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Background: Psoriasis, a chronic autoimmune disease, involves the integration of biological and molecular events by hyperproliferation of the epidermal keratinocytes and generation of inflammation markers. Owing to severe complications of synthetic corticosteroids, there is a strong need for a potential and safe alternative. Babchi oil (natural essential oil; BO) may prove to be a promising natural agent for psoriasis. Objective: The aim of the present work was to investigate the safety and efficacy of cyclodextrin nanosponge based babchi oil (BONS) hydrogel on skin annexes. Methods: Babchi Oil Nanosponge Hydrogel (BONS-HG) was fabricated and evaluated. Cell viability studies have been carried out on THP1 cell lines to evaluate cytocompatibility. Irritation potential and in vivo visualization of cutaneous uptake of BONS-HG were carried out using Hen’s Egg Chorioallantoic Membrane Test (HET-CAM) and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM), respectively. The nano hydrogel was tested in vivo using imiquimod-induced psoriasis mouse model. Results: The in vitro irritation potential of BONS-HG indicated no sign of erythema or irritation, suggesting the safety of prepared hydrogel as topical formulation. CLSM studies advocated targeting of BO to epidermis and dermis. Along with histopathological assessment, evaluation of oxidative stress markers revealed the significant antipsoriatic activity (p< 0.001) of the prepared BONS-HG. Conclusion: The present study amalgamated the advantages of natural essential oil with this approach for skin targeting and provided an effective and safe topical alternative for psoriasis.

Background: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic disease that results from infection with any member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and infected animals are typically diagnosed withtuberculin-based intradermal skin tests per World Organization of Animal Health or similar guidelines. Peptide-based defined skin test (DST) antigens, comprising of ESAT-6, CFP-10 and Rv3615c, are able to differentiate infected from BCG-vaccinated animals and sensitively and specifically identify tuberculin reactor cattle, but their performance in buffaloes remained unknown. To assess the comparative performance of the DST with the tuberculin-based single intradermal test (SIT) and the single intradermal comparative cervical test (SICCT), we screened 543 female buffaloes from 49 organized dairy farms in two districts of Haryana state in India. Results: The results show that 37 (7%), 4 (1%) and 18 (3%) buffaloes were reactors with the SIT, SICCT and DST, respectively. Of the 37 SIT reactors, four were positive with SICCT and 12 were positive with the DST. The results further show that none of the animals tested positive with all three tests, and 6 DST positive animals were SIT negative. Together, a total of 43 animals were reactors with SIT, DST, or both, and the two assays showed moderate agreement (Cohen'sKappa 0.41; 95% CI: 0.23, 0.59). In contrast, only slight agreement (Cohen’s Kappa 0.18; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.34) was observed between SIT and SICCT. Latent class analyses reveal test specificities of 95% for SIT and 99% each for DST and SICCT, but considerably lower sensitivities of 67%, 39%, and 19% for SIT, DST, and SICCT, respectively, albeit with broad and overlapping credible intervals. Conclusion: Taken together, our investigation suggests that DST has a test specificity comparable with SICCT, and sensitivity intermediate between SIT and SICCT for the identification of buffaloes suspected of tuberculosis. Our studies also highlight an urgent need for future well-powered trials with detailed necropsy with immunological and microbiological profiling of reactor and non-reactor animals to better define the underlying drivers for the large observed discrepancies in assay performance, particularly between SIT and SICCT.

