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Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A group of very significant Lombardic ornaments from the cemetery of San Mauro at Cividale del Friuli (Udine) in Italy has been examined and analysed with X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The objects are now part of the collections of the National Museum of Cividale del Friuli. Among the objects there are several so-called stirrup or radiate-head bow fibulae, one of which also shows an interesting cloisonné decoration, an S-shaped fibula with cloisonné, a unique gilded and nielloed equal-armed fibula with two opposite faces or masks, belt buckles and belt plates, a necklace with gold pendants with filigree and granulation, a vessel of probable Byzantine origin and a golden cross. The composition and the production technology of the single pieces are discussed in detail in the paper with relevant comparisons.

A group of very significant Lombardic ornaments from the cemetery of San Mauro at Cividale del Friuli (Udine) in Italy has been examined and analysed with X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The objects are now part of the collections of the National Museum of Cividale del Friuli. Among the objects there are several so-called stirrup or radiate-head bow fibulae, one of which also shows an interesting cloisonné decoration, an S-shaped fibula with cloisonné, a unique gilded and nielloed equal-armed fibula with two opposite faces or masks, belt buckles and belt plates, a necklace with gold pendants with filigree and granulation, a vessel of probable Byzantine origin and a golden cross. The composition and the production technology of the single pieces are discussed in detail in the paper with relevant comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of the presented finds come from the ancient settlements of the region, with solitary items found in burials. Some of them have already been introduced into scientific discourse, while some are published for the first time. The finds are divided into three chronological groups: the first group - VIII century; the second one – IX – the 1st half of the X century and the third – the 2nd half of the X – the beginning of the XI century. This periodization reflects the modern understanding of the chronology of sites of the VIII – X centuries in Oka–Don watershed. The artifacts of the first group have analogies in the Balkans and Northern Caucasus. The findings of the second group are associated with the antiquities of the Saltovo-Mayaki culture and sites of the Upper Volga basin and the Urals. The third group finds are of predominantly Old Rus and Northern European origin. The findings of the belt set demonstrate a change of vectors of cultural influence at different stages of Slavic settling in the region.

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The shoe buckle of the eighteenth century is an alien object today. At the time, shoes were manufactured without fastenings and the buckle was purchased separately. This offered opportunities for decoration, particularly for men, whose shoes were otherwise plain and unchanging. Over the course of the century, buckles grew larger and more elaborate, reaching their apogee in the 'Artois' style of the 1780s. In the wake of the French Revolution, buckles came to be associated with effeminacy and the excesses of the aristocracy, so fell from fashion. This article explores the roles of gender and class in this story, and will challenge the usual association of the buckle with foppery, demonstrating that they were consistent with mainstream masculinities until the 1790s. In order to understand the shoe buckle's significance, the article engages with it as a material artefact. With their intricate mechanisms, complex processes of fastening, and roles in meaningful rituals, shoe buckles give us an insight into haptic practices and the embodiment of gender. The article therefore makes the case that shoe buckles were characteristic of masculinities, material practices and social identities in eighteenth-century Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie III, Historia Medieval is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is devoted to the issue of the change of cultures in the Kama region at the turn of the Early Iron Age and the early Middle Ages, and continues the cycle of works on this issue. Earlier [8] were considered mixed complexes with local types of grave goods. The first chronological stratum is represented by the monuments of Piany Bor culture (in general, they correspond to the Middle Sarmatian time), the second, by the Mazunino culture (in general, they correspond to the Late Sarmatian time). Most works on the chronology of archaeological sites in the Kama region imply the beginning of a new culture at the same time as the ending of the previous one. In fact, the change did not take place at once or suddenly, it took a long time, the determination of which is the subject of this series of publications. Great importance for dating are Fibulae of the Sarmatian types. Only one group of fibulae — the Almgren-156 (Ambroz-15) group — is represented in burials of both the ‘Pyany Bor’ (Early Iron Age) and ‘Mazunino’ (Early Middle Ages) cultures. Two complexes belong to the early time, four — to the late. There are no later fibulas in the Pianobor culture. It is obvious that during the period of existence of these brooches, one culture changes to another. The events can be dated to the end of the 2nd – beginning — 1st half of the 3rd century. During this interval, elements of cultures existed in parallel.

