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Denna rapport är framtagen som en del av kursen Brandteknisk riskvärdering (VBRN70), som ges vid Lunds Tekniska Högskola. Objektet är en idrottshall i Halmstad, kallad Söndrumshallen. Syftet med rapporten är att utreda personsäkerheten vid ett brandtillbud och målet är att undersöka om Söndrumshallen kan utrymmas på ett säkert sätt vid brand. Vid behov ska även åtgärdsförslag ges. Söndrumshallen består av två våningar och har en total golvarea på 8 800 m2. Den innehåller ett flertal banor för olika racketsporter, två gymnastikhallar samt en avdelning med cafeteria innanför huvudentrén. Hallen är byggd på 1970-talet och är därefter tillbyggd i flera etapper. Söndrumshallen ägs av en ekonomisk förening och används av fyra olika idrottsföreningar samt privatpersoner. I hallen sker ibland övernattningar för idrottsungdomar i de squashhallar som finns på ovanvåningen och det anordnas också ibland större idrottsevenemang där ett stort antal personer kan förväntas befinna sig i byggnaden. I byggnaden får högst 150 personer vistas samtidigt, vilket enligt BBR gör att byggnaden klassas som verksamhetsklass 2A. Byggnaden består av få och stora brandceller, vilket leder till att det är långa gångavstånd i delar av byggnaden. Utrymningslarmet är begränsat, med enbart två ringklockor bland alla racketplaner på nedanvåningen. Bland dessa saknas även detektionssystem. I cafeteriaavdelningen, gymnastiksalarna och på ovanvåningen finns detektorer och ringklockor. De enda manuella larmknappar som finns befinner sig i den ena gymnastiksalen. Efter att ett platsbesök i hallen genomförts gjordes en grovriskanalys för att välja ut dimensionerande scenarier. Utifrån tio grundscenarier valdes med hjälp av en riskmatris tre stycken ut, vilka ansågs utmana det befintliga brandskyddet. Det första scenariot som valdes var Scenario A – Brand vid övernattning. Detta scenariot utspelar sig vid en övernattning med ungdomar i squashhallarna. Branden uppstår på grund av laddning av mobiltelefoner i, This report is a part of the course Fire Safety Evaluation (VBRN70) at the department of Fire Safety Engineering at Lund University. The object is a sports center located in Halmstad, Sweden and is called Söndrumshallen. The purpose of this report is to evaluate the occupants’ safety in case of fire and to suggest measures for improvements of the fire protection systems. A field trip to the gymnasium was conducted and a simple risk evaluation was made. Ten different scenarios were identified, where three were selected for further analysis. Fire and evacuation simulation programs were used to examine the different scenarios. The results from the simulations showed that there were some issues regarding evacuation in two of the scenarios. Improvements were therefor suggested to increase the occupants’ safety. Lastly, a sensitivity analysis was made to verify the results credibility.

Följande projekt utfördes med anledning till att utvärdera och validera den nuvarande brandsäkerheten på Stockholms Centralstation. Detta gjordes i huvudsak med avseende på personsäkerheten, alltså behandlar inte rapporten egendomsskada samt ekonomiska förluster. Eftersom Stockholms Centralstation är en högst avancerad byggnad med högt personantal begränsades projektets omfattning en aning. Störst fokus låg på stationens källarplan, så kallade Nedre Hallen, vilken inte endast trafikeras av fjärrtågsresenärer, utan även tunnelbane- och pendeltågsresenärer. Utrymningsmöjligheterna från Nedre Hallen ansågs även vara mest sårbara vid eventuell brand med rökutveckling, detta på grund av bland annat takhöjd och geometri. Genom att fokusera på de olika brandskyddssystemen som fanns att tillgå i dagsläget, gjordes en grovanalys med 10 representativa scenarier. Dessa analyserades med hänsyn till konsekvens och sannolikhet och sattes sedan in i en riskmatris. Vidare valdes tre scenarier ut, vilka ansågs utgöra störst risk. Dessa var: Brand i butik (Pocket Shop) – Nedre Hallen Brand i Centralhallen Tågbrand utanför Norra Hallen Eftersom scenariot i Nedre Hallen ansågs vara värst av de tre ur utrymningsynpunkt, analyserades det utifrån resultat från både brandförloppsimuleringsprogrammen Pyrosim/FDS och utrymningssimuleringsprogrammet Pathfinder. Resultaten från dessa program vägdes samman för att utreda om säker utrymning var möjlig i händelse av brand. Ett antal skadekriterier i form av kritiska sikt-, temperatur-, strålningsförhållanden samt toxiska brandgaser bestämdes innan och jämfördes med resultaten. Brand i Centralhallen ansågs inte utgöra ett lika stort säkerhetshot på grund av utrymmets stora volym och takhöjd. Endast handberäkningar i form av två-zonsmodell användes och trots den potentiellt höga brandbelastningen uppnåddes aldrig kritiska förhållanden. Tågbranden stod för den högsta effektutvecklingen och ägde rum utanför Norra Hallen, visserligen utomhus men under

