Search

This article highlights the importance of Air Traffic Control in ensuring the security and efficiency of international aviation operations. Traditional RADAR systems face limitations in power consumption, coverage, and accuracy, leading to the development of innovative solutions like the Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) system. However, the open nature of ADS-B's unencrypted signals poses security challenges, allowing attackers to intercept and manipulate data. To address this, the paper emphasizes the need for symmetric authentication, which uses shared secret keys through schemes like Message Authentication Codes and block cipher encryption. The choice between these methods depends on factors such as security, performance, and usability. Symmetric authentication is a practical solution, requiring robust shared keys and careful encryption algorithm selection. The research underscores the need for secure ADS-B systems and the trade-offs required in designing authentication schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the main technical characteristics of current Radio Automatic Identification System (R-AIS) and development new Satellite AIS (S-AIS) as more reliable solution for enhanced tracking and detecting systems for maritime applications. The technical parameters and comparison of current Radio AIS (R-AIS) and new developed Satellite AIS (S-AIS) with their advantages and disadvantages are described. The possibility in upgrading of a particular AIS configuration depends mainly on its mission objectives, development trends of radio and satellite mobile tracking and surveillance service, modernization of onboard and coastal equipment and characteristics of the satellite payloads for S-AIS. The R-AIS network provides local coverage in coastal waters of VHF-band range, while new S-AIS will be able to provide global beam coverage using Low Earth Orbit (LEO) or even Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) spacecraft. In this paper is introduced the R-AIS network and its classes, basic technical details of AIS transponder, Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) Systems for AIS Base Station (BS) and software, The S-AIS Network, enhancements of surveillance and security, improvement of counter piracy and suspicious movement of ships, better facilitated fisheries and environmental monitoring, more Reliable Search and Rescue (SAR) operations and Nano satellite AIS (Nano S-AIS) are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key challenges in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) include reduced dormancy, energy efficacy, reportage worries, and network lifetime. To solve the issues of energy efficiency and network longevity, more study of cluster-based WSNs is required. In order to address the challenges and constraints of WSNs, creative approaches are needed. WSNs use machine-learning techniques because of their unique characteristics. These characteristics include high communication costs, low energy reserves, high mobility, and frequent topological shifts. The current method picks cluster heads at random at the beginning of each cycle, not considering the remaining energy of these nodes. It is possible that the newly chosen CH nodes will have the lowest energy level in the network and will die off fast as a result. Energy is wasted while communicating over long distances between cluster heads and the BS, which occurs frequently in a big network due to Internet of things. This would mean that WSNs have a finite lifespan. Therefore, to increase the network's longevity and efficiency, we propose a machine-learning-based strategy called energy proficient crossbreed clustering methodology (ECCM). The experimental results reveal that the ECCM is superior to the LEACH approach, increasing residual energy by 35%, extending network lifetime by 37%, and increasing throughput by 15%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In base-station-based underwater wireless acoustic networks (B-UWANs), effective handover mechanisms are necessary to ensure seamless data services for mobile nodes such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). Unlike terrestrial base stations (BSs), moored buoy BSs in B-UWANs experience motion responses due to wave loads under environmental conditions, posing unique challenges to the handover process. This study examines how BS motion affects handover decision errors, which arise when AUVs incorrectly initiate handovers to unintended BSs due to BS motion. By utilizing the AUV–BS distance as a handover triggering parameter, our analysis reveals a significant increase in decision errors within the overlapping regions when both the current and target BSs are in motion, especially when moving in the same direction. In addition, these errors intensify with the magnitude of BS motion and are exacerbated by smaller BS network radii. Based on these simulation results, we present an analytical framework that not only measures the influence of BS motion on the AUV–BS distance but also provides strategic insights for refining underwater handover protocols, thereby enhancing operational reliability and service continuity in B-UWANs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of changes in the number and morphology of B chromosomes in the populations of mice (Apodemus peninsulae) in the northern region of the Pritelets taiga of the Altai Mountains over a 36-year period (1978‒2014) was traced. Three time phases were distinguished. From 1978 to 2002 (24 years)—a phase of steady growth of the number of B chromosomes, with a relatively uniform average increase of 1.4 chromosomes per decade (from 3.17 ± 0.2 to 6.5 ± 0.54); the phase of stabilization of the indicator when it consistently ranged between 6.3 and 6.9 (2002–2012), although the indicator was at least doubled compared to early 1980s (differences are significant); and the third period (2012‒2014) of the emerging trend of decrease in the number of supplementary chromosomes (differences are also significant). The change in the conditional mass