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Organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs) are attracting attention because of recent rapid enhancement of their power conversion efficiency. For further improvement, optimization of fabrication processes is one useful path to a solution. During OPV fabrication, particularly of the bulk heterojunction active layer, annealing treatments contribute to the device performance. Many studies have examined annealing-related properties. However, further research must clarify how paramagnetic species in the devices play their roles by annealing. Using well-known OPVs, we investigated the relation between spin-dependent recombination (SDR) current and the paramagnetic species, which vary the numbers by post-annealing with active layers consisting of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C 61 -butyric acid methyl ester (PC 61 BM). A simultaneous detection method of electron spin resonance (ESR) and electrically detected magnetic resonance (EDMR), which we originally developed, was applied to OPVs for the first time ever reported. Results show that PC 61 BM anion radicals generated by post-annealing of P3HT:PC 61 BM OPVs with a lithium fluoride (LiF)/aluminum (Al) electrode do not contribute to the SDR current at the interface and that P3HT cation radicals enhance the SDR current. By contrast, devices with an Al electrode without LiF decrease the total SDR current, although the quantities of cation radical molecules do not vary. This finding suggests that changes of the hole blocking layer in the devices caused by the annealing treatment affect the size of capture cross sections of P3HT cation radicals. Our new method of quantitative observation of the EDMR changes through the ESR signals is expected to be useful for investigating the capture cross sections in OPVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present randomized study investigated the effect of acute supplementation of 800 mg/kg of ketone monoester ingestion (KE) or placebo (PL) and 210 mg/kg of NaHCO3 co-ingestion on cycling performance of WorldTour cyclists during a road cycling stage simulation. Twenty-eight cyclists participated in the study (27.46 ± 4.32 years; 1.80 ± 0.06 m; 69.74 ± 6.36 kg). Performance, physiological, biochemical, and metabolism outcomes, gut discomfort, and effort perceived were assessed during a road cycling simulation composed of an 8-min time-trial (TT) performance + 30-s TT + 4.5 hr of outdoor cycling + a second 8-min TT + a second 30-s TT. Greater absolute and relative mean power during the first 8-min TT (F = 5.067, p =.033, η p 2 =.163 , F = 5.339, p =.029, η p 2 =.170 , respectively) was observed after KE than after PL (KE: 389 ± 34, PL: 378 ± 44 W, p =.002, d = 0.294 and KE: 5.60 ± 0.42, PL: 5.41 ± 0.44 W/kg, p =.001, d = 0.442). Additionally, greater concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate blood concentration (F = 42.195, p <.001, η p 2 =.619) was observed after KE than after PL during the first steps of the stage (e.g., after warm-up KE: 1.223 ± 0.642, PL: 0.044 ± 0.058 mM, p <.001, d = 2.589), although the concentrations returned to near baseline after 4.5 hr of outdoor cycling. Moreover, higher values of anion gap were observed (F = 2.333, p =.026, η p 2 =.080) after KE than after PL ingestion, after the warm-up and after the first 8-min and 30-s TT. Additionally, lower concentrations of HCO 3 − were reported in the KE condition after warm-up and after the first 8-min and 30-s TT. During the initial phase of the stage simulation, acute supplementation with KE + NaHCO3 co-ingestion enhanced 8-min TT cycling performance (3.1%) in WorldTour cyclists with a concomitant hyperketonaemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic solar cells (OSCs) have emerged as a promising technology for renewable energy generation due to their low cost, lightweight, flexibility, and compatibility with roll-to-roll manufacturing. However, OSCs still face challenges in achieving high power conversion efficiency (PCE) due to various factors, including recombination loss. In this study, we investigated the effect of introducing a layer of eight atomic percent gadolinium-doped zinc oxide (Zn0.92Gd0.08O) between the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT): [6,6]-phenyl butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) active layer and the fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode of the OSC. The reference cell, which has an Au/P3HT:PCBM/ZnO/FTO structure, exhibits a PCE of 0.52%. Remarkably, when the Zn0.92Gd0.08O layer was inserted (Au/P3HT:PCBM/Zn0.92Gd0.08O/FTO), the PCE increased significantly to 3.42%, which is more than six times the increase. Through further analysis, we present that the insertion of the Zn0.92Gd0.08O layer induces spin polarization in the P3HT:PCBM layer, leading to enhanced charge transport and reducing the recombination rate. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the Zn0.92Gd0.08O film can potentially improve OSC performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute ketone monoester (KE) supplementation can alter exercise responses, but the performance effect is unclear. The limited and equivocal data to date are likely related to factors including the KE dose, test conditions, and caliber of athletes studied. We tested the hypothesis that mean power output during a 20-min cycling time trial (TT) would be different after KE ingestion compared to a placebo (PL). A sample size of 22 was estimated to provide 80% power to detect an effect size dz of 0.63 at an alpha level of.05 with a two-tailed paired t test. This determination considered 2.0% as the minimal important difference in performance. Twenty-three trained cyclists (N = 23; peak oxygen uptake: 65 ± 12 ml·kg−1 min−1; M ± SD), who were regularly cycling >5 hr/week, completed a familiarization trial followed by two experimental trials. Participants self-selected and replicated their diet and exercise for ∼24 hr before each trial. Participants ingested either 0.35 g/kg body mass of (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate KE or a flavor-matched PL 30 min before exercise in a randomized, triple-blind, crossover manner. Exercise involved a 15-min warm-up followed by the 20-min TT on a cycle ergometer. The only feedback provided was time elapsed. Preexercise venous [β-hydroxybutyrate] was higher after KE versus PL (2.0 ± 0.6 vs. 0.2 ± 0.1 mM, p <.0001). Mean TT power output was 2.4% (0.6% to 4.1%; mean [95% confidence interval]) lower after KE versus PL (255 ± 54 vs. 261 ± 54 W, p <.01; dz = 0.60). The mechanistic basis for the impaired TT performance after KE ingestion under the present study conditions remains to be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The separation and purification of bio-based chemicals from conversion processes often contribute substantially to bioprocessing costs, and for many biochemicals produced through fermentation, solventbased liquid--liquid extraction (LLE) is a common separations strategy for in situ product recovery (ISPR). Many in situ LLE-based separations for biochemicals are often challenged by emulsion formation between the immiscible aqueous and organic phases. Typically, membrane contactors have been used to overcome emulsion formation, with the aqueous and organic phases coming into contact in the membrane contactor pores, but these unit operations require a large membrane area to compensate for their limited effective interfacial area. In this study, we show that a hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane-based emulsion separator (MBES) enables continuous LLE for the recovery of an exemplary fermentation product, butyric acid, with substantially improved throughput relative to a membrane contactor. With a membrane permeate flux of 290 L m-2 h-1, the overall butyric acid flux of the single-stage MBES system was calculated to be 1450 g m-2 h-1, which is substantially higher than the 9 g m-2 h-1 achievable with a membrane contactor. At an equivalent butyric acid throughput, process modeling estimates that MBES-assisted LLE can enable a 55% and 91% reduction in process costs (the sum of CAPEX and OPEX) and greenhouse gas emissions, respectively, compared to a membrane contactor due to a ~160-fold decrease in the required membrane area. Although membrane fouling from cellular debris led to reduced membrane flux and phase separation efficiency, common fouling mitigation strategies including the incorporation of ultrafiltration and periodic membrane backwashing effectively recovered the membrane performance. Overall, MBES systems can potentially enable continuous LLE processes in bioprocessing separations, including where emulsion formation is a challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing sheep using native grass or crop byproducts has been commonly practiced by farmers in East Java, Indonesia. Better growth rates can be achieved when protein and energy sources are combined in the ration. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding cassava peel silage (CPS) and different protein sources on the growth of sheep fed a maize stover-based diet. Twentyfour growing sheep aged 8-10 months and weighing 17.24 ± 1.87 kg were used, and they were kept in individual cages that allowed the measurements of feed intake, feces, and urine secreted per animal. The treatments applied were T1: rice bran (0.75% BW)+Urea (2% CPS); T2: (50% rice bran + 50% copra meal in 1.5% BW); T3: cassava leaf hay (1% BW); and T4: sunflower leaf hay (1% BW). All treatments provided maize stover (MS) at 0.5% of body weight and CPS ad libitum. The variables measured were nutrient intake and digestibility, rumen fermentation, and live weight gain (LWG). The results revealed that the treatments had a significant increase (p<0.01) in the digestibility of CP, EE, CF, NDF, and ADF and reduced the amount of methane gas (CH4). Additionally, the treatments had a significant increase (p<0.01) in some variables such as N retention, LWG, and reduced FCR. Furthermore, the treatments significantly increased (p<0.05) NH3, propionic acid, and the C2/C3 ratio, but they did not have a significant effect on pH, acetic acid, or butyric acid content. In summary, the T3 treatment improved live weight gain (LWG) and decreased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in thintailed sheep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Degenerate strains of Clostridium acetobutylicum lack the ability to produce solvents and sporulate and remain in a permanent acidogenic state, allowing continuous hydrogen and organic acid production through anaerobic fermentation. Eichhornia crassipes, an invasive aquatic plant, emerges as a promising source of fermentable sugars for hydrogen production via anaerobic fermentation. In this study, a degenerated strain of Clostridium acetobutylicum was isolated and subsequently cultivated in the presence of a hydrolysate solution obtained from the alkaline pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of Eichhornia crassipes. The hydrolysate was mixed with a defined medium and served the dual purpose of providing essential nutrients and mitigating inhibitors, eliminating the need for an additional detoxification step. A pure defined culture medium served as a control. The extraction methods employed led to the release of low concentrations of inhibitors, reaching 0.1 g/L of furfural and 0.18 g/L of HMF. Kinetic characterization revealed that in the presence of Eichhornia crassipes hydrolysate, the degenerate strain exhibited lower specific growth rates ranging from 0.114 to 0.156 h−1, compared with the control medium which ranged from 0.131 to 0.179 h−1. This was accompanied by lower yields, ranging from 0.115 to 0.167 gDCW/g in the presence of hydrolysate versus 0.178 to 0.190 gDCW/g in the control medium, and diminished butyric acid production of 1.318 to 2.932 g/L in the presence of hydrolysate versus 1.749 to 3.471 g/L in control cultures. Despite reduced growth, high biohydrogen volumetric productivity was achieved, reaching 7.3 L/L·d, along with a significant yield of 2.642 mol of hydrogen per mole of glucose consumed. This represents 66.05% of the maximum stoichiometric yield calculated when acetic acid is the sole byproduct. Apparently, the presence of low concentrations of furfural and HMF released during the pre-treatment of Eichhornia crassipes not only negatively affects growth capacity but also diminishes butyric acid production, favoring biohydrogen production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Qingzhuan dark tea polysaccharides (QDTP) have been complexed with Zinc (Zn) to form the Qingzhuan dark tea polysaccharides‐Zinc (QDTP‐Zn) complex. The present study investigated the protective effects of QDTP‐Zn on ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice. The UC mouse model was induced using dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), followed by oral administration of QDTP‐Zn (0.2 and 0.4 g kg−1 day−1). RESULTS: QDTP‐Zn demonstrated alleviation of UC symptoms in mice, as evidenced by a decrease in disease activity index scores. QDTP‐Zn also regulated colon tissue injury by upregulating ZO‐1 and occludin protein expression, at the same time as downregulating tumor necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐6β levels. Furthermore, QDTP‐Zn induced significant alterations in the abundance of bacteroidetes and firmicutes and notably increased levels of short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs), particularly acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. CONCLUSION: In summary, QDTP‐Zn exhibits therapeutic potential in alleviating enteritis by fortifying the colonic mucosal barrier, mitigating inflammation and modulating intestinal microbiota and SCFAs levels. Thus, QDTP‐Zn holds promise as a functional food for both the prevention and treatment of UC. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Garlic polysaccharides (GPs) constitute over 75% of the dry weight of garlic. They are characterized by fructan with a 2,1‐β‐d‐Fruf backbone and 2,6‐β‐d‐Fruf branches. Studies have suggested a role for GPs in regulating gut microbiota but whether they possess a comprehensive function in maintaining intestinal well‐being and can serve as effective prebiotics remains unknown. To explore this, varied doses of GPs (1.25–5.0 g kg−1 body weight) and inulin (as a positive control) were administered to Kunming mice via gavage, and their effects on the intestinal epithelial, chemical, and biological barriers were assessed. A constipation model was also established using loperamide to investigate the potential effects of GPs on the relief of constipation. RESULTS: Administration of GPs significantly upregulated expression of tight‐junction proteins and mucins in Kunming mouse small‐intestine tissue. Garlic polysaccharides elevated cecal butyric acid content, reduced the abundance of Desulfobacterota, and decreased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (the F/B ratio). Garlic polysaccharides also promoted the growth of Bacteroides acidifaciens and Clostridium saccharogumia. Tax4Fun functional predictions suggested the potential of GPs to prevent human diseases, reducing the risk of insulin resistance, infectious diseases, and drug resistance. Garlic polysaccharides also exhibited a beneficial effect in alleviating loperamide‐induced constipation symptoms by enhancing small intestinal transit, softening stool consistency, accelerating bowel movements, and promoting the release of excitatory neurotransmitters. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the important role of GPs in maintaining gut fitness by enhancing intestinal barrier function and peristalsis. Garlic polysaccharides are promising prebiotics, potentially contributing to overall intestinal well‐being and health. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Energy‐saving and low‐carbon baking processes, as well as the need to determine the flavor‐forming mechanisms of baked dried tofu, are becoming increasingly necessary. The application of emerging catalytic infrared radiation (CIR) technology in baking of dried tofu is considered of high interest due to the low energy consumption and high baking efficiency compared to traditional baking methods. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the evolution of aroma compounds in baked dried tofu during the CIR baking process and reveal relevant relationships between physical qualities, potential flavor precursors and key volatile compounds. RESULTS: The results showed that the surface color of dried tofu gradually turned an appetizing golden yellow color during the rapid heating process, caused by the uniform infrared radiation from the radiant emitters. Meanwhile, the moisture of dried tofu experienced minimal reduction and the hardness of dried tofu gradually increased with the formation of crust on the surface. In addition, 49 volatile compounds were identified by headspace solid‐phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and 13 substances – 1‐hexanol, 1‐octen‐3‐ol, 1‐pentanol, heptanal, nonanal, hexanal, (E,E)‐2,4‐decadienal, (E,Z)‐2,4‐decadienal, octanal, (E)‐2‐octenal, (E)‐2‐nonenal, 2‐heptanone and 2‐pentylfuran – were confirmed as key aroma compounds. Moreover, the amino acids aspartic acid, glutamic acid, isoleucine, lysine and arginine, and the fatty acids butyric, caprylic, capric, tridecanoic, stearic, oleic and linolenic were responsible for the unique flavor of CIR‐baked dried tofu. CONCLUSION: Consequently, the findings can provide a scientific basis for manufacturers to achieve precise quality control and large‐scale production of CIR‐baked dried tofu products. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Excavation of key molecules can help identify therapeutic targets and improve the prognosis of pancreatic cancer. This study evaluated the roles of SUMO3 in cell viability, glycolysis, gemcitabine (GEM) sensitivity, and the antitumor activity of butyric acid (BA) in pancreatic cancer. Methods: The mRNA and protein levels of SUMO3 were detected by qRT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemical assay. SUMO3 was silenced or overexpressed in pancreatic cancer cells with or without Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitor, glycolysis inhibitor, GEM, or BA treatment. Cell viability was measured using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Glycolysis was measured by determining the extracellular acidification rate, ATP level, and lactate content. Apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry, and TUNEL staining was used to examine in vitro and in vivo sensitivity to GEM chemotherapy. Luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were conducted to detect the binding of the SUMO3 promoter and NF-κB p65. Results: SUMO3 was increased and associated with poor survival in pancreatic cancer. SUMO3 knockdown decreased cell viability and glycolysis in vitro and inhibited tumor growth in vivo. SUMO3 overexpression increased cell viability and glycolysis in vitro through the β-catenin pathway. SUMO3 knockdown increased GEM sensitivity, whereas SUMO3 overexpression decreased GEM sensitivity and inhibited the antitumor activity of BA. BA promoted histone acetylation and p-IκBα expression to inhibit NF-κB p65-mediated SUMO3 transcription. Conclusion: SUMO3 acted as an active molecule in cell survival and growth by enhancing glycolysis in response to either GEM or BA. The mechanism was related to the constitutive IκBα/NF-κB/SUMO3/β-catenin signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromium (Cr) toxicity hampers ornamental crops' growth and post-harvest quality, especially in cut flower plants. Nano-enabled approaches have been developing with phenomenal potential towards improving floricultural crop production under heavy metal-stressed conditions. The current pot experiment aims to explore the ameliorative impact of silicon nanoparticles (Si-NPs; 10 mM) and indole butyric acid (IBA; 20 mM) against Cr stress (0.8 mM) in Freesia refracta. The results showed that Cr stress significantly reduced morphological traits, decreased roots-stems biomass, abridged chlorophyll (14.7%) and carotenoid contents (27.2%), limited gas exchange attributes (intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) 24.8%, stomatal conductance (gs) 19.3% and photosynthetic rate (A) 28.8%), condensed proline (39.2%) and total protein (40%) contents and reduced vase life (15.3%) of freesia plants by increasing oxidative stress. Contrarily, antioxidant enzyme activities, MDA and H2O2 levels, and Cr concentrations in plant parts were remarkably enhanced in Cr-stressed plants than in the control. However, foliar supplementation of Si-NPs + IBA (combined form) to Cr-stressed plants increased defense mechanism and tolerance as revealed by improved vegetative and reproductive traits, increased biomass, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll 30.3%, carotenoid 57.2%) and gaseous exchange attributes (Ci 33.3%, gs 25.6%, A 31.1%), proline (54.5%), total protein (55.1%), and vase life (34.9%) of metal contaminated plants. Similarly, the improvement in the activities of peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase was recorded by 30.8%, 52.4%, and 60.8%, respectively, compared with Crstressed plants. Meanwhile, MDA (54.3%), H2O2 (32.7%) contents, and Cr levels in roots (43.3), in stems (44%), in leaves (52.8%), and in flowers (78.5%), were remarkably reduced due to combine application of Si-NPs + IBA as compared with Cr-stressed nontreated freesia plants. Thus, the hypothesis that the synergistic application of Si-NPs + IBA will be an effective approach in ameliorating Cr stress is authenticated from the results of this experiment. Furthermore, the study will be significant since it will demonstrate how Si-NPs and IBA can work synergistically to combat Cr toxicity, and even when added separately, they can improve growth characteristics both under stressed and unstressed conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Xiaoyankangjun tablet (XYKJP) is a traditional Chinese medicine formulation used to treat intestinal disorders in clinical practice. However, the specific therapeutic mechanism of action of XYKJP in colitis has not yet been elucidated. This study aimed to reveal the multifaceted mechanisms of action of XYKJP in treating colitis. The model established based on DSS-induced colitis in C57BL/6 mice was employed to estimate the effect of XYKJP on colitis, which was then followed by histological assessment, 16S rRNA sequencing, RT-qPCR, ELISA, and Western blot. XYKJP alleviated the symptoms of DSS-induced colitis mainly by reducing oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and intestinal mucosal repair in colitis tissues. In addition, XYKJP regulated the intestinal flora by increasing the relative abundance of Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium and reducing the relative abundance of Coriobacteriaceae_UCG-002. Mechanistically, XYKJP increased the content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the feces, particularly propanoic acid and butyric acid, activated their specific receptor GPR43/41, furthermore activated the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, and suppressed the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. XYKJP significantly alleviated the symptoms of experimental colitis and functioned synergistically by regulating the intestinal flora, increasing the production of SCFAs, and activating their specific receptors, thereby repressing oxidative stress and inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) is a chronic condition characterized by decreased bone strength. This study aims to investigate the effects and mechanisms of the combination of Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum (Bp) and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA) on PMO. Methods: The effects of Bp and 3-HAA on PMO were evaluated in ovariectomized (OVX) rats by assessing stereological parameters, femur microstructure, and autophagy levels. The T helper (Th) 17/Regulatory T (Treg) cells of rats were detected using flow cytometric analysis. Furthermore, the impact of Bp and 3-HAA on the gut microbiota of rats was assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The correlation between the gut microbiota of rats and Th17/Treg immune factors, as well as femoral stereo parameters, was separately assessed using Spearman rank correlation analysis. Results: Bp and 3-HAA treatments protected OVX rats by promoting osteogenesis and inhibiting autophagy. Compared to the Sham group, OVX rats showed an increase in Th17 cells and a decrease in Treg cells. Bp and 3-HAA reversed these changes. Enterorhabdus and Pseudomonas were significantly enriched in OVX rats. Bp and 3-HAA regulated the gut microbiota of OVX rats, enriching pathways related to nutrient metabolism and immune function. There was a correlation between the gut microbiota and the Th17/Treg, as well as femoral stereo parameters. The concurrent administration of Bp and 3-HAA medication facilitated the enrichment of gut microbiota associated with the improvement of PMO. Conclusion: The combination therapy of Bp and 3-HAA can prevent PMO by modulating the gut microbiota and restoring Th17/Treg immune homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Metabolites of intestinal microorganisms play an important role in the growth process of animals, and there are differences in the feeding behavior of animals of different sexes. The aim of this study was to reveal the sex differences in intestinal microbial metabolites of Hainan special wild boars. This study shows that the highest number of differential metabolites was found between entire males and females, the differential metabolites were enriched in more metabolic pathways, and castration reduced this difference. This study provides a certain metabolite database for future precision feeding of Hainan special wild boars and other pig breeds of different sexes. The intestinal microbiota and its metabolites are essential for the health and growth development of animals. Current research indicates that sex has a certain impact on the structure and function of the intestinal microbiota, but there are few reports on sex differences in intestinal microbiota metabolites, including those of castrated male animals. This study aimed to explore the impact of sex on the intestinal microbial metabolites of Hainan special wild boars (10 entire male pigs, 10 female pigs, and 10 castrated male pigs, denoted EM, FE, and