterns visible on bone and tooth remains, it is possible to interpret how the cremation happened. Analysis which includes diagenesis and nature of the cremated bones gives an opportunity of problem observation on different levels. The aim of this study is to present possibilities in the identification of human cremated remains using both macromorphological and histological methods. The histological methods applied were helpful in determining age at death. With application of the light microscopic analysis and the scanning electron microscopy (Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy method SEM/EDX) morphological 2D and 3D characterization of the samples were obtained. This study is a reconstruction and an interpretation of the human cremated remains from six cremation urns of the Early Roman period from Gradinje in Slovenia.

During the summer archaeological excavation in 2002, on the archaeological site Our Lady of the Mountain Church in Lobor, the grave number 149 was revealed, with skeletal remains of a young male person. It was dated to the first half of the 10th century. The very position of the grave in the first raw beside a Pre- Romanesque church, accentuate the status of this person in the society. According to the grave pit contour it is possible to conclude that the body was placed inside a coffin and buried. It was a primary burial with the position of the grave West-East (the head toward West). During the excavation of the skeleton, it was noticed that the tip of a broad arrowhead penetrated shallow into the body of the right scapular bone. Other, completely preserved arrowhead was placed beneath the fragments of the same bone. The arrowheads were not grave objects or gifts, but a part of a weapon thrust into the region of the right upper part of the body (around the right arm). An anthropological analysis was performed: determination of sex and age at death, of body height, of musculo-skeletal stress markers, and description of trauma and other pathological conditions. With the application of a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (µXRF) an elemental chemical analysis, together with a morphological 2D and 3D characterization of the arrowhead were obtained.

Forenzičari su često u prilici vještačiti uzorke boja u spreju kojima su, uglavnom na pročeljima zgrada, ispisane poruke uvredljivog sadržaja. Kako se obično radi o tankim slojevima boje koji se teško odvajaju od podloge na kojoj se nalaze, za njihovu analizu potrebno je primijeniti instrumentne tehnike koje ne zahtijevaju prethodnu pripremu uzorka. Ukupno deset uzoraka crne i plave sprej boje različitih nijansi naneseno je u tankom sloju na staklo, odnosno na podlogu od bijele i žute fasadne boje. In situ kemijska analiza tako pripremljenih modelnih uzoraka provedena je tehnikama infracrvene spektroskopije uz prigušenu totalnu refleksiju i Ramanove (mikro)spektroskopije, dok je morfologija uzoraka okarakterizirana pomoću svjetlosnog mikroskopa. Tehnikom infracrvene spektroskopije analiziran je sastav veziva, a vrsta pigmenata određena je iz Ramanovih spektara pri pobudi 785 i 532 nm. U spektrima uzoraka na podlozi od fasadne boje, nisu uočene dodatne vrpce koje bi ukazivale na utjecaj podloge. Provedena istraživanja pokazala su da primijenjene nedestruktivne tehnike omogućavaju identifikaciju i razlikovanje boja u spreju bez prethodne priprave uzoraka sve dok je debljina sloja boje dovoljna da spriječi utjecaj podloge.

During the archaeological excavations in 2002 and 2012 on the archaeological site Our Lady of the Mountain Church in Lobor, two individual graves with skeletal remains of male persons were revealed. The skeletons from both graves had unidentified objects embedded into the bone tissue. Dating of the graves was different, the one to the year 1850 and the other to the first half of the 10th century. The site is composed of multi-stratified layers with the foundations and wall ruins of several churches, each of which could be followed in the base of the later one. The very position of the graves, the one in a gothic church, along the apsidal area and the other in the first raw beside a Pre- Romanesque church, accentuate the status of those persons in their societies. Both were primary burials with the position of the graves following the churches’ orientation: East-West and West-East. The anthropological analyses were performed: the determination of sex, age at death, and stature, a description of pathological conditions and MOS. Special attention was dedicated to the circular defects in the form of penetrating traumas due to objects’ activities. With the application of SEM/ EDS, and the µXRF chemical analyses of the elements, together with morphological 2D and 3D characterization of samples were obtained.

