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Background: Sodium butyrate (SB) used to increase oxidative stress was reduced and the glutathione redox pathway was boosted. It inhibits proliferation, induction of differentiation, and induction or repression of gene expression and it has also anti-inflammatory action. This is endorsed for suppression of nephrotic symptoms. Objectives: The present study was carried out to evaluate the nephroprotective activity of SB on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Materials and Methods: Present research work was designed to estimate pharmacological potential of SB in gentamicin-induced nephrotic disorder. The pharmacological prospective was estimated in gentamicin-induced rats through the oral administration of SB formulation 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg BW. Results: The study observed that the SB significantly protects the kidneys from gentamicin-induced nephrotic disorders. Gentamicin 100 mg/kg for 7 days was used for induction of nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats by intraperitoneal administration. The administration of SB was observed to decrease the occurrence of glomerular congestion, vascular congestion, epithelial desquamation, inflammatory cell build-up, and kidney cell necrosis induced by gentamicin. The dose of SB maintained the gentamicin-induced increased creatinine (0.62±0.05), serum urea (18.10±0.79), uric acid (2.10±0.28), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (17.56±0.55) levels. This fact is further sustained by the histopathological examinations. Conclusion: Sodium butyrate formulation with antinephrotic activity in maintaining uremic solutes such as urea, uric acid, creatinine, BUN, ketone, urobilinogen, glucose, specific gravity, and urine pH in Wistar rats with gentamicin-induced glomerulonephritis (GN). The SB was administered to the animals at doses of 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight. Pretreatment with the drug showed promising results in maintaining elevated parameters in nephritic rats within a short duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A urea quantification method integrated with a pipette-tip-based biosensor and a smartphone was developed for the on-site diagnosis of blood urea nitrogen. When a sample solution containing phenol red is drawn into a pipette tip with urease immobilized on its inner wall, the color of the solution changes owing to an enzymatic reaction. The urea concentration can be quantified by photographing the pipette tip with a smartphone and quantifying the color intensity of the solution. In actual urea measurements, the detection limit (3σ) was estimated to be 1.3 mg/dL, indicating that the method has sufficient performance to quantify urea in serum. Furthermore, the method was found to reduce sample consumption and analysis time to 1/10 and 1/3, respectively, compared with conventional methods using microwell plates. This method requires only a micropipette and a smartphone to carry out measurements and does not require bench-top precision equipment or special training. Therefore, the method is expected to develop into a practical analytical platform for biomarker diagnostics that can be used in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zichen Wang,1– 3,* Wen Wang,1– 3,* Mingqi Wang,1– 3 Qiao He,1– 3 Jiayue Xu,1– 3 Kang Zou,1– 3 Yan Kang,4 Xin Sun1– 3 1Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center and Cochrane China Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; 2NMPA Key Laboratory for Real World Data Research and Evaluation in Hainan, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China; 3Sichuan Center of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China; 4Intensive Care Unit, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Yan Kang; Xin Sun, Email kangyan@scu.edu.cn; sunxin@wchscu.cnObjective: To identify subclasses of acute pancreatitis (AP) patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) by analyzing blood urea nitrogen (BUN) trajectories.Methods: AP patients in West China Hospital System (development cohort) and three public databases in the United States (validation cohort) were included. Latent class trajectory modelling was used to identify subclasses based on BUN trajectories within the first 21 days after ICU admission. Clinical characteristics and outcomes were compared, and results were externally validated.Results: The study comprised 2971 and 930 patients in the development and validation cohorts, respectively, with five subclasses: Class 1 (“Moderate-azotemia, slow decreasing”), Class 2 (“Non-azotemia”), Class 3 (“Severe-azotemia, slow decreasing”), Class 4 (“Moderate-azotemia, rapid increasing”), and Class 5 (‘Moderate-azotemia, slow increasing) identified. Azotemia patients showed significantly higher 30-day mortality risk in development and validation cohorts. Specifically, Class 4 patients exhibited notably highest mortality risk in both the development cohort (HR 5.32, 95% CI 2.62– 10.82) and validation cohort (HR 6.23, 95% CI 2.93– 13.22). Regarding clinical characteristics, AP patients in Class 4 showed lower mean arterial pressure and a higher proportion of renal disease. We also created an online early classification model to further identify Class 4 patients among all patients with moderate azotemia at baseline.Conclusion: This multinational study uncovers heterogeneity in BUN trajectories among AP patients. Patients with “Moderate-azotemia, rapid increasing” trajectory, had a higher mortality risk than patients with severe azotemia at baseline. This finding complements studies that solely rely on baseline BUN for risk stratification and enhanced our understanding of longitudinal progression of AP.Keywords: acute pancreatitis, BUN, trajectories analysis, ICU

Polyethylene terephthalate nanoplastics (PET-NPs) are utilized in the production of medical bionic materials and the packaging of beverages. Betaine is a ubiquitous natural constituent present in organisms such as plants, animals, and microorganisms. So, the current investigation tries to find out if PET-NPs could seriously harm mice's kidneys and whether betaine could have any ameliorative effects. In this study, a total of 40 mice were separated into four groups (ten mice in each): Group I (performed as the control group), Group II (received 1000 mg/kg betaine intraperitoneally), Group III (received 200 mg/kg PET-NPs orally), and Group IV (was given betaine first, and after 1 hour, PET-NPs were given at dosages that were the same as those given to groups II and III, respectively) daily for a month. Serum and kidney samples were collected and processed for biochemical and histological assessments. The current study found that PET-NPs significantly increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and malondialdehyde levels (MDA), while reducing glutathione (GSH) levels. The histological examination revealed multiple histopathological alterations. The PET-NPs-exposed group demonstrated renal corpuscle hypotrophy, a loss of cellular structure in some proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and distal convoluted tubules (DCT). The renal medulla exhibits hyalinization, congestion, and degeneration of collecting tubules. Conversely, the pre-administration of betaine results in a decline in BUN, creatinine, and MDA concentrations. Furthermore, there is a rise in GSH levels, and the group pretreated with betaine showed significant improvement in kidney architecture, with the renal cortex showing almost normal architecture and the collecting tubules in the renal medulla slightly improving. In conclusion, betaine showed a promising nephroprotective effect against PET-NP-induced toxicity

