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This article critically analyzes the influence of gendered ascriptions and assumptions upon support offered by female business incubation (BI) managers to female STEM entrepreneurs. We draw upon the concept of nudges to illustrate how female managers guide female clients to behave, so as to navigate gendered challenges during the investment-readiness (IR) process. Using an interpretive ontology and social constructionist feminist epistemology, we draw upon in-depth, semi-structured interviews with female BI managers and female STEM entrepreneur clients. The findings illustrate that the gendered BI context encourages gender-aware managers to nudge clients towards behaviours congruent with prevailing masculinized norms, navigating rather than challenging gender-bias, to secure investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – This article aims to conduct a bibliometric study using structural and relational approaches amongst the extracted documents and investigates the connections between business incubation and entrepreneurship-related papers to describe the field comprehensively. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 259 articles have been retrieved from Scopus database in order to conduct the bibliometric analysis. Performance analysis and science mapping techniques of bibliometrics have been used along with data visualisation software, i.e. VOSviewer and RStudio. The network collaboration and intellectual structures, i.e. bibliographic coupling, co-occurrence analysis, word cloud and trending topics, have been presented to identify the field’s latest trends, themes and development. Findings – The findings highlight annual publication trends, including the most frequently cited articles, the most productive authors, countries and highly influential journals that contribute the most to the said field. The intellectual structures have been developed to identify research themes and trends by running co-occurrence analysis and bibliographic coupling. The findings of this study emphasize the value of technology transfer, mentorship programmes, entrepreneurship education and an emphasis on innovation and creativity through entrepreneurial universities and academia. These findings provide policymakers and administrative officials with crucial guidance for fortifying the pillars of entrepreneurship and education for the comprehensive development of the economy. Further, this article attempts to identify the most influential and relevant publications as well as the newest trends in the area of business incubation in combination with entrepreneurship. Research limitations/implications – The article contributes not only to broaden the scope of knowledge on the said research discipline but also to comprehend how the field has evolved over a period of time. This study also attracts the interest of scholars/academicians, leading to the significant production of scholarly documents in business incubation and entrepreneurship. Practical implications – The field of entrepreneurship and business incubation is one of the important pillars for the growth and development of the economy. This piece contributes to this arena by focusing on the areas that must be taken care of by developing the entrepreneurial ecosystem and fostering the progress of startups. The fundamentals of this research highlight the importance of mentorship programs, entrepreneurship education, technology transfer and a focus on innovation and creativity through entrepreneurial education and efforts by universities/academia, giving an important direction to the policymakers and administration for strengthening the pillar of entrepreneurship and education for the holistic development of the economy. Originality/value – Business incubation is an emerging field of academic research connected to startups, venture formation and entrepreneurship ecosystems, making it a potential scholarly discipline. This study presents a thorough bibliometric analysis over the last three decades, offering comprehensive details on the most significant developments in the field of business incubation. Moreover, the various analytical methods applied to this study make it more attractive.

