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Одним из самых насущных вопросов обеспечения экономической безопасности государства, ее субъектов является выход на качественно новый уровень конкурентоспособности по производству продукции сельского хозяйства, ее переработки и реализации, что позволит масштабнее выйти на мировые рынки продовольствия, существенно повысить эффективность агропромышленного комплекса его составляющих структур и отраслей, особенно в условиях современных вызовов, многочисленных санкций со стороны недружественных нашему государству стран. Как показывают наши исследования, одним из сдерживающих факторов в достижении указанной цели выступают несовершенство механизмов и инструментов государственных закупок, а также коррупция в различных ее формах и стадиях проявления. Особую роль в преодолении этого негативного явления, как показывает практика, нами отводится овладению специалистами компетентности по проведению срочных и эффективных закупок, противодействию коррупции путем организации образовательного процесса для формирования у них компетентности в данной сфере., One of the most pressing issues of ensuring the economic security of the state, its subjects is to reach a qualitatively new level of competitiveness in the production of agricultural products, their processing and sale, which will make it possible to enter the world food markets on a larger scale, significantly increase the efficiency of the agro-industrial complex of its constituent structures and industries, especially in the face of modern challenges, numerous sanctions from countries unfriendly to our state. As our studies show, one of the limiting factors in achieving this goal is the imperfection of the mechanisms and tools of public procurement, as well as corruption in its various forms and stages of manifestation. As practice shows, we assign a special role in overcoming this negative phenomenon to mastering the competence of specialists in conducting urgent and effective procurement, combating corruption by organizing an educational process to form their competence in this area., Экономика и предпринимательство, Выпуск 3 (152) 2023, Pages 77-81

The article is aimed at substantiating the conceptual foundations of the State financial policy of capital reproduction in the agricultural sector of the economy on the basis of definition of dialectical relationships with the State agrarian policy. The problems of functioning of the agricultural sector of the national economy are generalized. The related limits are clarified on the basis of a critical evaluation of existing regulative acts. The State financial policy of capital reproduction in the agricultural sector of the economy is typologized. Its model, adequate to the modern conditions of the agricultural market and the status of the national economy, is substantiated. Both direct and indirect methods of the State agricultural policy in terms of stimulating the production, marketing of agricultural products, regulating prices for it, as well as a corresponding instrumentarium of the State financial policy are systematized in the fiscal, innovation-investment, credit, insurance, stock and foreign economic sectors. The emphasis is made on the program-targeted method, budgetary financing, financial support for the main sectors of the agricultural economy. The contents of synergistic and emergent effects of the State financial policy at the level of agrisphere and bioeconomics are defined.

