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El Mercado de Valores en Colombia en el siglo XX, se ha destacado por ser un mercado centralizado el cual se constituye por compañías de inversión que operan en la Bolsa de Valores en Colombia, con la finalidad de capitalizar y generar rentabilidad a las inversiones y/o transacciones que se realizan en el mercado. Una particularidad al transar en el Mercado de Valores es lograr diferenciar las alternativas de inversión, dado el nivel de riesgo e incertidumbre que exista. Para el mercado bursátil en Colombia se crea un índice que se conoce como Índice General de la Bolsa de Colombia (IGBC), el cual es el principal índice bursátil y evalúa la variación que se presentó en los precios de las acciones más representativas del mercado, es decir, que a través de este se logre crear un portafolio de productos derivados. The stock market in Colombia in the 20th century has stood out for being a centralized market which is made up of investment companies that operate in the Colombian Stock Exchange, in order to capitalize and generate returns on investments and/or transactions that take place in the market. A peculiarity when trading in the stock market is to be able to differentiate the investment alternatives, given the level of risk and uncertainty that exists. For the stock market in Colombia, an index called the General Index of the Colombian Stock Market (IGBC) is created, which is the main stock market index and evaluates the variation in the prices of the most representative shares of the market, that is, through from this it is possible to create a portfolio of derivative products. Especialista en Finanzas Especialización

El mercado de valores colombiano ha sido, durante más de 80 años, una gran fuente de recursos para aquellas compañías que han visto la importancia de contar con alternativas de financiación (BVC, 2022). En este sentido, la BVC (Bolsa de Valores de Colombia) ofrece una mayor visibilidad en el mercado de valores para aquellas empresas colombianas que se encuentren inscritas en la bolsa, contribuyendo al fortalecimiento de la reputación de la empresa con respecto a su situación actual y sus futuros proyectos. . Actualmente, el país se encuentra en vulnerabilidad con respecto al cambio climático, puesto que la mentalidad de hacer crecer las empresas y por ende la economía del país se ha dejado de lado el cuidado del medio ambiente; por tal razón se han creado estrategias como la BVC sostenible, que ofrece a los inversionistas y empresas formas de financiación a través de productos sostenibles y en el que se puede encuentra la emisión de bonos verdes. La BVC Sostenible estimula la financiación e inversión en los proyectos que ayuden a cumplir esos compromisos que apoyan la transición de Colombia hacia una economía baja en carbono, la cual tiene el gran potencial de ser un pilar de crecimiento económico que promueve la innovación, el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías, la competitividad y el uso eficiente de los recursos naturales. (BVC Sostenible, 2022) De manera, que el presente trabajo pretende dar a conocer los aspectos positivos que genera la emisión de bonos verdes por parte de las empresas Colombianas como una alternativa de financiamiento para sus proyectos, contribuyendo al crecimiento económico del país, beneficiando a las empresas y aportando al cambio social y climático que es un recurso invaluable para todos. 1. Constancia de Aprobación de Tutores. ________________________ 3 2. Dedicatoria y Agradecimientos. ________________________ 4 3. Introducción. ________________________ 11 4. Objetivos. ________________________ 13 4.1. Objetivo General ________________________ 13 4.2. Objetivos específicos. ________________________ 13 5. Capítulo I: Descripción de la Entidad. ________________________ 14 5.1. Antecedentes de la Institución ________________________ 14 5.2. Estructura Interna ________________________ 15 5.2.1. Misión. ________________________ 15 5.2.2. Visión. ________________________ 15 5.2.3. Principios. ________________________ 16 5.3. Estructura Orgánica ________________________ 17 5.4. Actividades de la Entidad ________________________ 20 6. Capitulo II: Descripción de la dependencia donde se realizó las prácticas. ________________________ 22 6.1. Nombre de la Dependencia. ________________________ 22 6.2. Organigrama de la Dependencia. ________________________ 22 6.3. Funciones de la BVC ________________________ 24 6.3.1. Bolsa de Valores de Colombia ________________________ 24 6.3.2. Punto BVC Universidad de Córdoba ________________________ 24 6.3.2.1. Servicios ________________________ 25 7. Capitulo III: Actividad realizada durante la práctica ________________________ 26 7.1. Descripción del problema ________________________ 26 7.1.1. Formulación del Problema ________________________ 27 7.2. Plan de Trabajo. ________________________ 28 7.3. Cronograma de actividades. ________________________ 29 7.4. Descripción detallada de las actividades. ________________________ 30 7.5. Propuesta de alternativa de financiación económica mediante la utilización de bonos verdes en Colombia. ________________________ 33 8. Propuesta de Mejoramiento ________________________ 38 9. Conclusiones. ________________________ 40 10. Referencias Bibliográficas. ________________________ 41 11. Anexos. ________________________ 43 Pregrado Administrador(a) en Finanzas y Negocios Internacionales Práctica Empresarial