Increased oxidative stress in diabetic wound areas impairs wound healing. Quercetin exhibits significant antioxidant properties. We investigated the effects of topical quercetin on antioxidant status in diabetic wound areas and its effect on wound healing in rats. A 2 cm

Development of novel drugs or formulations to accelerate the wound healing process is the need of current era. Quercetin (Q), a bioflavonoid, at 0.3% concentration has showed some wound healing potential in our preliminary studies. The present study was aimed to explore the wound healing potential of 0.3% quercetin formulated in 3 different vehicles, that is, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; 10%), ointment base, and corn oil. Ninety experimentally wounded rats were grouped in 6 groups. The 0.3% quercetin mixed with DMSO, ointment base, and corn oil was topically applied once daily for 21 days on the wounds of groups 2, 4, and 6, respectively. DMSO, ointment base, and corn oil alone was applied similarly in groups 1, 3, and 5, respectively. Gross evaluation and wound contraction results revealed accelerated wound closure in all quercetin-treated groups. The mRNA expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor-β1, and interluekin-10 were markedly upregulated in healing tissues of quercetin-treated groups. Tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA expression and protein levels were lowered by quercetin treatment. Quercetin-treated groups also showed increased activities of SOD (superoxide dismutase) and catalase, and levels of total thiols in wound tissues on day 7. Levels of superoxide anion radicals and malondialdehyde were markedly lower in quercetin-treated groups. Histologically, wound sections of quercetin-treated groups showed early dominance of fibroblasts, increased blood vessels, marked collagen deposition, and regenerated epithelial layer. The significant effects were more pronounced in ointment + Q group among all the quercetin-treated groups. In conclusion, 0.3% quercetin mixed in ointment base produced the fastest and better wound healing in rats.

Quercetin on wounds could be favorable for healing based on its variety of biological effects. Eighty wounded rats were divided into four groups i.e. dimethyl sulfoxide, 0.03% quercetin, 0.1% quercetin, and 0.3% quercetin-treated. Different treatments were topically applied for 20 days. Quercetin (0.3%) caused the fastest wound closure and markedly improved the oxidative stress. Quercetin treatment increased the expressions of IL-10, VEGF, TGF-β

Background: Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. is a herb consumed as food and has medicinal value. It is a rich source of bioactive nutrients which cure and prevent many ailments. Traditionally, it is used to treat hypertension, diabetes, constipation, cancer etc. Methods and Objective: Present work illustrates morphological, microscopic and physicochemical parameters of Fagopyrum esculentum seeds as per WHO guidelines, in vitro antioxidant activity; assessed by DPPH scavenging method, hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay and β-carotene linoleic acid bleaching method and study of lipid lowering potential of the ethyl acetate and ethanol extract of seeds on normal diet fed Wistar rats. Results: Morphological studies delineated the triangular shape, dark brown colour, 8 mm length and 6 mm width of the seed. The microscopic examination of the transverse section of seed depicted features like testa or pericarp (seed coat), the endosperm, embryo and sclerenchyma cells. Study of physiochemical parameters exhibited 0.3±0.02% of foreign matter and 1.44±0.51% crude fibre content. Total ash, acid insoluble ash and water soluble ash value were 6.7±1.7%, 1.9±0.23% and 3.9± 0.31% respectively. Alcohol soluble and water soluble extractive value came out to be 65.02± 3.21 mg/g and 12.7±1.24 mg/g respectively. Foaming index was less than 100, swelling index was found to be 0.5±0.01 ml/g. Loss on drying was 4.02±1.27%. Phytochemical screening of ethyl acetate and ethanol extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, phytosterols and flavonoids. Trace amount of heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury) were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Pesticide residue analysis confirmed the presence of nontoxic pesticides like dimethipin, hymexazol, phenothrin-2, methoprene, triadimenol, prohydrojasmon- 1, jasmolin ii, triademinol, jasmolin i, prohydrojasmone i, cyromazine in both the extracts by gc-ms spectrometer. The ethyl acetate and ethanol extract has shown significant in-vitro antioxidant activities demonstrated by the DPPH method (IC50 = 94.37±2.51 and 216.04±4.39 μg/ml respectively), hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay (IC50 = 83.72±3.72 and 193.47±5.05 µg/ml respectively) and β-carotene bleaching method (IC50 = 100.67±4.01 and 205.39±2.89 µg/ml respectively). Lipid lowering study performed on Wistar rats demonstrated a significant (p Conclusion: Pharmacognostical study of the plant can be a very good tool for identification as well as authentication of a herb. Moreover, these parameters may be helpful in the development of monograph of the plant. Pharmacological activity confirmed Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. seed to be a good antioxidant and have lipid lowering potential.