В Российской Федерации сектор обрабатывающей промышленности сконцентрирован в ряде регионов, которые потенциально являются центрами технологического развития, роста производительности и долгосрочных экспортных возможностей государства. Для реализации этого потенциала требуется своевременное применение эффективных мер поддержки. Целью исследования является проверка на основе статистических данных результативности бюджетных субсидий и оценка их влияния на динамические и структурные аспекты развития индустриальных регионов РФ. Методический подход основан на оценке полной бюджетной стоимости мер государственной поддержки и соотнесения ее с региональными индикаторами промышленного развития. В качестве информационной базы мы использовали данные Казначейства РФ, статистические показатели, данные из информационных баз промышленности, целевые индикаторы развития промышленности. В результате исследования выявлено, что государственные субсидии не всегда оказывают положительное влияние на целевой параметр промышленности и приводят к искажениям рыночных механизмов. Реализация государственных программ и проектов в РФ в целом обеспечила рост объемов экспорта, рост затрат на инновационную деятельность и рост производительности труда при стабильном уровне занятых в промышленности. При этом индустриальные регионы, увеличивая долю обрабатывающей промышленности, не показывают повышенных темпов экономического роста. В индустриальных регионах заметен в среднем более низкий уровень инвестиций в основной капитал в обрабатывающей промышленности. Реализация господдержки привела к резкому приросту высокопроизводительных рабочих с близкой динамикой и для РФ, и для индустриальных регионов. В части инновационной активности в индустриальных регионах значительно более низкий уровень количества патентных заявок, чем в целом по РФ. Полученные результаты позволяют переоценить эффективность действующих в РФ механизмов поддержки промышленности. Направлениями будущих исследований могут стать дальнейшая структурная и региональная детализация бюджетных затрат по направлениям поддержки промышленности и оценка ее долгосрочных результатов. The Russian manufacturing sector is concentrated in regions considered as potential centres of technological development, productivity growth and long-term export opportunities. Realization of this potential requires the timely implementation of effective support measures. Using relevant statistics, the study aims to analyse how budget subsidies affect the dynamic and structural aspects of the development of Russian industrial regions. The research methodology is based on assessing the total budgetary cost of government support and correlating it with regional industrial indicators. To this end, data from the Treasury of Russia, statistical indicators, industry databases and target indicators were examined. The study revealed that government subsidies not always positively affect the industry target parameters, even distorting market mechanisms. In general, the implementation of state programmes in Russia has led to an increase in export volumes, costs for innovative activities and labour productivity with stable employment in industry. However, in industrial regions, an increase in the share of the manufacturing sector does not cause an increase in economic growth. In addition, fixed capital investment in the manufacturing sector is lower in these regions. A sharp increase in the number of high performance employees due to the implementation of support measures was observed in Russia and individual industrial regions. In terms of innovative activity, the number of patent applications in industrial regions is significantly lower than the national average. The efficiency of industry support measures in the Russian Federation can be re-evaluated based on the obtained results. Future research will focus on further detailing the budgetary cost of government support and assessing its long-term results. Статья подготовлена в соответствии с государственным заданием для ФГБУН Институт экономики УрО РАН на 2021 г. The article has been prepared in accordance with the state task for Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of RAS for 2021.

This article proposes an analysis of the evolution of support granted to European agriculture. In a first section, it deals with the question of measuring the different forms of support, using the method proposed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which makes it possible to take into account consumer's support (price support) and, on the other hand, a more strictly budgetary approach. These two approaches make it possible to emphasize that the modalities of support for European agriculture have considerably changed over the last two decades, mainly through a decline in the instruments for regulating markets and an increase in the use of decoupled payments. The second section discusses the more or less equitable distribution of direct aids between member states and farms. Finally, the last section focuses on the links between budget support and farm income. It raises questions about the effectiveness of the different agricultural income support instruments; income dependence on decoupled direct aids; the legitimacy to include in the CAP an objective and an instrument for supporting farm incomes., Cet article propose une analyse portant sur l'évolution des soutiens accordés à l'agriculture européenne. Il aborde, dans une première section, la question de la mesure des différentes formes de soutiens en s'appuyant, d'une part, sur la méthode proposée par l'Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economique (OCDE), qui permet de tenir compte des soutiens liés aux consommateurs (soutien des prix), et, d'autre part, sur une approche plus strictement budgétaire. Ces deux approches permettent de souligner que les modalités de soutien à l'agriculture européenne ont fortement évolué au cours des deux dernières décennies, au travers surtout d'un recul des instruments de régulation des marchés et d'une augmentation du recours aux aides découplées. La seconde section discute de la distribution, plus ou moins équitable, des aides directes entre les Etats membres et entre les exploitations agricoles. Enfin, la dernière section s'intéresse aux liens existants entre soutiens budgétaires et revenus agricoles. Elle permet de s'interroger sur des questions relatives à l'efficacité de différents instruments de soutien des revenus agricoles ; à la dépendance des revenus aux aides directes découplées ; à la légitimité à inclure explicitement dans la PAC un objectif et un instrument de soutien des revenus agricoles.

With global food crises and food price volatility in recent years, agricultural subsidies have once again gained prominence as a policy instrument in many developing countries. In Mongolia too, subsidies to the agriculture sector mainly through government budgetary transfers, have increased over time. These gained prominence in 2008 when a global, regional (the drought in Russia, and Kazakhstan, the two main suppliers to Mongolia), and the national food production shortfall sent domestic wheat prices soaring to record levels. Wheat production had reached an all-time low during the years 2005 to 2007. Consequently, subsidies to crop, livestock, and agroprocessing sectors have increased since 2008, and now represent a complex set of programs, sometimes with conflicting and overlapping goals and intended beneficiaries.