Određeni sadržaj metala u farmaceutskim prouzvodima kao i u različitim dodacima prehrani govori o zdravstvenoj ispravnosti samog pripravka. Do danas su poznate mnogobrojne analitičke tehnike kao što su atomska apsorpcijska spektroskopija (AAS), elektrotermalna emisijska spektroskopija (ETAAS), induktivno spregnuta plazma-optička emisijska spektroskopija (ICP-OES) i induktivno spregnuta plazma-masena spektroskopija (ICP-MS) za određivanje sadržaja metala u različitim pripravcima. Iako iznimno precizne nedostatak ovih metoda su dugotrajnost i potpuno razarnje uzorka prilikom mjerenja. Usljed toga, primjena rendgenske fluorescentne analize (XRF) kao brze, jednostavne, osjetljive i nedestruktivne metode za direktnu i multielementnu analizu se pokazala kao korisna alternativa nabrojanim analitičkim tehnikama. U radu su prikazani različiti oblici i izvedbe XRF uređaja (prijenosni i laboratorijski, EDXRF, WDXRF, TDXRF) koji se koriste za rutinske i nerutinske analize elemenata pri različitim istraživanjima te je na primjeru uzorka dodataka prehrani u obliku sirupa prikazana analiza metala ICP- MS tehnikom i XRF. ICP-MS analitičkom tehnikom dobiveni su slijedeći rezultati: Mn 0, 095 mg/mL ; Zn 0, 475 mg/mL ; Cr 0, 00425 µg/mL, a EDXRF tehnikom: Mn 0, 09974 mg/mL ; Zn 0, 480 mg/mL ; Cr < LOD. Jednostavna priprema uzoraka kao i primjena na različitim oblicima pripravaka (tablete, prašci, tekućine), minimalna manipulacija, in-situ primjena, brza kvalitativna i kvantitativna analiza kao i mogućnost određivanja npr. sumpora, elementa koji se teško odredi s nekom drugom metodom, čini ovu tehniku vrlo zanimljivom znanstvenicima i stručnjacima iz različitih područja.

In the last few decades the application of forensic methods to archaeology increases the criteria providing reliable and very precise results of material analysis, even in the case of a very small sample size as traces, or fragments. The aim of this research is to present two archaeometrical cases. The use of red pigments linked to burial practice is widely documented, primary as the Near Eastern tradition in prehistory and also as a part of the later European practice. The samples of pigment traces for this research were recovered from the skeletons from seven highly significant Early Bronze Age graves from the location Vineyard Streim on the site Vučedol. Only few of them confirm the use of cinnabar (HgS), the most beautiful red pigment in the prehistory. Following the pattern of its appearance on distinct skeletal elements, with the help of anthropological analysis, it was possible not only to give a new insight into the burial practice, but also to confirm the presence of cinnabar as allochthonous element. The preliminary results embraced the elemental and structural physicochemical analysis (SEM– EDX, EDXRF, RAMAN spectrometry) of the pigment trace samples on the skeletal remains. The second case presents a possibility, but also some problems of age at death determination as a part of biological profile, with the help of histomorphometric techniques on high fragmented bone samples. Although this method does not meet high forensic standards yet, with introduction of new protocols in analysis it is coming nearer. The method was obtained for all well preserved skeletons whose preservation degree exceeded 80%. The histomorphometric analysis was performed with a polarizing microscope and SEM.