Peste des petitis ruminants is an economically important transboundary and notifiable viral disease of sheep and goats. In this study, 14 PPR suspected outbreaks among sheep and goats were investigated in four districts of Haryana, India, during July 2020 to October, 2021. The causative agent of the disease; small ruminant morbillivirus was detected by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction targeting full gene sequences of fusion protein gene and confirmed by sequencing. The overall morbidity and cumulative mortality in these outbreaks were 37.56% and 12.09%, respectively. Risk factor analysis identified significant difference in mortality based on age with higher mortality in young ones; 21% as compared to adults; 7.55%. Analysis of the vaccination status revealed significant difference in morbidity and mortality with higher morbidity and mortality in un-vaccinated animals as compared to vaccinated ones. The sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of representative samples revealed that the strains of the present study fall in lineage IV (96.6-99.1%) along with other Indian isolates but made a separate cluster (sub-lineage). The comparison of deduced amino acid (aa) sequence analysis of fusion protein of circulating field strains with reference vaccine strain and other lineage IV strains revealed four N-linked glycosylation sites instead of three. The findings of the present study revealed changes in fusion protein of some of the circulating field strains of SRMV in Haryana, India. Further detailed studies are warranted to delineate the molecular details of these circulating field strains and to evaluate the effectiveness of currently used vaccine against these mutated strains.

Background: Hind quarter weakness (HQW) is the loss of bilateral motor function of the rear limbs due to dysfunction of neural or muscular system. Animals are mostly presented with focal or generalized pain, varying degrees of paresis, paralysis and inability to urinate. Serum β- endorphin is an endogenous hormone released during stressful and painful events and functions almost exclusively in an inhibitory fashion. Moreover, electrical stimulation has been demonstrated to release endorphins at low frequencies. Methods: The present study was conducted to investigate the possible participation of endogenous opioid i.e. Serum β - endorphins and oxidative stress parameters in pain modulation and its variation in dogs suffering from hind quarter weakness subjected to ultrasound therapy and shortwave diathermy. Dogs were treated using therapeutic ultrasound (group I, n=6) and shortwave diathermy (group II, n=6) in combination with supportive drug therapy continued regularly for one week. Blood was collected on day 0, 3rd and 7th for oxidative stress estimation and regularly from the day of presentation till 7th day of treatment for serum β-endorphin estimation. Result: LPO values decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) from day 0 to 3 in group I and from day 0 to 7 in group II. SOD values showed a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease between day 0 and 7 in group II cases. A continuous progressive increasing trend in GSH was noticed which was significant (P less than 0.05) from day 3 to 7 in both groups. CAT values showed a significant (P less than 0.05) increase from day 0 to 7 in group II and non-significant (P less than 0.05) increase in group I. Serum β-endorphin values showed a significant (P less than 0.05) increase from day 4th to 6th in group I and between day 0, 1st, 3rd and 5th in group II. The variation in values throughout the treatment was suggestive of reduction in stress response and indicates improvement in dogs suffering from HQW.

Purpose: There is an urgent need of effective drug/formulation to speed up the healing process in diabetic wounds. In our earlier studies, quercetin has accelerated the healing of nondiabetic wound...

