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Petrol kökenli ürünlertoprak ekosisteminde büyük tahribatlar yaratır. Bu durum, bu maddelerin düşükbiyolojik organik bileşik karışımlarının çoğu zaman potansiyel karsinojenik vemutajenik olarak tarif olmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Biyolojik parçalanmayadayanıklı petrol kökenli hidrokarbonların toprakta birikmesi, enzimaktiviteleri ve mikroorganizma varlığı gibi biyolojik parametrelerindeğişmesine sebep olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, ham petrol ve atık mineral motor yağıile seçilen oranlarda (%0,5 ve %5) kirletilen topraklara organik kirleticininparçalanmasını kolaylaştırmak amacıyla arıtma çamuru ilave edilmiştir.Hazırlanan örneklerle 12 aylık bir inkübasyon çalışması yürütülmüş olup seçilenenzim aktiviteleri (üreaz, dehidrogeneaz, alkali fosfataz, β-glukosidaz)analizlenmiştir. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre, arıtma çamuru ilavesi ham petrol veatık yağ ile kirlenmiş topraklarda enzim aktivitelerinin iyileşmesine katkıdabulunmuştur. Üreaz, alkali fosfataz ve dehidrogenaz aktivitelerinin ham petrolve atık mineral yağ kirliliğinden olumsuz etkilendiği tespit edilmiş olupβ-glukosidaz aktivitesinde ise olumsuz bir etki gözlenmemiştir. Ham petrol veatık yağ ile kirlenmiş topraklar arasında bir kıyaslama yapıldığında kirleticitipleri açısından enzim aktiviteleri üzerinde önemli bir farklılık tespitedilmemiştir., Petroleum products cause great devastation in soil ecosystems. Thisresults from the fact that these substances are mixtures of organic compoundswith a low bioavailability, often described as potentially carcinogenic andmutagenic. As a result of the high potential of petroleum hydrocarbons toaccumulate in the soil environment, together with their resistance tobiodegradation, these compounds cause substantial changes in biologicalparameters, such as enzymatic activity and abundance of microbes. The objective of this study was toevaluate the effects of different types of hydrocarbon pollution (crude oil andwaste engine oil) on soil enzyme activities at the end of incubation period of12 months. The possible use of wastewater sludge as a biostimulating agent inpetroleum-contaminated soils was also evaluated. Enhanced enzyme activitylevels in contaminated soils indicated that crude oil and waste engine oilappeared to stimulate microbial growth and enzyme activity in the soilenvironment. Results showed that hydrocarbon contamination inhibited enzymaticactivities (except β-glucosidase) in all the amended soil samples. The effect of wastewater sludge amendment onsoil enzymes in polluted soil appears to depend on contaminant dose and theorigin of the petroleum product.

Sequencing batch operation was used for nutrient (COD, NH4-N, NO3-N, and PO4-P) removal from synthetic wastewater by using different carbon sources. Operation consisted of anaerobic, anoxic, oxic, anoxic and oxic ( An/ Ax/ Ox/ Ax/ Ox) phases with durations of 2/ 1/ 4.5 / 1.5/ 1.5 hours. Glucose, acetate and a mixture of glucose/acetate were used as carbon source to yield COD/N/P ratio of 100/5/1.5 in the feed. Sludge age was kept constant at 10 days. COD, NH4-N, NO3-N and PO4-P removal efficiencies were maximum at the levels of 96%, 87%, 81% and 90 %, respectively when a mixture (50/50, in terms of COD) of glucose and acetate was used., Bu çalışmanın amacı, ardışık kesikli işletme ile farklı karbon kaynakları kullanılarak sentetik atıksudan nutrient (KOİ, NH4-N, NO3-N, PO4-P) gideriminde karbon bileşiklerinin etkilerini incelemektir. Ardışık kesikli işletme anaerobik, anoksik, oksik, anoksik ve oksik olmak üzere beş basamaktan oluşmaktadır. Bu basamakların hidrolik alıkonma süreleri sırasıyla 2 / 1/ 4.5/ 1.5/ 1.5 saat olarak sabit tutulmuştur. Giriş atıksuyunda KOİ/N/P oranı 100 / 5/ 1.5 olup, karbon kaynağı olarak glikoz, sodyum asetat ve glikoz/sodyum asetat karışımı kullanılmıştır. Çamur yaşı 10 günde sabit tutulmuştur. Glikoz/sodyum asetat (KOİ olarak 50/50) karışımı kullanıldığında maksimum KOİ, NH4−N, NO3-N ve PO4-P giderme verimleri sırasıyla %96, %87, %81 ve %90 bulunmuştur.

Atık mineral yağ kirliliği uzun vadede ciddi çevresel problemlere sebep olmaktadır. Bu durum organik madde bakımından zengin olan toprağın üst tabakasında besinlerin kullanılabilirliğini etkilemekte ve toprağa su ve oksijen girişini engellemektedir. Bu çalışmada, arıtma çamuru uygulaması yapılmış toprağa iki farklı dozda (%1 ve %5) atık mineral yağ uygulanmış ve 3 aylık bir inkübasyon çalışması yürütülmüştür. Örneklerde amonyum, nitrat ve toplam azot ile hidroliz olabilir azot formları (HO-amino, HO-amid, HOheksozamin, HO-rest azotu) belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonuçları, inkübasyon sonunda atık mineral yağ içeren toprakta toplam azot konsantrasyonlarının azaldığını göstermiştir. Yüksek dozda kirlenmiş toprakta azot mineralizasyonunun ve nitrifikasyonun inhibe olduğu belirlenmiştir. Hidroliz olabilir azot formlarının miktarı HO-amino-azot>HO-amid-azot=HO-rest-azot>HO-heksozamin-azot şeklinde bulunmuştur. Toplam azot içerisindeki hidroliz olabilir formlar %94-%96 arasında tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, aminoasitlerin hızlı mineralize olduğunu ve mineral azotun amid-N fraksiyonunda biriktiğini gösterirken, diğer yandan bu süreçte mineral yağ karbonunun da mikroorganizmalarca karbon kaynağı olarak tercih edildiği belirlenmiştir. Waste mineral oil pollution causes serious environmental damages in long term. It affects the availability of nutrients in top layer of soil which is rich in organic matter and prevents the entrance of water and oxygen to the soil. In this study, two different mineral oil (1% and 5%) doses were amended to soil-soil+wastewater sludge samples and then an incubation study was performed during three months. Ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total nitrogen and hydrolysable (H) nitrogen forms (HO-amino nitrogen, HO-amide nitrogen, HO-hexozamine nitrogen, HO-rest nitrogen) were analyzed in samples. The results of the study indicated that total nitrogen concentrations in mineral oil containing soils were decreased at the end of the incubation period. It is determined that nitrogen mineralization and nitrification processes were inhibited in soils contaminated with high doses of mineral oil. The magnitude of hydrolysable nitrogen forms was found to be as H-amino-nitrogen>H-rest nitrogen=H-amide-nitrogen>H-heksozamine nitrogen. It was found that the percentages of hyrolysable nitrogen in total nitrogen varied between 94% and 96%. The results have indicated the faster mineralization of amino acids and accumulation of mineral nitrogen as amid N fraction, as well as the preferential use of mineral oil C as carbon source by microorganisms during the process.