Neposredno nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata kriminalističke istrage vodilo je javno tužilaštvo, a ondašnji javni tužilac više je puta inzistirao na tome da je suzbijanje kriminaliteta potrebno postaviti na znanstvene osnove. Vjerovalo se da bi realizacija takvog pristupa dovela do veće učinkovitosti u suzbijanju kriminaliteta te veće objektivnosti i humanosti pri utvrđivanju činjenica. U godišnjim izvještajima ondašnjeg Istražnog odjeljenja Javnog tužilaštva Hrvatske može se vidjeti razrada takvih ideja, no ipak u skromnom opsegu jer još nisu bilo jasno kojim bi se metodama i sredstvima to postiglo. Zbog isključivanja javnoga tužilaštva iz neposrednog vođenja istrage te nedostatnog i nedovoljno i nerazvijenoga kadra sudaca istražitelja, glavni teret istraživanja (očevida i istrage) prenosi se na Službu unutrašnjih poslova. To je zahtijevalo odgovarajuću reorganizaciju i dodatne napore te službe. Tijekom 1952. godine u ondašnjem Ministarstvu unutrašnjih poslova Narodne Republike Hrvatske također se spoznalo da se pristup problemu suzbijanja kriminaliteta mora postaviti na znanstvene osnove te je u jesen 1952. donesena odluka o osnivanju Ureda za kriminološka ispitivanja. Osnivanje ureda povjereno je dr. Tomislavu Markoviću. Zadaća je Ureda bilo stvaranje uvjeta za uvođenje suvremenijih kriminalističkih metoda i ispitivanja fenomena kriminaliteta, a cilj je bio uspješnije suzbijanje kriminaliteta. Tako je, kao Ured za kriminološka ispitivanja, formalno 1. siječnja 1953. osnovan današnji Centar za forenzična ispitivanja, istraživanja i vještačenja „Ivan Vučetić“. U to vrijeme, Ured je bio samostalna jedinica Državnoga sekretarijata za unutrašnje poslove Narodne Republike Hrvatske te prva specijalizirana jedinica za kriminalistička ispitivanja i vještačenja i kriminološka istraživanja u bivšoj Jugoslaviji. Godine 1967. republičkim Zakonom o unutrašnjim poslovima djelomično je izmijenjen status Ureda i on prelazi u Zavod za kriminalistička vještačenja i kriminološka istraživanja. Koncem osamdesetih godina dvadesetoga stoljeća gubi se status Zavoda i on postaje Centar za kriminalistička vještačenja i ispitivanja. Od 2008. godine Centar djeluje pod sadašnjim nazivom Centar za forenzična ispitivanja, istraživanja i vještačenja „Ivan Vučetić“. Od osamostaljenja Republike Hrvatske, Centar postaje nacionalni forenzički Centar koji obavlja forenzična vještačenja i ispitivanja za potrebe policije, državnog odvjetništva i sudova. Tijekom 1997. godine dobiva nove tehnološki moderne laboratorijske prostore u kojima se nalazi i danas. Centar nosi ime Ivana Vučetića, Hrvata koji je emigrirao u Argentinu i 1891. godine u tadašnjoj argentinskoj policiji, kao prvi u svijetu ustanovio sistematiku desetoprstne daktiloskopske zbirke, a ona se kao opći forenzički pojam u svijetu egzistira po nazivom „Vucetichissimo“. Nakon punih 60 godina rada u forenzici, Centar je prerastao u modernu forenzičnu instituciju. Ima više od 140 zaposlenika te i dalje nastoji biti jedna od vodećih europskih forenzičkih institucija. Vodeću ulogu u regiji potvrđuje status akreditiranog laboratorija prema međunarodnoj Normi za ispitne laboratorije, ISO 17025, koji Centar dobiva 2010. godine, a u svom opsegu akreditacije posjeduje ukupno 57 ispitnih metoda iz svih područja forenzike. Svoju moderniju povijest Centar započinje pisati početkom devedesetih godina prošloga stoljeća raspadom bivše države i osamostaljenjem Republike Hrvatske. U tom trenutku vještaci dotadašnjega Centra za kriminalistička vještačenja (CKV, kako ga i danas mnogi zovu), kao najkompetentniji za forenzična istraživanja i vještačenja, bili su angažirani diljem Hrvatske jer je u to vrijeme u ratom zahvaćenoj Hrvatskoj bilo napretek svakodnevnog ratnoga kriminala. Primjerice