CM, respectively) by employing non-targeted metabolomics and gas chromatography. A total of 1086 metabolites were detected, with the greatest number of differential metabolites observed between EM and FE (54 differential metabolites, including 18 upregulated and 36 downregulated metabolites), the fewest between CM and FE (7 differential metabolites, including 1 upregulated and 6 downregulated metabolites), and an intermediate number between CM and EM (47 differential metabolites, including 35 upregulated and 12 downregulated metabolites). Differential metabolites were involved in more pathways between EM and FE and between CM and EM, including amino acid metabolism and digestive system pathways, whereas differential metabolites were involved in the fewest pathways between CM and FE. Correlation analysis showed Ruminococcaceae UCG-009, uncultured_bacterium_o_SAR324_cladeMarine_group_B, and Candidatus Saccharimonas contributed to the production of metabolites such as trehalose, docosatrienoic acid, D(−)-beta-hydroxy butyric acid, and acetyl-DL-leucine. The levels of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, and isovaleric acid were significantly higher in EM than in FE, with CM falling between the two. Streptococcus, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group showed a significant positive correlation with the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), while [Eubacterium]_coprostanoligenes_group, uncultured_bacterium_f_p–251–o5 and Ruminococcaceae_UCG–005 showed a significant negative correlation with the generation of SCFAs. This study provides foundational data and significant insights into precision feeding strategies for Hainan special wild boars of different sexes, as well as the study of sex differences in intestinal microbial metabolites in animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of nanoparticles (NPs) with active components with upgraded stability, and prolonged release helps in enhanced tissue regeneration. In addition, NPs are feasible strategy to boost antibiotic effectiveness and reduce drug side effects. Our study focuses on the use of amikacin (AMK) and gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) unloaded combinations or loaded on chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) for kidney protection. The AMK–GABA–CSNPs were prepared with the ionic gelation method, the morphology was studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), zetasizer and the Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectrum of the synthesized NPs was observed. The average size of AMK–GABA–CSNPs was 77.5 ± 16.5 nm. Zeta potential was + 38.94 ± 2.65 mV. AMK–GABA–CSNPs revealed significant in vitro antioxidant, anti-coagulation, non-hemolytic properties and good cell compatibility. To compare the effects of the unloaded AMK–GABA combination and AMK–GABA–CSNPs on the renal tissue, 42 healthy Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into seven groups. G1: normal control (NC), normal saline; G2: low-dose nephrotoxic group (LDN), AMK (20 mg/kg/day; i.p.); G3: unloaded AMK (20 mg/kg/day; i.p.) and GABA (50 mg/kg/day; i.p.); G4: AMK–GABA–CSNPs (20 mg/kg/day; i.p.); G5: high-dose nephrotoxic group (HDN), AMK (30 mg/kg/day; i.p.); G6: unloaded AMK (30 mg/kg/day; i.p.) and GABA (50 mg/kg/day; i.p.) and G7: AMK–GABA–CSNPs (30 mg/kg/day; i.p.). The results showed that AMK–GABA–CSNPs formulation is superior to unloaded AMK–GABA combination as it ameliorated kidney functions, oxidative stress and displayed a significant homeostatic role via suppression of inflammatory cytokines of Th1, Th2 and Th17 types. Hence, AMK–GABA–CSNPs could afford a potential nano-based therapeutic formula for the management of AMK-nephrotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slow transit constipation (STC) is a long-lasting and prevalent intestinal condition, marked by hard, dry feces. The primary cause of STC may be attributed to an imbalance in the gut's microbial community and alterations in its metabolic byproducts. Tongbian formula (TB), a traditional Chinese medicinal formula, has been used to treat STC and shows a great effect on relieving constipation. The role of TB in regulating intestinal microbiota has not been fully elucidated. Herein, we investigated the potential effect of TB on gut microbiota and further explored the potential mechanism behind its effects. Our study demonstrated that TB significantly increased fecal water content and intestinal ink propulsion rate in loperamide (Lope)-induced STC rats. 5-HT signaling was suppressed in STC colon tissue, and the abundance of butyric acid (BA) in colonic contents was significantly down-regulated after Lope treatment. Notably, TB administration led to the restoration of microbial dysbiosis and the up-regulation of BA content, subsequently activating 5-HT signaling pathways. When BA was combined with a tryptophan hydroxylase-1 (TPH1) inhibitor, which is crucial for 5-HT synthesis, its therapeutic efficacy for treating STC was compromised. TB alleviates STC by reversing the intestinal microbiota imbalance and activating the 5-HT signaling in the colon through increasing BA levels. These findings suggest that TB is an ideal candidate for STC treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biosynthesis of butyric acid from glucose through inverted fatty acid β-oxidation by recombinant Escherichia coli strains was optimized. An increased yield of the target compound was achieved resulting from the plasmid expression of the atoB, fadB, and fadE/fabI genes in the core strain MG∆4 PL-tesB ΔyciA (MG1655 ∆ackA-pta, ∆poxB, ∆ldhA, ∆adhE, PL-SDϕ10-tesB, ∆yciA). The positive effect of enforced ATP hydrolysis on microaerobic conversion of the carbohydrate substrate to the final product by the recombinants was demonstrated. Activation of the futile cycle of pyruvate–phosphoenolpyruvate–pyruvate, due to the increased expression of the ppsA gene, ensured a marked increase in glucose consumption by the recombinants and led to an increase in the molar yield of butyric acid up to 39.5%. When the components of the H+-ATP synthase complex were uncoupled resulting from the deletion of atpFH genes, the molar yield of butyric acid from glucose demonstrated by the strain forming butyryl-CoA by the action of enoyl-ACP reductase FabI reached 46%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silphium perfoliatum, an energy crop with a high fiber content but low concentrations of fermentable carbohydrates, presents challenges for complete fermentation in biogas production. To overcome this, a bioeconomic approach proposes the use of the fibers for paper and board production, which requires high-quality silage with minimal butyric acid, which affects the marketability of the fibers. This study aims to optimize the silaging process of Silphium perfoliatum by investigating the effects of harvest date, bacterial cultures and additives on fermentation results. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of three harvest dates on fermentation acid composition, with a focus on increasing lactic acid production to inhibit butyric acid formation. Results indicate that an early harvest date (early September) is critical for achieving stable fermentation and minimizing ensiling losses. The addition of sugar-rich additives, such as syrup, was found to be essential, especially for later harvest dates. Despite these interventions, a late harvest (early November) consistently resulted in suboptimal fermentation. The results suggest that optimizing harvest timing and incorporating appropriate additives are key strategies for producing high quality silage and ensuring the suitability of Silphium perfoliatum fibers for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Northwest A & F University - Natural Science Edition is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Northwest A&F University (Natural Science Edition) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Black ginseng (BG) was processed by "steaming and drying" (generally nine times) repeatedly to produce "rare saponins" and secondary ginsenosides. Both ginseng (GS) and red ginseng (RG) were commonly used in treating heart failure (HF), and the latter was confirmed to be more potent, implying the presence of rare ginsenosides that contribute positively to the treatment of heart failure. Previous research indicated that rare ginsenosides are more abundant in BG than in RG. Consequently, this study aims to investigate the effects of BG and its components on HF to elucidate the active substances and their underlying mechanisms in the treatment of HF. Methods: The effects of BG and its fractions (water-eluted fraction (WEF), total saponin fraction (TSF), and alcohol-eluted fraction (AEF)) on rats with isoproterenol (ISO)-induced HF were explored, and steroids belonging to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axes