Background: Business incubators have evolved over four generations with an essential services spectrum used to classify the depth and quality of incubation. The essential services can be classified into five spectrums: physical resource provision, secretarial-administrative service provision, access to financial resources, start-up assistance and networking for legitimacy. By delivering these essential services, business incubators attempt to achieve start-up and growth amongst weak-but-promising entrepreneurs. Objectives: It is the purpose of this study to measure which essential service spectrums South African business incubators offer over four generations and compare it to international best practice. Method: A qualitative research methodology was followed. Interviews (832 minutes thereof) were recorded, transcribed, and thematically coded, and findings were reported. The sample consisted of 16 incubator managers from 16 distinct incubators within the borders of South Africa. Convenience, purposive and snowball sampling were employed to recruit participants. Participating incubators represented the provinces of Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, the Eastern Cape, the Western Cape, the Northern Cape and Limpopo. No participants were from the Mpumalanga, North West or Free State provinces. Results: Findings showed that two incubators within the sample should be classified as strong business incubators, offering the full-service spectrum according to international standards. One incubator within the sample should be classified as weak, offering four essential service spectrums. The remaining participants within the sample should not be classified as business incubators, as they offer three or fewer spectrums of essential services. None of the incubators within the sample participated in comprehensive fourth-generation incubation, as co-incubation was absent from the sample. Conclusion: The study makes suggestions towards the upskilling of business incubator mentors, coaches and consultants, and the provision of physical resources and financial services to enhance the start-up and growth of incubates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the effectiveness of business incubation in fostering entrepreneurship, particularly examining the discrepancies between perceived and actual services provided to agri-business units in India. Data were collected from 30 incubation centers and 450 agri-business units, focusing on management and financial assistance. Results indicate that incubation centers rate their services highly, whereas agri-business units express lower satisfaction, especially regarding management assistance and financial assistance. T-test and ANOVA results reveal significant perception gaps. Recommendations include improving communication, implementing regular feedback mechanisms, enhancing service quality, and ensuring better access to funding. Addressing these gaps is essential for the growth and sustainability of agri-business ventures in India, aligning incubation services with the needs of agripreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of business incubation systems on family businesses in African economies has not been thoroughly investigated despite the potential contribution of family businesses to Africa's economic expansion and the attainment of development goals outlined in the Africa Development Agenda 2063 and the Sustainable Development Goals. Therefore, this study investigates the potential benefits that family businesses in Africa can derive from engaging in business incubation. This study utilised an integrative literature review methodology to investigate the research question. Twenty-three peer-reviewed articles were systematically selected from the Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases using the following combination of phrases: "family business" and either "business incubation" or "business incubator". The findings suggest ways to create a mutually beneficial relationship between family businesses and business incubators to improve long-term sustainability, promote collaboration, facilitate knowledge transfer, and foster an entrepreneurial ecosystem. It also recognises challenges, such as cultural alignment in family businesses. Business incubators in Africa can improve the sustainability of family businesses, such as during the succession, by offering support, resources, and guidance. The South African experience is a role model for the rest of the continent, in this regard. Future research should broaden the sources beyond the three databases utilised, including non-peer-reviewed sources such as grey literature, and extend the focus beyond developing economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research investigates the role and significance of incubators in Morocco’s entrepreneurial ecosystem, specifically in relation to the FORSA-2022 program. It focuses on how incubators establish mutually beneficial relationships with entrepreneurs to overcome obstacles to sustained innovation. As a crucial link between entrepreneurs and the external environment, incubators provide essential support. This is a case study, which presents a comprehensive exploration of a prominent regional incubator situated in Casablanca. The investigation delves into the intricacies of executing the government’s FORSA-2022 program, closely analyzing the challenges faced by accelerators. Additionally, the study delves into the hurdles experienced by project initiators, which act as barriers to the successful realization of their endeavors. This analysis marks an initial stride towards strengthening the role of incubators for more performance and profitability in order to create strategies that can effectively improve the competitive strength of start-ups in Morocco.