The subject of prowess and relevance constantly represents an apprehension of the leaders which alerts the presence of the firm in its market notwithstanding their definitions and complicated measures emanating from the determination of the performance. The latter, as being a kaleidoscopic and multidimensional construct, can never illustrate a consensus of the authors. Apart from its measurement which cannot be based on a single indicator, the performance in the organizational world is impacted by a set of strategic decisions undertaken by the leaders of any firm, including the use of the stock market for various reasons and specific motivations including: funding ; the reinforcement of notoriety and the power of negotiation; portfolio diversification, etc. As well as the decision to go public is an event that requires some prior arrangements in terms of performance to show up to investors, to be able to win the race and go public successfully. In this case, a change in the level of performance is observed throughout the process: before and after the IPO. The present study allows us to constitute a frame of reference to prepare the ground of an investigation concerning financial performance before and after Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) in companies listed on the Casablanca Stock Exchange in Morocco. The object of this paper is to offer a literature review that highlights the explanatory factors of an IPO decision and its impact on financial performance. Notably through theoretical foundations which underlie the decision to go public and its effect on performance, namely: the theory of the agency and the timing of the market theory (founded on the assumption of earnings management). As well, based on international empirical studies that demonstrated the behavior of listed companies (regardless of their structure or their line of business) in terms of performance in a period pre and post-listing. By using different aggregates and performance indicators, the studies’ findings proved out the phenomenon of higher financial performance that improves faster than normal during the year before, but diminishes after the going public event in the long run. This article brings a more holistic and integrated view of the relationship between IPO and performance, as well as avenues for future research are offered in the conclusion. JEL Classification : G32 Paper type: Theoretical Research, Le sujet de la prouesse et la pertinence représente constamment une appréhension des dirigeants qui alerte la présence de la firme sur son marché, nonobstant leurs définitions et mesures compliquées émanant de la détermination de la performance. Cette dernière comme étant un construit Kaléidoscopique et multidimensionnelle, ne peut jamais illustrer un consensus des auteurs. En dehors de sa mesure qui ne peut être basée sur un indicateur unique, la performance dans le monde organisationnel est impactée par un ensemble de décision stratégique entrepris par les dirigeants d’une firme quelconque, entre autres le recours à la bourse pour des raisons diverses et motivations précises, dont: le financement; le renforcement de la notoriété et le pouvoir de négociation ; la diversification du portefeuille, etc. Ainsi que la décision de devenir publique est un événement qui demande des arrangements préalables en termes de performance pour se montrer aux investisseurs, pouvoir gagner la course et s’introduire en bourse avec succès. Dans ce cas un changement du niveau de performance est constaté tout au long du processus, dans une phase avant et après IPO. La présente étude nous permet de constituer un cadre de référence en vue de préparer le terrain d’une investigation concernant la performance financière pré et post-IPO des sociétés cotées à la Bourse des Valeurs de Casablanca (BVC) au Maroc. L’objet de cet article est d’offrir une revue de la littérature qui met en évidence les facteurs explicatifs d’une décision d'introduction en bourse et son impact sur la performance financière. Notamment, par le biais des fondements théoriques qui sous-tendent la décision d’introduction en bourse et son effet sur la performance, à savoir : la théorie de l'agence et la théorie du timing du marché (fondée sur l'hypothèse de la gestion des résultats). Aussi bien sur la base des études empiriques internationales qui ont démontré le comportement des sociétés cotées (quelle que soient leurs structures ou leurs secteurs d'activité) en termes de performance dans une période pré et post-cotation. En utilisant différents agrégats et indicateurs de mesure, les résultats des études ont prouvé le phénomène d'une performance financière plus élevée qui s'améliore plus rapidement que la normale au cours de l'année précédente, mais diminue à long terme après l'événement de l’ouverture du capital aux investisseurs. Cet article apporte une vision plus holistique et intégrée des relations entre IPO et performance, ainsi que des pistes de recherche future sont offertes en conclusion. Classification JEL : G32 Type de l’article: Recherche théorique