Polyethylene terephthalate nanoplastics (PET-NPs) are utilized in the production of medical bionic materials and the packaging of beverages. Betaine is a ubiquitous natural constituent present in organisms such as plants, animals, and microorganisms. So, the current investigation tries to find out if PET-NPs could seriously harm mice's kidneys and whether betaine could have any ameliorative effects. In this study, a total of 40 mice were separated into four groups (ten mice in each): Group I (performed as the control group), Group II (received 1000 mg/kg betaine intraperitoneally), Group III (received 200 mg/kg PET-NPs orally), and Group IV (was given betaine first, and after 1 hour, PET-NPs were given at dosages that were the same as those given to groups II and III, respectively) daily for a month. Serum and kidney samples were collected and processed for biochemical and histological assessments. The current study found that PET-NPs significantly increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and malondialdehyde levels (MDA), while reducing glutathione (GSH) levels. The histological examination revealed multiple histopathological alterations. The PET-NPs-exposed group demonstrated renal corpuscle hypotrophy, a loss of cellular structure in some proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and distal convoluted tubules (DCT). The renal medulla exhibits hyalinization, congestion, and degeneration of collecting tubules. Conversely, the pre-administration of betaine results in a decline in BUN, creatinine, and MDA concentrations. Furthermore, there is a rise in GSH levels and the group pretreated with betaine showed significant improvement in kidney architecture, with the renal cortex showing almost normal architecture and the collecting tubules in the renal medulla slightly improving. In conclusion, betaine showed a promising nephroprotective effect against PET-NP-induced toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to explore the effects of supplementation of different rates of calcium propionate on nutrient utilization, rumen fermentation pattern and blood biochemical profile of mid lactating dairy cattle. The dairy cows were fed with a common diet of ad libitum APBN-1 green fodder, concentrate pellet feed and paddy straw. Twenty-four lactating dairy cows (4th to 6th month of lactation) were randomly divided in to four treatment groups each of six cows. The groups were designated as T1 (control) common diet without calcium propionate supplementation, whereas the treatment groups T2, T3 and T4 were supplemented with calcium propionate at the rate of 60 g, 70 g and 80 g/animal/day in addition to the common diet. Feeding trial was carried out for a period of 40 days. The supplementation of calcium propionate to the dairy cattle had no major changes in the rumen pH within the treatment. In the present study, there was no significant difference in mean pH values among the dietary treatments, time/hours after feeding and diet x hour interaction. The mean TVFA (mEq/L) was lowest at 0 h and highest (p<0.05) at 3 h of SRL collection, and then showed a decreasing trend (p<0.05) from 6 h to 12-h post-feeding in all groups. The mean NH3-N (mg/100 mL SRL) was higher (p<0.05) at 3 h and thereafter showed a reducing trend from 6 to 12 h intervals. The serum glucose and calcium values were found to be significantly (p<0.05) higher among treatment groups when compared with control group, whereas the BUN levels did not vary much. It was concluded that supplementation of calcium propionate to dairy cows showed a significant increase in the ruminal TVFA, NH3-N, and total nitrogen as well as serum glucose and calcium concentrations by 3rd hour of feeding and then either persists at almost same level till 6th hour or gradually declined till 12 h of sampling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To identify the association between the changes in intestinal microflora and renal function in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). Methods: This retrospective case-control study included 50 patients with CRF (study group), admitted to the Clinical Laboratory Department of Shenzhen People’s Hospital from March 2021 to May 2022, and 50 healthy individuals (control group). The association between the distribution of intestinal microflora and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), levels of serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum cystatin C (CysC) were analyzed. Results: Intestinal microflora of CRF patients had significantly higher levels of Enterococci compared to the control group (p-Value <0.05), while the levels of Bifidobacterium spp. and Escherichia coli were lower in the study group (p-Value <0.05). GFR was lower, and the levels of BUN, SCr, and CysC were higher in the study group compared to the control group (all p-Value <0.05). GFR, BUN, SCr and CysC levels in the study group negatively correlated with the levels of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. (r<0, P<0.05), and positively correlated with the abundance of Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli (r>0, P<0.05) in the intestinal microflora. Conclusions: Changes in intestinal microbiota are associated with a significant decrease in GFR and a marked increase in serum levels of renal function indicators, and alterations in the balance of intestinal microbiota may lead to further aggravation of the renal function damage in patients with CRF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A középkori luxusellenes prédikációk a Szentíráson és az ókereszténység, valamint a kora-középkor teológiai művein alapultak. A kiindulópontot a Biblia a világi javak elutasításáról szóló tanítása, és a tisztaságra (szüzesség), szegénységre, mértékletességre vonatkozó előírásai jelentették. A test és a lélek szétválasztása a keresztény tanítás sajátossága. A dualista felfogás a test kívánságainak minél teljesebb megtagadását, egyfajta aszketikus életmódot javasolt az üdvözülés érdekében: a testtel szemben a lélek felmagasztalását. Az ókeresztény írásokban a szüzesség dicséretét és a luxus elítélését találjuk meg. A patrisztikus kor művei elsősorban a hölgyek istenfélő életéhez, tisztaságuk és ártatlanságuk megőrzéséhez adtak útmutatót. A mindennapi ember a külső jegyekből vonta le következtetéseit. Meghatározott sémái voltak az életszentség vagy a penitencia igazolására. A díszes ruhák, az ékszerek, az arc- és hajfestés, egyszóval a női cicoma nem az erényeket, nem a lélek tisztaságát, hanem a bűnöket mutatja, ezért ellentétes az erkölcsösséggel, a szeméremmel, a krisztusi hittel.