Crude oil affects soil ecosystems, resulting in significant losses in soil quality. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of hydrocarbon pollution (crude oil) on soil enzyme activities and determine the removal of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) during an incubation period of 150 days. The potential use of wastewater sludge as a biostimulating agent in petroleum-contaminated soils was also evaluated. The degradation of crude oil in contaminated soil was significantly enhanced after the addition of wastewater sludge. The results also indicated that significant TPH degradation in crude oil-contaminated soils (80% for dose of 0.5% and 83% for dose of 5% at 18 degrees C) (94% for dose of 0.5% and 92% for dose of 5% at 28 degrees C) occurred after an incubation period of 150 days. Enhanced enzyme activity levels in contaminated soils indicated that crude oil (0.5% and 5%, w/w) stimulated microbial growth and enzyme activity in the soil environment. Urease activity (UA) levels in crude oil contaminated soils were generally higher than initial UA levels in soil during the incubation period. Soil UA exhibited a stronger response to petroleum treatment. Alkaline phosphatase (APA) and beta-Glucosidase (BGA) activities were not affected crude oil pollution. However, contamination of crude oil had a negatively effect on soil dehydrogenase activity (DHA).

Petrol kökenli ürünler toprak ekosisteminde büyük tahribatlar yaratır. Bu durum, bu maddelerin düşük biyolojik organik bileşik karışımlarının çoğu zaman potansiyel karsinojenik ve mutajenik olarak tarif olmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Biyolojik parçalanmaya dayanıklı petrol kökenli hidrokarbonların toprakta birikmesi, enzim aktiviteleri ve mikroorganizma varlığı gibi biyolojik parametrelerin değişmesine sebep olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, ham petrol ve atık mineral motor yağı ile seçilen oranlarda (%0,5 ve %5) kirletilen topraklara organik kirleticinin parçalanmasını kolaylaştırmak amacıyla arıtma çamuru ilave edilmiştir. Hazırlanan örneklerle 12 aylık bir inkübasyon çalışması yürütülmüş olup seçilen enzim aktiviteleri (üreaz, dehidrogeneaz, alkali fosfataz, β-glukosidaz) analizlenmiştir. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre, arıtma çamuru ilavesi ham petrol ve atık yağ ile kirlenmiş topraklarda enzim aktivitelerinin iyileşmesine katkıda bulunmuştur. Üreaz, alkali fosfataz ve dehidrogenaz aktivitelerinin ham petrol ve atık mineral yağ kirliliğinden olumsuz etkilendiği tespit edilmiş olup β-glukosidaz aktivitesinde ise olumsuz bir etki gözlenmemiştir. Ham petrol ve atık yağ ile kirlenmiş topraklar arasında bir kıyaslama yapıldığında kirletici tipleri açısından enzim aktiviteleri üzerinde önemli bir farklılık tespit edilmemiştir. Petroleum products cause great devastation in soil ecosystems. This results from the fact that these substances are mixtures of organic compounds with a low bioavailability, often described as potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic. As a result of the high potential of petroleum hydrocarbons to accumulate in the soil environment, together with their resistance to biodegradation, these compounds cause substantial changes in biological parameters, such as enzymatic activity and abundance of microbes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different types of hydrocarbon pollution (crude oil and waste engine oil) on soil enzyme activities at the end of incubation period of 12 months. The possible use of wastewater sludge as a biostimulating agent in petroleum-contaminated soils was also evaluated. Enhanced enzyme activity levels in contaminated soils indicated that crude oil and waste engine oil appeared to stimulate microbial growth and enzyme activity in the soil environment. Results showed that hydrocarbon contamination inhibited enzymatic activities (except β-glucosidase) in all the amended soil samples. The effect of wastewater sludge amendment on soil enzymes in polluted soil appears to depend on contaminant dose and the origin of the petroleum product.

Soil contamination by used engine oil is a common occurrence in most developing countries. This has been shown to have harmful effects on the environment and human beings at large. Used oils are considered to be hazardous waste materials. These are composed of toxic chemicals, such as heavy metals (which come from additives and wear and tear of engine parts), combustion products, light hydrocarbons, polar compounds, uninuclear and polynuclear aromatic compounds, resinous materials, and organometallic compounds. Some of these pollutants are carcinogenic in nature. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of used engine oil (doses of 0.5% and 5%) with hydrocarbon pollution on total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal from soil and determine the fate of TPHs at different temperatures (18 degrees C and 28 degrees C) during an incubation period of 240 days. The possible use of wastewater sludge as a biostimulating agent in used engine oil-contaminated soils was also evaluated. The results of 240 days of incubation indicated that TPH removal percentages in used engine oil-contaminated+sludge amended soils at 18 degrees C were 68% and 66% for doses of 0.5% and 5%, respectively. Incubation at 28 degrees C resulted in higher TPH removal with values of 56% (dose of 0.5%) and 74% (dose of 5%). Based on the first-order kinetics model, the high dose (5%) of used engine oil-contaminated soil amended with wastewater sludge showed the highest biodegradation rate of 0.00562/day and half-life of 123.13 days at the end of the incubation period at 28 degrees C. These rates were significantly higher than those of the control soil (0.00366/day and 189.01 days).

The efficiency of ultraviolet (UV) disinfection and the regrowth potential of total coliforms were investigated in humic waters. Experiments were conducted according to an experimental design in which a UV radiation dose range of 68-681 mW s/cm(2) was applied to waters containing various concentrations (0-10 mg/L) of fulvic acid. Experimental results strongly suggested that the harmful effect of UV radiation on bacteria was diminished in humic waters due to absorption of UV light. Increasing concentrations of fulvic acid appeared to enhance its influence with elevated doses of UV radiation. Measured inactivation responses were on the order of 1-6 log(10) units for the UV dose range used. Comparison of k (inactivation coefficient) values for nonhumic water to highly humic water indicated that k decreased proportionally as the fulvic acid concentration of water was increased. The results of dark-incubation tests indicated significant regrowth of bacteria in fulvic acid-containing waters.

Petroleum hydrocarbons can affect soil ecosystems, resulting in significant losses in soil quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different types of hydrocarbon pollution (crude oil and waste engine oil) on soil enzyme activities and determine the fate of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) during an incubation period of 3 months. The possible use of wastewater sludge as a biostimulating agent in petroleum-contaminated soils was also evaluated. Enhanced enzyme activity levels in contaminated soils indicated that crude oil and waste engine oil (0.5% w/w) appeared to stimulate microbial growth and enzyme activity in the soil environment. The results also indicated that significant TPH degradation in both crude and waste engine oil-contaminated soils (87% and 65%, respectively) occurred after an incubation period of 3 months. The degradation of crude oil in contaminated soil was significantly enhanced by the addition of wastewater sludge, whereas no apparent biostimulating effect on TPH removal was observed in the case of engine oil contamination.

There has been limited study of the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from inorganic clay minerals. Determining the amount of PAH removal is important in predicting their environmental fate. This study was carried out to the degradation and evaporation of PAHs from bentonite, which is an inorganic clay mineral. UV apparatus was designed specifically for the experiments. The impacts of temperature, UV, titanium dioxide (TiO2), and diethylamine (DEA) on PAH removal were determined. After 24 h, 75 and 44 % of Sigma(12) PAH in the bentonite were removed with and without UV rays, respectively. DEA was more effective as a photocatalyst than TiO2 during UV application. The Sigma(12) PAH removal ratio reached 88 % with the addition of DEA to the bentonite. It was concluded that PAHs were photodegraded at high ratios when the bentonite samples were exposed to UV radiation in the presence of a photocatalyst. At the end of all the PAH removal applications, higher evaporation ratios were obtained for 3-ring compounds than for heavier ones. More than 60 % of the amount of Sigma(12) PAH evaporated consisted of 3-ring compounds.