Problemstilling: Hvordan kan sykepleiere, ved hjelp av miljøterapeutiske tiltak, bidra til å redusere risikoen for vold på en sikkerhetsseksjon? Hensikt: Hensikten med oppgaven er å undersøke hvilke tiltak sykepleier kan iverksette i arbeidet med å redusere og forebygge vold på en sikkerhetsseksjon, samt belyse utfordringer, etikk og miljø. Metode: Oppgaven tar for seg en litterær oppgave for å belyse problemstillingen. Systematiske søk gjennom databasene Cinahl, Medline og Oria har blitt gjennomført, hvorav fem forskningsartikler ble inkludert. Funn: Miljøterapeutriske tiltak som kommunikasjon, et trygt miljø og bruk av kartleggingsverktøyene ERM, HCR-20 og BVC viser gode resultater i arbeidet med å redusere risikoen for vold på en sikkerhetsseksjon. Konklusjon: Å redusere vold på en sikkerhetsseksjon avhenger av gode sammensatte miljøterapeutiske tiltak som inkluderer sykepleiere med et faglig, etisk og juridisk grunnlag, kombinert med tilstedeværelse, gode kommunikasjonsferdigheter og kartleggingsverktøy.

Este trabajo analiza los efectos de una selección de eventos de la historia reciente de Colombia (2000-2019) para determinar por medio de un modelo GARCH (1,1) si dichos eventos afectan la volatilidad de las acciones de Bancolombia, Ecopetrol y Grupo Aval en el New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), en comparación a la Bolsa de Valores de Colombia (BVC), de forma estadísticamente significativa. Los eventos considerados son elecciones presidenciales, tratados de libre comercio y eventos relacionados con las FARC. Los resultados muestran que no hay uniformidad de reacción ante los mismos eventos en ambos países y que la reacción tampoco es necesariamente la misma para las tres acciones en la misma bolsa de valores. Finalmente se exploran diversos motivos que podrían explicar los distintos comportamientos para cada acción frente a los eventos seleccionados y se hacen sugerencias para futuros análisis., This article analyzes the effects of a series of events in recent Colombian history (2000-2019) by implementing a GARCH (1,1) model in order to determine if these events affect the volatility of three specific stocks: Bancolombia, Ecopetrol and Grupo Aval. We compare the effects of volatility of these stocks in New York Stock Exchange and Bolsa de Valores de Colombia (Colombia Stock Exchange). The events considered are presidential elections, free trade agreements and events related to the FARC. The results show that there is no uniformity of reaction to the same events in both countries and that the reaction is not necessarily the same for the three shares on the same stock exchange either. Finally, various reasons that could explain the different responses are presented, while making suggestions for future analysis

Background Bacterial volatile compounds (BVCs) are important mediators of beneficial plant–bacteria interactions. BVCs promote above-ground plant growth by stimulating photosynthesis and sugar accumulation and by modulating phytohormone signalling. These compounds also improve below-ground mineral uptake and modify root system architecture. Scope We review advances in our understanding of the mode of action and practical applications of BVCs since the discovery of BVC-mediated plant growth promotion in 2003. We also discuss unanswered questions about the identity of plant receptors, the effectiveness of combination of two or more BVCs on plant growth, and the potential side effects of these compounds for human and animal health. Conclusion BVCs have good potential for use as biostimulants and protectants to improve plant health. Further advances in the development of suitable technologies and preparing standards and guidelines will help in the application of BVCs in crop protection and health.