Complexity of the political system in Bosnia and Herzegovina reflects to entire economy of the country, especially to sensitive sectors as agriculture. Current agricultural BIH policy managed on entity and Brcko District level faces numerous challenges and dilemmas. Apart from insufficiently clear commitment to CAP EU convergence, major dilemmas are those related to further shaping of institutional-regulatory framework as well as selection of strategic course of sector development. Having in mind lack of common BIH agricultural policy and sector institutional weaknesses, our intention is to answer following two questions: (i) does it reflect to direct support of producers and (ii) are BIH farmers in unequal and uncompetitive position? In order to analyze actual situation it was used APM tool (Agri-Policy Measures) developed within FAO-SWG project. Based on outputs of this analysis we made recommendations and suggestions on the way of proceeding in such circumstances.

Offenses in the field of sexual exploitation of children are very specific crimes which include serious violations of fundamental human rights and freedoms, which as main method use psychological and physical violence, and permanently disturbed harmonious growth and development of personality, because the victims are helpless and therefore easily susceptible to various forms of psychological manipulation. Internet pedophilia has a large negative impact on society and social life. In the context of combating these phenomenon, significant steps are taken at the level of criminal legislation. The primary mode of reaction of society are certainly preventative activities. One of the most important preventive steps is to recognize the importance of participation of a state budget in financing the organization and implementation of various preventive activities. Budgetary resources have great importance in choosing the type and manner of implementation of preventive measures. Issues of child abuse in terms of pornographic content placed on the Internet, is not just a matter of judicial and police authorities, but an issue for each state, regardless of the level of economic development and way of government.

Bangladesh is one of the world's poorest and most densely populated countries, and subject to annual cyclones and flooding. Despite these challenges, it benefits from strong economic growth, good performance on health and education, and poverty reduction, alongside weak governance and pervasive corruption. The reasons include strong macroeconomic policy, pro-poor spending, credible elections, export growth and remittances, improved capacity for managing natural disasters, and a stronger civil society than comparable countries. After over a decade of intense engagement with the Bank on governance, Bangladesh adopted in 2006 a governance-oriented Country Assistance Strategy (CAS) with four main objectives: to improve implementation capacity; to 'tackle corruption' by fully operationalizing the Anti-Corruption Commission; to lay the foundation for comprehensive legal and judicial reform; and to strengthen 'voice, empowerment and participation.' The choice of a wide range of instruments and areas of intervention was appropriate, given the political instability at the time of 2006 CAS preparation. The Bank signaled it was ready to engage in all areas, and could scale up or pull back depending on emerging political and bureaucratic commitment. The 2006 CAS yielded mixed results, and the subsequent Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) has been more selective on GAC issues. At the project level, governance has been a key priority, in line with the South Asia region's heavy emphasis on GAC-in-Projects. Investments in GAC-in-primary education, a local government project, anti-corruption efforts in the power sector, and projects strengthening the investment climate have yielded positive results. Investments in GAC-in-roads projects have had mixed results in terms of effectiveness. GAC activities were mainly adopted prior to the 2007 GAC strategy. Although Bangladesh was a Country Governance and Anticorruption (CGAC) country, the country team chose not to use CGAC funds because the country had already been intensively using GAC approaches well before the GAC strategy was adopted.

The focus of this paper is on the institutions outside the executive branch that include supreme audit institutions, legislative oversight bodies (such as parliamentary public accounts and budget committees, and ombudsmen), related independent bodies, and civil society organizations. Through their support for accountability, donor countries and international financial institutions seek to help countries: promote voice and accountability as an intrinsic human right, and improve development outcomes in terms of poverty reduction, sustainable development. The report is organized as: first, provide a brief literature review of research on accountability, and how donors and other actors can work to improve it, including a review of the experience of other bilateral and multilateral donors in supporting domestic accountability through their policies, strategies, and behaviors as well as through direct support to accountability actors and systems. Second, briefly review the guidance prepared for Bank staff toward enhancing accountability. Third, review some examples of the Bank's experience in supporting domestic accountability. Finally, we present some conclusions and accountability-related questions for further analysis.