The study analyzes the development of business incubation literature in South Africa. The VOSviewer software was used to perform the bibliometric analysis of 44 articles on business incubation in South Africa conducted between 1996 and 2023 that were obtained from the Scopus database. The study has also revealed literature on business incubation started to appear in 1996 in South Africa. The study's keyword co-occurrence analysis also revealed that the following words had the most occurrences and were clustered into the following: entrepreneurship and business incubation, business incubators and effectiveness, entrepreneurial education and informal Business, SMEs and start-up, business and sustainability, and business development and competitiveness. The study sorts the articles based on the following indicators: number of documents published in a year, eminent authors and keyword cooccurrence, which identified six categories of the most prominent research themes being covered by articles reviewed. The study only used articles that were written in English language only. Therefore, future research should consider articles written in other languages and expand the study to other regions, continents, and even global scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Business incubators (BIs) are considered enablers of the entrepreneurial ecosystem, however there remains a lack of consensus as to whether incubators are effective or even as to how incubator efficacy should be measured. Aim: This study seeks to develop a consolidated framework for measuring the efficacy of BIs using stakeholder theory as its theoretical basis. This study set out to answer the following research questions: What is the relevance of stakeholder theory to incubator efficacy measurement? What stakeholder groups are relevant to BIs in South Africa? What relationships between stakeholder groups and perspectives on BI efficacy exist that would underpin a framework for measuring incubator efficacy? Setting: Empirical research was conducted with BIs operating within South Africa, with various incubator types, contexts and industry focus included in the study. Methods: A sample of nine incubator managers were interviewed as part of this exploratory qualitative study, demonstrating the breadth of the incubator industry in South Africa. Results: A framework comprising two distinct but related perspectives on incubator efficacy is proposed. Further to this, two additional concepts – incubator-stakeholder conflict and restrictive incubator context – were identified. Conclusion: This study proposes a consolidated framework for measuring the efficacy of BIs, considering a variety of stakeholder perspectives, and may inform policymakers regarding business incubation in the future. Contribution: This study identifies and defines incubator-stakeholder conflict as a concept, making a theoretical contribution to the field. Additionally, the study proposes a comprehensive stakeholder-based framework proposed for measuring incubator efficacy.

This research was conducted with the aim of improving and strengthening the quality of existing Human Resources in developing Small and Medium Industries (IKM), namely in the batik industry in Jatipelem Village, Diwek District, Jombang Regency. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. The main problems found in this study are the absence of special design characteristics for Jatipelem batik, a lack of understanding of the concept of organizational management, a lack of capital for SMEs, the role of batik associations is not optimal, and digital sales are not optimal. The results of the study show that training and mentoring programs are needed in order to improve the quality of existing human resources, which include batik product design training, organizational management training, Business Model Canvas (BMC) training, IKM financial training, and digital marketing training.

Research studies by academics, financial experts and development economists have all harped on the imperativeness of promoting the establishment of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) as an instrument for the economic development and engine of growth, as well as employment generation. However, various countries employ various strategies in promoting SMEs. One such strategy is the Business Incubation Strategy, where potential entrepreneurs which cut across the broad spectrum of the economic sector, from the production of goods and services like tourism; are attached to well established businesses to learn and imbibe the rudiment of the business for a specified period. They are then given financial and logistics support for their start-ups; having learned the nitty-gritty of the trade. This paper is conceived to look at the influence of Business Incubation Services as a strategy in driving the performance of SMEs in the Tourism Industry in South Africa.

The roles and positive impacts of business incubators, including virtual ones, in promoting entrepreneurship and innovation in multiple industries, and their consequent contributions to fostering sustainable economic growth and social development, have been highly advocated in the extant literature. Nonetheless, several authors highlight the urgent need to further carry out research concerning these structures' operation models by involving end users, since knowledge related to this phenomenon remains scant. This study sets out to convey the third phase of a broader research and development project following a design science research methodology. Ultimately, this contributes to the field by proposing a new virtual business incubator model with immediate practical applicability. This model was cocreated and validated with 23 incubator managers and startup founders from 15 business incubation centers during focus group sessions and organized into 8 dimensions concluded as fundamental in future digital incubation programs. Moreover, this study offers knowledgeable guidelines to support academics, practitioners, organization managers, or other professionals interested in building and running virtual business incubators. The main strengths and weaknesses of the proposed model are also highlighted, and several recommendations are provided to surpass the expected challenging stages of its implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The failure of the majority of start-ups in the Tanzanian tourism sector is mainly due to the inadequate business incubation services in the country. Through qualitative method, this study suggests a model for establishing tourism incubation centres in Tanzania with a pilot in Arusha, Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar. An initial three-year implementation needs to be considered and it will require strong collaboration and cooperation among different stakeholders, working together to support and grow tourism MSMEs in the country. This study will guide the adaption of the business incubation approach in the tourism sector. Business incubation will contribute to a broader goal of establishing, sustaining and developing tourism MSMEs that will lead to economic prosperity in Tanzania. The study is an early wake up call for policy and decision makers to consider adapting business incubation as a tool for transforming MSMEs in the tourism sector in Tanzania.