Background Bacterial volatiles promote plant growth and elicit immunity responses in plants grown in two-compartment Petri dishes. Due to the limitations of bacterial volatile compound (BVC) treatments such as their high evaporation rates, it is convenient to apply BVCs in closed systems such as greenhouses. However, the concentrations of BVCs must be optimised. We therefore attempted to optimise BVC emissions from bacteria grown on solid medium and synthetic BVC treatment in order to maximise plant growth and induced resistance in a miniature greenhouse system. Results We cultivated the model BVC emitter Bacillus subtilis GB03 on complex medium for continuous treatment, which we placed near 1-week-old cucumber seedlings in a miniature greenhouse. Aboveground and belowground plant growth parameters were significantly increased at 1 and 2 weeks after treatment with BVCs released by B. subtilis GB03. Moreover, this treatment protected cucumber seedlings against the angular leaf spot pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans. In addition, cucumber shoot growth was promoted in response to the slow release of BVCs from filter paper that had absorbed 1000 and 10 µM synthetic 2,3-butanediol, a key BVC from B. subtilis strain GB03. However, induced resistance was only elicited when 10 plates containing 10 µM 2,3-butanediol were utilised in the miniature greenhouse. The mechanism of induced resistance appears to involve the activation of the jasmonic acid signalling pathway. Conclusions To overcome the difficulties associated with treatment using a single application of BVC in the greenhouse, we optimised conditions for BVC application via consistent exposure in a slow-release system. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13007-019-0395-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Trabajo de Síntesis Aplicada Se pretende establecer un comparativo del mercado de capitales entre México y Colombia, donde se define que el mercado de capitales es un tipo de mercado financiero donde se comercializa, es decir, compra y venta de títulos valor, activos financieros de empresas y otras unidades económicas como lo son las acciones, obligaciones y títulos de deuda a largo plazo. Especialización Especialista en Formulación y Evaluación Social y Económica de Proyectos Introducción 1. Problema de Investigación 2. Pregunta de Investigación 3. Objetivos 4. Desarrollo al problema de investigación 5. Mercado de Capitales en México 6. Mercado de Capitales en Colombia 7. Resultados Conclusiones Bibliografía

We evaluate the order flow toxicity metric called VPIN (Easley, Lopez de Prado, and O’Hara, 2012a, Review of Financial Studies 25, 1457-1493) as a potential trigger for single-stock circuit breakers. When signaling toxicity, we show that the VPIN is not robust to changes in the key parameters of the metric. VPIN-limit hits are preceded by abrupt rises in trading volume that often anticipate peaks in short-term volatility. However, post-event illiquidity is rarely out of the ordinary. Using actual single-stock trading halts, we find that price-limit hits seldom fall within toxic periods according to the VPIN. Therefore, VPIN limits cannot replace price limits. For some VPIN versions, bid-ask spreads and volatility are higher around toxic halts than around non-toxic halts, suggesting that a properly-calibrated VPIN might occasionally succeed in predicting true toxic events.

Studien vill undersöka hur tidigt förebyggande arbete idag ser ut i samhället, samt hur det skulle kunna utvecklas. Syftet med studien är att undersöka det tidigt förebyggande arbetet med barn, samt om en implementering av socionomen på BVC skulle kunna utveckla det förebyggande arbetet som idag finns. Med en kvalitativ ansats och induktiv syn genomförs studien med semistrukturerade intervjuer. En generell strategi har använts för att komma fram till den empiri som samlats in, genom fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer och en översikt av forskning inom området. Problemperspektivet ligger till grund för bearbetning samt kodning av studiens genomförda intervjuer. Den teorin som studien använder sig av under kodning samt analys är utvecklingsekologin. Från teorin används tre av teorins system, som är mikro-, exo- och makrosystemet. Studien når slutsatser utifrån systemen som är: Mikroslutsats: Tidigt förebyggande arbete måste tas på större allvar och ske i större utsträckning. Exoslutsats: Det tvärprofessionella teamet bör finnas, med socionomen, för att utföra tidigt förebyggande arbete av god kvalité. Makroslutsats: Att satsa på tidigt förebyggande arbete kommer att minska höga kostnader i framtiden. This study wants to identify how the early prevention work looks in the society as well as how it could be developed. The purpose with this study is to exam the early prevention work for children, also if an implementation of a social worker in the children health care could develop the early prevention work that exist today. The study has a qualitative approach and an inductive view. A general strategy has been used to reach the empirics, that is gathered through four semi structed interviews and a review of current research in the field. The problem perspective is a foundation for processing and coding the interviews in the study. The study uses the bioecological model as the theory to process the coding and analysis of the interview empirics. From the theory three of the systems are used, micro-, exo and macrosystems. The study reaches conclusions from the systems that are: Micro conclusion: Early prevention work must be taken more seriously and occur in a greater extent. Exo conclusion: The interprofessional team should exist, along with the social worker, to perform early prevention work of good quality. Macro conclusion: To focus on early prevention will reduce high costs in the future.