We report on circular buckles experimentally observed by optical and atomic force microscopy on gold ductile thin films deposited by physical vapor deposition on silicon wafers. It is shown that, whatever the radius blister dimensions, their maximum deflections are higher than those expected by the elastic theory. It suggests that plastic events may take place in the film, impacting on the blister morphology as a result. Based on nanoindentation experiments carried out on our gold films, a proper plastic hardening law has been determined by calculations using the finite elements method. The influence of this elasto-plastic behavior on the buckled circular profiles has been then numerically studied, compared to the experimental observations and discussed. • Circular buckles on gold ductile thin films under high compressive stresses experimentally observed and numerically compared. • Proper elastic and elastic–plastic parameters numerically determined from nanoindentation process using FEM calculations. • Elastic plate theory not sufficient for deeper explanation of the buckled morphologies. • Impact of elastic–plastic behavior numerically studied and compared to experimental observations. • Plasticity well explains the experimental buckling structures by assuming a non-linear stress loading through a maximum stress value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A characteristic element of the Middle La Tène Scordiscan female costume are the various types of iron and bronze belts, which can often be connected with contemporaneous types from the Carpathian Basin. One such form are iron belts of the Dalj type, composed of pairs of twisted rod-shaped segments with loops, connected with rings, which differ in the shape of mostly iron, only rarely bronze buckles. Dalj type belts are numerous in south-eastern Pannonia in cemeteries of the Scordisci, although they have also been documented in female graves in the northern part of the Carpathian Basin, in Transylvania and in cemeteries in Central Europe. Dalj type belts are mostly dated to LT C1, although it seems that their appearance can be dated as early as the end of LT B2. Noticeable differences in the shapes of belt buckles bear witness to the individualisation of the early Middle La Tène female costume used by various communities, that is, its regionalisation.

In Liquid Composite Molding (LCM), a fabric can be formed by highly double curved punch geometries. During the forming step, various types of defects can appear and may have a significant influence on the mechanical properties of the final composite materials. Till now, these defects have not been fully studied and/or understood. The aim of this study was to understand the mechanisms leading to the forming of mesoscopic defects (buckles and sliding), as well as their effect on the behavior of composite materials. To achieve this goal, an experimental machine was designed and built. The machine generates different types of defects, with controlled and adjusted amplitudes (calibrated defects) in samples of a fabric. These samples were then used to manufacture composite samples with calibrated defects, by an LCM process, in order to test and compare them with composite samples without defects. Thanks to this machine, calibrated forming defects that simulate the defects of an LCM process were generated, and the experimental parameters corresponding to the appearance of these defects were defined for two types of fabrics based on glass and carbon fibers. This work provides insight into the forming mechanisms of the buckle and sliding defects that occur during an LCM process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Diadora is the property of Archaeological Museum in Zadar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study presents 48 items discovered in Bratei – Settlement no. 2, and which, for objective reasons, were not included in the monograph regarding inhabiting features of the 12th– 13th centuries, published in 2009. The items belong to various categories, such as prick spurs – nine items, knives with peduncle for handles – 11 items, nails – nine items, a door lock, a hinge or lock, three different iron parts of door whose function is less clear, two iron buckles – one rectangular, and the other in the form of the letter “ D”, an arrowhead with tube for hafting, an ellipsoidal iron strike-a-light, a scissor, an iron horseshoe, a base of pot with signs in relief, as well as seven iron items whose function could not be determined due to their preservation. The vast majority of these items were uncovered in features dating in the 12th– 13th centuries. Spurs are undoubtedly the category of artefacts with the highest chronological and even numerical relevance in the settlement of Bratei, occupying the first place, with the exception of ceramics. Typologically, the prick spurs are part of the generic type with pyramidal thorn, along with two variants. Although the present items do not differ from those found in other contemporary sites, they are by far the most important ones for a better understanding of the specificity of Bratei settlement. In the same time, they also indicate that the Bratei settlement is actually belonging to a horizon of discoveries distributed in south-eastern Transylvania around the middle of the 12th century until the first part of the next century. In order to easily identify the features in which the objects were found, we used the same abbreviations like the ones in the original site documentation : B = dwelling or household annex ; Gr = pit ; S = trench – followed by year(s) when those feature(s) were excavated.