Seventy two new born crossbred calves were selected and grouped in three dietary treatments-C, T1 and T2. Calves in the group T1 were fed ad libitum milk twice daily for one hour along with calf starter and green fodder. The T2 group were fed on the dietary protocol as T1 but was fed calf starter supplemented with essential oils. The dietary treatment of control group (C) was as per the Package of Practices Recommendations, KVASU. Blood samples were collected from the calves at the time of birth, second day and monthly intervals for up to three months for biochemical analysis. The plasma glucose concentrations of calves in dietary treatments C, T1 and T2 after one month were 5.69±0.166, 6.26±0.174 and 6.15±0.166 mM respectively. The glucose levels of calves in dietary treatments of C, T1 and T2 at three months were 4.22±0.062, 4.50±0.061 and 4.33±0.063, respectively and differed significantly (p

Introduction: Acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) is a severe clinical condition that leads to intestinal ischemia and necrosis due to acute blockage of the mesenteric arteries. The mortality rate of AMI is still high, and early diagnosis and treatment are lifesaving. This study provides an overview of the biochemical parameters used to determine the prognosis of AMI patients. Methods: This was an observational and single-center study. Demographic data, vital signs, comorbidities, laboratory tests, operative status, length of hospital stay, and outcome information of patients diagnosed with AMI were recorded. Results: Twenty-eight (41.2%) female and 40 (58.8%) male patients were included in the study. Of the patients diagnosed with AMI, 45 (66.2%) underwent surgery. Twenty-six patients (38.2%) had a fatal outcome. The area under the curve (AUC) values for blood urea nitrogen (BUN)/albumin [0.850 (0.743-0.925)] and lactate/albumin [0.753 (0.633-0.849)] were statistically significant (p

Abstract Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was an important biomarker for the development and prognosis of many diseases. Numerous studies had demonstrated that BUN had a strong relationship with long-term mortality, survival and the prevalence of some diseases. The diagnosis and treatment, prognosis and long-term survival rate of cancer were the focus of clinical research at present. However, the relationship between BUN level and cancer prevalence was not clear. To investigate the relationship between BUN level and cancer prevalence, we performed a statistical analysis of population data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. The results of the study showed that BUN level were positively correlated with cancer prevalence, and the correlation was more pronounced in breast cancer.

Introduction: Acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) is a severe clinical condition that leads to intestinal ischemia and necrosis due to acute blockage of the mesenteric arteries. The mortality rate of AMI is still high, and early diagnosis and treatment are lifesaving. This study provides an overview of the biochemical parameters used to determine the prognosis of AMI patients. Methods: This was an observational and single-center study. Demographic data, vital signs, comorbidities, laboratory tests, operative status, length of hospital stay, and outcome information of patients diagnosed with AMI were recorded. Results: Twenty-eight (41.2%) female and 40 (58.8%) male patients were included in the study. Of the patients diagnosed with AMI, 45 (66.2%) underwent surgery. Twenty-six patients (38.2%) had a fatal outcome. The area under the curve (AUC) values for blood urea nitrogen (BUN)/albumin [0.850 (0.743-0.925)] and lactate/albumin [0.753 (0.633-0.849)] were statistically significant (p<0.001) for the outcome. The AUC analysis for C-reactive protein/albumin [0.654 (0.529-0.765)] indicated a significant relationship for surgical settings (p<0.05). In the intensive care unit setting, all ratios were statistically significant. Conclusion: This study shows that the BUN/albumin ratio is a robust prognostic indicator of patients with AMI and guides clinicians' decision-making. However, further studies are required to confirm these data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 3 years old, 40.8 kg, intact male American Bully, diagnosed with acute kidney injury in a private clinic in Serbia was referred for hemodialysis therapy. The dog was presented with the following symptoms: lethargy, appetite loss, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, dehydration (8-10%, Considerable loss of skin turgor), rectal temperature of 38.8oC and dry mucous membranes. Arterial blood pressure was elevated 218-220 mmHg systolic, using Doppler method. The biochemistry revealed elevated ALT 191 (RR: 10-118 U/L), AMY 1390 (RR: 200-1200 U/L), BUN 94 (RR: 7-25 mg/dL), CREA 3.6 (RR: 0.4-1.2 mg/dL), PHOS 9.8 (RR: 2.9-6.6 mg/dL), GLU 121 (RR: 60-110 mg/dL), K 3.3 (RR: 3.4-5.6 mmol/L). Urine analysis was performed with UPC 0.2-0.5 (borderline proteinuric), pH 5.5, microalbumin >25 mg/L, creatinine >26.4 mmol/L. The infestation with Leishmania infantum was confirmed using quantitative PCR. The patient was stabilized using fluid therapy and parenteral feeding. Hemodialysis was decided as an extracorporeal replacement therapy for sustaining renal function. A central venous catheter was placed under a light sedation with oxygen therapy. Hemodialysis was performed for three times in a period of 11 days. A key treatment for acute kidney injury in canine patients is represented by intensive care, fluid therapy and hemodialysis therefore, the values were reduced in BUN from 94 mg/dL to 30 mg/dL and CRE from 3.6 mg/dL to 1.8 mg/dL. The BUN and CREA reached normal values 39 days after that the patient was discharged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a recently emerged respiratory infectious disease with kidney injury as a part of the clinical complications. However, the dynamic change of kidney function and its association with COVID-19 prognosis are largely unknown.MethodsIn this multicenter retrospective cohort study, we analyzed clinical characteristics, medical history, laboratory tests, and treatment data of 12,413 COVID-19 patients. The patient cohort was stratified according to the severity of the outcome into three groups: non-severe, severe, and death.FindingsThe prevalence of elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN), elevated serum creatinine (Scr), and decreased blood uric acid (BUA) at admission was 6.29%, 5.22%, and 11.66%, respectively. The trajectories showed the elevation in BUN and Scr levels, as well as a reduction in BUA level for 28 days after admission in death cases. Increased all-cause mortality risk was associated with elevated baseline levels of BUN and Scr and decreased levels of BUA.ConclusionsThe dynamic changes of the three kidney function markers were associated with different severity and poor prognosis of COVID-19 patients. BUN showed a close association with and high potential for predicting adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients for severity stratification and triage.FundingThis study was supported by grants from the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFF0101504), the National Science Foundation of China (81630011, 81970364, 81970070, 81970011, 81870171, and 81700356), the Major Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91639304), the Hubei Science and Technology Support Project (2019BFC582, 2018BEC473, and 2017BEC001), and the Medical Flight Plan of Wuhan University.