were determined quantitatively using the ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QqQMS/MS) method. In addition, 16S rDNA sequencing was performed on the gut microbiota, followed by GC-MS analysis of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and the biochemical indexes related to energy metabolism and the serum cyclic nucleotide system were also analyzed by ELISA. Results: Based on a thorough evaluation of energy metabolism and the endocrine system, it was observed that the effects of BG components on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) and HPA axes were more pronounced. Notably, the treatment efficacy of the low dose of the total saponin fraction (TSFL), water decoction (WD), and high dose of the polysaccharide fraction (PSFH) was superior based on pharmacodynamic indicators such as brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), creatine kinase (CK), and estradiol (E2)/T). Furthermore, the WD and BG components exhibited significant effects on androgens (T and androstenedione (A4)). The TSFL group exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by regulating Lactobacillus/Erysipelotrichales. The WD, PSFH, and TSFL may impact inflammatory cytokines through the gut microbiota (Lactobacillus/Erysipelotrichales) and their metabolites (acetate and butyrate), exerting an anti-inflammatory effect. Discussion: The BG and all its split components demonstrated varying levels of efficacy in alleviating HF, and TSF and PSF exhibited a significant protective effect on HF. The main active components in TSF were revealed to be ginsenosides Rk1, Rk3, 20-(S)-Rg3, and 20-(S)-Rh2 by the H9C2 cell experiment. The decoction of BG and its components exhibited a potent impact on androgen hormones, with an elevation trend. This phenomenon may be attributed to the activation of the eNOS-NO pathway through androgen regulation, thereby contributing to its anti-HF activities. The WD, PSFH, and TSFL may exert anti-inflammatory effects through the intestinal flora (Lactobacillaceae/Erysipelotrichaceae) and its metabolites (acetic acid and butyric acid), which affect the inflammatory factors. The different mechanisms of action of each component of HF also reflect the significance and necessity of the overall role of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Our research was the first to report that the E2/T is related to HF and can be used as an indicator to evaluate HF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a compilation of scientific articles that discuss the role of gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease. The articles explore topics such as the impact of gut microbiota on glucose control, energy metabolism, inflammation, and insulin resistance in conditions like type 2 diabetes and prediabetes. They also examine the influence of dietary fiber, short-chain fatty acids, and specific bacteria on gut homeostasis and immune responses. The articles provide insights into the complex interactions between the gut microbiome and host metabolism, suggesting the potential for microbiota-based interventions in the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases. [Extracted from the article]

In recent years, studies have shown that low‐dose supplemental infrared (IR) irradiation exhibits systemic anti‐inflammatory effects. The gut microbiota is increasingly recognized as a potential mediator of these effects due to its role in regulating host metabolism and inflammatory responses. To investigate the role of gut microbiota diversity and metabolite changes in the mechanism of light‐emitting diodes (LED) infrared's anti‐inflammatory action, we conducted IR irradiation on mice. Serum inflammatory cytokines were measured using ELISA, and fecal samples were subjected to metagenomic, untargeted, and targeted metabolomic analyses. Our results demonstrated a significant increase in the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10 in the IR group, accompanied by a declining trend in pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Gut microbiome analysis revealed distinct alterations in composition and functional genes between the groups, including the enrichment of beneficial bacteria like various species of Parabacteroides and Akkermansia muciniphila in the IR group. Notably, the IR group exhibited enrichment in carbohydrate metabolism pathways and a reduction in DNA damage and repair pathways. Furthermore, targeted metabolomic analysis highlighted a notable increase in short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including butyric acid and isobutyric acid, which positively correlated with the abundance of several beneficial bacteria. These findings suggest a potential interplay between gut microbiota‐derived SCFAs and the anti‐inflammatory response. In conclusion, our study provides comprehensive insights into the changes in gut microbiota species and functions associated with IR irradiation. Moreover, we emphasize the significance of altered SCFAs levels in the IR group, which may contribute to the observed anti‐inflammatory effects. Our findings contribute valuable evidence supporting the role of low‐dose infrared light irradiation as an anti‐inflammatory therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Remimazolam is a novel ultrashort‐acting benzodiazepine, which like midazolam, results in sedation, anxiolysis, and amnesia through its agonistic effects on the gamma‐amino butyric acid A receptor. As opposed to midazolam, its unique metabolism is via tissue esterases, which results in a rapid elimination with a limited context sensitive half‐life and prompt dissipation of its effect when administration is discontinued. Remimazolam received FDA approval for use in adults in 2020. In preliminary and initial clinical trials, its efficacy and safety has been suggested in the adult population, both as a primary agent for procedural sedation or as an adjunct to general anesthesia. There are limited data regarding the use of remimazolam in infants and children and its use in this population remains off label as it does not hold FDA‐approval in pediatric‐aged patients. This narrative outlines the pharmacologic properties of this unique medication, reviews previous published reports of its role in pediatric‐aged patients, and discusses dosing parameters and clinical use in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Betulinic acid is a lupane-type pentacyclic triterpene mostly found in birch bark and thoroughly explored for its wide range of pharmacological activities. Despite its impressive biological potential, its low bioavailability has challenged many researchers to develop different formulations for achieving better in vitro and in vivo effects. We previously reported the synthesis of fatty acid esters of betulinic acid using butyric, stearic, and palmitic acids (But-BA, St-BA, and Pal-BA) and included them in surfaced-modified liposomes (But-BA-Lip, St-BA-Lip, Pal-BA-Lip). In the current study, we evaluated the cytotoxic effects of both fatty acid esters and their respective liposomal formulations against MCF-7, HT-29, and NCI-H460 cell line. The cytotoxic assessment of BA derivatives revealed that both the fatty esters and their liposomal formulations acted as cytotoxic agents in a dose- and time-dependent manner. But-BA-Lip exerted stronger cytotoxic effects than the parent compound, BA and its liposomal formulation, and even stronger effects than 5-FU against HT-29 cells (IC50 of 30.57 μM) and NCI-H460 cells (IC50 of 30.74 μM). BA's fatty esters and their respective liposomal formulations facilitated apoptosis in cancer cells by inducing nuclear morphological changes and increasing caspase-3/-7 activity. The HET-CAM assay proved that none of the tested compounds induced any irritative effect, suggesting that they can be used safely for local applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Thirty organic acids in fermented grains of nongxiangxing Baijiu were determined by HPLC and LC-MS/MS, and the spatial and time distribution of organic acids in fermented grains during fermentation were analyzed with multivariate statistics. The results showed that the linear relationships of 30 organic acids were good within the detection ranges (R²≥0.998), the recovery rates were 82.29%-113.20%, the limits of quantitation for HPLC analysis were 0.500-5.050 mg/L, and the limits of quantitation for LC-MS/MS analysis were 0.005-1.380 mg/L. The total content of organic acids in the lower layer of fermented grains was the highest, lactic acid and acetic acid were the two organic acids with the highest content, and the contents of higher fatty acids of linoleic acid and oleic acid with higher contents in fermented grains were 306.06-814.66 μg/g and 150.31-440.52 μg/g, respectively. The OPLS-DA model could identify the spatial distribution of different fermented grains, and VIP analysis