Quercetin has role in angiogenesis and proliferation of epithelial cells and fibroblasts. So, it was hypothesized that exogenous application of quercetin could be beneficial in wound healing. In present study, experimentally-wounded male rats were equally divided into four groups. Quercetin as a 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0% concentration (w/v) solution was topically applied on the wounds of group 2, 3 and 4, respectively, once daily for 16 days. However, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; 75%) alone was applied topically in group 1. Gross evaluation of wound revealed that topical application of 0.1% quercetin caused fastest wound closure, as compared to other treatments in our study. The reduction in wound area and increased wound contraction were fastest in 0.1% quercetin group during the entire study. Histopathologically, the granulation tissue was of better quality and showed appropriate proliferation of fibroblasts in 0.1% quercetin-treated group in comparison to other groups. There was significant collagen deposition, which was better arranged and compacted in 0.1% quercetin-treated group. The 0.1% quercetin-treated group also showed regenerated epithelium layer, which was lacking in other groups. Histological score was significantly higher in 0.1% quercetin-treated group, as compared to DMSO and 10% quercetin-treated groups. Overall, there were no significant differences between the different treatment groups for the values of superoxide dismutase, total thiols, superoxide anion radicals, malondialdehyde levels and total proteins. Only the catalase value was significantly decreased in DMSO-treated group, as compared to 0.1% quercetin treated group. In conclusion, quercetin at 0.1% concentration has pronounced pro-healing potential in male rats.

A 5 years old crossbred cow was brought to the Veterinary Clinical Complex of Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Hisar with history of progressive weakness, pale mucous membrane, anorexia, high fever (105 °F), tachycardia, laboured breathing and coffee coloured urine. Analysis of haematological parameters revealed severe anaemia, leucocytopenia, marked poikilocytosis of erythrocytes. Blood smear examination showed presence of signet ring shaped Theileria organisms, Babesia piroplasms and condensed dot forms of Anaplasma marginale in the stained erythrocytes. Further animal was treated with buparvaquone @ 2.5 mg/kg b.wt deep I/M in neck region and long acting oxytetracycline at 25 mg/kg b. W. slow I/V daily in normal saline solution for 5 days. Berenil (Diminazene aceturate 5%) injection was also administered @ 1 ml/20 kg b.wt. I/M along with supportive therapy. Clinical signs started to subside 3 days post treatment. Complete recovery was achieved by 4 weeks post treatment however animal succumbed to death due to immunosuppression.

Previous studies have shown that quercetin on topical application improved cutaneous wound healing in rats, but hydrophobic nature and less skin penetration limits its potential as topical healing agent. Therefore, present study was planned to investigate wound healing potential of chitosan based quercetin nanoparticles. Quercetin loaded nanoparticles were synthesized by ionic gelation method and characterized by various standard techniques. A 2 × 2 cm2 square shaped wound was created on the thoraco-lumbar part of rats. Wounded rats were divided into 6 groups namely, gel (20%), blank nanoparticle (0.16%), bulk quercetin (0.3%), quercetin nanoparticles (0.03%), quercetin nanoparticles (0.1%) and quercetin nanoparticles (0.3%) treated groups. Different formulations of quercetin nanoparticles were applied on the wounds for the duration of study and healing tissues were collected on 7th, 14th and 21st day to study various parameters. Quercetin loaded nanoparticles were 361.16 ± 9.72 nm size and spherical in shape. We observed quercetin nanoparticles (0.03%) treatment caused marked reduction in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha, whereas expressions of interleukin 10, vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor beta1 was increased significantly with treatment. The granulation tissue of quercetin nanoparticles (0.03%) treated group showed better quality healing and maturity as supported by the increased blood vessels density, decreased inflammatory cells, increased number of myofibroblasts, deposition and arrangement of collagen fibers and re-epithelialization. In conclusion, quercetin nanoparticles (0.03%) treatment significantly improved wound healing by modulation of cytokines and growth factors involved in inflammatory and proliferative phases of wound healing.