Uppsala University building was built in the 19th century. A larger renovation was conducted in 2016, when the buildings fire protection systems was improved. This report investigates and evaluates the existing fire protection with consideration to both human safety and economic damage. After conducting a risk scenario analysis, two scenarios where determined to be more crucial to investigate than the others. For one scenario a fire initiated in the provisional closet, used during larger events, and for the other a fire on the auditorium stage. These two cases were analyzed by using a CFD-model for the fire and a continuous model for evacuation. The software’s used was FDS and Pathfinder. With simulations in FDS and Pathfinder the time until critical values could be determined, as well as an estimated total evacuation time. The results for the fire initiated in the auditorium showed that the total evacuation time exceeded the time until critical values were met. After 100 seconds the smoke layer height became critical in the auditorium and after an additional 15 seconds visibility was critical on the terrace. Additionally, after 209 seconds the visibility was critical on the ground level in the auditorium. After 153 seconds the audience from the terrace was evacuated and after, in total, 313 seconds the remaining audience had also evacuated. As the audience safety could not be certified recommended measures were necessary. For the fire in the provisional closet, time until critical values exceeded the time necessary for total evacuation. The total evacuation took 160 seconds and the affected parameter that reached critical values, which was visibility, was reached after 195 seconds. To investigate how the input data for the simulations affect the results, a sensitivity analysis was conducted for both cases. Recommended improvements are as follows: • Technical solution for the auditorium– Smoke ventilation is recommended for the auditorium since the smoke layer and v

In the following report, a fire safety evaluation of Hotel Nissastigen in central Gislaved is presented. The building itself consists of five floors, whereof two are cellar and attic. Beyond the usual hotel business, Nissastigen both offers a place to eat at their restaurant and room for conferences, as well as acting as a gathering point for tourists, thus making it vital for the local economy. The purpose with this report is to perform a fire safety evaluation of Hotel Nissastigen and find out whether the building can be evacuated safely in case of a fire or not. The scope of the evaluation is limited to personal safety, hence disregarding damages to property, environment or other. After an initial general risk analysis, a selection from the ten fire scenarios was made to determine which three scenarios was to be further analyzed with simulations using FDS and Pathfinder, along with hand-made calculations. To evaluate personal safety, critical values for smoke layer height, temperature and visibility were set. Relevant safety measures are proposed along with a final evaluation and conclusion of the building’s fire protection. The conclusion drawn is that the fire protection of Hotel Nissastigen is partly acceptable. The personal safety is heavily dependent on factors whose functionality cannot be guaranteed, such as the systematic inspection of whether the emergency exits are functional or not and how effective the magnetically controlled doors are at reducing smoke spread. A selection of the safety measure proposals is presented below. Safety measure proposals regarding evacuation * Installation of two-way communication systems and creation of evacuation instructions intended for people with movement disabilities in case of fire * An update of evacuation plans since the current plans does not accord with current doors and hallways * Better routines for ensuring that emergency exits are functional * Widening of emergency exit, or addition of an extra staircase, on