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A type of improved device, designated as inward integral buckle arrestor, is introduced for the pipe-in-pipe (PIP) systems. The experiments have been performed to reproduce the buckle propagation and crossover scenarios of the PIP installed with such devices in a hyperbaric chamber under external pressure. Based upon the experimental observations, dedicated finite element models for test specimens are developed to simulate the whole process of a propagating buckle crossing over an inward integral arrestor to the downstream PIP under the quasi-static, steady-state conditions. Through extensive parametric dependence analyses, the potential buckle propagation and crossover modes are identified, and a reasonable empirical formula of the crossover pressure of the arrestors for the PIP systems is established. The corresponding empirical design formula and lower bound envelope line are proposed to estimate the arresting efficiency of such devices in the preliminary design stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article introduces into scientific use an impressive collection of metal belt plates, buckles, connector rings, obtained during an archaeological research carried out at the Vak-Kur burial ground (Tyumen region, the right Bank of the Tobol river). The presence of a cord ornament in the ceramic collection lets us attribute the artifact to medieval Yudinsky tribe culture, which the researchers associate with ethnogenesis of Mansi. Construction of the Necropolis is dated back to the X–XIII centuries AD. The collection presents 333 articles: 286 belt plates, 19 belt end plates, 24 buckles and 4 connecting rings. The articles are examined as a single complex with no taking into account their functionality. The material is systematized, the analogies are identified, the main directions and the nature of relations between the Yudinsky tribe and people from different regions of Eurasia at the boundary of the I–II millennia AD are determined. The majority of analogies of the accessories found at Vak-Kur burial (except for the buckles) is discovered on the territory of Prikamye, as well as among the antiquities of Volga Bulgaria. The great number of the buckles represents the products typical of the artifacts found in the Upper Ob region and in Southern Siberia (such items are often found in Srostkinskiy cemeteries, Kimakskiy burials of the Upper Irtysh region of the IX — early XI centuries). A characteristic feature is that the artifacts (belts, bridles, sword belts) combine plates of the Uralic origin and the buckles of the steppe nomads: this fact suggests them to be mounted right in the place but not been brought to Yudinsky people. A conclusion is made in the article that the major part of the accessories was imported, and the other part was manufactured according to the imported samples: this fact is clearly evidenced from the found buckles. Another conclusion is made that emergence of a large number of accessories of Uralic origin among the materials found at the Vak-Kur burial grounds is connected not only to trade and exchange relations, but also is related to certain resettlements of tribes from the Urals to other regions. The nature of their relations with the steppe nomads of the Upper Irtysh region (and possibly of the Upper Ob region) due to which the Yudinsky population got not only buckles of the Srostkinskiy type, but also other accessories, was likely to be of trade-exchange character, as the traces of Turkic population are not found either in archaeologically recorded elements of the burial ritual or in the ceramic complex of the necropolis.