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is one of the commonly used vehicles to dissolve water insoluble drugs, including used for wound healing purposes, for different experiments. The present study was aimed to investigate the gross effects and histopathological changes produced by topical DMSO on granulation tissue at wound site. Open excision cutaneous wounds were created on the back of ten male rats and equally divided into two groups. Distilled water and DMSO (10 %) were topically applied once daily for 21 days on wounds of Group I (control group) and Group II, respectively. Grossly, wounds revealed that DMSO facilitated wound closure on day 7 and 12. On day 21, the wound was still not closed in DMSO treated group in comparison to control group. The H & E stained sections of control group showed formation of complete, immature and thin epithelial layer, collagen deposition and infiltration of abundant number of mononuclear cells. Sections of DMSO treated group showed blood vessels, scattered infiltration of inflammatory cells, collagen fibers and partially formed epithelial layer. Semi-quantitative score for inflammatory cells and epithelialization was significantly lower in DMSO treated group. Picrosirius red stained sections showed dominance of orange-red (thicker) collagen fibers in control group and yellow-green (thinner) collagen fibers in DMSO treated group. DMSO treated group showed higher and lower thin collagen and thick collagen fiber fraction, respectively in comparison to control group. Thus, it might be concluded that DMSO facilitates wound closure during the early stages and delays the wound closure during at later stages of wound healing.

Background Neovasculogenesis, vital for wound healing, gets compromised in diabetics patients, which consequently delayed wound healing. Previous studies have shown curcumin as both a stimulatory and an inhibitory agent in the neovasculogenesis process. So, present study was aimed to investigate the effects of curcumin on wound healing in diabetic rats and to explore the expressions of the various factors involved in neovasculogenesis. Materials and methods Open excisional diabetic wound was created in sixty rats and divided into three groups viz. i) control, ii) pluronic gel-treated, and iii) curcumin-treated. The pluronic F-127 gel (25%) and curcumin (0.3%) in the pluronic gel were topically applied once daily for 19 d. The wound healing and neovasculogenesis among these groups were evaluated by gross appearance of wounds and microscopically by hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemistry for CD31, messenger RNA expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, hypoxia-inducible growth factor-1alpha, stromal cell-derived growth factor-1alpha, and heme oxygenase-1, and Western blotting studies of VEGF and TGF-β1 in granulation and/or healing tissue on days 3, 7, 14, and 19. Results Curcumin application caused markedly fast wound closure with well-formed granulation tissue dominated by fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition, and complete early regenerated epithelial layer. Immunohistochemistry for CD31 revealed well-formed blood vessels with increased microvessel density on days 3, 7, and 14 in the curcumin-treated group. Expressions of VEGF and TGF-β1 on days 3, 7, and 14, hypoxia-inducible growth factor-1alpha, stromal cell-derived growth factor-1alpha, and heme oxygenase-1 on days 3 and 7 were increased in curcumin-treated diabetic rats, as compared with other groups. Conclusions Curcumin enhanced the neovasculogenesis and accelerated the wound healing in diabetic rats by increased expressions of various factors.

Present report describes the immunohistochemical diagnosis of poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma and involvement of papilloma virus in a mare. A five years old mare was brought to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex with history of multi-lobulated haemorrhagic ulcerative mass in the vulvar region since last two months. The swollen region was aseptically prepared and the mass was resected out under local anaesthesia. Cytology of tumour revealed large cells with abundant basophilic cytoplasm and pleomorphic nuclei. Microscopically, presence of irregular cords of undifferentiated epidermal cells proliferating in downward fashion and invading dermis and subcutis were seen. AgNOR staining of section revealed 4 to 5 irregular, large dots or bizarre clusters in nuclei indicating malignancy. The PCR amplification was done by using specific primers for PVL1 gene of CPV that amplified a 480 base pair fragment of the Papilloma Virus L1 gene. Pancytokeratin immunolabeling was helpful in the diagnosing poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. PCR confirmation suggested role of papilloma virus in induction and progression of squamous cell carcinoma.