Soil enzymatic activities are commonly used as biomarkers of soil quality. Several organic and inorganic compounds found in municipal wastewater sludges can possibly be used as fertilizers. Monitoring and evaluating the quality of sludge amended soils with enzyme activities accepted as a beneficial practice with respect to sustainable soil management. In the present study, variation of some enzyme activities (Alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase, urease and P-glucosidase activities) in soils amended with municipal wastewater sludge at different application rates (50, 100 and 200 t ha(-1) dry sludge) was evaluated. Air dried sludge samples were applied to soil pots and sludge-soil mixtures were incubated during a period of three months at 28 degrees C. The results of the study showed that municipal wastewater sludge amendment apparently increased urease, dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and beta-glucosidase activities in soil by 48-70%, 14-47%, 33-66% and 9-14%, respectively. The maximum activity was generally observed in sludge amended soil with dose of 200 t ha(-1). Urease activity appeared to be a better indicator of soil enhancement with wastewater sludge, as its activity was more strongly increased by sludge amendment. Accordingly, urease activity is suggested to be soil quality indicator best suited for measuring existing conditions and potential changes in sludge-amended soil.

Bu çalışma, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsünde Ayşe Elmacı'in danışmanlığında Sudan Kurtoğlu tarafından yazılan "Uluabat göl sedimentinde bazı kimyasal parametrelerin belirlenerek mevsimsel değişimlerin incelenmesi" adlı yüksek lisans tezine dayanılarak hazırlanmıştır. Lake Uluabat, as being an important RAMSAR site, is located in Marmara Region, Turkey. Lake is one of Turkey's rich shallow lakes in terms of aquatic plants, fish and birds. The wetlands of Lake Uluabat and its catchments face a number of problems and threats which could make these valuable resources change or degrade. Human activities, both direct and indirect, are great contributors to degradation and loss of Lake Uluabat wetlands and its water quality. There is no law or regulations about sediment quality assessment and protection works in Lake Uluabat. The objective of this research is to evaluate the sediment quality and nutrients dynamics of Lake Uluabat. For this purpose pH, electrical conductivity, total nitrogen, hydrolysable total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, organic carbon parameters, anions (Cl- , CO3 = , CaCO3) and cations (Ca++, Mg++, Na+ , K+ ) of the sediment were analysed at five stations which are close to urban/industrial locations, inlet/outflow points of lake and drain point of Mustafakemalpasa Creek. The obtained results have shown that alkaline conditions are dominant in Lake Uluabat. The results of this study are to guide for sediment quality monitoring and assessment studies for Lake Uluabat and for further studies. Uluabat Gölü, önemli bir Ramsar Alanı olarak, Türkiye'de Marmara Bölgesinde yer almaktadır. Göl su bitkileri, balıklar ve kuşlar açısından Türkiye'nin en zengin sığ göllerinden birisidir. Uluabat Gölü sulakalanı ve çevresindeki havzaların karşı karşıya kaldıkları birçok problem ve tehdit, bu değerli kaynakların değişmesine veya bozulmasına neden olmaktadır. Doğrudan ve dolaylı insan faaliyetlerinin etkilerinin bir sonucu olarak Uluabat Gölü sulakalanı zarar görmekte ve yok olmaktadır, aynı zamanda su kalitesi de olumsuz etkilenmektedir. Uluabat Gölü sediman kalitesini değerlendirmeye ve korumaya yönelik herhangi bir yasa ve düzenleme bulunmamaktadır. Bu araştırmanın amacı, Uluabat Gölü'nün sediman kalitesi ve besin elementleri dinamiğini değerlendirmektir. Bu amaçla; kentsel/ endüstriyel yerleşimlere, göl girişine/ göl ayağına ve Mustafakemalpaşa Çayı drenaj noktasına yakın seçilen beş istasyonda pH, elektriksel iletkenlik, toplam azot, hidrolize olabilen toplam azot, toplam fosfor, elverişli fosfor, organik karbon parametreleri, anyonlar (Cl-, CO3=, CaCO3) ve katyonlar (Ca++, Mg++,Na+, K+) analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar alkali koşulların Uluabat Gölü'nde baskın olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, Uluabat Gölü sediman kalitesi izleme ve değerlendirme çalışmaları ve daha sonraki çalışmalar için rehberlik edecektir.

COD, nitrogen, phosphate and para-chlorophenol (4-chlorophenol, 4-CP) removal from synthetic wastewater was investigated using a four-step sequencing batch reactor (SBR) at different sludge ages and initial para-chlorophenol (4-CP) concentrations. The nutrient removal process consisted of anaerobic, oxic, anoxic and oxic phases with hydraulic residence times (HRT) of 1/3/1/1 h and a settling phase of 0.75 h. A Box-Wilson statistical experiment design was used considering the sludge age (5-25 days) and 4-CP concentration (0-400 mg l(-1)) as independent variables. Variations of percent COD, NH4-N, PO4-P and 4-CP removals with sludge age and initial 4-CP concentration were investigated. Percent nutrient removals increased with increasing sludge age and decreasing 4-CP concentrations. Low nutrient removals were obtained at high initial 4-CP concentrations especially at low sludge ages. However, high sludge ages partially overcome the adverse effects of 4-CP and resulted in high nutrient removals. COD, NH4-N, PO4-P and 4-CP removals were 76%, 72%, 26% and 34% at a sludge age of 25 days and initial 4-CP concentration of 200 mg l(-1). Sludge volume index (SVI) also decreased with increasing sludge age and decreasing 4-CP concentrations. An SVI value of 104 ml g(-1), was obtained at a sludge age of 25 days and initial 4-CP of 200 mg l(-1). (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In this study, the possibility of using lignite fly ash in low doses for reducing the pathogen levels in wastewater sludge was investigated. The results showed that using fly ash alone in doses of 40%, 80% and 120% (on a dry weight basis), did not produce an alkaline environment for an efficient removal of pathogens. However, using fly ash in conjunction with the minimum amount of quicklime may act as an effective way of fecal coliform removal in both alkaline stabilisation and pasteurisation processes. It was shown that using fly ash in doses of 80% and 120% in alkaline stabilisation and pasteurisation processes prevented the pH decays and regrowth of pathogens during 60 days of storage period. The results of the study confirmed that alkaline pasteurisation process produces a product which is more resistant to pH decays and regrowth of fecal coliforms compared to that of alkaline stabilisation. Consequently, the overall results of this study indicated that the minimum lime and fly ash dosages required to generate a Class B biosolid were 10-15% and 80%, respectively. On the other hand, heating sludge to 50°C prior to the addition of 10-15% quicklime and 80% fly ash followed by further heating to 70°C and then sustaining at this temperature for 30 minutes were sufficient to generate a Class A biosolid.

Petrol günümüzde dünya ekonomi ve siyasetinde tartışılmaz bir öneme sahiptir. Bu önemin yanı sıra, son yıllarda çeşitli kazalar sonucu oluşan petrol sızıntıları ve atık yağların toprağa karışmasıyla, toprak kirliliği önemli bir çevre sorunu haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada ham petrol ve petrol ürünleri ile kirletilmiş toprakların incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Farklı türlerdeki kirliliklerin etkileri (ham petrol ve atık mineral dizel yağı), farklı dozlar (% 0,5-düşük doz ve % 5-yüksek doz) ve farklı sıcaklıklarda (18°C ve 28°C) 5 aylık inkübasyon süresi boyunca çalışılarak, toprak enzim aktivitelerinin zamana bağlı değişimi ile hidrokarbon ile kirlenmiş topraklardaki toprak rehabilitasyonu değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak ölçülen enzim aktiviteleri zamana bağlı değişkenlik göstermiştir. Ham petrol ve atık mineral dizel yağı ile kirlenmiş topraklarda enzim aktivitelerinin genelde azalma eğilimi içerisinde olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Topraktaki rehabilitasyonun inkübasyon süresi boyunca devam ettiği düşünülmektedir. Genel olarak, bu çalışmada arıtma çamuru ıslahının enzim aktivitelerini arttırıcı etkisi olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Petroleum has an indisputable importance in the world economy and politics nowadays. In addition to this importance of petroleum, soil pollution became an important issue by soil penetration that is occured by oil spill and waste engine oil resulting from various accidents in recent years. This study aimed to examine the soil contaminated with crude oil and petroleum products. The effects of different types of pollution (crude oil and waste engine oil) , different doses (%0.5 and %5) and different temperatures (18°C and 28°C) were studied by an incubation study throughout a five months period soil rehabilitation process in hydrocarbon contaminated soils were evaluated by the time-dependent variations of soil enyzme activities. The results showed that the measured enzyme activities showed variability depending on time. A general trend of decrease was observed in enzyme activities of cruide oil and waste mineral diesel oil polluted soils. It is thought that the soil rehabilitation proceeded during the entire incubation period. In general, an increasing effect of wastewater sludge amendment an enzyme activities was observed in this study. 90