index of B chromosomes (mB) also had similar dynamics, and it was at its maximum for the species during the period of stabilization. The dynamics of different morphotypes of B chromosomes showed an unequal contribution to the overall dynamics. The main contribution was made by large, medium-sized, and small metacentric B chromosomes. Micro-B chromosomes and acrocentrics were absent in the growth phase and appeared in the stabilization phase at the maximum of other indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mast cells have a detrimental impact on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Sambou Bamboo salt™ (BS) suppresses mast cell-mediated infammatory response and enhances immunity. In this study, we investigated the regulatory efects of BS on expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease/serine subfamily member 2 (TMPRSS2) in human mast cell line (HMC)-1 cells. BS resulted in signifcant reductions in expression levels of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in activated HMC-1 cells. Levels of tryptase were reduced by BS. In addition, BS blocked activation of activator protein 1 (AP-1), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNK), p38, and phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) in activated HMC-1 cells. Therefore, these results show that BS reduces levels of ACE2, TMPRSS2, and tryptase by inhibiting AP-1/JNK/p38/PI3K signaling pathways in mast cells. These fndings can serve as valuable foundational data for the development of therapeutic agents aimed at preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Obesity is a worldwide problem at epidemic scale. Bariatric surgery (BS) is the most effective method to treat morbid obesity characterized by long-term and positive effects on concomitant diseases. However, the effect of BS on female reproductive health has not been sufficiently studied to date, which makes relevant to conduct further investigations in this field. Aim: to summarize research data assessing BS effect on female reproductive health. Materials and Methods. There was conducted a search for publications in the electronic databases PubMed, eLibrary and Google Scholar to identify the following keywords and their combinations in Russian and English: "bariatric surgery", "reproductive health", "sex hormones", "pregnancy", "menstrual cycle", "fetal", "neonatal". The evaluation of the articles was carried out in accordance with the PRISMA recommendations. Based on search data, 868 publications from PubMed, 83 publications from eLibrary and 74 publications from Google Scholar were retrieved. After the selection procedure, 79 articles were included in the review. Results. To date, the data regarding the long-term BS effects on improved obesity-related endocrine disorders remain insufficient. It is better to recommend long-acting reversible contraceptives such as intrauterine device, to post-BS patients. Women with BS history should have a continuous comprehensive nutritional assessment as well as blood macronutrients and trace elements monitoring before, during and after pregnancy. Recognizing potential complications associated with BS in the anamnesis and timely seeking specialized medical aid or timely transfer of a patient to a specialized medical facility may improve pregnancy outcomes for a mother and paired newborn. Conclusion. While making decision to perform BS, it is necessary to fully understand its impact on female reproductive health, assess patients' reproductive intentions and fulfill health education obligations. All patients of childbearing age who are candidates for BS should participate in a joint decision-making dialogue on BS-related risks and benefits for reproductive health, which should be supported by extensive multidisciplinary work involving obstetricians, gynecologists, endocrinologists, psychologists and representatives of other medical specialties. To date, the data regarding the BS-related effects on pregnant women are heterogeneous, which requires additional investigations in this field.

Bacterial infection is a common complication in bone defect surgery, in which infection by clinically resistant bacteria has been a challenge for the medical community. Given this emerging problem, the discovery of novel natural-type inhibitors of drug-resistant bacteria has become imperative. Brucine, present in the traditional Chinese herb Strychnine semen, is reported to exert analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Brucine's clinical application was limited because of its water solubility. We extracted high-purity BS by employing reflux extraction and crystallization, greatly improved its solubility, and evaluated its antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. Importantly, we found that BS inhibited the drug-resistant strains significantly better than standard strains and achieved sterilization by disrupting the bacterial cell wall. Considering the safety concerns associated with the narrow therapeutic window of BS, a 3D BS-PLLA/PGA bone scaffold system was constructed with SLS technology and tested for its performance, bacteriostatic behaviors, and biocompatibility. The results have shown that the drug-loaded bone scaffolds had not only long-term, slow-controlled release with good cytocompatibility but also demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity in antimicrobial testing. The above results indicated that BS may be a potential drug candidate for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections and that scaffolds with enhanced antibacterial activity and mechanical properties may have potential applications in bone tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the main technical characteristics of current Radio Automatic Identification System (R-AIS) and development new Satellite AIS (S-AIS) as more reliable solution for enhanced tracking and detecting systems for maritime applications. The technical parameters and comparison of current Radio AIS (R-AIS) and new developed Satellite AIS (S-AIS) with their advantages and disadvantages are