The aim of this project was to study the clinical manifestations, neurobehavioral, hematobiochemical, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and histopathological changes during acrylamide toxicity in rats. A total of 30 adult male Wistar rats were divided in 5 equal groups and received 0, 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg body weight acrylamide as oral gavage, while group 5 was micronucleus (MN) control. Functional observational battery (FOB) parameters were studied at the 28th day of post treatment. Toxicological manifestations were evident in acrylamide-treated rats from 14th day onward. FOB revealed a significant change in central nervous system, neuromuscular, and autonomic domains. The hematological changes include significant decrease in concentration of hemoglobin, total erythrocyte count, packed cell volume, and mean corpuscular volume. The biochemical parameters aspartate aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, and albumin showed significant increase, while the levels of serum globulin and glucose were found to decrease significantly. The MN assay revealed the significant increase in frequencies of micronuclei and number of polychromatic erythrocytes. The oxidative stress parameters revealed no significant difference as compared to control rats. Histopathological changes observed in brain include neuronal degeneration, edema, and congestion, while spinal cord revealed demyelination in low-dose group and bilateral necrosis with malacia, liquefaction of white matter, and loss of myelin from gray matter in high-dose groups. The result indicates pathological alterations in brain and spinal cord and is responsible for neurobehavioral changes in rats. The FOB changes and histopathological alterations in spinal cord are in dose dependent to acrylamide intoxication. Various toxicological effects observed in experiment direct us to focus on a deep study and evaluate the possible causes pertaining to toxicity of this chemical. It would furnish the scientists with better options that would help them to search for a median path regarding the use of this chemical and take preventive measures to save the living beings from the hidden disasters of this chemical.

Bovine papillomatosis is a common viral disease of cattle but is relatively less common in buffaloes. Bovine papilloma virus(BPV) -1 and -2 are mostly associated with cutaneous warts in buffaloes. The aim of the present work was to study the pathomorphologyand association of different BPV types in buffalo cutaneous warts. A total of 10 cases were included in the present study, which revealedthat growths were either single or multiple, variable in shape and size, and present at different body sites. Histopathologically, thesewere categorized as papilloma, fibropapilloma, and fibroma. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed the presence of BPV-1, -2, and-5 DNA. Quantitative real-time PCR showed varying amounts of viral DNA copy numbers. On immunohistochemistry, nuclear Ki-67expression was observed mainly in the cells of suprabasal layers. In conclusion, DNA of BPV-1, -2, and -5 was detected either alone ortheir mixed infections. Nuclear Ki-67 immunoreactivity in the suprabasal layer indicated that this is the cellular proliferation site.

A ten years old black female Labrador dog was presented to Private Pet Clinics, Delhi with history of anorexia and swelling near right eye since 6 months. On clinical examination, it revealed a small round growth. The growth was surgically excised. Grossly, it was black in colour, approximately 3 centimetres in diameter and soft in consistency. Histopathologically, it revealed pleomorphic epithelioid and fusiform shaped melanocytes with some of these neoplastic cells contained variable amount of melanin pigment in cytoplasm. On immunohistochemistry, it did not reveal any immunoreactivity for anti-pancytokeratin and anti-Ki67 antibodies. Based on the above findings, it was diagnosed as melanoma.

The study was conducted on 40 clinical cases suspected of canine mammary tumours collected over a period of 2 years. Out of total 38 cases diagnosed as CMT, two (5.26%) cases were noticed in male Labrador dogs of 2.5 and 7 yrs age which were observed in the caudal abdominal and cranial thoracic pair of glands, respectively. The male dog exhibited generalized clinical signs with variability in size. Serum estrogen and progesterone levels in both dogs were higher than the basal normal values. High levels of heavy metals concentration viz. iron, zinc, mercury and cadmium were noticed in the mammary tissues and serum samples of tumour affected dogs. Grossly, growth was hard, firm lobulated pattern with ulceration in one case and soft diffuse round appearance in another case. Tumours were classified as carcinosarcoma and lipoma, respectively. Carcinosarcoma was classified as complex adenocarcinoma forming papillary growths with chondrosarcoma and myxomsarcoma components. Lipoma revealed adipocytes arranged in variable sized lobules separated by connective tissue septa. Immunohistochemical expression of p53 and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) gene was found to be negative in both cases. Epithelial component (complex carcinoma) in carcinosarcoma showed intense positive immunoreactivity for pancytokeratin in luminal epithelial cells and moderate cytokeratin-14 expression in proliferated myoepithelial cells forming papillary growth.