For the last three years, Pakistan has been making efforts to revive strong and sustained growth. The economy was badly destabilized by the turmoil in the international commodity and financial markets in 2007-2008 and the lack of adequate domestic policy responses to manage those external shocks. The task of stabilizing the economy and reviving the economic recovery has been made difficult by an adverse security situation and domestic politics that has prevented the government from taking timely required, but difficult, stabilization measures. The devastating floods in July-August last year and the recent increase in international oil and food prices have exacerbated the problem. In addition, Pakistan continues to face significant political challenges in achieving durable development. The domestic security situation as a result of campaign against terrorism is a direct and indirect tax on the costs of economic activity and the achievement of the kinds of social stability required to promote a supportive environment for businesses.

The current edition of the Rwanda economic update is titled seeds for higher growth and specially features the agriculture sector. The importance of agriculture's contribution to growth in Rwanda remains considerable, despite the emergence of other significant growth drivers, such as services. Rwanda's agriculture sector will play an essential role in attaining the country's development vision of sustainable growth and increased poverty reduction, due to its employment weight. The agriculture feature of this update edition outlines key channels through which agriculture contributes to the economy. The second part of the update provides the regular overview of recent macroeconomic developments. While the special feature on agriculture will analyze the evolving role of the sector over the past five years, the second part on recent economic developments will focus on events during 2010.

This report is part of a series aimed at monitoring economic developments in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The main objective of these reports is to provide regular updates on key macroeconomic developments and reform initiatives. The reports focus on macroeconomic developments and key structural reforms that have both significant short and medium term impacts. This report presents a broad overview of macroeconomic, political and structural developments in the DRC up to January 2011 and the outlook for the remainder of 2011. DRC's constitution adopted in 2006 has been revised in January 2011 by Parliament. The main changes to the original texts include the election of the president by a majority in a single round vote. The Congolese authorities have maintained prudent fiscal policies under the International Monetary Fund (IMF) Extended Credit Facility (ECF) program, which has achieved the main objectives of this program in 2010 with an inflation rate (end-of-period) below the target of 9.9 percent. The economy has registered, thanks to the dynamism of the mining sector, a solid growth rate of 7.2 percent compared to 2.8 percent in 2009. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth for 2011 is projected to reach 6.5 percent. The country's external position has improved. The current account balance, including grants, improved from a deficit of 10.5 percent of GDP in 2009 to 6.8 percent in 2010. Favorable commodity prices on the world market contributed to this development.

The Philippine economy recovered strongly from the global recession owing to a combination of transitory and permanent, as well as global and idiosyncratic factors. Similar to its regional peers, the recovery was partly driven by the rebound in global trade and domestic consumption linked to sharp increases in consumer confidence. In the Philippines, growth was also spurred by two domestic and temporary factors-continued fiscal policy easing and election-related spending-and a structural one, namely the acceleration in global outsourcing which benefited the country's business process outsourcing sector and associated sectors such as construction. The economy is projected to grow by 6.2 percent in 2010 and by 5 percent in 2011, with large but broadly balanced risks. While inflation expectations are under control, the prospects of large short-term capital inflows partly linked to renewed quantitative easing by key G7 central banks are complicating monetary policy at a time when the economy no longer needs accommodative monetary policy. The first budget of the Aquino government could be a turning point for the Philippines in the public finance area. The 2011 budget changes current dynamics in two critical areas: the (structural and cyclical) fiscal policy stance and the quality of public finances. This "reform budget" renews the fiscal consolidation effort-albeit modestly and contains significant reform measures aimed at improving spending efficiency, transparency and accountability of the budget. For the 2011 budget to indeed turn the country away from a weak fiscal position, inconsistent spending efficiency, and significant gaps in public expenditure and financial accountability, efforts initiated in this budget will have to both be sustained over time and expanded. Strengthening revenue mobilization-through a modern tax system with efficiency and equity at its core-would enable future budgets to scale up spending needed to generate inclusive growth.