described. The possibility in upgrading of a particular AIS configuration depends mainly on its mission objectives, development trends of radio and satellite mobile tracking and surveillance service, modernization of onboard and coastal equipment and characteristics of the satellite payloads for S-AIS. The R-AIS network provides local coverage in coastal waters of VHF-band range, while new S-AIS will be able to provide global beam coverage using Low Earth Orbit (LEO) or even Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) spacecraft. In this paper is introduced the R-AIS network and its classes, basic technical details of AIS transponder, Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) Systems for AIS Base Station (BS) and software, The S-AIS Network, enhancements of surveillance and security, improvement of counter piracy and suspicious movement of ships, better facilitated fisheries and environmental monitoring, more Reliable Search and Rescue (SAR) operations and Nano satellite AIS (Nano S-AIS) are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study offers a detailed analysis of the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) series in the Arabian Gulf zone, employing three interpolation models, Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), Bicubic Spline Smoothing (BSS) and Spatio-Temporal Kriging (STK). Unique advancements include the use of complete temporal records in IDW, the management of edge effects in S with synthetic buffer points, and the application of STK to detrended data residuals. The results indicated that the BBS, particularly adept at handling boundary conditions, significantly outperformed the other methods. Compared to IDW, the Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) decreased by 21%, 15%, and 21%, respectively, in BSS. Compared to STK, MAE, RMSE, and MAPE were lower with around 60%, 61%, and 58%, respectively in BSS. These findings underscore the efficacy of the BSS method in spatial interpolation for environmental monitoring, contributing to enhanced PM2.5 analysis and public health management in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to evaluate the level of accuracy and precision of bone scan (BS), MRI, and digital radiography (DR) to measure long bone tumors to design custom-made prosthesis (CMP)/modular prosthesis (MP) in limb salvage surgery (LSS) with the help of phantom and patient's study. There are two separate groups: one is the phantom study and another one is the patient's study. The phantom study is done with the Jaszack Phantom for the Gamma camera and the indigenous phantom for the MRI and DR. Three independent imaging professionals (nuclear medicine physicians and radiologists) measured the distance between standardized, preselected points on the Jaszack phantom in the Gamma Camera (GC) and indigenous phantom on the coronal and sagittal view of the MRI scan and in digital radiography. The measured values were compared with the known values for phantom measurement. A total of 36 patients, which include 24 males and 12 females, 3 independent imaging professionals measured the patient's long bone in a bone scan, MRI and DR and compared it with histopathological specimen measurement after limb salvage surgery (LSS). Descriptive statistics using appropriate measures of central tendency and dispersion were employed to describe the data. Karl-Pearson correlation coefficient was used to establish the association between continuous covariates. Paired t-test was utilized to test the differences in paired values for statistical significance. A near-perfect positive correlation was evident between all three pairs of bone scan, MRI scan, and digital radiography values, and a positive agreement within 1 mm of the bone scan, MRI scan, and DR values of all three pairs was around 95%. For the phantom study, we conclude that Gamma camera and MRI measurements are equal in physical measurements (MCF-1). DR measurements were found to be near equal physical measurements and multiplication correction factor (MCF)—0.9104 and three observer's measurements values were also near normal. For the patient's study, we conclude that the bone scan, MRI, and DR measurements of 3 independent imaging professionals are near normal, and it was confirmed with pathological specimen after LSS, to confirm reliability, repeatability, reproducibility, and accuracy of the tumor length to do custom-made prosthesis or modular prosthesis for the patients who are affected by osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis B is a major global challenge, but there is a lack of epidemiological research on hepatitis B incidence from a change point perspective. This study aimed to fill this gap by identifying significant change points and trends in hepatitis time series in Xinjiang, China. The datasets were obtained from the Xinjiang Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. The Mann-Kendall-Sneyers (MKS) test was used to detect change points and trend changes on the hepatitis B time series of 14 regions in Xinjiang, and the effectiveness of this method was validated by comparing it with the binary segmentation (BS) and segment regression (SR) methods. Based on the results of change point analysis, the prevention and control policies and measures of hepatitis in Xinjiang were discussed. The results showed that 8 regions (57.1%) with at least one change fell within the 95% confidence interval (CI) in all 14 regions by the MKS test, where five regions (Turpan (TP), Hami (HM), Bayingolin (BG), Kyzylsu Kirgiz (KK), Altai (AT)) were identified at one change point, two change points existed for two regions (Aksu (AK), Hotan (HT)) and three change points was detected in 1 region (Bortala (BT)). Most of the change points occurred at both ends of the sequence. More change points indicated an upward trend in the front half of the sequence, while in the latter half, many change points indicated a downward trend prominently. Finally, in comparing the results of the three change point tests, the MKS test showed a 61.5% agreement (8/13) with the BS and SR.