An outbreak of pasteurellosis with 15% mortality was recorded in buffaloes in central India. The presence of Pasteurella multocida in samples collected from dead buffaloes was detected by smear examination and isolation, and later by P. multocida specific polymerase chain reaction (PM-PCR). P. multocida was detected in all the samples. All the isolates were positive by PM-PCR, capsular type B (CAPB) and toxigenic gene (toxA). Histopathologically, sections from lung revealed severe pneumonia and deposition of fibrin in cardiac muscles. The PCR assay used in this study has been shown to be useful diagnostic tool for P. multocida detection.

A total of 20 urinary bladder (UB) samples were studied for presence of bovine papilloma virus (BPV) and evaluated the expression of biomarkers viz. PCNA, Ki67, c-Myc and c-ErbB2 in the tumours/lesions of cattle and buffaloes by immunohistochemistry (IHC). PCR revealed the presence of BPV-2 DNA in 11 UB samples. Among BPV-2 positive UB samples, 2 also showed the presence of BPV-1 DNA. IHC of UBT (papillary and non infiltrative TCC, papillary and infiltrative TCC, hemangiosarcoma, adenoma etc.) revealed that PCNA, Ki67 and c-Mycwere potent markers for assessing the proliferation status of cells in these neoplasms. Expression of the c-ErbB2 was observed mainly in the neoplastic cells of glandular and papillary areas of the urinary bladder tumours.

Livestock undergo various kinds of stress such as physical, nutritional, chemical, psychological and thermal stress. Among all thermal stress is most concerning now a day in the ever changing climatic scenario. Thermal stress redistributes the body resources including protein and energy at t he cost of decreased growth, reproduction, production and health. Goats (Capra hircus) are relatively resistant to harsh environmental conditions. Thermal stress stimulates sort of complex responses which are fundamentals in the preservation of cell survival. Physiological responses to thermal stress are rectal temperature, respiration rate, heart rate, skin temperature; hormonal changes in terms of thyroxin, tri-iodothyronine, cortisol, electrolyte concentration; hematological responses like hemoglobin level and packed cell volume. Biochemical responses include changes in antioxidants level, plasma or serum enzymes and metabolites like blood glucose, total cholesterol level. At molecular level changes in gene expression of heat shock proteins and many other proteins ensure protections. Altogether these physiological, biochemical and molecular responses makes the goats to survive in harsh environment.

Aim: To assess the effect of feeding live Saccharomyces cerevisiae on serum biochemistry in early weaned cross bred (Landrace × Desi) piglets Materials and Methods: 48 piglets assigned to four different groups (T1, T2, T3 and T4: n=12) following completely randomized design. T1 and T2 were weaned at age of 28 days while T3 and T4 were weaned at age of 42 days. T1 and T3 were fed basal diet without S. cerevisiae, however, T2 and T4 were supplemented with live S. cerevisiae (200 g/d/h containing 2- 3×106 cfu/g). Results: The period-wise comparison of mean values of serum albumin and globulin were similar, however, period-wise comparison of protein was significant. The mean glucose value of T4 was statistically higher than T1 and comparable with T2 and T3. The serum total cholesterol level was found to be lower in T2 and T4 as compared to T1 and T3. Conclusion: Results of study suggest that supplementation of live Saccharomyces cerevisiae was effective in improving the health status of early weaned piglets. [Vet World 2012; 5(11.000): 663-666]