Environmental pollution with petroleum and petrochemical products has attracted much attention in recent decades. Contamination of the natural environment with oil derivatives causes soil, including arable land, to degrade, while the occurrence of many spots and areas of contamination may result in underground environments. This has been shown to have harmful effects on the environment and human beings at large. Improving our knowledge of the effects and remediation of oil-related pollution therefore is important for the future of developing countries with respect to the sustainable use of the environment. Bioremediation is one of the most popular remediation technologies in use due to the relatively low cost. It is a rapidly developing field of environmental restoration, utilizing natural microbial activity to reduce the concentration and/or toxicity of various chemical substances such as petroleum products and aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Biodegradation is a natural process carried out by soil and aquatic microorganisms, mostly bacteria and fungi. Certain bacterial strains have a demonstrated ability to break down or transform the chemical substances present in petroleum products. The goal of oil-spill bioremediation methods is to provide favorable conditions of oxygen, temperature and nutrients to maximize biological hydrocarbon breakdown. This paper is a short overview of petroleum hydrocarbon biodegradation and bioremediation.

This study investigates the seasonality of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels in soils of Bursa city located in northwestern Turkey. Forty-three soil samples were collected each season during a 1-year period. Air and soil samples were collected concurrently 3 or 3 times in a month during a 1-year monitoring period from 2 of the 43 locations. The samples were analyzed for 83 PCB congeners. Flux levels, fugacity fraction (ff) levels, and net flux levels of PCB congeners were calculated for 2 specific regions. The influence of humic substance and total organic carbon content of soil on PCB levels was also examined. The mean concentrations of the total PCBs were 1275 +/- A 1120, 4075 +/- A 2740, 2185 +/- A 2010, and 1150 +/- A 1540 pg/g dry weight in spring, summer, autumn, and winter seasons, respectively. Four- and 5- CBs were the most abundant homologue groups in soils, and their contribution to the total was 55 %. PCB-74, followed by PCB-153, was the dominant congener. Air and soil PCB levels increased together with the soil temperature suggesting the influence of instantaneous air-soil exchange toward the equilibrium conditions. Flux and ff levels also showed a positive significant correlation with soil temperature. Flux levels were mostly positive for the 2 regions indicating volatilization from soil to air.

Bu çalışmada çeşitli oranlarda madeni yağ ile kirletilmiş bir toprakta azot formlarının zamana bağlı değişimi incelenmiştir. Madeni yağ kirliliği uzun vadede ciddi çevresel zararlara neden olmaktadır. Atık yağ, organik maddece zengin toprak üst katmanında nutrientlerin yarayışlılık düzeyini etkilemekte, toprak ortamına oksijen ve suyun geçişine engel olmaktadır.Yürütülen bu çalışmada, 4 farklı dozdaki atık madeni yağ ham toprak-ham toprak + arıtma çamuru örneklerine uygulanmış ve 3 aylık bir inkübasyon çalışması yapılmıştır. İnkübasyon süresince alınan örneklerde amonyum azotu, nitrat azotu ve toplam azot ile hidroliz olabilir (HO) azot formları ( HO-amino azotu, HO-amid azotu, HO-hegsozamin azotu, HO-rest azot) analizlenmiştir.Çalışma sonuçları mineral yağ içeren topraklardaki toplam azot konsantrasyonlarının inkübasyon süresince azaldığını göstermektedir. Yağ dozunun yüksek olduğu örneklerde azot mineralizasyonu ve nitrifikasyon proseslerinin özellikle ilerleyen inkübasyon dönemlerinde inhibe olduğu belirlenmiştir. Hidroliz olabilir azot fraksiyonlarının belirlenen konsantrasyonlarının HO-amino azotu > HO-amid azotu > HO-rest azot > HO-hegsozamin azotu şeklinde sıralandığı tespit edilmiştir. Hidroliz olabilir azot fraksiyonlarının toplam azot içerisindeki oranları % 94 ? 96 olarak bulunmuştur. In this study, time-dependent variations of nitrogen forms in a soil contaminated with different doses of mineral oil was investigated. Waste mineral oil pollution causes serious environmental damages in long term. It affects the availability of nutrients in top layer of soil which is rich in organic matter and prevents the entrance of water and oxygen to the soil.In this study, four different mineral oil doses were amended to soil- soil+ wastewater sludge samples and then an incubation study was performed during a period of three months. Ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total nitrogen and hydrolysable (H) nitrogen forms (H-amino nitrogen, H-amide nitrogen, H-heksozamine nitrogen, H-rest nitrogen) were analysed in samples.The results of the study indicated that total nitrogen concentrations in mineral oil containing soils were decreased during the incubation period. It is determined that nitrogen mineralization and nitrification processes were inhibited in soils contaminated with high doses of mineral oil especially during the late period of incubation. The magnitude of hydrolysable nitrogen forms was found to be as H-amino nitrogen > H-amide nitrogen > H-rest nitrogen > H-heksozamine nitrogen. It was found that the percentages of hydrolysable nitrogen in total nitrogen varied between 94 % and 96 %. 63

To examine the status and risk of heavy metal pollution, the distribution of As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb in the sediment of Lake Uluabat was characterized. The present study used a four-stage method to assess the ecotoxicological effects of the heavy metal and trace elements fractions in the sediment of Lake Uluabat. Total Cr and Ni concentrations in the sediment were determined to have exceeded the severe effect level (SEL) limit values. The percentages of the variable fractions of Cr and Ni were below 10%. Because of this reason, they were not defined to have a high risk. The relationships among the physicochemical parameters, heavy metals and trace elements in water and sediment were determined statistically. Pb, Cd, and As in the water were found in relation with some of the fractions. Moreover, it was thought that the amounts of the elements of As releasing into the water might be increased due to their relations with the physicochemical parameters.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate responses of potential indicator bacteria (i.e. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis) to the ultraviolet (UV) radiation and the UV/hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) disinfection processes of surface waters with different qualities in terms of humic content. The UV and the UV/H2O2 processes were applied to waters containing various concentrations of fulvic acid in order to inactivate E. coli, P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis spores. Three fulvic acid (0, 2 and 6 mg l−1) and four H2O2 (0, 10, 25 and 50 mg l−1) concentrations were used. Results showed that the k values of E. coli, P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis spores varied between 2.22 and 4.00, 1.73 and 3.58, and 1.40 and 1.86, respectively, in all test conditions. The sensitivity of the test organisms followed a decreasing order of E. coli > P. aeruginosa > B. subtilis. Results of the study indicated that the blocking effect of fulvic acid for the UV light was diminished by using H2O2 in combination with the UV radiation. Findings of the present study strongly suggested that the UV/H2O2 process was significantly effective on the inactivation of E. coli and P. aeruginosa in humic waters, whereas it induced little or no apparent contribution to the disinfection efficiency of B. subtilis spores.