Chronic renal failure is the loss of the ability of kidneys to excrete waste products, concentrate urine, electrolytes and fluid balance leading to retention of creatinine, urea and other metabolic waste products in the body. The present study was planned to evaluate and correlate Symmetric Dimethylarginine (SDMA) with the severity of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and with BUN and creatinine in dogs. Twenty four dogs presented at Veterinary Clinical Complex of LLUVAS, Hisar (India), diagnosed to be suffering from renal failure on the basis of history, clinical signs and ultrasonographic findings were included in the study. The dogs were divided into three categories (atypical, mild and severe) based on the duration of presentation of cases after emergence of the clinical signs. Six apparently healthy dogs were taken for comparsion with affected ones. Serum from all the affected and apparently healthy animals was used to evaluate SDMA using ELISA kits, whereas BUN and creatinine were determined using biochemistry autoanalyzer. SDMA was significantly (20-fold) elevated in dogs suffering from renal failure as compared to the control group. Significant (p<0.01) positive correlations of SDMA with BUN and serum creatinine were found in all three categories of dogs indicating that serum SDMA can be a biomarker for detection of CKD earlier than does measurement of serum creatinine in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kidneys are critical in the clearance and maintenance of active metabolites. One of the medical properties of Salep is treating bladder and kidney inflammation. Due to the widespread use of Salep in traditional medicine and the food industry, and since the effects of Salep on kidney function have not been studied, the present study aimed to investigate the impact of Salep on kidney function. In this experimental study, 48 male rats were divided randomly into six groups as control, sham, and four experimental groups receiving different doses of Salep intraperitoneally (80, 160, 320, and 640 mg/kg). On day 29, after weighing the animals, blood samples were taken from the heart, and serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid, and creatinine were analyzed and compared in different groups. All the animal's kidneys were exposed after dissection, and tissue sections were prepared for histopathological evaluation. From day 28 to 29, rats were kept in metabolic cages to collect urine samples and measure water intake and urine volume. The serum concentration of BUN and uric acid in the groups receiving Salep at all doses decreased non-significantly compared to the control group. Furthermore, a significant reduction was seen in creatinine serum levels in groups receiving 320 and 640 mg/kg of Salep extract (P<0.05). No evidence of damage to renal tissue was observed in this study. In conclusion, Salep could decrease serum BUN, uric acid, and creatinine levels due to its antioxidant properties and had no devastating effect on kidneys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was an important biomarker for the development and prognosis of many diseases. Numerous studies had demonstrated that BUN had a strong relationship with long-term mortality, survival and the prevalence of some diseases. The diagnosis and treatment, prognosis and long-term survival rate of cancer were the focus of clinical research at present. However, the relationship between BUN level and cancer prevalence was not clear. To investigate the relationship between BUN level and cancer prevalence, we performed a statistical analysis of population data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. The results of the study showed that BUN level were positively correlated with cancer prevalence, and the correlation was more pronounced in breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. This retrospective study examines the relationship between admission Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) levels and clinical outcomes in patients with sepsis from two separate cohorts in the Czech Republic and the United States. Methods. The study included 9126 patients with sepsis between January 2014 and December 2018. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox regression were used to analyse the data. An optimal cut-off was calculated by means of the Youden-Index. Results. BUN at ICU admission was categorized as 10-20, 20-40 and >40 mg/dL. Comparing the group with the highest BUN levels to the one with lowest levels, we found HR for 28 days mortality 2.764 (CI 95% 2.37-3.20; P

Abstract Introduction In hospitalized patients with acute renal injury (AKI), acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (AIN) constitutes one of the leading etiologies. The objective of this study was to identify clinical and biochemical variables in patients with AKI associated with kidney biopsy-confirmed AIN. Methods For our prospective study, we recruited hospitalized patients aged 18 years and older who were diagnosed with AKI based on biochemical criteria. Prior to enrollment, each patient was assessed with a complete metabolic panel and a kidney biopsy. Results The study consisted of 42 patients (with a mean age of 45 years) and equal numbers of male and female patients. Diabetes and hypertension were the main comorbidities. Nineteen patients had histological findings consistent with AIN. There was a correlation between histology and the BUN/creatinine ratio (BCR) (r = -0.57, p = 0.001). The optimal Youden point for classifying AIN via a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was a BCR ≤ 12 (AUC = 0.73, p = 0.024). Additionally, in diagnosing AIN, BCR had a sensitivity of 76%, a specificity of 81%, a positive predictive value of 81%, a negative predictive value of 76%, and OR of 14 (95% CI = 2.6 to 75.7, p = 0.021). In the multivariable analysis, BCR was the sole variable associated with AIN. Conclusion A BCR ≤ 12 identifies AIN in patients with AKI. This study is the first to prospectively assess the relationship between renal biopsy results and BCR.

Abstract Background Lupus nephritis (LN) is the most common and serious complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). LN pathogenesis is not fully understood. Axl receptor tyrosine kinase is upregulated and contributes to the pathogenic progress in LN. We have reported that Axl disruption attenuates nephritis development in mice. Methods In this study, we analyzed the gene expression profiles with RNA-seq using renal cortical samples from nephritic mice. Axl-KO mice were bred onto a B6.lpr spontaneous lupus background, and renal disease development was followed and compared to the Axl-sufficient B6.lpr mice. Finally, anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) Ab-induced nephritic mice were treated with Axl small molecule inhibitor, R428, at different stages of nephritis development. Blood urine nitrogen levels and renal pathologies were evaluated. Results Transcriptome analysis revealed that renal Axl activation contributed to cell proliferation, survival, and motility through regulation of the Akt, c-Jun, and actin pathways. Spontaneous lupus-prone B6.lpr mice with Axl deficiency showed significantly reduced kidney damages and decreased T cell infiltration compared to the renal damage and T cell infiltration in Axl-sufficient B6.lpr mice. The improved kidney function was independent of autoAb production. Moreover, R428 significantly reduced anti-GBM glomerulonephritis at different stages of GN development compared to the untreated nephritic control mice. R428 administration reduced inflammatory cytokine (IL-6) production, T cell infiltration, and nephritis disease activity. Conclusions Results from this study emphasize the important role of Axl signaling in LN and highlight Axl as an attractive target in LN.