Följande rapport har gjorts i utbildningssyfte i kursen Brandteknisk Riskvärdering på brandingenjörsprogrammet på Lunds Tekniska högskola. Rapporten är en brandteknisk riskvärdering med personsäkerhet i fokus över objektet Galleria Gränden i Linköping som är en välbesökt galleria i centrala Linköping med upp till tusentals besökare varje dag. Objektet har ett omfattande befintligt brandskydd. I stort sätt hela gallerian är försedd med sprinkler, förutom på platser där det är högt i tak som istället har brandgasventilation. På grund av objektets öppna planlösning existerar det få brandceller. De brandceller som finns är främst i utrymningsvägar. En definition av kritiska förhållanden som utrymmande personer ej fick utsättas för togs fram. De kritiska förhållanden som togs fram baserades på egna bedömningar med underlag från tidigare gjorda studier. En grovanalys över tänkbara brandscenarier gjordes. Tre scenarier som ansågs utmana brandskyddet valdes ut. För de utvalda scenarierna genomfördes handberäkningar och simuleringar. Det simuleringsprogram som användes för brandförloppet var FDS med scenarierna modellerade i PyroSim och det som användes för utrymningsmodellering var Pathfinder. Programmet DETACT-T2 användes för att ta reda på aktiveringstid för sprinkler. Två av de tre dimensionerande scenarier som analyserades djupare visade att brandskyddet var tillräckligt bra för att garantera personsäkerheten. I ett scenario uppstod dock kritiska förhållanden. Åtgärdsförslag togs fram för att garantera personsäkerheten vid händelse av brand. Handberäkningar, simuleringar i Argos och kvalitativa resonemang visade att personsäkerheten skulle vara tillfredsställd vid införande av nedanstående åtgärdsförslag. Åtgärder som ska genomföras: • Täta väggen mellan Intersports lager och butik Åtgärder som bör genomföras: • Dimensionera sprinklersystemet enligt Brandskyddsföreningens krav • Installera automatiska dörrstängare till lagrets dörrar • Se till att Intersports nödutgånga, The purpose of the report is to evaluate the fire safety design of Galleria Gränden, a mall located in central Linköping. Only the personal safety for the occupants have been taken into consideration. An onsite inspection was conducted to make measurements but also to inspect the fire safety installations to get a general perception of the fire risk in the building. An initial risk analysis was made where different fire scenarios were discussed. The three worst credible scenarios were chosen for further analysis. The further analysis of the three scenarios was made with the help of hand calculations, computer simulation programs and sound engineering judgements. Two of the three analyzed scenarios were deemed to pose no threat to the occupants’ personal safety. However, it was concluded that one scenario posed a serious threat to the personal safety of the occupants. Suggestions of improvement of the fire safety were made and analyzed. The most crucial improvement to be made was to seal a wall between a store and its storage room. Another improvement to be made was to correctly design the sprinkler system of them mall. The conclusion was made that the improvements would satisfy the personal safety of the occupants in case of fire

This report was made in order to evaluate the safety of persons within the hotel Scandic Arvika in case of fire. Except for the hotel rooms, Scandic Arvika is also arranging conferences and festivities throughout the year. The building was constructed in 1815 and has since then been updated with several changes which have made the evacuation situation of the hotel complex, and therefore this is the focus of the report. A number of scenarios for likely fire sources were estimated and the situations were simulated in fire- and evacuation programs. The results generated time until critical conditions and were compared with time for completed evacuation. Conclusions were drawn that implemented that the hotel has reasonably good fire safety but still is in need for some improvements. Among the proposals for improvements are necessary actions like making sure that every guest at the hotel have access to two independent evacuation routes and determine that the way to get there is clearly marked.

This study has been carried out, as part of the course Fire Safety Evaluation at Lund Technical University, to assess the fire safety of an elementary school in Flen. The study is made up of three parts, an overview and description of the school, an analysis of possible fire scenarios within the school compound, and a set of action proposals based on the findings from the analysis. In the analysis, we identified several possible fire scenarios and subsequently limited these to three which were – based on a quantitative risk assessment – selected for further analysis. The chosen scenarios consist of fire in auditorium, fire in toilet, and fire in mini-auditorium. The computer programs Fire Dynamics Simulator and Pathfinder were used to simulate smoke spread and evacuation respectively. The results of the report show that certain measures may be required to assure the personal safety of staff and students. These measures can be summarized to a lowered number of people or/and new evacuation routes.