The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of a tertiary treatment system for irrigation reuse of secondary urban effluents. The tertiary treatment units (including coagulation-flocculation-disinfection) were evaluated using a pilot-scale plant (0.24 m3 h− 1 of capacity) located in the wastewater treatment plant of Bursa in Turkey. The results showed that the highest removal efficiencies using coagulation, flocculation and disinfection of suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, turbidity and total coliform were determined to be 64%, 39%, 81% and 5-log reduction, respectively. Additionally, the concentration of heavy metals was below the national and international standards. The results from the tertiary treatment of urban effluent suggest that it can be used as a viable water resource for irrigation.

Despite the availability of large amount of information on human bones; little attention has been given to the environmental conditions of bone weathering and preservation. Secondary hydroxyapatite (carbonated hydroxyapatite for primary bone mineral) as the most well known but intriguing constituent of the bone was determined (SEM) in the pore spaces of a Bitinian (2nd century BC) mans vertebral bone fragment as aggregates together with probable amorphous compounds. Unweathered primary microcrystalline hydroxyapatites of the bone structure were also determined by EM indicating resistance to weathering. Organic bodies such as the True Slime Moulds of the Phylum Myxomycota were observed feeding on hydroxyapatite fragments, and secondary minute hydroxyapatite aggregates forming on unnamed elongated mycelia. All these features add up to manifest the alterations that primarily occur in post mortem soil-less environments of bones more independently and freely than in soil media, without being masked by the numerous processes the latter would shelter.

Dünyadaki nüfus artışı, kirlenmiş toprak alanlarının çoğalmasına neden olmakta ve kirlilik seviyesi gelişmişlik ile doğru orantılı olarak artmaktadır. Günümüzde, özellikle gıda, sağlık ve otomotiv endüstrisinin hızlı büyümesi sonucu ortaya çıkan atıkların kontrolü büyük önem taşımaktadır. Kirleticilerin topraklarda birikmesinin sadece toprak verimliliği ve ekosistem fonksiyonları üzerinde değil aynı zamanda besin zinciri yoluyla hayvan ve insan sağlığı üzerinde de önemli etkileri vardır. Toksifikasyonu önlemek ve çevresel kirleticileri parçalamak için mikroorganizmaların kullanımı esasına dayanan biyoremediasyon, çevre kirliliğinin bertarafında ve önlenmesinde etkili bir biyoteknolojik yaklaşım olarak önem kazanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada kirlenmiş toprakların biyoremediasyonuna ilişkin bilgilere ve tekniklere yer verilmiştir. Biyoremediasyon doğal yollarla gerçekleşen ve maliyet açısından diğer yöntemlere göre daha ekonomik bir proses olması sebebiyle oldukça avantajlıdır. Ancak arıtım süresinin uzun olması ve yüksek kirletici konsantrasyonlarında verimli sonuçlar elde edilememesi yöntemin kullanılabilirliğini kısıtlamaktadır. The world's increasing population caused the increase of soil pollution and the level of pollution increased proportional to development. Nowadays the control of wastes originated from food, health and automobile industries gained special importance. Accumulation of pollutants in soil had important effects on not only soil productivity and ecosystem functions but also human and animal health via food chain. Bioremediation, comprising the use of microorganisms for destroying the pollutants and preventing toxification, is an effective biotechnological method providing elimination of environmental pollution. This study has included information and techniques about bioremediation of polluted soils. Bioremediation is a natural and economical process so it is more advantageous than the other processes. However, longer treatment periods and lower efficiencies with high pollutant concentrations limited the use of the method.

The accumulation of heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, B, As) was measured in water, plankton and sediment samples taken from different areas of Lake Uluabat during January 2003 to February 2004. The sequential extraction used in this study is useful to assess the potential mobility of heavy metals in the sediment indirectly. In this study, Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd, Ni and Zn concentrations were detected at higher levels at Lake Uluabat for selected stations, especially in plankton samples. The magnitude of heavy metal concentrations in water and plankton samples was determined as B>Zn>As>Cd>Pb>Ni>Cr and Zn>Ni>Cu>Cr>Cd>Pb, respectively. The mobile heavy metals in sediment samples were sequences as Pb>Cu>Cr>Ni>Cd>Zn, whereas the magnitude of easily mobilizable metal concentration was determined as Pb>Ni>Cr>Cu>Cd>Zn. Concentration of Cu and Cr in mobile fraction is detected higher than in easily mobilizable fraction. Concentration of Pb, Cd, Zn and Ni in mobile fraction is detected in lower levels than in easily mobilizable fraction.

Uluabat Gölü zengin tür çeşitliliğine sahip bir sulakalan olmasından ötürü, Türkiye’de koruma altına alınan on iki RAMSAR alanından biri olarak kabul edilmiştir. Göl suyunun zengin besin elementi içeriği Uluabat Gölü’nün biyolojik üretkenliği yüksek bir göl olarak karakterize edilmesine neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, belirlenen fizikokimyasal parametreler su kalite standartlarını içeren çeşitli ulusal ve uluslar arası yönetmeliklerin sınır değerleriyle kıyaslanarak, Uluabat Gölü su kalitesi bir bütün olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Uluabat Gölü su kalitesinin Su Kirliliği Kontrol Yönetmeliği’ne (SKKY) göre IV. sınıf kalitede bir su olduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Tarım ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı Su Ürünleri Yönetmeliği (SÜY) ile karşılaştırıldığında; gölde belirlenen amonyum iyonu, magnezyum, bakır, kadmiyum ve çinko değerlerinin kabul edilebilir değerlerin üzerinde olduğu görülmektedir. Amerika Çevre Koruma Ajansı (USEPA) Su Kalite Kriterlerine göre; kadmiyum, bakır, çinko, krom ve kurşun değerlerinin tatlı sular için belirtilen maksimum konsantrasyon kriterlerinin ve sürekli konsantrasyon kriterlerinin üzerinde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Yukarıda bahsedilen parametrelerin dışında kalanların kıyaslanan yönetmelik limitlerinin altında olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Lake Uluabat was designated as one of the twelve RAMSAR Convention sites in Turkey, due to being an important wetland with its rich biodiversity. High nutrient content of lake water enables Lake Uluabat to be characterized by fairly high biological productivity. In this study, the overall evaluation of lake water quality was done by comparing the determined physicochemical parameters and the limit values from several national and international legislations implementing water quality standards. The water quality of Lake Uluabat appears to be fourth class water quality according to Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulations (TWPCR). The determined values of ammonia ion, magnesium, copper, cadmium and zinc are higher than the acceptable values of Fishery Products Guidelines (FPG) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. According to United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Water Quality Criteria, the values of cadmium, copper, zinc, chromium and lead are higher than the criteria maximum concentration and the criterion continuous concentration for freshwater. Determined parameters other than the above mentioned ones are lower than the limit values of the compared guidelines.

The effects of wastewater sludge amendments on nitrogen forms and urease activity in soil and earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) casts were investigated. Two different wastewater sludges (municipal and canned food industry) were added to clay loam agricultural soil samples at doses of 20, 40 and 80 g dry raw sludge kg(-1). Following sludge amendment, an incubation study was performed and mineral nitrogen (NH(4)(+)-N+NO(3)(-)-N), total-N and urease activity were determined in soil and earthworm casts. Results indicated that the addition of wastewater sludge significantly increased urease activity, mineral-N and total-N contents of soil and casts. Furthermore, urease activity, mineral-N and total-N contents of casts were found to be significantly higher than that of the surrounding soil. Application of canned food industry sludge at a dose of 80 g kg(-1)(200 t ha(-1)) was the most effective application on nitrogen and urease contents. On the other hand, 40 g kg(-1) (100 t ha(-1)) treatment was found to be the most suitable dose for municipal wastewater sludge.