Copyright of Hotel & Tourism Management is the property of Faculty of Hotel Management & Tourism in Vrnjacka Banja and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Business incubators have been highlighted as vital contributors and value-creation organizations to entrepreneurs during their venture developments by offering them multiple resources and specialized support. Notwithstanding, several authors call attention to the significant literature gap concerning research focusing on entrepreneurs' daily lived incubation experiences to understand their perspectives on incubators. This study aims to explore which aspects are perceived as creating value or limiting the venture development of 16 founders of technology-based startups by interviewing them. Ultimately, it contributes valuable insights about incubation factors that enhance or hinder their overall incubation experience. It suggests that entrepreneurs consider intangible resources and social and relational aspects as the most enriching dimensions of their incubation experiences and concludes with the services they consider to be more important. Moreover, it also reveals negative aspects of the incubation experience, mostly related to the nonregular periodicity of mentoring sessions, training events provided by external entities, and issues while using services provided by external incubators' partners. Several recommendations for enhancing the incubation experience, managerial implications, and opportunities for further research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world, technology has taken a place so drastically that everything is being digitalized. Universities play a critical role in promoting entrepreneurship, providing the right entrepreneurial education, and contributing to economic and social development. However, few studies have examined the role of business incubators in universities. Therefore, the study explores the status of entrepreneurship education and incubation services and the effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy on supporting digital entrepreneurship intention among the students at public and private universities in Jordan. Eighty-one students’ responses were received from three universities through an online questionnaire. The result of multiple linear regression confirmed that there is a significant and positive relationship between digital entrepreneurship intention and each of the following factors: entrepreneurship education, business incubation, and entrepreneurial self-efficacy. The study findings contribute to the current literature of digital entrepreneurship, by representing the significance of universities supporting systems in stimulating the students to start their own online businesses.

Copyright of Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The term “business incubator” (BI) has become an accepted neologism among academics, practitioners, and policymakers. This is despite the lack of an agreed definition amongst scholars of what exactly constitutes a BI. Using a systematic literature review methodology, we identify and analyze definitions of BIs used in published academic research papers and practice papers over a 35-year period. In this article, we undertake a thematic analysis, using the software package NVivo, of 82 academic and 14 practice definitions used in 61 publications. Our analysis shows that definitions of BIs are constructed around three core themes: the business incubation model; the purpose of the incubator; and the target of support provided by the incubator. By identifying both consistencies and inconsistencies in existing definitions, we provide a more nuanced understanding of the heterogeneity that underlies the organizational form referred to as a BI. We conclude by proposing an agenda for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of business incubation in fostering entrepreneurship and SMEs development has generated a strong interest among policymakers in recent years. Even among scholars, there is a general consensus that entrepreneurship is pivotal to economic growth in both developing and developed countries. This study investigated the role of business incubators on entrepreneurship and SMEs development in Nigeria. The population of this study comprised of 60 incubatees in Oyo and Lagos State National Board of Technological Beneficiaries (NBTI). Yamane formula was employed to determine the sample size. The sample size for this research study was 60 respondents (30 incubatees in Oyo State and 30 incubatees in Lagos State). The sampling validity was used to access the validity of the data. The study made use of statistical tools which include: analysis of variance (ANOVA) and correlation efficient in testing hypotheses where applicable. The responds gotten from the questionnaire was sorted, coded and the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for the analysis. This study found that business incubation coaching has a positive significant on human capital management towards entrepreneurship performance and also revealed that incubation business knowledge has a positive significant on the sales turnover level of entrepreneurship performance. This research has shown that 70% of the all startup ventures that survive the first three years of operations passed through the incubation programs. The study recommended that the incubation centers should emphasize more on their coaching and technical knowledge, as the result of findings shows that coaching and technical knowledge acquisition contributes 61.3% and 73.6% respectively towards entrepreneurship performance in terms of human capital management and their productivity performance level.