Non

Bovine genital campylobacteriosis has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of bovine genital campylobacteriosis to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of bovine genital campylobacteriosis according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to bovine genital campylobacteriosis. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, bovine genital campylobacteriosis can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL. The disease would comply with the criteria as in sections 4 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (d) and (e) of Article 9(1). The assessment here performed on compliance with the criteria as in section 3 of Annex IV referred to in point (c) of Article 9(1) is inconclusive. The animal species to be listed for bovine genital campylobacteriosis according to Article 8(3) criteria is mainly cattle as susceptible and reservoir.

SYFTE: Syftet var att undersöka kvinnors erfarenheter av amning under barnets fyra första månader när de deltagit i amningsförberedande kurs under graviditeten. BAKGRUND: Amning ger hälsovinster för barnet genom att minska risker att drabbas av olika sjukdomar. För att lyckas med amning önskar kvinnorna stöd från omgivningen samtidigt som egna copingstrategierna har avgörande betydelse. Tidigare studier belyser utvecklingsbehov av amningsutbildningar. DESIGN: Retrospektiv tvärsnittsstudie där svaren på öppna frågor bearbetats med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys METOD: Trehundratre kvinnor svarade på amningshjälpens enkätundersökning september, 2012- mars, 2014. Alla kvinnor hade deltagit i amningskurs som erbjudits på 32 orter i Sverige. Data analyserade med kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. RESULTAT: Resultatet presenteras som två teman och fyra subteman med tillhörande kategorier. Första temat ”stärkt självkänsla när amning fungerar, trots amningsproblem som behöver hanteras” med subteman ”Känna stolthet över fungerande amning” och ”lösa övergående amningsproblem” beskrev kvinnornas erfarenheter av fungerande amningar. Andra temat ”Förlorad självkänsla när amning är en ständig kamp” med subteman ”Kämpa med amning trots amningsproblem som fortsätter, vilket leder till avveckling” och ”Uppleva krossade förväntningar” som visade kvinnornas erfarenheter av misslyckade amningar. KONKLUSION: Flertalet kvinnor var hjälpa av att ha deltagit i en amningsförberedande kurs under graviditeten. Återkommande amningsproblem sänker kvinnans självbild och upplevelse av misslyckande. Barnsjuksköterskor som arbetar på barnavårdscentralerna har en viktig betydelse för kvinnor som behöver extra stöd med sin amning. Resurser bör satsas för att personal på barnavårdscentralerna ska ha uppdaterad amningskunskap och god förmåga att stödja vid amningsproblem. NYCKELORD: Amning, Amningsutbildning, Self-efficacy, Barnsjuksköterska, Stöd, Barnavårdscentralen BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding provides health benefits for children. In order tosucceed with breastfeeding, women need support from family and healthcareprofessionals, but their own coping strategies are crucial. Earlier studies highlight theneed for further development of breastfeeding education.DESIGN: A retrospective cross-sectional study with qualitative approach using openquestions to process the answers.METHOD: Between September 2012 and March 2014, 303 women responded toAmningshjälpen’s survey. All women had participated in breastfeeding education.The data was analysed with qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach.RESULTS: The result is presented as two themes and four subthemes withassociated categories. The first theme, “Strengthened self-esteem when breastfeedingworks, despite problems during breastfeeding”, with subthemes “Feeling pride fromsucceeding with breastfeeding” and “Solving breastfeeding problems”, described theexperiences of women who succeeded with breastfeeding. The second theme, “Lostself-esteem when breastfeeding is a constant struggle” with subthemes “Strugglingwith breastfeeding, leading to decommissioning” and “Experiencing crushedexpectations” described the experiences of women who were unsuccessful withbreastfeeding.CONCLUSION: Participating in the breastfeeding education helped many women.Recurrent breastfeeding problems lower the woman’s self-esteem. Nurses have animportant role in supporting women who breastfeed. Resources should be put intomaking sure that pediatric nurses’ education in breastfeeding is up to date, and thatthey have the ability to support women with breastfeeding problems