The release of synthetic organic dyes into agricultural lands may pose serious environmental problems due to probable stress effects on the natural equilibrium of soils. Remediation of dye-threatened soils by means of effective and economic methods is, therefore, urgently required especially in developing and underdeveloped countries. In this study, biostimulation effect of canned food industry sludge on dye-contaminated soils was evaluated by the response of nitrogen-related processes in soil. For this purpose, varying doses of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) and Sulfanilic acid (SA) were added to soil pots. Following a pollution period of 60 days, sludge samples were added to each pot (100t/ha) and the mixtures were further incubated for 30 days. The results indicated that exposure to RB5 ( = 40 mg/kg dry soil) and SA( = 32 mg/kg soil) apparently reduced (10% to 27%) the urease activity, arginine ammonification rate, nitrification potential, and ammonia oxidisers in soil. The results of the biostimulation period showed that the examined parameters in RB5- and SA-contaminated soils responded positively (3% to 36%) to the application of wastewater sludge. Accordingly, it is concluded that wastewater sludge from canned food industry may be used as an effective and economic biostimulating agent for agricultural lands polluted with synthetic textile dyes and related metabolites.

Lake Uluabat, which is located in Marmara region, is one of the most productive lakes in Turkey. Due to concerns about potential pollution resulting from watershed sources and adjacent agricultural lands, a study of the trophic state of lake Uluabat was conducted during the period February 2003 to January 2004. Total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), Secchi disc depth (SD) and chlorophyll a (Chl a) were analyzed monthly in order to assess the trophic state of the lake. According to calculated nutrient ratios, phosphorus was found to be the primary limiting nutrient in lake Uluabat Carlson's trophic state index values, based on TP, SD and Chl a, indicated that lake Uluabat is an eutrophic system.

Introduction of organic dyes into soil via wastewater and sludge applications has been of increasing concern especially in developing or under-developed countries where appropriate management strategies are scarce. Assessing the response of terrestrial ecosystems to organic dyes and estimating the inhibition concentrations will probably contribute to soil remediation studies in regions affected by the same problem. Hence, an incubation study was conducted in order to investigate the impact of a sulfonated azo dye, Reactive Black 5 (RB5) and sulfanilic acid (SA), a typical representative of aromatic sulfonated amines, on soil nitrogen transformation processes. The results apparently showed that nitrogen related processes in soil can be used as bioindicators of anthropogenic stress caused by organic dyes. It was found that urease activity, arginine ammonification rate, nitrification potential and ammonium oxidising bacteria numbers decreased by 10-20% and 7-28% in the presence of RB5 (> 20 mg/kg dry soil) and SA (> 8 mg/kg dry soil), respectively. Accordingly, it was concluded that organic dye pollution may restrict the nitrogen-use-efficiency of plants, thus further reducing the productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. Furthermore, the response of soil microbiota to SA suggested that inhibition effects of the organic dye may continue after the possible reduction of the parent dye to associated aromatic amines.

The objectives of this study were to investigate formation of trihalomethane (THM) species in waters treated by different methods and to determine effectiveness of using various methods for controlling disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors in drinking water. Experiments were carried out using batch experimental set-ups. Combinations of pre-ozonation, post-ozonation, enhanced coagulation, rapid sand filtration, activated carbon filtration and UV radiation were performed. Finished waters were analyzed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC), ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV 254 ), total trihalomethane formation potential (TTHMFP), bromide and bromate. The results indicated that using the sequence of pre-ozonation/enhanced coagulation/activated carbon filter is the most effective method for reducing THM precursors. It was also concluded that the formation of THM species primarily related to the characteristics of finished water before chlorination.

Bu çalışmada Penguen Gıda Sanayi A.Ş' den temin edilen arıtma çamurunun,Bursa-Nilüfer İlçesi Özlüce bölgesinde Ayvalı Deresi yakınından alınan tarım amaçlıkullanılan toprağın fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik özellikleri üzerinde yapmış olduğuetkiler araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla toprak-çamur karışımları su tutma kapasitelerinin%70'i kadar nemlendirilerek, 28OC'ye ayarlanmış inkübatörde 12 aylık inkübasyonaalınmıştır. Topraktaki nem miktarının sabit kalmasına özen gösterilmiştir. Bellioranlarda atık çamur örnekleri uygulanmış (kontrol, 50 ton/ha, 100 ton/ha, 200 ton/ha)toprak örneklerinde 11 ayrı inkübasyon dönemi dikkate alınarak pH, EC25°C, toplamorganik karbon, toplam azot, amonyum azotu, nitrat azotu, toplam fosfor, yarayışlıfosfor, üreaz, asit fosfataz, alkali fosfataz, dehidrogenaz ve ß-glukosidaz enzimaktivitelerindeki değişim belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca örneklerin bir kısmı inkübasyonsüresince saf su ile nemlendirilirken bir kısmı da potansiyel kirli Ayvalı Deresi suyu ilenemlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada Ayvalı Deresi sularıyla sulanan ve sulanmayan topraklarile uygulanan çamur dozları açısından bir kıyaslama yapılabileceği düşünülmüştür.Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgulara göre toprağın azot, fosfor, organik karbon veEC25°C değerlerinin uygulanan arıtma çamuru dozuna ve farklı sulama tiplerine bağlıolarak zamanla arttığı ve pH değerinin ise bir miktar düştüğü tespit edilmiştir.Çalışmada sağlanan inkübasyon şartları altında nitrifikasyon prosesinin amonifikasyonagöre daha hızlı yürüdüğü, bunun sonucu olarak amonyum azotunun süratle tükendiği veçamur uygulanmış tüm topraklarda nitrat azotu birikiminin olduğu izlenimi edinilmiştir.Çalışma kapsamında kullanılan arıtma çamurundaki organik madde, besin elementlerive biyokütlenin topraktaki üreaz, asit fosfataz, alkali fosfataz, dehidrogenaz ve ß-glukosidaz enzim aktivitelerini kısa vadede (3 ila 6 ay) önemli derecede arttırdığıbelirlenmiştir.ANAHTAR KELİMELER: arıtma çamuru, inkübasyon, besin maddeleri, enzimaktiviteleri, toprak. In this research, Penguen A.Ş. manufacturing plant?s waste water treatment plantsludge samples were used. And this sludge?s physical, chemical and biological effectson agricultural soil, taken from Nilüfer-Özlüce were searched. For this purpose, soilsludgemixtures moisturized up to 70% of their water absorption capacity were preparedand kept at 28oC for the period of twelve months. Waste sludge applied (control, 50ton/ha, 100 ton/ha, 200 ton/ha) soil samples were analyzed at 11 different incubationperiods to determine pH, EC25°C, organic carbon, nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, nitratenitrogen, phosphorus, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase, ß-glucosidase and urease enzyme activities.Application of waste water sludges on clay soil samples, taken from NilüferÖzlüceregion, increased nitrogen, phosphorus, organic carbon and EC25°C value ofamended soils and decreased pH value slightly after 12 month incubation period.Nitrification proceeded at a faster rate than ammonification, resulting in rapid depletionof ammonium nitrogen and accumulation of nitrate nitrogen in all amended soils underthe incubation conditions provided in this study. Organic matter, nutrients and biomassin waste water sludges increased the acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase,dehydrogenase, ß-glucosidase and urease activities significantly within a short (3-6months) period.KEYWORDS: waste water sludge, incubation, nutrients, enzyme activities, soil. 105