Aim: The instant study’s aim is to investigate the effect that BUN and creatinine values have on a prognosis in geriatric patients that are diagnosed with pulmonary embolism. Material and methods: Our study was planned as a retrospective data review and included patients over the age of 65 with a diagnosis of pulmonary embolism who were admitted applied to Ümraniye Training and Research Hospital between March 1, 2020, and March 1, 2022. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26.0. Results: The study included 148 patients, and 66.89% of them were women. The mortality rate was 28.38%. Considering the blood gas parameters, there was a statistically significant relationship between PH and low saturation and mortality (p=0.029, p=0.001, respectively). Although creatinine values were higher in non-surviving patients than in surviving patients, it was not statistically significant (p=0.252). Blood urea nitrogen was statistically significantly higher in patients who died (p=0.001). Sodium and potassium values were also not associated with mortality (p=0.991, p=0.886, respectively). Conclusion: The effect of kidney function tests on the prognosis is very important in managing pulmonary embolism. BUN will be more beneficial to the clinician than creatinine and plasma electrolytes in the management of patients with pulmonary embolism.

Whether renal health biomarkers can benefit from resveratrol supplements is unknown. Thus, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize evidence from randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of resveratrol supplementation on renal health biomarkers. We hypothesized that resveratrol supplementation is associated with improved renal health biomarkers. Four electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Institute for Scientific Information Web of Science, and Cochrane Central, were searched for relevant articles up to February 2023. The pooled effect sizes were estimated using a random effects model and expressed as weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% CI. In total, 32 articles were eligible for inclusion in the current meta-analysis. The pooled results indicated that resveratrol significantly decreased blood urea nitrogen (weighted mean difference [WMD]= –0.84 mg/dL; 95% CI, –1.48 to –0.20; P =.01; I 2 = 64.4%) and creatinine levels (WMD = –1.90 µmol/L; 95% CI, –3.59 to –0.21; P =.03; I 2= 52.1%), and increased glomerular filtration rate (WMD = 7.58 mL/min/1.73 m2; 95% CI, 5.25–9.91; P <.001; I 2 = 0%). The favorable change of blood urea nitrogen was significant in studies with short follow-up duration (12 weeks or less), with lower doses of resveratrol (less than 500 mg/d), and those conducted in patients with diabetes. However, higher doses of resveratrol are needed to observe significant reductions in creatinine. No significant change was observed in albumin, total protein, and uric acid concentrations. This meta-analysis provides a low certainty of evidence indicating a mild renal protective effect of resveratrol in adults. Further high-quality evidence in patients with impaired renal function and estimates of mortality risk in these patients is required before resveratrol can be advocated as an adjuvant therapy. This current meta-analysis of 32 RCTs disclosed that resveratrol supplementation significantly decreased BUN and creatinine levels and increased GFR. However, no significant change was observed in albumin, total protein, and uric acid concentrations. The resveratrol supplementation may have a potential renal protective effect in adults, by improving BUN, creatinine, and GFR levels. BUN, blood urea nitrogen; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; RCT, randomized controlled trial. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute kidney injury is associated with increased risk of heart failure and mortality. This study demonstrates that acute kidney injury induces remote cardiac dysfunction, damage, injury, and fibrosis via a galectin-3 (Gal-3) dependent pathway. Gal-3 originates from bone marrow-derived immune cells. Cardiac damage could be prevented by blocking this pathway.

Acute kidney injury is associated with increased risk of heart failure and mortality. This study demonstrates that acute kidney injury induces remote cardiac dysfunction, damage, injury, and fibrosis via a galectin-3 (Gal-3) dependent pathway. Gal-3 originates from bone marrow-derived immune cells. Cardiac damage could be prevented by blocking this pathway.

Introduction: Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) extract is often used as immune-stimulant because it contains flavonoids, especially anthocyanin and quercetin with antioxidant activities.

The specialized herds of the high tropics of Nariño are characterized by semi-intensive breeding models, that is, feeding based on grazing and supplementation. The objective was to analyze the milk production of grazing Holstein cows under conditions of the high tropics, taking into account the energetic and protein metabolites, and their relationship with the dry matter intake (CMS/Kg/d), the body condition (BC), and the reproductive variables. Three periods of lactation were evaluated, thus, between 4-10 days (P1), 45-55 days (P2), and between 185-200 days (P3). The investigation was carried out in four dairy production farms. The forage supply consisted of a mixture of Lolium hybridum, Cenchrus clandestinus Hoschst ex Chiov, Holcus lanatus and Trifolium repens, plus commercial concentrate. A total of 24 Holstein animals (six per productive system) from three births onwards were used, from which blood samples were obtained to determine: non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, total protein (PT), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). The results showed that milk production during P1 is influenced by CC and body weight (Kg) by +0.04 liters of milk per unit of change in this variable. In P2, the positive incidence variables were PT, BUN, glucose, NEFA, BHB, triglycerides, and cholesterol, and in P3, the increase in CMS made it possible to show that as lactation progresses in more than 180 days, the animals substantially improve their body condition; likewise the NEFA and BHB indicators are related to a better reproductive response.

