Search

Résumé Cet article propose une étude des déterminants des échanges intra-CEDEAO à l'aube de l'intégration continentale africaine. Nous utilisons le modèle de gravité et des données de panel pour analyser les impacts de l'environnement commercial, de la facilitation des échanges, de la l’environnement logistique, de l'efficacité des organismes douaniers et de l'opacité institutionnelle sur les échanges intra-communautaires. Les résultats indiquent que (i) l’influence positive de l’accord de libres échanges, sur les exportations intracommunautaires, est atténuée par l’inopportunité de l’environnement commercial. (ii) Des réformes structurelles de l'ordre de 5% pourraient stimuler les échanges intra-communautaires et transnationaux de plus de 25% et 134,68%, respectivement. (iii) Les impacts des sous-environnements varient en fonction des destinations, et l'environnement institutionnel est un axe de réforme clé pour stimuler les exportations internationales, tandis que l'environnement douanier est prioritaire pour les échanges intra-communautaires. Mots clés: Déterminants des échanges, intra-CEDEAO, intégration continentale africaine, ZLECAF modèle de gravité, données de panel, environnement commercial, facilitation des échanges, environnement logistique, environnement institutionnel, environnement douanier. Communauté économique et régionale Abstract This article proposes a study of the determinants of intra-ECOWAS trade at the dawn of African continental integration. The gravity model and panel data are used to analyze the impacts of commercial environment, trade facilitation, logistics environment, customs efficiency, and institutional opacity on intra-community trade. The results indicate that (i) the positive influence of the free trade agreement on intra-community exports is mitigated by the inadequacy of the commercial environment. (ii) Structural reforms of around 5% could stimulate intra-community and transnational trade by more than 25% and 134.68%, respectively. (iii) The impacts of sub-environments vary depending on destinations, and the institutional environment is a key reform axis to stimulate international exports, while the customs environment is a priority for intra-community trade. Keywords Determinants of trade, intra-ECOWAS, African continental integration, AfCFTA, gravity model, panel data, commercial environment, trade facilitation, logistics environment, institutional environment, customs environment, regional economic community.

Introduction L’océan a été historiquement considéré comme un endroit suffisamment vaste pour pouvoir accueillir toutes sortes de déchets produits par les sociétés humaines sans dommages (Gorman, 1993). La logique a été poussée très loin par les sociétés industrielles qui prennent tardivement conscience des limites de cette approche. L’origine et la nature des déchets rejetés dans le milieu marin sont particulièrement variées : ceux liés à l’exploitation des navires, aux activités nucléaires c...

Linguistics is in an evolving phase where the semiotic thresholds and the partitioning of research fields tend to give way to the diversity of signs and interdisciplinary perspectives. Indeed the levels of analysis have multiplied and incline more and more to dissect the mechanisms of meaning construction that revolve around production, reception and interpretation. However, we cannot arrive to meaning without specifying as a preliminary the context of production. The context, because of its polysemic character, is the object of discussion. Is it a concept belonging to logico-grammatical or hermeneutics? This question deserves to be analyzed because on it are based all the theoretical approaches, better the connections between texts and speeches as well as the connections between social sciences and humanities. We will not miss to linger ourselves on the different variations in the meaning of context depending on a linguistic approach to another and its centrality in discourse analysis. RÉSUMÉ : La linguistique est dans une phase d’évolution où les seuils sémiotiques et le cloisonnement des domaines de recherche ont tendance à laisser la place à la diversité des signes et des perspectives d’interdisciplinarité. En effet, les niveaux d’analyse se sont multipliés et tendent de plus en plus à décortiquer les mécanismes de construction du sens qui tournent autour de la production, de la réception et de l’interprétation. Toutefois, on ne peut arriver au sens sans au préalable déterminer le contexte de production. Le contexte fait l’objet de débats de par son caractère polysémique. Est-il un concept relevant de la logico-grammaticale ou de l’herméneutique ? Cette question mérite d’être analysée, car c’est ce sur quoi reposent toutes les approches théoriques, les connexions entre les textes et les discours ainsi que les connexions entre les sciences sociales et les sciences humaines. Nous ne manquerons pas de nous attarder sur les différentes variations de sens du contexte selon qu’on se situe d’une approche linguistique à une autre et sa centralité en analyse du discours.

Background: Monogenic and polygenic inheritances are evidenced for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Pathogenic variations in surfactant protein-related genes, telomere-related genes (TRGs), and a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter of MUC5B gene encoding mucin 5B (rs35705950 T risk allele) are reported. This French-Greek collaborative study, Gen-Phen-Re-GreekS in inheritable IPF (iIPF), aimed to investigate genetic components and patients’ characteristics in the Greek national IPF cohort with suspected heritability. Patients and Methods: 150 patients with familial PF, personal-family extrapulmonary disease suggesting short telomere syndrome, and/or young age IPF were analyzed. Results: MUC5B rs35705950 T risk allele was detected in 103 patients (90 heterozygous, 13 homozygous, allelic frequency of 39%), monoallelic TRG pathogenic variations in 19 patients (8 TERT, 5 TERC, 2 RTEL1, 2 PARN, 1 NOP10, and 1 NHP2), and biallelic ABCA3 pathogenic variations in 3. Overlapping MUC5B rs35705950 T risk allele and TRG pathogenic variations were shown in 11 patients (5 TERT, 3 TERC, 1 PARN, 1 NOP10, and 1 NHP2), MUC5B rs35705950 T risk allele, and biallelic ABCA3 pathogenic variations in 2. In 38 patients, neither MUC5B rs35705950 T risk allele nor TRG pathogenic variations were detectable. Kaplan-Meier curves showed differences in time-to-death (p = 0.025) where patients with MUC5B rs35705950 T risk allele alone or in combination with TRG pathogenic variations presented better prognosis. Conclusion: The Gen-Phen-Re-GreekS in iIPF identified multiple and overlapping genetic components including the rarest, underlying disease’s genetic “richesse,” complexity and heterogeneity. Time-to-death differences may relate to diverse IPF pathogenetic mechanisms implicating “personalized” medical care driven by genotypes in the near future.