Bu çalışma kapsamında, Türkiye' deki ve dünyadaki Çevresel Etki Değerlendirme (ÇED)uygulamaları incelenmiş ve ülkeler arası karşılaştırmalar yapılmıştır. Özellikle AB ÇEDdirektifi doğrultusunda ülkelerdeki uygulamalar ortaya konmuştur. Ayrıca Türkiye' dekiÇED' in mevcut durumu ve eksikleri ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır.Çevresel etki değerlendirmesinin yeri ve önemi, o ülkede yerleşik olan çevre kavramlarınınbir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkmakta ve çeşitli ülkelerde farklı şekillerde algılanabilmektedir.ÇED' in kapsamı ve raporu hazırlayan meslek gruplarının yanısıra raporda yer alan konularınönem derecesi ülkeden ülkeye farklılıklar gösterebilmektedir.Bazı ülkelerde ( Brezilya örneği ) çok iyi bir şekilde geliştirilmiş ÇED sistemlerinin olduğu,ancak uygulamanın iyi bir şekilde yürütülemediği görülmüştür. İncelemeler neticesindeAvrupa Birliği ÇED sistemi içerisinde de çok farklı uygulamaların olduğuna dikkat çekilmiş,farklı uygulamaları ile Fransa buna örnek olarak gösterilmiştir.Türkiye' de uygulanan ÇED Yönetmeliğinin AB direktifi ile uyumluluğu ortaya konmuştur.Her ne kadar yönetmelik müktesebat ile uyumlu olsa da halka ilan etme şekli ve halkınkatılımı için ayrılan sürenin tekrar üzerinde durulması gerekmektedir. Uygulama örneklerinebakıldığında halkın görüşlerinin en çok alındığı ülkenin ABD olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.ÇED' in temel aşamaları olan eleme, kapsamlaştırma, raporlama, inceleme, değerlendirme veizleme üzerinde durulmuştur. AB ülkelerinde Natura 2000 alanları tanımlanmış olduğundanÇED eleme aşamasında Natura 2000 alanları da göz önünde bulundurulmaktadır. Türkiye' deise bu alanların tanımlanmasına son yıllarda başlandığı tespit edilmiştir. AB ÇED direktifindekapsamlaştırma zorunlu olmasa da bazı üye ülkelerin resmi hükümleri vardır. Bu ülkeler;Avusturya, Belçika-Valonya, İspanya ve Hollanda' dır. Türkiye' de de kapsamlaştırmazorunludur. Türkiye' de son yıllarda uygulamaya geçilen ÇED izleme hususundakigelişmelerin ümit verici olduğu düşünülmektedir.Türkiye' de çevre yönetimi ile fiziksel planlama arasında tam bir bağın kurulamaması ÇEDuygulamalarını etkilediği sonucuna varılmıştır. Özellikle ABD ve Avrupa ülkelerinde çevreenvanterlerinin ve fiziksel planlamanın olması ÇED uygulamalarında büyük kolaylıklarsağlamaktadır. Bölgesel çevre verileri ÇED raporlarının hazırlanmasında etkinkullanıldığından Türkiye' de bu konudaki eksikliği en kısa sürede giderilmesi gerektiğisonucuna varılmıştır.Ülkelerdeki gelişim Türkiye gibi çok hareketli değildir, bunun en büyük nedeni ABD ve ABüye ülkelerinde 1970 ve 1980' li yıllarda ÇED çalışmalarına başlanmış olması ve bugünekadar büyük ilerlemeler göstermiş olmalarıdır. Ülkemizdeki hareketliliğin en büyük sebebininAB uyum projeleri olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.Anahtar Kelimeler: ÇED, Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi, Avrupa Birliği, ÇED Direktifi,ÇED Raporu, ÇED Sistemi, Yönetmelik In this study, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) implementations both in Turkey and inthe world were studied and compared between countries. Specifically, implementations indifferent countries were emphasized based on the EU EIA directive. Furthermore, the currentsituation and drawbacks of the EIA implemented in Turkey were tried to be determined.The level and importance of the environmental impact assessment is a result of a country?sunderstanding of environment and it has been perceived differently by different countries. Inaddition to that, the scope of the EIA and the occupational groups involved in the preparationof reports as well as the priority degrees of the topics given in the reports change betweencountries.It has been revealed that some countries (i.e. Brasilia) have well-developed EIA systems, butcannot implement them properly. On the other hand, it has been found out that there aredifferent implementations within the EIA system of the European Union and the systemimplemented in France was considered as an example.The conformity of the EIA Regulation in force in Turkey with the EU directive has beendetermined. In spite of the fact that the regulation is in conformity with the acquis, theannouncement to the public and the period granted to the public participation should bereviewed. When the implementations in practice in different countries were taken intoaccount, it has been decided that USA attaches more value to the opinion of the public.The main stages of the EIA, which are election, scoping, reporting, investigation, evaluationand monitoring, have been emphasized. Since Natura 2000 sites have been agreed uponbetween the member states and the EU, these sites have been also considered during the EIAelection stage. It has been seen that the studies for the designation of such sites in Turkeyhave been initiated recently. Although the scoping is not compulsory within the scope of theEU directive, some member states have established official provisions in this respect. Thesecountries are Austria, Belgium-Walloon Region, Spain, and Netherlands. In Turkey, scopingis a compulsory stage. It has been concluded that advances in the EIA monitoring activitiesthat has been initiated recently in Turkey are promising.Furthermore, the lack of a sound cooperation between the environmental management and thephysical planning in Turkey has been concluded to affect the EIA implementations.Especially in USA and the EU member states, the environmental inventory and the physicalplanning have made the EIA implementations easier. It has been concluded that since regionalenvironmental data has been effectively utilized in the preparation of the EIA reports, theabsence in Turkey in this respect should be eliminated as soon as possible.Advances achieved in other countries are not as rapid as in Turkey, especially due to the factthat the EIA activities were initiated in USA and the EU member states 1970?s and 1980?sand significant improvements have been achieved up to date. Finally, the EU harmonizationefforts can be given as the most important reason for this rapid improvement in Turkey.Key words: The EIA, the Environmental Impact Assessment, European Union, the EIADirective, the Environmental Impact Statement, the EIA System, the Regulation. 113