Bakgrund: Barn har rätt att vara delaktig i sin vård och för att få barnet delaktigt är kommunikation viktigt. BHV-sjuksköterskan möter barn och behöver ha kunskap om hur de görs delaktiga, vilket också står i FN:s barnkonvention. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa BHV-sjuksköterskans erfarenheter av att göra barn delaktiga vid hälsobesök på BVC. Metod: Studien analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Semistrukturerade intervjuer användes och åtta BHV-sjuksköterskor intervjuades. Resultat: Resultatet i studien visar att BHV-sjuksköterskan använder olika arbetssätt för att göra barnet delaktigt. I resultatet framkom ett tema, två huvudkategorier och sex underkategorier. BHV-sjuksköterskan gör barnet delaktigt genom att hon skapar en tillitsfull relation till barnet och det görs när hon är lyhörd och flexibel. Slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att BHV-sjuksköterskan behöver kunna skapa en tillitsfull relation till barnet för att kunna göra barnet delaktigt. Barnets delaktighet kan begränsas av olika faktorer som till exempel tidsbrist. BHV-sjuksköterskan arbetar på olika sätt beroende på vilket barn som kommer och anpassar situationen efter barnets behov. Background: Children have the right to be involved in their care and communication is important to make the child involved. The child health nurse needs to have knowledge about how to involve children, which is also stated in the UN Convention of the Rights for Children. Aim: The aim of this study was to illustrate the child health nurses' experiences of involving children in health visits at the child health centre. Method: The study was analyst through content analysis. Eight child health nurses were interviewed with semi structured interviews. Results: The findings show that the child health nurse use different approaches to make the child involved. In the result a theme emerged, two categories and six subcategories. The child health nurse makes the child involved when she builds a trusting relationship and it is done when she is responsive and flexible. Conclusion: The results of the study show that the child health nurse needs to be able to create a trusting relationship with the child to make the child involved. Child participation can be limited by various factors such as lack of time. The child health nurse work in different ways depending on the children coming and adapt the situation to the child's needs.

El presente documento tiene por objetivo evidenciar el estado actual la comunicación en el área de Tecnología y Pruebas de la Bolsa de Valores de Colombia, señalando las fallas que se presentan debido a la comunicación jerárquica y la recirculación innecesaria de la información, demostrando las consecuencias que éstas tienen a nivel productivo y de clima organizacional. Así mismo se abre la propuesta para el planteamiento de un nuevo modelo de proceso de gestión de la comunicación para el área basado en la metodología ISO 9001:2008. Se busca plantear sus beneficios, optimizando los resultados de los proyectos establecidos, evitando un flujo adicional de información, logrando disminuir tiempos y prescindiendo de alarmas adicionales poco productivas. This document aims to highlight the current state of communication in the area of Technology and Testing of the Colombia Stock Exchange, pointing out the failures that occur because of the hierarchical communication and unnecessary circulation of information, showing the consequences they have productive and organizational climate level. Also the proposal for the planning of a new model for the management process of communication based on the ISO 9001:2008 methodology area opens. It seeks to raise its profits by optimizing the results of established projects, preventing further flow of information regardless achieving decrease times and additional alarms unproductive.

The rapid technological development of the media and the Internet has brought new ways to communicate and socialize. Social media is an undeniable force with its fast, simple and informal communication style and health care today is a relatively new concept to convey health information through social networks. This provides opportunities for various healthcare organizations to market themselves and pass out health information but also the responsibility of the challenges and risks related to information posted, the organization's reputation, privacy risks and personal integrity. The thesis intends to explore how the BVC perceive this form of forums regarding obstacles and opportunities and what they think about Facebook as a communication channel for communicating health information to parents. The aim was also to investigate how the BVC through social media can contribute their dedication and skills on Facebook and how BVC feel they can support parents through Facebook. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with four different health care activities and then transcribed. Based on theory and empirical sections were then made comparisons to find similarities and differences. The analysis was based on various themes in the interview guide. The results show that health care businesses do not see any disadvantages to a Facebook page about good review held and inappropriate posts will be deleted. Questions of a personal nature and the treatments are prohibited due to patient confidentiality. It´s important for healthcare businesses to market themselves. The Facebook page is used as information on which the BVC nurse demonstrates the commitment by informing and encouraging participation in parent groups and lectures on the BVC. It´s considered important to be on Facebook today where the majority of the audience are today.