During the last 20 years, there has been an increased interest among academics and practitioners in the area of business incubation. However, limited attention has been devoted to developing a comprehensive framework that can measure business incubators' performances. Therefore, there is an urgent need for an appropriate, robust and useable performance framework. In this paper, we present a comprehensive framework using a weighted fuzzy inference system for business incubation centres' (BIC) performance measurement. The proposed approach utilises the input of a Delphi panel to identify criteria and subcriteria. Then a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process is used to weigh the criteria. Subsequently, a weighted fuzzy inference system is developed and applied to provide results based on the identified criteria and subcriteria. To show the proficiency and applicability of the proposed framework, a case study of Irish BICs is applied. The comprehensive performance measurement framework presented in this paper provides for accurate evaluation and monitoring across six criteria. The six criteria are facilities and infrastructure; clients; networking and marketing; products and services; finance; and human capital. The results show that although most of the BICs focus on facilities and infrastructure, there is a need to concentrate more on factors such as networking, marketing and finance. The detailed approach presented in this paper can be used by academics and practitioners who wish to apply fuzzy inference systems to performance measurement. In addition, the results from our pilot can be used by BIC managers and policymakers to improve performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research studies by academics, financial experts and development economists have all harped on the imperativeness of promoting the establishment of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) as an instrument for the economic development and engine of growth, as well as employment generation. However, various countries employ various strategies in promoting SMEs. One such strategy is the Business Incubation Strategy, where potential entrepreneurs which cut across the broad spectrum of the economic sector, from the production of goods and services like tourism; are attached to well established businesses to learn and imbibe the rudiment of the business for a specified period. They are then given financial and logistics support for their start-ups; having learned the nitty-gritty of the trade. This paper is conceived to look at the influence of Business Incubation Services as a strategy in driving the performance of SMEs in the Tourism Industry in South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Objective of the study: To identify incubator managers' understanding and perspectives on the phenomenon of frugal innovation in these institutions. Methodology/approach: This is a qualitative research of exploratory nature, with data collection carried out through semi-structured interviews. The interview transcripts were analyzed using categorization and Similarity Analysis using the Iramuteq software. Originality/Relevance: Given the importance of frugal innovation and its impact on product and service development, it is worth studying this phenomenon in environments that naturally disseminate innovation, since there are still questions to be explored. Main results: The results demonstrate that the term frugal is not used in the day-to-day incubators, however, it was verified the existence of the practice of frugal innovation in these environments. It is concluded that there is a prevalence of a positive view of managers about this type of innovation and that the practice of frugal innovation in the development of products and services is considered a competitive advantage for the incubated ventures. Theoretical and methodological contributions: Contributes to a future research agenda with the themes: of frugal innovation practices; Mobilizing frugal innovation by the lack of resources and; Frugal innovation through apps in technology incubators. Contributions to management: This research allows incubator managers to understand the aspects involving the theme so that they can develop strategic actions for their incubators using frugal innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, temporary urban activities are conceived as a strategic planning tool for both private investors and urban governments. This study discuss the potential of such urban activities to serve as incubation space for small-scale urban-based entrepreneurship. The analysis indicates that short-term arrangements and low establishment costs appeal to small-scale entrepreneurs who want to try out a business idea without major initial investment risks. Also, the study shows that a focused effort to establish a solid network structure to tap into, as well as informal network relations between the individual entrepreneurs, are prerequisites if temporary urban activities are to facilitate sustainable businesses. Thus, the study finds that temporary urban activities can serve as incubator spaces if the right supporting structures are in place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The entrepreneurial orientation (EO) literature verifies its positive relationship with firm performance; nonetheless, its degree relies on certain factors. This study uses the knowledge-based view to develop and test a model of how start-ups can enhance their entrepreneurial orientation (EO) in incubator environments. Based on the concept of dynamic capabilities and strategic fit, this study proposes that absorptive capacity (ACAP) plays a role in catalyzing EO to yield performance outcomes. Only when start-ups combine existing resources with the absorptive capacity to make use of their strategic decisions, can they achieve a higher EO. The research model is empirically validated using survey data from 304 start-ups of various technology incubators in India. Our research evidence prove that ACAP improves the relationship between EO and performance in incubator environments. Further, we discuss implications for theory and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In developing countries business incubators (BIs) have become a key catalyst for the flourishment of new ventures, due to overall weak financial health and opportunities for the startups. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of BIs in Pakistan and identify areas that need improvement. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study adopts a mixed-method approach of social science research, using a cross-sectional survey of BI tenants in Pakistan (n=100), triangulated with the help of in-depth interviews of key stakeholders of BIs (n=12). Data from cross-sectional survey were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Paired Samples T-test methods. Data from interview responses were analyzed with the help of MAXQDA. Findings: The study shows that the effectiveness of incubation facilities in Pakistan is less than the perceived importance and identifies which facilities tenants are most and least satisfied with. The findings of this study suggest that for BIs to be more effective in creating new ventures and providing employment opportunities, the Pakistani government must take concrete actions. New BI centers must be established to meet the market's demands and an evaluation process for existing BI centers must be implemented. To aid in the creation of new businesses in Pakistan, more university-based BIs should be established. Implications/Originality/Value: The findings of this study are equally useful for the Government of Pakistan, BIs, and fresh startups.