İÇME SULARINDAN ORGANİK MADDE GİDERİMİ VE TRİHALOMETANOLUŞUMUNUN ÖNLENMESİ İÇİN ARITMA PROSESLERİNİNOPTİMİZASYONUÖZETBu çalışmada öncelikle Doğancı Barajı'ndan alınan ham sudan organik maddegiderimi için optimum koagülasyon koşulları tespit edilmiştir. Daha sonra bu koşullardayapılan arıtma işlemlerinde dezenfeksiyon amacı ile kullanılan ozon, UV ışını ve klor gibidezenfektanların organik karbon mineralizasyonu ve trihalometan oluşum potansiyelineetkileri belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca ozonlamanın farklı arıtma kademelerinde kullanılması ile eldeedilen organik madde giderimleri mukayese edilmiştir.Optimum koagülasyon koşullarını belirlemek için yapılan jar testi denemelerindemaksimum organik karbon gideriminin pH 5.5'te 27 mg/L FeCl3 ve 0.05 mg/L anyonikpolielektrolit kullanımı ile elde edildiği belirlenmiştir. Düşük pH'da gerçekleştirilen arıtmaişlemlerinin ardından uygulanan dezenfektanlar arasında ozonlamanın (2mg/L ozonkonsantrasyonunda 20 dakika) organik karbon mineralizasyonunda en etkili yöntem olduğuancak UV radyasyonu ve klorlama ile de bir miktar oksidasyon meydana geldiği tespitedilmiştir.Düşük pH'da gerçekleştirilen arıtma işlemlerinin koagülasyon ve aktif karbonfiltrasyon verimini arttırdığı, hızlı kum filrasyonuna etkisi olmadığı belirlenmiştir.Çalışma sonuçları, maksimum TOK ve ÇOK gideriminin, koagülasyon, aktif karbonfiltrasyonu ve 2 mg/L ozon ile 20 dakika ozonlama proseslerinin kullanılmasıyla sağlandığınıgöstermiştir. En iyi THMOP ve BPÇOK giderimi ise 2 mg/L ozon konsantrasyonu ile 20dakika ön ozonlamanın ardından koagülasyon ve aktif karbon filtrasyon prosesininkullanılması ile elde edilmiştir.ANAHTAR KELİMELER: içme suyu arıtımı, ozonlama, UV radyasyonu, klorlama,organik karbon mineralizasyonu, trihalometan oluşum potansiyeli. OPTIMISATION OF TREATMENT PROCESSES FOR ORGANIC MATTERREMOVAL FROM DRINKING WATER AND PREVENTION OFTRIHALOMETHANE FORMATIONABSTRACTIn this research optimum coagulation conditions for organic matter removal weredetermined in raw water taken from Doğancı Dam. Afterwards the effects of disinfectants(ozone, UV radiation and chlorine) used in drinking water treatment processes on organiccarbon mineralization and trihalomethane formation potential were evaluated. Furthermoreorganic matter removal efficiencies obtained from ozonation applied in different steps oftreatment processes were compared.The results of jar tests which was conducted for determining the optimum coagulationconditions indicated that maximum organic carbon removal was achieved with 27 mg/L FeCl3and 0.05 mg/L anionic polielectrolite at pH 5.5. Ozonation (2 mg/L ozone for 20 minutes)was found to be the most effective disinfection method for organic carbon mineralization inlow pH treatment processes. However, a slight oxidation also occurred in chlorination and UVradiation methods.Treatment process operated in low pH increased the efficiency of coagulation andactivated carbon filtration whereas had no effect on rapid sand filtration.The overall results showed that maximum TOC and DOC removals were achived byusing the processes of coagulation, activated carbon filtration and ozonation (2 mg/L ozonefor 20 minutes). The best THMFP and BDOC removal were obtained by using coagulationand activated carbon filtration following pre-ozonation (2 mg/L ozone for 20 minutes).KEYWORDS: drinking water treatment, ozonation, UV radiation, chlorination, organiccarbon mineralization, trihalomethane formation potential. 131

A three-step sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was used for nutrient removal from synthetic wastewater with different glucose-organic acid mixtures (1/1). Acetic. butyric. propionic and citric acids were used as organic acids along with glucose. The operation consisted of anaerobic. anoxic and oxic (An/Ax/Ox) phases with durations of 2/l/4.5 h. Sludge age was kept constant for 10 days. Phosphate release Pr and uptake rates were determined for different glucose-organic acid mixtures in the feed wastewater. Maximum phosphate uptake (8.1 mg PI-1 h(-1)) and release rates (2.23 Ing PI-1 h(-1)) were obtained with the glucose-citric acid mixture. The highest (96%) percent phosphate removal at the end of the nutrient removal cycle (7.5 h) was also obtained with the glucose-citric acid mixture while the glucose-acetic acid mixture resulted in comparable percent phosphate removal (95%). (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The influences of fly ash and fly-ash–quicklime-treated-sludge mixtures (with fly-ash doses of 40%, 80%, and 120% on dry-weight basis) on the microbial numbers in soil and leachate were investigated by using 60 cm soil columns. Heterotrophic bacteria and total coliform numbers were determined in soil and leachate samples following an artificial rainfall event. The results indicated that land application of untreated sludge and fly-ash–sludge mixtures appear to introduce large numbers of bacteria to leachates and soil. Although the numbers in leachates and soils were found to decrease with increasing ash ratios, they were still all significantly above the control levels. Application of alkaline-stabilized and pasteurized sludge did not increase bacterial numbers significantly in soil and leachate. Distribution of heterotrophic bacteria through soil profile clearly showed no increase in soils amended with alkaline-stabilized and pasteurized sludges. Additionally, no significant inhibitory effect of lignite fly ash on soil microbial population was observed. Der Einfluss von alkalisch stabilisiertem Schlamm auf die mikrobiellen Eigenschaften von Boden und Sickerwasser Der Einfluss von Flugasche und von mit gebranntem Kalk behandelten Flugasche-Schlamm-Gemischen (Flugaschendosierung 40 %, 80 % und 120 % bezogen auf das Trockengewicht) auf die Anzahl heterotropher und coliformer Mikroorganismen wurde in Boden- und Sickerwasserproben nach einer kunstlichen Beregnung bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass bei einer Nutzung von Gemischen aus unbehandeltem Schlamm und Flugasche eine hohe Anzahl an Bakterien in Boden und Sickerwasser eingetragen wird. Obwohl diese in Boden und Sickerwasser mit zunehmendem Anteil an Flugasche abnahm, lag sie immer noch weit uber den zulassigen Kontrollwerten. Die Anwendung von alkalisch stabilisiertem und pasteurisiertem Schlamm ergab keine signifikante Erhohung der Bakterienanzahl in Boden und Sickerwasser. Die Verteilung heterotropher Bakterien im Bodenprofil zeigte keine Erhohung in Boden, die mit alkalisch stabilisiertem und pasteurisiertem Schlamm versetzt waren. Auserdem wurde kein inhibitorischer Effekt von Braunkohlenflugasche auf die mikrobiologische Population im Boden festgestellt.

Ardışık kesikli işletme ile sentetik atıksudan nutrient giderimi farklı hidrolik alıkonma sürelerinde çalışıldı. Nutrient giderme prosesi anaerobik (An), anoksik (Anok), oksik (Ok), anoksik (Anok), oksik (Ok) ve çökeltme fazlarını içerir. Her bir basamağın hidrolik alıkonma zamanları değişirken çamur yaşı 10 günde sabit tutulmuştur. KOİ, azot (NH4-N, NO3-N) ve fosfat (PO4-P) gideriminde herbir basamağın hidrolik alıkonma sürelerinin etkileri araştırılmıştır. Maksimum nutrient giderimiyle sonuçlanan optimum alıkonma zamanı bulunmuştur. En yüksek gözlenen organik karbon, azot (NH4-N ve NO3-N) ve fosfat (PO4-P) giderme verimleri sırasıyla %96, %87, %81 ve %90 olup 2/1/4,5/1,5/1,5 saatlerde An/Anok/Ok/Anok/Ok işletimiyle sağlanmıştır. Nutrient removal from synthetic wastewater by sequencing batch operation was studied at different hydraulic residence times. The nutrient removal process was consisted of anaerobic (An), anoxic (Ax), oxic (Ox), anoxic (Ax), oxic (Ox) and settling phases. Sludge age (SRT) was kept constant at 10 days, while hydraulic residence times (HRT) of each phase was varied. Effects of hydraulic residence time of each phase on COD, nitrogen (NH4-N, NO3-N) and phosphate (PO4-P) removal were investigated. Hydraulic residence time of each phase was varied at five different levels and the optimal residence time resulting in maximum overall nutrient removal was determined. The highest observed organic carbon, nitrogen (NH4-N and NO3-N) and phosphate (PO4-P) removal efficiencies were 96%, 87%, 81% and 90%, respectively which was obtained with An/Ax/Ox/Ax/Ox phase residence times of 2/ 1/ 4.5/ 1.5/ 1.5 hours.