The purpose of this thesis is to gain insight into the thoughts and views of child librarians regarding the gift book that is given to all newborn children in Gothenburg. The gift book is intended to inspire parents to read and sing to their child and by doing so stimulate his or her language development, wich has benefits for the child's later literacy skills. In 2015, only about 40 percent of the families given theg ift card fetched their book at a public library. The focus of the study is how librarians view the giftbook and how they think that the project could be improved to reach more families. The empirical material consists of interviews with six childlibrarians employed at public libraries in Gothenburg. The theoretical perspective is that of marketing, and the results of the interviews were analyzed using the model of the marketing mix' fourP:s: product, price, place and promotion. The findings show that the librarians find the components product and price the most problematic. Requested improvements include complementing material for families with other first languages than Swedish, more qualitative evaluation, and more time and resources to do more outreach activities. The results also show that a lack of ownership of the giftbook project on the part of the librarians may influence their level of engagement, which in the end may influence their ability to communicate the importance of the gift book to the target audience.

Bakgrund: Föräldrastödet som erbjuds i Sverige har genomgått förändringar genom åren. Eftersom nyblivna föräldrar blir utskrivna från BB allt tidigare ökar också kraven på ett förändrat föräldrastöd både på BB och BVC. Föräldrastöd är kärnan i alla former av mödrahälsovårdens och barnhälsovårdens arbete och är integrerat i varje möte som distriktssköterskan och barnmorskan har med föräldrarna. Definitionen av tidigt föräldrastöd omfattar i denna studie barnets två första levnadsveckor. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka föräldrars erfarenheter av tidigt föräldrastöd på BB och BVC under barnets två första levnadsveckor. Metod: En kvalitativ ansats användes. Elva semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med mammor och pappor som nyligen fått barn. Intervjuerna analyserades utifrån en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Ett övergripande tema presenteras: En känsla av ökad trygghet. Resultatet visar att föräldrarna behöver stöd i sin föräldraroll för att uppnå en känsla av trygghet. Föräldrarna upplever att det är viktigt att familjen ses som en helhet där alla parter behöver sin del av stödet. Resultatet sammanfattas i två kategorier: Trygghet för min och min familjs skull och Personalens förmåga att inge trygghet. Slutsats: Föräldrar erfar stöd som viktigt och behövligt under barnets två första levnadsveckor. Tidigare forskning bekräftar studiens resultat dock finns det begränsad forskning inom området som utgår från föräldrarnas erfarenheter och därför finns behov av ytterligare forskning., Background: Parent support offered in Sweden has undergone changes through the years. As parents of newborns gets discharged from the hospital earlier than before, the demands for a changed parent support both at the birth center (BB) and at the children´s healthcare center (BVC) increases. Parent support is the core of all forms of maternal health care and child health care and it is integrated in every meeting that the district nurse and midwife has with the parents. The definition in this study of early parent support includes the child's first two weeks of life. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe parents' experiences of early parent support during the child's first two weeks of life. Method: A qualitative approach was used. Eleven semi-structured interviews were conducted with mothers and fathers who recently had a baby. The interviews were analyzed based on a qualitative content analysis. Results: An overall theme is presented: A sense of increased security. The results show that parents need support in their parental role to achieve a sense of security. The parents feel that it is important for the family to be seen as a whole in which all parties need their share of support. The results are summarized in two categories: Security for my and my family's sake and The ability of the staff to produce a feeling of security. Conclusion: It is of the parentsˈ experience that support is important and needed during the child’s first two weeks of life. Previous research confirms the results of this study, however, there is limited research in this area based on parents' experiences and therefore a need for further research.

La aplicación de modelos Egarch a la prueba del CAPM para Colombia permite concluir que éste se da bajo condiciones de alta volatilidad y que se puede utilizar como herramienta para el análisis financiero y las proyecciones de rentabilidad de activos financieros y reales. Igualmente, los modelos multifactoriales con base en Egarch explican satisfactoriamente el comportamiento de las rentabilidades de las veintidós principales acciones negociadas en la Bolsa de Valores de Colombia (BVC) durante enero del 2002 y mayo del 2008, con respecto a las principales variables macroeconómicas. El comportamiento del Índice General de la Bolsa de Valores de Colombia (IGBC) está relacionado inversamente con el comportamiento de la tasa TES real y la ITCR, mientras que depende positivamente de las buenas noticias en el comportamiento de la producción representada, en este caso, por el índice de la muestra manufacturera del DANE.