screened out the key differential substances which were lactic acid, acetic acid, succinic acid, butyric acid, and linoleic acid. The total content of organic acids in fermented grains with a long fermentation was higher than that with a short fermentation, and hexanoic acid had the highest increase ratio. The PCA analysis could distinguish fermented grains at different fermentation stages and analyze the characteristic organic acids that affected their distribution. The accurate quantitative analysis and distribution study of organic acids in fermented grains would provide a reference for the process control of brewing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galanthamine is an immensely valuable alkaloid exhibiting anti-cancer and antiviral activity. The cultivation of plant tissues in in vitro conditions is a good source for the synthesis and enrichment of secondary metabolites of commercial interest. In this study, the Amaryllidaceae alkaloid galanthamine was quantified in three Zephyranthes species, such as Zephyranthes candida, Zephyranthes grandiflora, and Zephyranthes citrina, and the impact of the methyl jasmonate (MJ) signaling molecule on galanthamine accumulation was monitored in in vitro-derived plant tissues. This is the first ever study of the MJ-regulated accumulation of galanthamine in in vitro-grown Zephyranthes tissues. Shoot regeneration was obtained in all three Zephyranthes species on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 2.0 mgL−1 benzylaminopurine (BAP) + 0.5 mgL−1 naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). The regenerated shoots were rooted on a medium containing 2.0 mgL−1 indole butyric acid (IBA). A GC-MS study of Zephyranthes extracts revealed the presence of 34 phyto-compounds of varied levels with therapeutic activities against diseases. The galanthamine content was quantified in plant parts of the three Zephyranthes species using high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC); the maximum was found in Z. candida bulb (2.41 µg g−1 dry wt.), followed by Z. grandiflora (2.13 µg g−1 dry wt.), and then Z. citrina (2.02 µg g−1 dry wt.). The galanthamine content showed bulb > leaf > root source order. The in vitro-generated plantlets were treated with different MJ concentrations, and the galanthamine yield was measured in bulb, leaf, and root tissues. The highest galanthamine content was recorded in bulbs of Z. candida (3.97 µg g−1 dry wt.) treated with 150 µM MJ, showing an increase of 64.73% compared to the control. This accumulation may be attributed to MJ-induced stress, highlighting the potential commercial synthesis of galanthamine in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of sumac and molasses on nutrient composition, in vitro degradability and fermentation quality of alfalfa silage. Alfalfa was ensiled in quadruplicate in vacuum jars untreated group (A) or after the following treatments: sumac group at 10% (AS), molasses group at 5% (AM), and sumac (10%) and molasses (5%) group (ASM). Silos (n = 64) were stored for 0, 21, 45 or 60 days. The results showed that dry matter (DM) contents of the AS, AM and ASM groups were statistically higher than the control group (p < 0.001). Only on the 21st day of fermentation the crude ash content of the AS group was found to be significantly higher than the other groups (p < 0.05). In vitro, DM and organic matter degradation values of the AMS group increased significantly (p < 0.001). A significant decrease in alfalfa silage's pH values was determined with sumac and molasses additives (p < 0.001). The ammonia nitrogen (NH3‐N) values of the control, AS, AM and ASM groups at Day 60 were determined as 9.08%, 7.22%, 7.00% and 6.81% respectively (p < 0.05). The water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) values of all groups on the 60th day were significantly decreased compared to the 0th day (p < 0.001). When the groups were evaluated within themselves, there was a statistically significant difference between the 0th and 60th day lactic acid values. The acetic acid content of the A group on the 60th day was found to be significantly higher than the other groups (p < 0.01). There was a significant decrease in propionic acid levels on Days 21, 45 and 60 compared to Day 0 of fermentation (p < 0.001). The highest butyric acid (BA) level was determined in the A group on the 21st, 45th and 60th days of fermentation (p < 0.05). In conclusion, sumac prevents proteolysis depending on its tannin content. It improves silage fermentation positively thanks to its organic acid content, while the molasses additive is effective in silage fermentation, mainly depending on the WSC level. However, it was determined that neither additive could reduce the silage pH to the appropriate value ranges due to the low doses, and they could not mainly prevent the formation of BA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Free fatty acid receptors are involved in colorectal cancer pathophysiology. • Free fatty acid receptor ligands are considered promising antitumor agents. • Polyunsaturated fatty acids have proven anticancer properties. • Butyrate can support conventional therapy against colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death. Currently, dietary factors are being emphasized in the pathogenesis of CRC. There is strong evidence that fatty acids (FAs) and free FA receptors (FFARs) are involved in CRC. This comprehensive review discusses the role of FAs and their receptors in CRC pathophysiology, development, and treatment. In particular, butyrate and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have been found to exert anticancer properties by, among others, inhibiting proliferation and metastasis and inducing apoptosis in tumor cells. Consequently, they are used in conjunction with conventional therapies. Furthermore, FFAR gene expression is down-regulated in CRC, suggesting their suppressive character. Recent studies showed that the FFAR4 agonist, GW9508, can inhibit tumor growth. In conclusion, natural as well as synthetic FFAR ligands are considered promising candidates for CRC therapy. Schematic representation of the role of fatty acids on CRC development. Dietary fat components, mainly SCFAs (such as butyrate) and PUFAs, influence the risk of CRC through several mechanisms, such as inhibition of cell proliferation, maintenance of intestinal barrier, immune system modulation, epigenetic modification, and induction of apoptosis and autophagy. It is proven that free fatty acid receptors are involved in these mechanisms. Abbreviations: CRC, colorectal cancer; FFAR, free fatty acid receptor; HDACs, histone deacetylases; LCFAs, long chain fatty acids; PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids; SCFAs, short chain fatty acids. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beneficial effects of physical activity (PA) on gut microbiome have been reported, nevertheless the findings are inconsistent, with the main limitation of subjective methods for assessing PA. It is well accepted that using an objective assessment of PA reduces the measurement error and also allows objective assessment of sedentary behavior (SB). We aimed to study the associations between accelerometer‐assessed behaviors (i.e., SB, light‐intensity physical activity [LPA] and moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity [MVPA]) with the gut microbiome using compositional data analysis, a novel approach that enables to study these behaviors accounting for their inter‐dependency. This cross‐sectional study included 289 women from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. Physical activity was measured during 14 days by wrist‐worn accelerometers. Analyses based on the combined effect of MVPA and SB, and compositional data analyses in association with the gut microbiome data were performed. The microbial alpha‐ and beta‐diversity were not significantly different between the MVPA‐SB groups, and no differentially abundant microorganisms were detected. Compositional data analysis did not show any significant associations between any movement behavior (relative to the others) on microbial alpha‐diversity. Butyrate‐producing bacteria such as Agathobacter and Lachnospiraceae CAG56 were significantly more abundant when reallocating time from LPA or SB to MVPA (γ = 0.609 and 0.113, both p‐values = 0.007). While PA and SB were not associated with microbial diversity, we found associations of these behaviors with specific gut bacteria, suggesting that PA of at least moderate intensity (i.e., MVPA) could increase the abundance of short‐chain fatty acid–producing microbes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of negative energy balance (NEB) on perinatal ewes, with a focus on changes in growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, rumen fermentation, ruminal bacteria composition, placental phenotype‐related