Despite the inexistence (or disintegration) of data and pertinent information this study, conducted in 2015, describes the characteristics of an incubation business model that proposes an integral vision of this ecosystem in Costa Rica. This exploratory study uses typical information collection techniques for the application of a qualitative paradigm with ethnographic elements. In-depth interviews were carried out with business incubator managers holding active projects at public universities in Costa Rica, and a digital questionnaire was sent to incubators managers in Latin American (Chile and Mexico) to compare relevant aspects between incubators. As a result, 81 characteristics were determined and grouped in a model of eight categories: constituent aspects, directive profile, organizational model, management strategies, operational resources, strategic al­liances, project management, and student relationship. Even though common elements are present in incubators, it was also determined that each model has its own identity with multiple distinctive characteristics, such as: an organizational model, an academic model, available resources and stan­dardization processes for potential entrepreneurs.

Today's marketing activities have employed information technology to overcome the challenges of marketing sustainability in getting more resources and meeting greater expectations for building lasting relationships with customers. The ability in e-marketing represents business organizations competence in the use of the internet and other information technology to be able to facilitate effective and efficient interactions with customers. One of the marketing developments is e-Marketing capability. Information technology helps business organizations to be able to carry out online marketing capabilities. Various organizational capabilities in managing electronic-based marketing are based on knowledge sharing by business organizations to improve marketing performance. The purpose of this research is to see the extent of knowledge sharing and e-Marketing capability effect on marketing performance. This research used explanatory with a quantitative approach. The respondents are the students who have products that are marketed in business incubators. The questionnaire was given to 101 respondents with a sampling technique of purposive sampling. The results of the study show that knowledge sharing cannot influence e-Marketing capability, knowledge sharing can influence marketing performance, and e-Marketing capability cannot influence marketing performance.

Innovation ambidexterity is especially complex for young technology-based firms because they are resource-challenged and knowledge deficient in strategic terms; but they possess considerable scope for entrepreneurship. Strategic entrepreneurship may provide a solution. Incubators emerged as a policy solution precisely due to this dilemma. We conceptualise that strategic entrepreneurship, as a synthesis of opportunity-seeking and advantage-seeking behaviours of young technology-based firms, can affect both explorative and exploitative innovation activities in these firms and expect that subsequent innovation ambidexterity affects profitability. Our empirical analyses reveal complex and competing interrelationships that both ease and exacerbate the tensions associated with innovation ambidexterity. We contribute to theory by testing strategic entrepreneurship as it applies to innovation ambidexterity and evidence behaviours that contribute to its foundations. To entrepreneurs and managers, we offer a set of prescriptions for innovation ambidexterity in young firms that accounts for the complementarities between complex and theoretically opposing constructs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studies in Law & Economics / Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne is the property of Lodz Scientific Society / Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)