Introduction: In hospitalized patients with acute renal injury (AKI), acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (AIN) constitutes one of the leading etiologies. The objective of this study was to identify clinical and biochemical variables in patients with AKI associated with kidney biopsy-confirmed AIN. Methods: For our prospective study, we recruited hospitalized patients aged 18 years and older who were diagnosed with AKI based on biochemical criteria. Prior to enrollment, each patient was assessed with a complete metabolic panel and a kidney biopsy. Results: The study consisted of 42 patients (with a mean age of 45 years) and equal numbers of male and female patients. Diabetes and hypertension were the main comorbidities. Nineteen patients had histological findings consistent with AIN. There was a correlation between histology and the BUN/creatinine ratio (BCR) (r = -0.57, p = 0.001). The optimal Youden point for classifying AIN via a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was a BCR ≤ 12 (AUC = 0.73, p = 0.024). Additionally, in diagnosing AIN, BCR had a sensitivity of 76%, a specificity of 81%, a positive predictive value of 81%, a negative predictive value of 76%, and OR of 14 (95% CI = 2.6 to 75.7, p = 0.021). In the multivariable analysis, BCR was the sole variable associated with AIN. Conclusion: A BCR ≤ 12 identifies AIN in patients with AKI. This study is the first to prospectively assess the relationship between renal biopsy results and BCR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. This retrospective study examines the relationship between admission Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) levels and clinical outcomes in patients with sepsis from two separate cohorts in the Czech Republic and the United States. Methods. The study included 9126 patients with sepsis between January 2014 and December 2018. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox regression were used to analyse the data. An optimal cut-off was calculated by means of the Youden-Index. Results. BUN at ICU admission was categorized as 10-20, 20-40 and >40 mg/dL. Comparing the group with the highest BUN levels to the one with lowest levels, we found HR for 28 days mortality 2.764 (CI 95% 2.37-3.20; P<0.001). We derived an optimal cut-off for prediction of 28 days mortality of 23 mg/dL. The association between BUN and 28 days mortality remained significant after adjusting for potential confounders - for APACHE IV (HR 1.374; 95%CI 1.20-1.58; P<0.001), SAPS2 (HR 1.545; 95%CI 1.35-1.77; P<0.001), eGFR (HR 1.851; 95%CI 1.59-2.16; P<0.001) and several other variables in an integrative model. Conclusions. Our findings support the BUN level as an independent and easily available predictor of 28 days mortality in septic critically ill patients admitted to an ICU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Present work is a prospective cohort study that deciphers the alteration in stress marker and blood profile among trainee medicos during pre and post cardiac catherization procedure. Total 25 medicos were enrolled, only 10 were able to complete the criteria for the whole set of study, free from anxiety and were not on any medication before enrollment of study. Cortisol and white blood cells (WBC) count showed a significant difference in pre and post catherization procedures. Significant (P0.05) linear correlation was found between pre and post values for heart rate, WBC, electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), cortisol, tri-iodothyronine, thyroxine, thyrotropin and Vit D in paired sample correlation. WBC counts measured before and after intervention were 5.81±1.12 and 5.19±0.98 respectively, which showed a significant fall in the WBC count and increase in cortisol after intervention. These alternations suggest to review and redesign the curricular or assigning duties to medicos under training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Amaç: Coronavirus hastalığı-19 (COVID-19), şiddetli akut solunum sendromu koronavirüs 2'den (SARS-CoV-2) kaynaklanır. Anjiyotensin dönüştürücü enzim 2 (ACE2), COVID-19 dahil olmak üzere çeşitli hastalıkların patolojik değişikliklerini düzenlemede hayati bir rol oynayabilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı ACE2 genin ekspresyonunu Türk COVID-19 hastalarında analiz etmekti. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmada 80 COVID-19 PCR testi pozitif hasta ve 80 PCR testi negatif olan sağlıklı gönüllü birey çalışmaya dahil edildi. Tüm örneklerden RNA izolasyonu yapıldı. ACE2 geninin ekspresyonunu analiz etmek için RT-PZR cihazı kullanıldı. Bulgular: COVID-19 hastalarının yaş, Laktat dehidrojenaz (LDH), ferritin ve C-reaktif protein (CRP) seviyelerinde sağlıklı gönüllülere kıyasla anlamlı bir fark bulundu. Gen ekspresyon sonuçlarına göre, ACE2 geni ekspresyonu COVID-19 hastalarında sağlıklı gönüllülere kıyasla anlamlı derecede yüksek bulundu. COVID-19 hastalarında ACE2 geninin ekspresyonu ile Kan üre nitrojeni (BUN), Hemoglobin (HGB), Hematokrit (HCT) ve CRP seviyeleri arasında anlamlı bir fark bulundu. Sonuç: ACE2 gen ekspresyonu COVID-19 hastalarında yüksek bulundu ve klinik verilere göre farklılıklar gösterdi. Bu nedenle, ACE2'nin ekspresyonu, SARSCoV2'nin patojenitesini destekleyen ancak tersine viral enfeksiyonu sınırlayan paradoksal etkilere sahip olabilir. ACE2 reseptörlerinin mevcudiyeti, COVID-19'un duyarlılığını ve/veya hastalık seyrini artırabilir.

This study attempted to determine the characteristic features of postpartum dairy cows during their return to estrus. Moreover, it investigated the effects of abnormal ovarian cycles (AOC) on subsequent reproductive performance and the relationship between normal ovarian cycles (NOC) and the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level postpartum. Incidentally, 56.3% of the Holstein cows and 66.7% of the Jersey cows had NOC, whereas the 43.7% and 33.3% of the Holstein and Jersey, respectively, had AOC. Within 100 days of calving, the cows with AOC had significantly lower rates of artificial insemination (AI) submission as well as pregnancy and a significantly longer interval to first AI, as compared to that in the cows with NOC. Additionally, the cows with NOC had a significantly higher first AI conception rate than that in the cows with AOC. In this study, of the 32 Holstein cows, 8 resumed their ovarian cycle within 20 days of calving, 10 resumed the cycle with 21-40 days of calving, 8 within 41-60 days of calving, while the remaining 6 did not resume their ovarian cycles until 60 days postpartum. Furthermore, the likelihood ratios of incidence of NOC are 0.93, 1.94, and 0.38, respectively, in the groups with BUN levels < 15, 15-19.9, and ≥ 20 mg/ dl. In conclusion, AOC postpartum adversely affects reproductive performance such as AI submission rate, pregnancy rate, interval to first AI and first AI conception rate; moreover, an increase or decrease in the BUN levels beyond 15-19.9 mg/dL leads to the AOC postpartum.

This study aimed to determine protein and energy metabolites in postpartum Brown Swiss cows and their effect on the presence of subclinical ketosis and reproductive parameters. One hundred cows from four farms in the Mantaro Valley (Junín, Perú) were grouped according to parity (1, 2, 3 and 4). The variables of the metabolic profile (total proteins, blood urea nitrogen [BUN], glucose, βhydroxybutyrate [B-HB]), milk production and body condition were estimated between 7 to 60 days postpartum in 7-day intervals. Likewise, the calving-first heat interval and the pregnancy rate at first service were recorded. The determination of subclinical ketosis was based on a semi-quantitative analysis by levels of B-HB in milk (µmol/l) using a commercial kit. BUN levels ranged between 11.74 and 15.92 mg/dl, being higher in fourth parity cows (p