The article deals with the restoration and conservation process of several archaeological items dating from the XVII-th-XIX-th centuries, discovered during the investigations carried by "Paul Păltănea" History Museum in the protection area of St. Nicolae Church of Galați. The restaured items are several Turkish, Hungarian and Polish coins, earrings, rings, a clasp, several buckles, buttons, nails, spikes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We investigate with experiments the twist-induced transverse buckling instabilities of an elastic sheet of length L, width W and thickness t, that is clamped at two opposite ends while held under a tension T. Above a critical tension Tλ and critical twist angle ηtr, we find that the sheet buckles with a mode number n ≥ 1 transverse to the axis of twist. Three distinct buckling regimes characterized as clamp-dominated, bendable and stiff are identified, by introducing a bendability length LB and a clamp length LC(LB), we find that mode n=1 develops above ηtr ≡ ηS ~ (t/W)T-1/2 independent of L. In the bendable regime LC 1 occur above ηtr ≡ηB ~ √t/LT-14 Here, we find the wavelength λB ~ √Lt-1/4, when n>1. These scalings agree with those derived from a covariant form of the Föppl-von Kármán equations, however, we find that the n=1 mode also occurs over a surprisingly large range of L in the bendable regime. Finally, in the clamp-dominated regime (L

This work presents a complex metallographic examination of bronze, silver and golden artefacts from early medieval German (Gepid) cemeteries of the Hungarian Plain, focusing on the finds from Tiszapüspöki.A newly developed non-destructive X-ray diffraction method was applied on the artefacts for the first time, as a novel approach, for sampling-free residual stress measurements. Other techniques such as optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive spectrometry has also been used. In addition to residual stress, crystallographic texture and properties of the reflections were analysed as well. The combined application of these methods was found to be an effective tool to deduce the production technologies of the examined artefacts. In addition to defining the characteristics of the material structures and compositions on the surfaces of the artefacts, the typical traces of several technological methods as casting, forming, coating were detected which are used for making various types of artefacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The axial orientation of molecular chains always results in an increase in fiber strength and a decrease in toughness. Here, taking inspiration from the skin structure, artificial spider silk with a buckled sheath-core structure is developed, with mechanical strength and toughness reaching 1.61 GPa and 466 MJ m -3 , respectively, exceeding those of Caerostris darwini silk. The buckled structure is achieved by nano-pulley combing of polyrotaxane hydrogel fibers through cyclic stretch-release training, which exhibits axial alignment of the polymer chains in the fiber core and buckling in the fiber sheath. The artificial spider silk also exhibits excellent supercontraction behavior, achieving a work capacity of 1.89 kJ kg -1 , and an actuation stroke of 82%. This work provides a new strategy for designing high-performance and intelligent fiber materials., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Localised buckles can occur in crasheswhen compressive stresses are dominant. However, due to their local appearance, they might be overlooked by a finite element analysis, meaning that local failure due to bucklingwill not be predicted. This could, for example, be catastrophic in the case of the crushing of a fuel tank or the impact on a ship hull, which could then lead to unpredicted and dangerous leakage. Methods to analytically assess the onset of such buckles are readily available. However, an off-the-shelf solution to predict the behaviour of them after the initial onset is not on hand. Therefore, an analytical method is developed that can predict the behaviour of a buckle after its onset, even in complex multi-axial states of stress that may be expected in crash scenarios. The strain over the buckle is captured as well, meaning that material failure can be predicted using existing material failure models. Also, the analysis is valid up to moderately thick shells, as would be expected in maritime structures. The proposed analytical method shows good agreement with a highly detailed finite element (FE) model, which only considers a single localised buckle. The goal would be to use the proposed method in conjunction with large-scale FE models, where the length of a shell element is equal to several times the thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research is to present a system recently developed and used for automated cleaning of artworks and to examine the suitability of using this ultrafast and precise computed-scanning picosecond laser (1064 nm) with a repetition rate of 10 kHz and a temporal pulse length of 10 ps for the removal of soiling from leather buckles without damaging the leather substrate. Preliminary tests will be performed with the model artificially aged vegetable tanned samples to determine the leather damage threshold fluence and the soiling ablation threshold fluence before using a laser for the removal of the soiling from a historical leather buckle. As laser cleaning requires a physical parameterization for optimization of cleaning accompanied with an assessment of the morphological and chemical changes of leather, an investigations were performed to determine the leather damage and ablation threshold fluences of artificially aged and historical vegetable tanned leather using a number of analytical techniques including differential scanning calorimetry, optical microscopy, scanning electronic microscope with energy dispersive X-ray analysis, colorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy have been used. Following optimization trials of the picosecond laser cleaning parameters on model leather samples, satisfactory removal of the soiling over the historical leather surface is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the