indicators, and expression levels of genes related to placental function. Twenty ewes at 130 days of gestation were randomly allocated to either the positive energy balance (PEB) or NEB groups. In the experiment, ewes in the PEB group were fed the same amount as their intake during the pre‐feeding baseline period, while ewes in the NEB group were restricted to 70% of their individual baseline feed intake. The experiment was conducted until 42 days postpartum, and five double‐lamb ewes per group were selected for slaughter. The results demonstrated that NEB led to a significant decrease in body weight, carcass weight, and the birth and weaning weights of lambs (P < 0.05). Additionally, NEB caused alterations in serum biochemical parameters, such as increased non‐esterified fatty acids and β‐hydroxybutyrate levels and decreased cholesterol and albumin levels (P < 0.05). Rumen fermentation and epithelial parameters were also affected, with a reduction in the concentrations of acetic acid, butyric acid, total acid and a decrease in the length of the rumen papilla (P < 0.05). Moreover, NEB induced changes in the structure and composition of ruminal bacteria, with significant differences in α‐diversity indices and rumen microbial community composition (P < 0.05). Gene expression in rumen papilla and ewe placenta was also affected, impacting genes associated with glucose and amino acid transport, proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis (P < 0.05). These findings screened the key microbiota in the rumen of ewes following NEB and highlighted the critical genes associated with rumen function. Furthermore, this study revealed the impact of NEB on placental function in ewes, providing a foundation for investigating how nutrition in ewes influences reproductive performance. This research demonstrates how nutrition regulates reproductive performance by considering the combined perspectives of rumen microbiota and placental function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current work, the analyti cal static gravimetric technique was used to assess the solubilities of DL-α-amino butyric acid and DL-valine in an aqueous binary solvent mixture of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) under equilibrium saturation conditions in between temperature range 288.15 and 308.15 K. Different thermodynamic factors along with transfer Gibbs energetics and entropies under standard conditions were estimated by using computational as well as theoretical method by using the experimental solubilities. Several modes of interactions that occur during solvation were also explained. The manner that solvent molecules of solute amino acids are surrounded in the aforementioned medium employed during the process is taken into consideration. Amino acids become more soluble as the temperature rises. The study also helps us to reach the conclusion that physical properties of electrolyte (Na2SO4), mixed solvent, and the size of the amino acids' molecules are the main governing factors for the chemical stability as well as other thermodynamic and physical property like solubility of solute amino acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Laminaria japonica polysaccharide, which is an important bioactive substance of Laminaria japonica with anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In this study, the molecular weight, functional groups and surface morphology were investigated to evaluate the digestive properties of Laminaria japonica polysaccharide before and after steam explosion.The results indicated that the Laminaria japonica polysaccharide entered the large intestine to be utilized by the gut microbiota after passing through the oral, gastric and small intestinal. Meanwhile, Laminaria japonica polysaccharide of steam explosion promoted the growth of beneficial bacteria Phascolarctobacterium and Intestinimonas, and increased the content of acetic, propionic and butyric acids, which was 2.29‐folds, 2.60‐folds and 1.63‐folds higher than the control group after 48 h of fermentation.This study reveals that the effect of steam explosion pretreatment on the digestion in vitro and gut microbiota of Laminaria japonica polysaccharide will provide a basic theoretical basis for the potential application of Laminaria japonica polysaccharide as a prebiotic in the food industry. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the impact of wilted and unwilted silage on various parameters, such as nutrient content, fermentation quality, bacterial populations, and digestibility. Methods: Thirty-six studies from Scopus were included in the database and analyzed using a random effects model in OpenMEE software. The studies were grouped into two categories: wilting silage (experiment group) and non-wilting silage (control group). Publication bias was assessed using a fail-safe number. Results: The results showed that wilting before ensiling significantly increased the levels of dry matter, water-soluble carbohydrates, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber, compared to non-wilting silage (p<0.05). However, wilting significantly decreased dry matter losses, lactic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid, and ammonia levels (p<0.05). The pH, crude protein, and ash contents remained unaffected by the wilting process. Additionally, the meta-analysis revealed no significant differences in bacterial populations, including lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and aerobic bacteria, or in vitro dry matter digestibility between the two groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Wilting before ensiling significantly improved silage quality by increasing dry matter and water-soluble carbohydrates, as well as reducing dry matter losses, butyric acid, and ammonia. Importantly, wilting did not have a significant impact on pH, crude protein, or in vitro dry matter digestibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus trifoliate fruit (also known as Trifoliate orange) is one of the commercially-cultivated Citrus genus of plants belonging to the Rutaceae family. It has been traditionally-utilized in treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. However, the scientific evidence verifying this utilization needs further elucidation. Characterization of the bioactive constituents of C. trifoliata L. fruits extract and evaluating its effect on Parkinson's disease (PD) model. Rats were classified into 5 groups; control, PD, PD-treated by L-dopa/Carpidopa and PD-treated by oral Citrus trifoliata L. fruits extract (50 and 100 mg/kg). Deterioration in brain functions was evaluated through an in vivo open field, grid and catalepsy tests. The study also assessed the striatal neurotransmitters, oxidative stress markers and histopathological changes. Citrus trifoliata L. fruit extract has revealed motor improvement comparable to L-dopa and carbidopa. It has also effectively-improved oxidative stress via reduction of striatal malondialdehyde & nitric oxide along with replenishment of the striatal glutathione and superoxide dismutase. The extract caused significant reduction of the striatal myeloperoxidase activity and restoration of dopamine, γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), and acetylcholinesterase. This effect was further confirmed by amelioration of neuronal apoptosis, microgliosis and peri-neuronal vacuolation. Metabolite profiling revealed 40 constituents, with flavonoids representing the main identified class. The neuro-protective effect of Citrus trifoliata extract was achieved through the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of its flavonoids, particularly hesperidin and naringin. This neuro-protective effect was evident at the behavioral, histological and neurotransmitter levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poultry production plays a significant role in meeting the everincreasing global demand for animal protein. In recent years, poultry nutritionists have shown considerable interest in alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters, including organic acids. One of these alternatives is butyric acid, which exhibits antimicrobial activity, lowers the pH of intestinal contents, and reduces the abundance of pathogenic microorganisms. Various forms of butyric acid (such as salts, coated salts, and butyric acid glycerides) are utilised in poultry practice, each differing in effectiveness, bioavailability, stability and targeted release within the gastrointestinal tract. This article provides a comprehensive review of research on the effects of different forms of butyric acid on the functional status of the gastrointestinal tract, nutrient digestibility, slaughter value and production performance in poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of additives on the nutritional value of fermented vinegar residue. Molasses, urea, and wheat bran