This report contains a fire safety risk analysis of the X-ray Ward in the hospital in Värnamo. Värnamo hospital was built in 1976 and is today one of the biggest district hospitals in Sweden with approximately 1300 employees. A visit at the hospital was conducted in order to gain an understanding of existing fire hazards and risks on the site. All information gained during the visit was compiled and handled together with hospital fire statistics. Using the gathered information and statistics, several plausible fire scenarios were chosen and out of these, four were analyzed more closely. The four selected scenarios were chosen different from each other so as to represent the widest array of possible outcomes as possible. The analysing process was conducted primarily in the computer program FDS, Fire Dynamics Simulator. The program was used to calculate how variables like visibility, temperature, thermal radiation, height of smoke layer and concentration of carbon monoxide, vary in the case of a fire. This information was then combined with egress calculations conducted in the computer program Pathfinder. The results showed that in one of the scenarios, fire in one of the waiting rooms, the environment would become harmful to humans before evacuation is finished. The results were the same for a different scenario, fire in a washing room. For a third scenario, fire in one of the hospital beds, thermal radiation will become harmful to nearby humans before evacuation is finished. For the last scenario, fire in a cabinet filled with cables, the environment will not become critical for humans for the full length of the fire. Based on the results of the fire risk analysis, the authors have come up with four different measures that need to be taken to ensure that evacuation can be performed safely in the case of a scenario that is similar to the ones examined. The measures are as follows: • Install a sprinkler system • Replace 10 % of the ceiling with a metal grid • Fire cel

The purpose of this report is to evaluate and assess the fire safety at the sports center Pilängshallen located in Lomma. The report is only focused on personal safety and no consideration has been taken concerning economic or environmental damage. Pilängshallen is used on a daily basis for several different sport and workout activities by both local sport clubs and the public, as well as by schools for PE classes. The highest number of visitors occurs during swimming and basketball competitions. A number of possible fire scenarios was considered and the three thought to be the worst credible scenarios were analyzed in depth. The aim of the analysis was to estimate whether safe evacuation from the building was possible before critical conditions arose and the safety of people inside became jeopardized. The analysis was performed with analytical calculations as well as computer software and assumptions based in available literature. The main conclusion of the report is that in case of fire, people within the facility will be able to evacuate before critical conditions are present. Proper training of staff and regular maintenance of fire equipment such as automatic fire doors and fire extinguishers should be performed on regular basis to further ensure the safety of people at the facility.

This report is the result of a fire safety evaluation of the Royal Opera in Stockholm. This report was written as a project by students at the fire protection engineering program at Lund University. The objective of the evaluation is to ensure successful egress of visitors of the Royal Opera in case of fire. No concern has been taken of environmental or economical damage nor the safety of the staff. The Royal Opera was built in 1898 and seats nearly 1200 people in the audience. The evaluation assumes that successful evacuation is achieved when no member of the audience is subject to critical conditions at any point during an eventual fire. This has been evaluated using simulations made with software such as Fire Dynamics Simulator and Pathfinder as well as through qualitative analysis and statistical analysis in @Risk. The report concludes that current safety measures are not satisfactory in all cases. In order to ensure safe egress the authors suggest the following fire protective measures: • Protective systems should be automatically activated • Staff routines should be revised to ensure that correct action is taken in case of fire • Emergency services should be especially prepared to assist evacuation when ordinary egress routes are blocked by fire

This report evaluates personal safety during evacuation of the arcade Gallerian, Västerås, in case of fire. The report focuses on evacuation through Gallerian’s main paths. During a visit to the arcade potential fire scenarios and current fire protection systems were identified, and a survey was handed out to some of the staff members. The results from the survey concluded that some of the staff were lacking sufficient knowledge of current routines in case of fire, however most of the staff were well aware of the routines. In order to determine if there was a risk for personal safety three design fires were further examined and analyzed through hand calculations, statistics and simulations in computer programs. Results from the analyzed design fires were compared to levels of critical conditions and the required time to evacuate to find out if the evacuees were in risk of harm. The report concludes that the personal safety in the arcade is adequate. Despite this, one measurement was found to be required by Swedish fire safety legislation – to install a proper notification sign next to an unmarked fire extinguisher. Other measurements which were not required by law but would improve the personal safety were also brought up. These measurements were related to the results from the survey, repairing smoke hatches, investigating a certain lighting equipment’s effect on sprinkler and general sprinkler maintenance.