This aim of this report is to assess the accounting and financial auditing standards and practices in Burkina Faso in the private and semipublic sectors, using as benchmarks International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and International Standards on Auditing (ISA) and taking into account the good practices noted in the international sphere in these two areas. The main objective of this assessment is to make recommendations aimed at strengthening accounting, financial auditing, and financial transparency practices in the private sector and semipublic enterprises in Burkina Faso. The development objectives associated with these recommendations are as follows: (i) stimulating private investment and enhancing the competitiveness of enterprises; (ii) improving governance in the private market and semipublic sector; and (iii) achieving greater integration of the Burkinabe economy at the regional and international levels.

In a recent survey of European economic growth since 1950, Crafts and Toniolo (2008) conclude that incentive structures are a crucial explanator of comparative growth rates of the economies of east and west Europe. Pre-empting that, a 2006 report on trade performance and policies in Eastern Europe and Central Asia included as one of its key recommendations the need to reduce the mean and variance of the tariff equivalents of trade barriers, and in particular to reduce unilaterally the policy regimes' anti-export bias, especially in countries exporting primary products (Broadman 2006). To progress such reform in Europe's transition economies efficiently and effectively, and to see how recent policies line up with those of the European Union (EU), requires better information on the extent of reform during the past two decades and of current policy influences on incentives within and between sectors. Immediately prior to their transition to market economies, policies in the region greatly distorted producer and consumer incentives, especially for agricultural products. Those distortions have been reduced substantially in several countries, but large variations remain across the region and distortions appear to be growing again in some countries. Now is thus an opportune time to examine how policies affecting agriculture are evolving in this region, including as part of the adjustment to EU accession for ten of the transition economies in the region.

The necessity of state taking care of its own agriculture is needless to explain particularly. The agriculture еnsures food security. Agricultural production is the main source of raw material for food industry. Therefore, its position in economic policy documents must be secured. This documents are legal framework for operationalization activities which comprise set of development priorities and tasks. Agricultural sector has a significant role in serbian economy. It takes a considerable part in GDP. Substantial financial support for agriculture is provided from the national budget. In past few years, budgetary support to agriculture and rural development differ according to its volume and structure. In 2009, these transfers are substantially lower than in last few years, which will have negative influece on agricultural production.This paper comprises a brief review of the role of agriculture in economic policy in 2009.

Beginning in the late 1980s many developing countries turned to the private sector to provide basic infrastructure and utility services, such as highways, railroads, water, wastewater, electricity, gas, and telecommunications. Recent studies suggest that private involvement often benefited customers and reduced government fiscal problems without harming employees or enriching private providers excessively. There were enough high-profile failures, however, to discredit this reform in many quarters. Private involvement is likely to be more successful if it generates real efficiency gains rather than simply transferring costs among parties, if the systems of regulating the private companies are politically sensitive as well as technically competent, if the costs and constraints of private capital are not excessive, and if we are willing to adopt more modest and gradual schemes in difficult circumstances.

This paper is one of several case studies prepared for the World Bank. The objective of the case studies is to provide the Commission on Growth and Development insights on the policy reform process in developing countries that give rise to economic growth. In contrast to other countries where economic reforms ushered in a long period of sustained growth, there is no such episode in Philippine economic history. Since the restoration of democracy in 1986, the Philippines under the Ramos administration came closest to breaking out of its 'sick man of Asia' image. The confidence generated by the administration among local and international players and analysts resulted from wide-ranging reforms rooted primarily in a sound macroeconomic and investor-friendly regime as well as global competitiveness. This study is not intended as a scorecard of the Ramos Administration. Rather, it concentrates on three specific sector reforms during the Ramos administration that demonstrate the elements of successful reform processes. These reforms not only helped to free up demands on public finances then- considered, in today's parlance, the 'binding constraint' on needed public investment and reduced risk premium to encourage private investments-but over time brought gains, some unforeseen and broader in terms of positive spillover effects on the rest of the economy, and linkage to overall growth today.