u muzeju i zbirci vatrenog oružja Centra možete pronaći ostatke granate zrak-zemlja ispaljene iz zrakoplova JNA prilikom raketiranja Banskih dvora 1991. godine Ti eksponati nalaze se upravo u muzeju Centra zbog jednostavnog razloga - očevid i vještačenje radili su vještaci Centra za kriminalistička vještačenja. U istom muzeju možete pronaći i ostatke helikoptera promatrača Europske zajednice srušenog nedaleko od Novog Marofa ; uz stručnu pomoć vještaka Centra dokazano je da je srušen raketom JNA proizvodnje. Centar se iznimno ponosi ovim dijelom svoje povijesti pa ta sjećanja, zapisi i materijalni dokazi zauzimaju posebno mjesto u Centru. Centar je danas moderna forenzična ustanova koja u svom svakodnevnom radu koristi suvremenu tehnologiju i veliki broj različitih metoda za forenzičku obradu materijalnoga traga i njegovo pretvaranje u materijalni dokaz. U njemu su obuhvaćena gotovo sva područja vještačenja i ispitivanja u forenzici: daktiloskopska vještačenja otisaka papilarnih linija, biološka vještačenja (DNK), vještačenja kontaktnih tragova tekstilnih vlakana, vještačenja droga, toksikološka vještačenja (droga i alkohol u krvi i mokraći), kemijsko- fizikalna vještačenja, vještačenja boja, stakla, gume, vještačenja dokumenata i rukopisa, vještačenja kratkog i dugog vatrenog oružja, vještačenja mehaničkih tragova provale i provalničkih alata, kemijske i fizikalne metode za utvrđivanje tragova pucanja (SEM/EDX), prometna vještačenja, strojarsko- tehnološka vještačenja i dr. Centar je nositelj nacionalne zbirke DNK profila te nacionalne zbirke otisaka papilarnih linija – AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification System). Također, Centar je nositelj Zbirke zrna i čahura streljiva iz neriješenih kaznenih djela na području Republike Hrvatske. Zbirka je nedavno digitalizirana i optimizirana za elektronsko pretraživanje prema karakteristikama mehaničkih tragova koje ostavlja oružje na streljivu uz pomoć automatskih balističkih sustava za identifikaciju (IBIS i Condor). Od 1998. godine Centar je punopravni član Europske mreže forenzičnih znanstvenih instituta (ENFSI- Eureopan Network of Forensic Science Institutes), krovne organizacije nacionalnih forenzičnih instituta Europe, koja obuhvaća ukupno 64 laboratorija iz cijele Europe, što potvrđuje visoku profesionalnu razinu rada u Centru. Takvo pozicioniranje Centra unutar europske organizacije omogućilo je razmjenu podataka, iskustava i metoda rada putem radnih grupa ENFSI-a. Centar sudjeluje u gotovo svim radnim grupama koje obuhvaćaju vještačenja boja, stakla, mikro tragova vlakana, eksplozija i eksploziva, očevide požara i tehnoloških havarija, dokumenata i rukopisa, droga, pesticida, bioloških tragova, pa do balističkih, prometnih i tehnoloških vještačenja. Pored prezentacija znanstvenih dostignuća tijekom godišnjih sastanaka, radne grupe iz svog područja organiziraju testove kompetencije nepoznatim uzorcima (proficiency tests) kojima se osigurava međunarodna kontrola kvalitete ispitivanja pojedinih laboratorija. Centar uspješno sudjeluje u svim testovima koje organizira ENFSI, što je i obaveza sukladno sustavu upravljanja kvalitetom. Na području znanstveno-istraživačkog rada Centar se može pohvaliti s većim brojem objavljenih znanstvenih i stručnih radova, doktorskih disertacija te magistarskih radova iz područja biomedicine i zdravstva te tehničkih, biotehničkih i prirodnih znanosti. Centar ima sedam doktora znanosti, dva su imenovana u znanstveno zvanje znanstveni suradnik, jedan u znanstveno zvanje viši znanstveni suradnik, a jedan u znanstveno zvanje znanstveni savjetnik, a ima i četiri magistra znanosti. Ističemo činjenicu da je od tih znanstvenika, šest doktora znanosti i dva magistra znanosti stasalo u Centru u relativno kratkom razdoblju.