Denna brandtekniska riskvärdering har som mål att utvärdera personsäkerheten i Nässjö sim- och sporthall i det fall brand utbryter i byggnaden. Sim- och sporthallen består av en idrottshall med läktare för upp till 1200 personer samt en nedervåning med diverse sportlokaler och omklädningsrum. Hallen är hemmaplan för Nässjö Basket som spelar på elitnivå vilket innebär att de spelar match ungefär en gång i veckan för fullsatta läktare. Simhallen har en 25 meters simbassäng, en barnbassäng och en relaxavdelning. Rapporten begränsas till att endast undersöka personsäkerheten i sporthallen på grund av det stora antalet människor som befinner sig inne i hallen regelbundet. Utrymningssäkerheten undersöks endast för de personer som befinner sig inne i själva hallen då det är dessa som förutsätts få svårast att utrymma. Personer som befinner sig i intilliggande rum eller på nedervåningen förutsätts inte ha några problem att utrymma snabbt och säkert. Vid ett inledande objektbesök undersöktes eventuella risker. Brandskyddet och möjliga utrymningsvägar granskades också. Möjliga brandscenarier identifierades och utifrån dessa utfördes simuleringar i FDS för att undersöka hur förhållandena i hallen utvecklades under respektive brandförlopp som valdes att gå vidare med. Simuleringar genomfördes även i Pathfinder för att undersöka hur lång tid en utrymning skulle ta i de olika scenarierna. En jämförelse gjordes av tiderna i dessa simuleringar för att undersöka om tiden det tar att utrymma är kortare än tiden det tar för förhållandena i hallen att bli oacceptabla med hänsyn till personsäkerhet. Resultaten från simuleringarna validerades med hjälp av en känslighetsanalys där de olika parametrarna som legat till grund för simuleringarna varierades för att se hur stor påverkan de har på resultatet. Då tiden till fullständig utrymning var längre än tiden till kritiska förhållanden, främst på grund av den stora köbildning som tidigt uppstod vid alla utgångar, i samtliga scenarier som un

This report is the result of a fire safety evaluation of Borås Kulturhus. The report was written by students at the Fire Protection Engineering program at Lund University. The project focuses on the public safety within the building and not on the damage of the property. The building includes different types of activities such as theatre, public library and art museum. The aim was to evaluate the existing fire protection system and find the weaknesses in the system. Initially a visit was made at the object to gather information and get an overview of the building. Risk identification was then carried out to identify the worst case scenarios considering the public safety in the building. Comparisons between time to critical conditions caused by a fire and the time to evacuation were made to see if the fire safety is satisfactory. The areas regarding the two theaters was of most concern and the ones were most improvements were needed. Examples of improvements are education, information and fire safety equipment. The fire safety routines among the staff were estimated to be good according to the visit at Borås Kulturhus.