Background: There are many methods used to estimate renal function in routine clinical practice. Good correlation between glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by Tc-99m DTPA renal scan and inulin clearance is the gold standard method of determining GFR. Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate renal function by GFR by Tc-99m DTPA renography and compare it between serum creatinine (Cr), serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN), estimated GFR (eGFR) by Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation (CKDEPI equation), and 24-hour urine creatinine clearance in Thai living related kidney donors. The secondary aim was to investigate whether age or body mass index (BMI) would have a significant effect to the evaluation of GFR from Tc-99m DTPA renography. Materials and Methods: The present study was a retrospective study that included potential living kidney donors who underwent Tc-99m DTPA renal scan and renogram at Siriraj Hospital (Bangkok, Thailand) to evaluate renal function between January 2011 and January 2018. All included patients had complete GFR data from Tc-99m DTPA renography, serum Cr, serum BUN, eGFR by CKD-EPI equation, and 24-hour urine creatinine clearance. Age, gender, and BMI data were also collected. Results: One hundred twenty cases were included. There were 72 females and 48 males, and the mean age was 36.72±10.22 years with a range of 19 to 58 years. Significant correlation was observed between GFR from Tc-99m DTPA renography and serum Cr, serum BUN, eGFR by CKD-EPI equation, and 24-hour urine creatinine clearance. In contrast, gender and BMI revealed no significance with GFR from Tc-99m DTPA renography. Significant negative correlation was found between GFR from Tc-99m DTPA renography and age. Conclusion: The results of the present study revealed that serum Cr, serum BUN, eGFR by CKD-EPI equation, and 24-hour urine creatinine clearance were reliable methods for evaluating GFR. Older age significantly correlated with reduction of the GFR value from Tc-99m DTPA renography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xin Yang, Jun Fan, Yingzhi Wu, Jie Lin, Chongling Qian, Jing Li Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kongjiang Hospital, Shanghai, 200093, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Xin YangDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Kongjiang Hospital, No. 480 Shuangyang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200093, People’s Republic of ChinaTel/Fax +86 2165434597 Ext8136Email xinyang_2021@21cn.comObjective: To investigate the clinical value of sodium dodecyl sulfate–agarose gel electrophoresis (SDS-AGE) of urinary proteins combined with several biochemical indices in the detection of hypertensive nephropathy.Material and Methods: In this study, 210 patients with hypertensive nephropathy were recruited as the kidney disease group, 100 patients with simple hypertension were recruited as the hypertension group, and another 100 healthy participants were recruited as the control group. We conducted SDS-AGE of urinary proteins and urinary microalbumin (mAlb), β2-microglobulin (β2-MG), retinol-binding protein (RBP), serum cystatin C (CysC), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine tests at the same time.Results: The results showed that the urinary mAlb levels in the hypertension group and hypertensive nephropathy group were higher than in the control group (P< 0.05). The biochemical index detection results showed that β2-MG, RBP, serum CysC, BUN, and creatinine were higher in the hypertensive nephropathy group than in the control group and hypertension group (P< 0.05). The total positive rates of urinary protein SDS-AGE and urinary mAlb, urinary β2-MG, blood CysC, blood RBP, BUN, and creatinine in 210 patients with essential hypertension nephropathy were 100.0%, 98.6%, 32.8%, 98.6%, 21.0%, 2.0%, and 20%, respectively. The total positive rate of SDS-AGE urinary protein was higher than that of the other six biochemical indices.Conclusion: SDS-AGE of urinary proteins, combined with urinary mAlb, β2-MG, serum CysC, RBP, BUN, and creatinine, could improve the detection sensitivity, which would be helpful for the early and accurate diagnosis of kidney damage.Keywords: hypertension, kidney damage, sodium dodecyl sulfate–agarose gel electrophoresis, urinary mAlb, β2-MG, serum CysC, RBP, BUN, pathological proteinuria

Acute renal injury (AKI) is a serious case with high mortality rate especially among hospitalized patients. It could be induced by sepsis, hypovolemia, atherosclerosis, and ischemia. Sepsis is caused mainly by Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria. The aim of current work was to assess the potential ability of LPS to induce AKI in mice as well as the probable mechanism. Experimentally, three different doses of LPS (2.5, 5 and 7.5 mL/kg) were evaluated. Results showed that LPS single dose (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) was optimum to induce AKI in mice. Moreover, LPS induced severe pathological injuries in kidney tissues. It significantly increased the levels of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine in LPS-exposed mice, demonstrating deteriorated kidney function. Notably, LPS increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in renal tissue homogenate, indicating its ability to initiate severe inflammatory cascade. In summary, LPS (2.5 mg/kg, ip, single dose) has a potential capability to induce AKI with inflammatory insult.

Present study was carried out to access alteration in hematobiochemical parameters in dogs affected with canine monocytic ehrlichiosis. Forty two ehrlichiosis positive dogs, presented to TVCC, DUVASU, Mathura, were sampled for hematobiochemical parameters study. Haematology revealed significant (Mean±SE) decrease in Hb (5.57 ±0.54g/dl), PCV (22.97 ± 0.60%), TLC (5.12 ±0.32×103/μL), TEC (2.58 ± 0.12×106/μL), platelets (0.48 ±0.01×105/μL), lymphocytes (5.58 ± 0.30%) and significant increase in neutrophils (82.64 ±0.40%). Biochemical analysis revealed significant increase in ALT (79.95 ±0.48IU/L), AST (78.01 ± 1.91 IU/L), ALP (88.00 ±4.53IU/L) and BUN (42.16 ±1.13) while significant decrease in total protein, albumin and globulin in diseased group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundAlthough previous studies observed the relationship between individual dietary supplements and enhancing body resistance against viruses, few studies have been conducted regarding the role of different supplements in treatment of COVID-19. This article aims to determine the association of recent and long-term supplement consumption on the biochemical indices and impatient duration among patients with COVID-19.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study on 300 adult men and women with COVID-19, recent and long-term supplement intakes were investigated by using a questionnaire. In addition, lifestyle was also assessed in aspects of fruits and vegetable consumption, physical activity, sleeping duration, fluid intake, and smoking status. Furthermore, the laboratory and paraclinical parameters were obtained from medical records. The relationship between supplement intake with the length of hospitalization and clinical laboratory tests was investigated by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).ResultsThose patients with supplement intake in the last 2 months had a significantly lower amount of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (31.31 ± 13.87 vs. 37.57 ± 19.77 mg/dL, P: 0.002) and higher serum 25(OH)D (28.13 ± 14.09 vs. 23.81 ± 13.55 ng/mL, P: 0.03). Subjects with long-term supplement intake had a significantly lower invasive oxygen support (0.00 vs 5.10 %, P: 0.05), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (498.11 ± 221.43 vs. 576.21 ± 239.84 U/L, P: 0.02), fewer days of fever (0.49 ± 3.54 vs. 2.64 ± 9.21, P: 0.02), and higher serum 25(OH)D (31.03 ± 13.20 vs. 22.29± 13.42 ng/mL, P < 0.001). The length of hospital stay was practically the same between groups who received and did not receive supplementation during the 2 months prior to hospitalization (6.36 ± 3.32 vs. 6.71 ± 4.33 days, P: 0.004). Similarly, people who took supplements during the past year had practically similar hospitalization lengths (6.29 ± 4.13 vs. 6.74 ± 3.55 days, P: 0.004).ConclusionIn conclusion, although practically the length of hospital stay was the same in both groups of supplement consumers and others, immune-boosting supplements were associated with improved several laboratory indices. However, due to the cross-sectional nature of our study, further longitudinal studies seem to be essential.