were added to the vinegar residue fermentation system as a carbon source, nitrogen source, and a combined source of both carbon and nitrogen, respectively. Molasses was added at the following proportions: 0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5%, urea at 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%, and wheat bran at 0, 5, 10 and 15%. Fermentation was performed using five strains of fermenting bacteria in laboratory silage bags. After four weeks, the quality of vinegar residue fermentation was evaluated using sensory index, pH value, raw ash, and crude protein contents, as well as levels of ammonia-nitrogen and short-chain fatty acids (including lactic, acetic, propionic, and butyric acids). The results revealed that the addition of 3 and 4.5% molasses significantly improved the pH value, and lactic acid concentration in the vinegar residue (P < 0.05). The addition of 4.5% urea significantly increased the pH value, lactic acid concentration, ash and crude protein contents, while decreasing the acetic acid concentration in the vinegar residue (P < 0.05). The inclusion of 15% wheat bran significantly elevated the sensory index and crude protein content, but reduced the pH value, dry matter content and acetic acid concentration in the vinegar residue (P < 0.05). So, the nutritional quality of vinegar residue can be improved by incorporating carbon and nitrogen sources into the fermentation system. The addition of 15% wheat bran appears to be an optimal choice for stimulating vinegar residue fermentation, surpassing the effectiveness of utilising carbon (molasses) and nitrogen (urea) sources individually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of condensed tannin (Quebracho Colorado) supplementation on milk yield and composition, intake, blood and rumen parameters, and digestibility in early–lactating dairy cows. Twenty–four cows were assigned to three groups: control (CON, n = 8), T1 (60 g of tannin, n = 8) and T2 (120 g of tannin, n = 8). Milk yield was recorded twice daily (at 08:00 and 16:00). Blood and rumen fluid samples were collected on days 0, 15 and 30 for the analysis of ammonia, pH, volatile fatty acids and blood metabolic profile. Over the last 5 days, faecal samples were collected to determine digestibility and conduct wet sieving particle size evaluation. The results showed no significant differences between the T1 and T2 groups in terms of milk yield, but both groups had higher milk yield than the CON group (P < 0.05). The energy–corrected milk yield (ECMY) and ECMY to dry matter intake (DMI) ratio (ECMY/DMI) were the highest in the supplemented groups. Blood analysis revealed higher blood Ca levels in CON than T1, and lower Mg levels in CON compared to T2. Protein digestibility was the highest in the T2 group. Rumen ammonia levels were the highest in the CON group and the lowest in the T2 group (P < 0.05). Acetic, propionic and butyric acid levels increased in the T1 and T2 groups. Faecal sample from the T2 group had lower particle retention on the second (middle) sieve (P < 0.05). So, the addition of 60 and 120 g of tannin exerted a positive effect on milk yield, feed utilisation, ruminal ammonia, volatile fatty acids, milk parameters, and protein digestibility. Therefore, quebracho tannin can be considered as a potential means to mitigate the effects of negative energy balance in dairy cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the production of short chain fatty acids(SCFAs), and antimicrobial activity exhibited by Lactobacillus strains for potential dietary application in-vitro conditions. Probiotic strains can exert positive effects on human health by various mechanisms, among which the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA). All the SCFA, mainly acetic, propionic and butyric acid, display beneficial effects on human health; SCFA are the most interesting for its role in the prevention and treatment of colonic diseases. Probiotic microbiota plays a vital role in gastrointestinal health and takes other beneficial attributes such as antimicrobial and antibiotic agents. In this study, a total of 10 traditional milk samples were collected from the Southern regions of Tamil Nadu, India. 55 bacterial isolates were isolated based on their sustainability in the gut environment and based on their antagonistic and antioxidant capacity. A series of established in vitro tests were conducted to determine the probiotic potential of isolates. These tests include bile salt tolerance, antibiotic resistance, ability to survive at a lower pH range. From the results 9 bacterial strains showed good antagonistic and antioxidant activity than other strains. Lactobacillus bacteria were identified to genus level by using Lactobacillus specific primers and detected by PCR analysis. Out of these 55 beneficial strains 38 bacterial strains were identified as Lactic acid bacteria and come under the genus Lactobacillus. In this study, the ability of potentially probiotic traditional milk isolated chosen lactic acid bacteria CU31, TG 18, TM 6 to produce SCFA, directly through the production of lactic acid, was investigated. Acetic, lactic, Propionic and butyric acids were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, All the tested strains were confirmed by FTIR analysis. This study suggested that the use of these probiotics may be suitable as an alternative bio prophylactic and bio therapeutic strategy for colon cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article systematically explores the strengthening effect of NaOH dosage on the fermentation acid production of Waste Activated Sludge (WAS) by the rhamnolipids‐alkali‐thermal combined pretreatment. Analyzed the dissolution characteristics of organic matter in sludge, changes in total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) content and components, and microbial community structure. Research has shown that increasing the amount of NaOH can promote the dissolution of sludge extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and cell lysis. When NaOH dose was 60 mg/g VS, the dissolution of SCOD was the largest, reaching 5427.78 mg/L. It provides high‐quality substrate for anaerobic flora through the decomposition of refractory humus‐like substances and macromolecular substances, thus improving the production of VFAs. When NaOH dose was 80 mg/g VS, the maximum VFAs yield was 1663.76 mg C/L, and the fermentation type was butyric acid. The increase of NaOH dose promotes the effective enrichment of bacteria, and the dominant bacteria are Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroides at the gate level, with different abundance. The fermentation time plays a decisive role in the evolution of microbial population, and the increase of NaOH dose promotes the enrichment of acid‐producing bacteria, thus improving the production of VFAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an antineoplastic drug widely used in chemotherapy. Curcumin (CUR) and piperine (PP) show a protective effect on neurodegenerative and neurological diseases. This research was designed to measure several biochemical parameters in the brain tissue of CP‐applied rats to investigate the impact of combined CUR–PP administration. The study evaluated six groups of eight rats: Group 1 was the control; Groups 2 and 3 were administered 200 or 300 mg/kg CUR‐PP via oral gavage; Group 4 received only 200 mg/kg CP on day 1; Groups 5 and 6 received CP + CUR‐PP for 7 days. Data from all parameters indicated that CP caused brain damage. Phosphorylated TAU (pTAU), amyloid‐beta peptide 1–42 (Aβ1–42), glutamate (GLU), and gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) parameters were the same in Groups 4, 5, and 6. On the other hand, 8‐hydroxy‐2‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG), nitric oxide (NO), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), nuclear factor kappa beta (NF‐kβ), malondialdehyde (MDA), and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) levels in the CP + CUR‐PP groups were lower than those in the CP group (p < 0.05). However, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and reduced glutathione (GSH) parameters were higher in the CP + CUR‐PP groups compared to the CP group (p < 0.05). It is thought that the similarity of Groups 5 and 6 with Group 4 in Aβ1–42, pTAU, GLU, and GABA parameters hinder the determination of treatment protection however, they might have a therapeutic effect if the applied dose or study duration were changed. This study attempted to evaluate the effects of a CUR–PP combination on CP‐induced brain damage in rats by measuring biochemical parameters and performing histopathological examinations. Based on the findings, this CUR–PP combination could be considered an alternative medicine option in cases with conditions similar to those evaluated in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]