The report is an examination element of the course Brandteknisk riskvärdering. The purpose of the report is to evaluate human safety of visitors in case of fire at the racetrack Halmstadtravet and suggest possible solutions if the human safety is deemed insufficient. The purpose is also to train the students in their engineering capability. The method is to choose several fire scenarios that challenge the existing fire protection features of the building. The fire scenarios are ranked by likelihood and consequence. The most severe scenarios are simulated in FDS where the time to critical conditions is obtained. The results are compared to evacuation simulations executed in SIMULEX. If safe evacuation is not achieved within the allowed timeframe, an assessment will be carried out to suggest improvements. To examine how robust the solutions are, sensitivity analyses are carried out. The assessed building includes a restaurant, kitchen, bleachers and cafés. The existing fire protection features of the building are presented and a comparison is made with Swedish regulations, BBR 20. The results of the report shows that safe evacuation is not achieved within the allowed timeframe. Therefore the following suggestions are presented to improve the fire protection features of the building and assure safe evacuation. Necessary measures • A 2,0 meter wide door leading straight to the outside, shall be installed in the north-west corner of the bleachers. Outside a fire escape with at least the same width as the door shall be installed. • A 2,0 meter wide door, shall be installed leading from the lower part of the bleachers to the restaurant. This requires removal of the tables between the new door and the stairs to the ground floor. The door shall open outwards in the evacuation direction. The door could also be placed so it leads straight to the outside in the north-east corner of the bleachers. This also requires a fire escape. • A fire escape shall be installed from the balc, Rapporten är ett examinerande moment i kursen Brandteknisk riskvärdering. Syftet med rapporten är att utvärdera personsäkerheten vid brand för besökarna på Halmstadtravet och ge förslag på eventuella förbättringar. Syftet är även att studenterna ska tränas i sin ingenjörsmässiga förmåga. I byggnaden som utvärderas finns bland annat restaurang, kök, sittplatsläktare och caféverksamhet. Det redogörs för det befintliga brandskyddet samt görs en jämförelse mellan befintligt brandskydd och BBR 20. För att utvärdera personsäkerheten vid brand väljs ett antal brandscenarier som ska utmana det befintliga brandskyddet. Brandscenarierna rangordnas efter sannolikhet och konsekvens. De brandscenarier som innebär störst risk simuleras i FDS där tid till kritiska förhållanden erhålls. Resultaten jämförs med utrymningssimuleringar som utförs i SIMULEX. Om utrymning inte kan ske säkert tas förslag på åtgärder fram och därefter genomförs känslighetsanalyser för att säkerställa robustheten hos lösningarna. Resultaten i rapporten visar att säkerheten inte är tillräcklig. För att uppnå en godtagbar säkerhetsnivå presenteras åtgärder vilka syftar till att förbättra personsäkerheten för besökarna på Halmstadtravet. Nödvändiga åtgärder • En dörr med bredden 2,0 meter som leder ut till det fria ska installeras i det nordvästra hörnet av läktaren. Utanför krävs en brandtrappa med minst samma bredd som dörren. • En dörr med bredden 2,0 meter som leder från läktarens nedre del in till restaurangen ska installeras. Detta kräver att de bord som finns placerade mellan den nya dörren och trappan till bottenplan tas bort. Dörren ska vara utåtgående i utrymningsriktningen, det vill säga öppnas in mot restaurangen. Alternativt kan dörren, då med tillhörande brandtrappa, leda direkt till det fria via det nordöstra hörnet av läktaren. • Utrymningstrappa från balkongerna utanför VIP- och hästägarloungen. Sekundära åtgärder • Installation av brandgasluckor på läktaren där vartannat fönster i den övre ra

The purpose of this report is to perform an evaluation of life safety in case of fire at Cirkus in Stockholm. Cirkus is a heritage listed building that offers a lot of different events, such as concerts and conferences. This report is limited to only cover the public areas of the building. No account is taken to either economic losses or environmental impacts in case of fire. The method employed is a deterministic scenario analysis that handles uncertainties with a credible worst case approach. From the risk identification three scenarios were selected for further analysis. By using different simulation programs the times to critical conditions and evacuation are determined for each scenario. These times were compared to each other and if a negative time margin was obtained the personal safety cannot be ensured. For all three scenarios it was found that measures must be taken and requirements are presented and verified. The requirements are considered not to affect the buildings appearance and this because of the heritage label of the building.

This report is a fire risk assessment of Norrköpings Art Museum and is written as a part of the Fire Protection Engineering program at Lund University. The three scenarios that are evaluated in the report come from a coarse qualitative analysis conducted after a visit at the object. Programs like CFAST, FDS and SIMULEX has been used to implement this analysis. The results obtained from these programs are used to determine the time to critical conditions in the event of a fire and the time it takes to evacuate people from the building. By comparing these times there is either a positive safety margin that indicates that a safe evacuation can be conducted or there is a negative margin that indicates that people were still in the building when critical conditions occurred. The results in two of the three scenarios yielded negative margins and to compensate for this there is possible solutions listed in the report. The conclusion of the report describes that measures should be taken in all scenarios and that in two of the scenarios actions shall be taken to secure that a safe evacuation can take place.

In order to examine the evacuation conditions in the case of fire at Gekås Ullared AB, a fire safety evaluation has been conducted. Gekås is Scandinavia’s largest department store with 4,5 million visitors a year. Three different scenarios were analyzed and simulated in the programs FDS and Simulex. The time to critical conditions were compared with the total evacuation time to see if the requirements for fire safety were fulfilled. The conclusion is that some important measures have to be taken at Gekås Ullared AB to secure safe evacuation conditions. Measures that shall be taken are as follows: - The evacuation alarm shall start when two detectors activates. - Optical alarms shall be installed in restrooms. - One door, BD1, shall be restored and fitted with push bars. - One door, BD35, shall be replaced with a door opening in the escape direction and fitted with push bars. - Emergency exits where people with disabilities can evacuate shall be marked. - An investigation shall be done to address the problem with the large amount of flammable goods.