The main goal of this study is reconstruction of everyday life during the late phase of the Roman city of Cibalae (today Vinkovci, Slavonia, eastern Croatia), based on analysis of pottery. Cibalae has been inhabited continuously for 8, 000 years and is considered among the oldest towns in Europe. One of the most important archaeological layers dates back to Late Roman period (4th to 6th century AD). We present recent research results with special emphasis on the analysis of pottery combining forensic and archaeological methods. Primary criteria in studying pottery are focused on functional aspects of vessels, together with mineralogical-petrographic and chemical analyses. Analysed were pottery samples believed to be products of a local manufacture. Petrographic analysis included an integrated approach, macroscopic and microscopic examinations. By establishing similarities and differences between objects, we could determine relationships among types of wares, identify characteristics that indicate provenance, and reconstruct technological processes involved in manufacturing (selection and treatment of raw materials, forming techniques, decorative techniques and firing characteristics). Mineralogical phases were confirmed by XRD, EDXRF and Micro Raman spectroscopy. FT- IR spectroscopy was used for the detection of organic coatings, paints and resins in ceramic pots. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for detection of organic residues in the walls of ceramic pots, such as animal and vegetable fats, milk, etc.

Sol-gel derived zirconia, ZrO2 (stabilized by yttria in 5 mol %) nanocrystals (5YSZ) were annealed at different temperatures in different atmosphere conditions (air and vacuum) and investigated. Prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA), Fourier- transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The results of DTA and XRD analysis show the zirconia crystallization onset at temperature no lower than 400 ºC. Average crystallite size of the 5YSZ annealed in air at 400, 600, 700 and 800 °C were calculated to be 10, 15, 22 and 33 nm, respectively. On the other hand, crystallite size remains in the range 4–13 nm when the heat treatment was conducted in vacuum. Annealing atmosphere affects crystallization, resulting in lower thermal treatment requirements and enabling controlled crystallite growth. XRD and micro-Raman spectroscopy showed nanocrystalline 5YSZ samples were successfully stabilized in the tetragonal phase and preserved phase stability over the investigated thermal treatment range.

Validation of a method used for analyzing traces of gasoline and diesel fuel in fire debris or on the hands of a suspect was performed. Gasoline and diesel fuel were chosen because they are the most common ignitable liquids that are used as fire accelerants. Method involves SPME fiber as extraction technique and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) system for analysis.

In this paper, sol-gel process, as a relative simple and low-cost method, was used for deposition of ceramic films on stainless steel substrate. Mixed TiO2–ZrO2 (1:1) sol–gel films were deposited on the X2CrNiMo17-12-2 (AISI 316L) austenitic stainless steel by dip coating method. For the sol preparation, titanium isopropoxide and zirconium butoxide were used as precursors, i-propanol as a solvent with addition of nitric acid as a catalyst, acetylacetone for peptization and water for hydrolysis. One-layer deposited films were annealed at the temperature of 400 °C and 600 °C. The surface topography, as well as roughness parameters (Ra, Rq, Rmax and the Zrange values) of sol-gel TiO2–ZrO2 films were analysed by atomic force microscopy (AFM).

