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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is distinguished by epigenetic elements like DNA methylation, histone modification, histone acetylation and RNA remodeling which is related with genomic instability and tumor initiation. Correspondingly, as a main epigenetic regulation, DNA methylation has an impressive ability in order to be used in CRC targeted therapy. Meaningly, DNA methylation is identified as one of most important epigenetic regulators in gene expression and is considered as a notable potential driver in tumorigenesis and carcinogenesis through gene-silencing of tumor suppressors genes. Abnormal methylation situation, even in the level of promoter regions, does not essentially change the gene expression levels, particularly if the gene was become silenced, leaving the mechanisms of methylation without any response. According to the methylation situation which has a strong eagerness to be highly altered on CpG islands in carcinogenesis and tumorigenesis, considering its epigenetic fluctuations in finding new biomarkers is of great importance. Modifications in DNA methylation pattern and also enrichment of methylated histone signs in the promoter regions of some certain genes like MUTYH, KLF4/6 and WNT1 in different signaling pathways could be a notable key contributors to the upregulation of tumor initiation in CRC. These epigenetic alterations could be employed as a practical diagnostic biomarkers for colorectal cancer. In this review, we will be discuss these fluctuations of MUTYH, KLF4/6 and WNT1 genes in CRC.

Background: Molecular markers in Colorectal Cancer (CRC) are needed for more ac-curate classification and personalized treatment. In this way, we investigated the effects of the BRAF gene on clinical outcomes of its expression fluctuations and its polymorphism at rs1267623 in CRC., Methods: In this study, 36.36 percent of patients with CRC were women, and 63.63 percent were men. After the pathology department confirmed the tumor of the samples, the stage and grade of the tumor were determined according to the TNM system. Real-time PCR was used to check the expression of the BRAF gene in tumor and non-tumor tissues, and its polymorphism in rs1267623 was also checked using the Tetra-ARMs PCR technique., Results: The expression of BRAF in tumor tissues was significantly higher than in non-tumoral tissues (P = 0.001), indicating an upregulation of BRAF gene expression in tumoral tissues. The user's text is empty. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between BRAF expression and tumor stage (P = 0.001), as well as tumor grade (P = 0.003). However, no significant link was found between lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis of BRAF gene expression (P = 0.3). Additionally, no mutation was detected in the investigation of rs1267623 polymorphism., Conclusion: The BRAF gene was upregulated in tumoral tissues. Remarkably, no mutation was found in the rs1267623 polymorphism. As a result, this gene can be used as a biomarker in the diagnosis and treatment of CRC., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background & Objective: Besides the clinical and laboratory research on the COVID-19 virus, the bioinformatics study in the field of genetics of immunity to COVID-19 is of particular importance. In this account, studies show that in patients with COVID-19, the level of tumor necrosis alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) is high and in severe cases of COVID-19, the production of IL-6, TNF-α, and other cytokines increases profoundly. On the other hand, investigating the molecular structure and receptors of IL-6 and TNFα and the structural analysis of the receptor proteins may potentially help to develop new therapeutic plans for COVID-19 infection., Methods: To identify genes with significant and different expressions in patients with COVID-19 in a microarray data set containing transcriptional profiles from GEO as a functional genomic database the GEO query package version 2.64.2 in a programming language R version 4.2.1 was downloaded. In this way, functional enrichment analysis for DEGs, WikiPathways, REGO, gene ontology, and STRING database was also investigated and employed., Results: The structure and function of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-6 involved in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 were investigated, and in general, after performing various analyses in this study and extracting A series of genes with different expressions from the KEGG database, the final 5 DEGs include CXCL14, CXCL6, CCL8, CXCR1, TNFRSF10, and the relationship and expression effects of them were observed in different pathways., Conclusion: IL-6 and TNFα were involved in immunological processes that had a direct and indirect relationship with the activation of cytokines, including IL6 and TNF-a, and cytokine storm, and this indicates their role in the formation of problems and complications, including ARDS, in COVID-19 patients. Of course, determining the effectiveness of each of these genes requires more specialized and clinical studies., Competing Interests: There is no conflict of interest., (© 2024.)