Background: Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) are the common markers of renal function and also one of the known predictors of adverse outcomes of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The aim of this study is to assess the impact of elevated BUN on in-hospital outcome of ACS patients and superiority of BUN over creatinine for the assessment of in-hospital outcome in our setting. Methods: This prospective observational study with purposive sampling of a total of 184 patients was conducted from October, 2009 to September, 2010. Based on normal cut off values (BUN and serum creatinine was <20 mg/dl and <1.4 mg/dl respectively) all the patients were divided into four groups; group I- both BUN and serum creatinine are normal, group-II- normal BUN and high serum creatinine, group-III- high BUN and normal serum creatinine, group-IV- - both BUN and serum creatinine are high. In-hospital data like hemodynamic conditions, heart failure, arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, death etc. were noted. Assessment of in-hospital outcome of ACS patients and comparison to elevated serum creatinine and elevated BUN was done. Results: ACS patients with only raised BUN level had more occurrence of cardiogenic shock (p=0.008), left ventricular failure (p=0.020), ventricular Tachycardia (p=0.022), ventricular fibrillation (P=0.037) and complete AV block (p=0.022) than those with only raised serum creatinine. In hospital mortality and hospital stay was also increased in ACS patients with elevated BUN than elevated serum creatinine (p value is 0.022 and 0.007 respectively). Conclusion: Incidence of in-hospital death, cardiogenic shock, left ventricular failure, arrhythmia and duration of hospital stay were significantly (p<0.05) higher in patients who had raised BUN than raised serum creatinine. It is observed that elevated BUN is a better predictor of in-hospital outcome of ACS patients than elevated creatinine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

În toate cazurile pierderii unui bun mobil, prin reglementările sale, legea face posibilă garantarea dreptului celui ce l-a pierdut de a redobândi posesia asupra bunului în discuție. Redobândirea posesiei și nu dobândirea proprietății, deoarece odată cu pierderea posesiei asupra bunului nu se pierde și dreptul de proprietate asupra lui. Totuși, în aceste împrejurări trebuie de cercetat în detaliu și situația de dobândire a dreptului de proprietate asupra bunului pierdut, numai că de această dată, este vorba de cel ce l-a găsit, atunci când proprietarul, după ce l-a pierdut, nu revendică posesia asupra lui în termenul stabilit de lege.

Background & Objective: Fennel as a medicinal plant has a long history of use in traditional herbal medicine. But there have been few reports of this drug toxicity in different tissues. In this study, the effect of aqueous extract of fennel on the kidneys of adult male BALB/C mice and renal blood factors was investigated. Materials & Methods: In this study, 40 adult male BALB/C mice in the range of 20-22 g were used. Mice were divided into 5 groups. Group 1: Control, Group 2: Sham, that received normal saline intraperitoneal (IP) for 14 days. Experimental groups received doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of body weight of the aqueous extract of fennel IP for 14 days. After 14 days of treatment, the mice were anesthetized and after blood sampling from the heart, their kidneys were removed for pathology examination. Histological sections were prepared and stained with H & E and investigated by the optical microscope. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Result: The mean number of glomeruli, cortex thickness, vascular occlusion, leukocyte infiltration and other histologic indices in the group received 200 mg/kg of an aqueous extract of fennel had a significant difference with control group. However, weight, BUN, creatinine and medulla thickness indices did not have any significant difference with the control group. Conclusion: The results showed that aqueous extract of fennel at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg had no toxic effects on parenchyma and renal cells, but dose of 200 mg/kg had toxic effects on the kidney.

INTRODUCTION[|]Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity and may lead to microvascular and macrovascular complications. This can be prevented through early diagnosis of diabetes and achieving glycemic control. Measurement of the fasting glucose, random glucose, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and HbA1C levels have been adopted in the diagnosis of diabetes. This study has searched for DM diagnosis rate using HbA1C measurements in the inpatient population.[¤]METHODS[|]This retrospective study included all inpatients whose HbA1C levels were measured at the Internal Diseases Clinic of Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital in 2015. Glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, fasting glucose levels, age, gender and primary causes of admission of the patients were recorded. The patients, who had HbA1C value of 6.5 or more, were defined as newly diagnosed DM. Before this study, the patients were included in three groups as patients with a previous diabetes diagnosis, patients with a new diabetes diagnosis and patients with no diabetes diagnosis.[¤]RESULTS[|]Among 1057 patients included in this study, 29.7% had past diabetes diagnosis (Group 1), 7.5% were newly diagnosed diabetes, while 62.8% patients have no diabetes. No statistically significant difference was found concerning age and gender distribution. No significant difference was found between the HbA1C, fasting glucose and random glucose levels of Group 1 and Group 2. BUN levels of the patients in Group 3 were lower than those in Group 1. Creatinine levels of Group 1 were higher than in Group 3. No significant difference was identified concerning the duration of hospital stay and mortality between the groups.[¤]DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION[|]New DM diagnosis rate was 7.5% among the patients admitted to the internal diseases clinic within a year. Besides, in the high-risk population of inpatients, the routine HbA1C measurement may lead to early diagnosis by increasing the undiagnosed patient rate.[¤]