morphological evolutions of iron films sputtering deposited on elastic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates under uniaxial compression/tension. The experiment shows that the as-prepared film (no external strain) spontaneously forms cracks and wrinkles due to the residual thermal stresses stored up during/after the film deposition. The external uniaxial compression can generate delaminated buckles perpendicular to the loading direction (transverse direction) and new cracks in the loading direction (longitudinal direction). Subsequent reloading and further straining result in the formation of transverse cracks and longitudinal buckles. It is found that there exists a significant coupling effect between the cracking and buckling patterns during the compression/tension process. The morphological evolution behaviours and underlying physical mechanisms are discussed and analysed in depth in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When a plate is subjected to applied loads and significant out-of-plane deformation, the demand on the connection may exceed that derived from calculations due to the applied loads only. Where inelastic behavior is acceptable, the intent may be to ensure ductile behavior. For plates with fillet-welded edge connections, this can be accomplished by sizing the fillet welds to develop the strength of the plate. One specific example of this arises when a brace in a special concentrically braced frame (SCBF) is subject to compression and buckles out-of-plane. Bending of the gusset plate may demand more of the gusset plate edge connection than the calculated forces that result on the gusset edge due to the brace force specified in Section F2.6c.2 of AISC 341-16 (AISC, 2016). If not accounted for in the weld size, the uncalculated weak-axis moment on the welds from out-of-plane bending of the gusset plate might cause rupture of the fillet welds to govern the behavior of the system. The method provided in this paper is suitable to determine the minimum size of fillet welds necessary to prevent weld rupture as out-of-plane deformations occur. It can be used for fillet-welded gusset plate edges in SCBFs to satisfy the exception provided in Section F2 6c 4 of AISC 341-16. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiment and analysis are used to investigate the buckling and recovery of pseudoelastic NiTi tubes with a diameter-to-thickness ratio of 23.6 under compression and the associated energy absorption. At a stress level corresponding to the onset of transformation to martensite, the tube initially buckles into a periodic axisymmetric wrinkling mode. The wrinkled structure remains stable despite the loss in stiffness, but at larger strain levels wrinkling gives way to an unstable non-axisymmetric buckling mode, characterized by three circumferential waves. With the load decreasing, this mode localizes first into a single lobe followed progressively by others. Unlike elastoplastic material behavior, transformation terminates into a stiff, saturation-type response with the linear elastic modulus of the M-phase. This stiffening of the material limits the growth of deformation in the mode-3 lobes preventing them from folding up. As a consequence, this progressive collapse occurs at a much higher stress level relative to that at the onset of collapse, than in concertina folding observed in typical structural metal energy absorbers. Even more importantly, on unloading the material transforms back to the A-phase resulting in recovery of deformation, erasure of the buckles, and a nearly closed hysteresis. The buckling and recovery phenomena are simulated numerically using a finite element model coupled to a J 2 -type nonlinear kinematic hardening model. The model is customized to the primarily compressive stress state of the problem at hand and is calibrated to the compressive hysteresis of the material. The analysis captures the onset of wrinkling, the switch to mode-3, and its localization first into a single lobe followed by a second and subsequent ones. The recovery on unloading is also reproduced by the analysis resulting in a completely closed hysteresis. Idealizations made in the present version of the constitutive model resulted in an unloading stress that is at a higher level than that observed in the experiment. Despite this discrepancy, the results demonstrate the overall veracity of the constitutive model developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For exposed subsea pipelines, lateral buckles are usually artificially triggered as an accommodation technique to release thermal expansion by providing temporary flotation with controlled spacing. With the given buoyancy load, the pipeline will be uplifted initially and will then buckle laterally under a certain thermally induced axial load, which is called the bifurcation load. Previous studies have analyzed this problem and modeled the uplifted pipeline as a fixed-fixed end beam, assuming the lateral seabed stiffness is infinite. However, the lateral seabed stiffness is usually low because the seabed is formed from soft soils. Using analytical methods, this paper investigates the buoyancy load required to trigger lateral buckles along a pipeline, considering a seabed with finite elastic stiffness, and provides suggestions for the buoyancy design with an elastic-plastic seabed model using an example of finite-element analysis. It was found that the seabed condition significantly influenced the flotation design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1973, while recovering copper cargo from a 20th-century ship wrecked off the Ponta do Leme Velho on the south-east side of Sal Island, Cape Verde, explosives revealed an earlier ship cargo with dozens of Portuguese faience plates and bowls, glass beads and metal objects, including buckles, ammunition and copper manillas. The assemblage, including the ceramics and a marked silver tastevin, provide a site date between 1680 and 1700. The research presented here is a result of collaboration between CPAS and the authors in 2008 to analyse this assemblage in the context of late 17th-century maritime trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]