Single layer thin films of TiO2–ZrO2 were deposited on the AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel by sol-gel process and dip coating method to improve its corrosion resistance properties. For the preparation of sol titanium isopropoxide and zirconium butoxide were used as precursors, i- propanol as a solvent with addition of nitric acid as a catalyst, acetylacetone as a chelating agent and water for hydrolysis. Deposited films were calcined at the temperature of 400 °C and 600 °C. Thickness of sol-gel TiO2– ZrO2 films deposited on stainless steel was determined by glow-discharge optical emission spectrometry (GD-OES). The morphology of the film was analysed by SEM-EDS. The corrosion behavior of stainless steel, coated by amorphous films, was evaluated in 3.5 wt.% NaCl by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. It was found that the sol-gel TiO2–ZrO2 films with amorphous structure and deposited by the sol–gel process enhance the corrosion properties of AISI 316L in chloride media.

In this paper, one layer and three layers of yttria stabilized sol-gel ZrO2 thin films were deposited on the X2CrNiMo17-12-2 (AISI 316L) austenitic stainless steel by dip coating method. For the preparation of sol zirconium(IV) butoxide was used as pre-cursor, i-propanol as a solvent with addition of nitric acid as a catalyst, acetylacetone as chelating agent and water for hydrolysis. Deposited films were calcined at the temperature of 400 °C. Thickness of sol-gel ZrO2 films deposited on stainless steel was determined by glow-discharge optical emission spectrometry (GD-OES). It was found that thickness of deposited films increases by increasing the number of layers. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization in simulated marine environment (3.5 wt. % NaCl aqueous solution) were used to de-termine the corrosion behaviour of ZrO2 coated stainless steel. The influence of ZrO2 layers number on the degree of the protection was examined as well. It was found that the sol-gel ZrO2 films are able to make an appreciable improvement in the corrosion resistance of stainless steel in the investigated corrosive medium.

Forensic experts are often in a position to analyse spray paint samples (graffiti) that are, as an offensive messages, mainly written on building facades. Since the layer of spray paint is usually thin and difficult to be separated from the substrate, it is necessary to apply the instrument techniques that do not require sample preparation prior to their analysis. A total of ten black and blue spray paints with different hues were deposited on the clean glass slides as well as on the layer of white and yellow facade paint. These model samples were in situ analysed using attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and Raman micro spectroscopy, while the surfaces morphology were characterized by optical microscopy. Binder compositions of all paints were successfully determined by IR, whereas Raman spectra obtained at laser wavelength of 785 and 532 nm provided the information about pigment contents. In the IR and Raman spectra of the paint samples deposited on the facade paints any no additional bands that would indicate the substrate influence were observed. The research showed that non- destructive techniques used allow identification and differentiation of spray paint samples without previous preparation, as far as the thickness of the paint layer is sufficient to prevent the substrate influence.

Bloodstains are common forensic samples, which can often be problematic for genotyping. Besides hematin naturally occurring in bloodstain extracts, components of the substrate on which forensic evidence is found can affect DNA amplification as powerful polymerase chain reaction (PCR) inhibitors. The aim of this study was to overcome the PCR inhibition by using powdered activated carbon (PAC) purification. We evaluated the effectiveness of PAC-purification at 37˚C with 60 minutes contact time vs. ultrafiltration using Amicon®Ultra-4 unit (100K) in removing hematin and soluble humic substances. Genomic DNA from bloodstains on peat soil substrate and from blood without substrate was extracted using Chelex®100 and purified by PAC or Amicon®Ultra-4. In addition, for some samples purification was not performed. Real-time PCR was used for DNA quantity estimation and AmpFlSTR®SGM Plus® kit for amplification. Moreover, concentrations of residual inhibitors were determined by UV/VIS spectrometry and compared to unpurified samples. PAC more effectively removed hematin, without DNA loss and provided high DNA quality. Our results show that purification significantly decreased humic substances content. Conversely, both purification methods significantly increased average DNA yield and provided equivalently good DNA quality. In conclusion, this study provides the first insight into a new application of PAC as a well-known adsorbent, based solely on temperature and contact time without introducing any reagents that may interfere with subsequent downstream analysis and may provide the basis for its further application in forensic casework.