In this study, the results show that total sugar contents depend on the variety and the position where the fruit (mango) has been harvested. This variation in total sugar contents is observed according to the following varieties: the Bk (Boukodiekhal) variety (bottom position 45 mg/100 mL) then Bk (intermediate and bottom position 40 mg/100 mL) and with the Dr (Diourou) variety the content according to the intermediate position is 63 mg/100 mL while the content according to its bottom position is 56 mg/100 mL. The same is observed for variety Knt (Kent). For the variety factor, we see that the Dr and Sl (Sierra Leone) varieties are the richest in total sugars. Compared to the variation in reducing sugar content, the effect of position is less pronounced. Nevertheless, the statistical results show that the contents vary according to the varieties. There is a very significant variation in reducing sugar content between certain varieties. The variety Kt (Keitt) (45 mg/100 mL) is the richest in reducing sugars but compared to the lower position of the variety Bk, they are statistically identical. Variety Knt remains the poorest in reducing sugars 20 mg/ 100 mL.

The concept of gender and development is in part the fruit of the second wave of feminism that marked Western societies from the end of the 1960s. It aimed to challenge the notion of "female condition" dominant at that time in science social groups which essentially understood the role of women in the family sphere. The concept of gender has been used to highlight ���social relations of sex��� within society. It aims to raise the status of women and promote development as a whole. Several projects came to perceive women as a major labor force essential to the socio-economic development of a country. Indeed, the integration of women in development has turned in the Third World into a way of manipulating the labor force of poor women to take on the lowest paid jobs of the capitalist production process. From the questioning of this approach and the changes made to it, the second approach was born, the GED approach. This aims to help women take charge and share the benefits of development with all men and women. It therefore tries to improve the quality of life of women by allowing them to participate in the socio-economic development of their country and thus have a certain power and control over the most appropriate way to meet their needs. This approach has as a historical point of departure the recognition of the subordination of women. Its ultimate goal is to eliminate the subordination of the feminine to the masculine gender. In Senegal, women are reacting to counter the effects of poverty by getting involved in the socio-economic development of rural and urban areas. They also support men in arable crops, take care of the processing and marketing of harvested products. Sowing, weeding, harvests and conditioning are traditionally reserved for it. These multiple activities contribute to the definition of female identity and her social status. It is about the importance of the full and active participation of women, on equal terms, in the prevention and resolution of conflicts and in the building and maintenance of peace. This study is intended to be a contribution to illuminating the conflict by diagnosing the role of women's organizations in the maintenance of peace, development and women's leadership. It is about showing the place of women in the construction, consolidation of peace and development., Revue Economie, Gestion et Soci��t��, �������� 1, ������ 34 (2022)

How can we explain this increasing use of communication techniques by managers ? This is the question that this research proposes to answer through a qualitative approach based on content analysis. For this, we are inspired by the theory of discourse analysis and use crisis communication as an explanatory frame work for the phenomenon studied. Political communication is rather a set of social actions or, to put it better, a set of practices. Even if political communication seems to take the place of propaganda in several regimes, it is appropriate, in this article, to examine more closely to what extent this communication on the COVID-19 pandemic offers information likely to nurture the conscience and knowledge of the citizen. From this perspective, it would be desirable to focus on better understanding political practices. Adopting this issue is still taking communication techniques seriously in the form of adhering to specific ways of thinking and acting in light of what leaders put forward as an argument. This study invites message advertisers in the response to the Covid-19 pandemic to shift the communication paradigm through the tone and people involved in the process., Revue Economie, Gestion et Société, Vol. 1, No 30 (2021)

Carriers of germline telomerase-related gene (TRG) mutations can show poor prognosis, with an increase in common hematological complications after lung transplantation (LT) for pulmonary fibrosis. The aim of this study was to describe the outcomes after LT in recipients carrying a germline TRG mutation and to identify the predictors of survival. In a multicenter cohort of LT patients, we retrospectively reviewed those carrying pathogenic TRG variations (n = 38; TERT, n = 23, TERC, n = 9, RTEL1, n = 6) between 2009 and 2018. The median age at LT was 54 years (interquartile range [IQR] 46-59); 68% were male and 71% had idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. During the diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis, 28 (74%) had a hematological disease, including eight with myelodysplasia. After a median follow-up of 26 months (IQR 15-46), 38 patients received LT. The overall post-LT median survival was 3.75 years (IQR 1.8-NA). The risk of death after LT was increased for patients with myelodysplasia (HR 4.1 [95% CI 1.5-11.5]) or short telomere (HR 2.2 [1.0-5.0]) before LT. After LT, all patients had anemia, 66% had thrombocytopenia, and 39% had neutropenia. Chronic lung allograft dysfunction frequency was 29% at 4 years. The present findings support the use of LT in TRG mutation carriers without myelodysplasia. Hematological evaluation should be systematically performed before LT.

Additional file 1.

The study of an n+-p-p+ type silicon solar cell with vertical junction series illuminated by polychromatic light and under irradiation was realized under steady state. The aim of the work is to determine the optimum thickness of this type of solar cell from the expressions of the backsurface recombination velocity(Sb) obtained by calculating the derivative of the photocurrent density (Jph) with respect to the recombination velocity at the junction (Sf) which tends to large values, translating the short circuit situation. Correlations between the optimum thickness, the irradiation energy flow (φp) and the intensity of the damage coefficient (kl) have been established by a mathematical relationship.

International audience