In this paper, sol-gel TiO2−ZrO2 films with one layer, three layers and five layers were deposited on the X2CrNiMo17-12-2 (AISI 316L) austenitic stainless steel by dip coating method. Calcination was carried out at 400 °C and 600 °C. For quantitative depth profile analysis of sol-gel TiO2−ZrO2 films the following two different analytical techniques were used and compared: glow-discharge optical emission spectrometry (GD-OES) and time-of-flight elastic recoil detection analysis (TOF-ERDA). Obtained results of GD-OES and TOF-ERDA spectrometry indicated that the depth of the deposited films was increased by increasing the number of deposited layers as well as by increasing the calcination temperature. It was found that the thickness of deposited sol-gel TiO2−ZrO2 films varied from 8 to 95 nm, depending on the number of layers and the calcination temperature. Also, it was found that diffusion of some elements (mainly Cr and Fe) from substrate through interface and film was increased by increasing the calcination temperature. Results obtained by GD-OES and TOF-ERDA indicated that both techniques are excellent tools in the field of surface engineering and can be successfully used for determining elemental composition as a function of depth.

Surface engineering in solids has become an important field in materials science. For improvement of properties of metallic materials different types of coating as well as different deposition techniques have been used. Most common used deposition techniques, such as physical vapour deposition (PVD), chemical vapour deposition (CVD), electrochemical deposition, plasma spraying, etc., are very expensive. The deposition of films by sol-gel method as low cost offer potential advantages over mentioned techniques such as low temperature processing, the capability to coat materials of various shapes and/or large area, easy adjustment of films thickness, to control the composition and homogeneity. Most commonly used methods for sol-gel film deposition are spin-, dip- and spry-coatings. In this paper, titania (TiO2) zirconia (ZrO2) thin films with one-layer, three-layer and fivelayer were deposited on the X2CrNiMo17-12-2 (AISI 316L) austenitic stainless steel by dip coating sol-gel process. For the preparation of sol titanium isopropoxide and zirconium butoxide were used as a precursors, i-propanol as a solvent with addition of nitric acid as a catalyst, acetylacetone for peptization and water for hydrolysis. All deposited films were calcined at the temperature of 400 °C and 600 °C. For quantitative depth profile analysis of sol-gel TiO2-ZrO2 films deposited on stainless steel glow-discharge optical emission spectrometry (GD-OES) was used. Obtained results indicated that depth of deposited films increasing by increase number of deposited layers. Also, it was found that diffusion of some elements (Cr and Fe) from substrate is increasing by increase temperature of heat treatment. Glow-discharge optical emission spectrometry (GD-OES) as fast, easy-to-use analytical technique has proven to be a powerful tool for the rapid analysis of elements in the surface of solids as well as for elemental concentrations as a function of depth in nanoscale.

Sol-gel TiO2–ZrO2 films with one layer were deposited on the X2CrNiMo17-12-2 (AISI 316L) austenitic stainless steel by dip coating method. For the preparation of sol titanium isopropoxide and zirconium butoxide were used as precursors, i-propanol as a solvent with addition of nitric acid as a catalyst, acetylacetone for peptization and water for hydrolysis. Deposited films were calcined at the temperature of 400 °C and 600 °C. Thickness of sol-gel TiO2–ZrO2 films deposited on stainless steel was determined by glow-discharge optical emission spectrometry (GD-OES). It was found that thickness of deposited films increases by increasing the temperature of heat treatment. Morphology and phase composition of sol-gel TiO2–ZrO2 films were analysed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in simulated marine environment (3 wt. % NaCl aqueous solution) was used to determine corrosion properties of TiO2–ZrO2 films. It was found that the sol-gel TiO2–ZrO2 films are able to make an appreciable improvement in the corrosion resistance of the stainless steel in investigated corrosive medium.