Today, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are extensively employed in wireless communication systems due to their mobility and exceptional maneuverability. With the advantage of flying high to increase the line of sight (LOS) probability with ground user equipment (UE), many studies have demonstrated that using UAVs to replace ground base stations (BS) can reduce transmission power loss. However, most research results are still limited to simulations with implicit formulas. This paper provides a closed formula for calculating the communication power gain of a cell based on environmental parameters. To achieve this, we propose an approximately linear mathematical model that allows for determining the formula for the optimal elevation angle, thereby calculating the coverage area of the UAV-BS and communication power gain of the coverage area. Simulations show that the proposed formula can be applied over a wide range of environmental parameters, and the quantitative results enable rapid cell planning for communication designers.

Multi-Input Multi-Output system (MIMO) is a wireless technology that employs transmitters and receivers for simultaneously transferring more amount of data. And Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) is a new technology that accommodates multiple users in the same spectrum to ensure efficient spectral usage. A combination of MIMO-NOMO systems meets the data demands of more users, while ensuring spectral efficiencies. This paper presents a new precoding algorithm using the Gaussian Mixture Modelling (GMM), which is a type of Machine Learning (ML) algorithm used for Clustering, for the MIMO–NOMA systems. Clustering refers to the grouping of data points into clusters. The use of optimal precoding methods would help eliminate inter–cluster interferences. The suggested precoding approach supports multi-layer transmission in multi-antenna wireless communications, incorporating the idea of GMM in a Multiple antenna system at both the transmitting and receiving ends along with a special case of its multiple access methodology being non-Orthogonal. Hence, the resultant MIMO–NOMA system would result in better spectral efficiency and energy efficiency. The simulation results prove this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we define the concept of Diophantine neutrosophic subbisemiring (DioNSBS) of bisemirings (BSs). The DioNSBS is the new approach for fuzzy subbisemiring (FSBS) over a BS. Let Ξ be the Diophantine neutrosophic subset (DioNSS) in T, we show that Ξ = h(fT Ξ ;fI Ξ;fFΞ); (ѠΞ;ѠΞ; ×Ξ)i is a DioNSBS of Tif and only if all non-empty level set Ξ(fi;) is a subbisemiring (SBS) of T,8, 2 [0;1]. Let Ξ be the DioNSBS of a BS T and Z be the strongest Diophantine neutrosophic relation of T. Then Ξ is a DioNSBS of T if and only if Z is a DioNSBS of T × T. Let Ξ1, Ξ2,...Ξn be the family of DioNSBSs of T1, T2;... Tn, respectively. We show that Ξ1 × Ξ2 ×...× Ξn is a DioNSBS of T1 × T2 ×...× Tn. The homomorphic image of every DioNSBS is a DioNSBS. Let Ξ be any DioNSBS of T, then pseudo Diophantine neutrosophic coset (aΞ)p is a DioNSBS of T, for every a 2 T. Let (T1;⊛1;⊛2;⊛3) and (T2⊗ 1⊗2⊗3) be any two BSs. The homomorphic preimage of every DioNSBS of T2 is a DioNSBS of T1. Let (T1;⊛1;⊛2;⊛3) and (T2⊗1⊗2⊗3) be any two BSs. Let Ξ and be any two DioNSBSs of T1 and T2, respectively, then Ξ × is a DioNSBS of T1×T2. If L: T1-T2 is a homomorphism, then L(Ξ(fi;)) is a level SBS of DioNSBS Z of T2. Examples are given to demonstrate Lndings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article investigates the stationary N-policy with a set-up time of a single server bulk arrival queueing model rendering two-heterogeneous optional repeated service (THORS) with the factor of unreliability. The server studied here is allowed to take a single vacation after each busy period following Bernoulli Schedule (BS). An extensive analysis of the proposed model is carried out using the Supplementary Variable Technique (SVT) under some suitable transformations. The joint distribution of the server's state and queue length are obtained under both elapsed and remaining times along with their double transforms. Probability generating function (PGF) of the queue size distribution together with the mean system size of the model are determined for any arbitrary time point and service completion epoch, besides the busy period distribution and various pivotal system characteristics. A suitable linear cost structure of the underlying model is developed, and with the help of a difference operator, a locally optimal N-policy at a lower cost is obtained. Finally, some numerical experiments are carried out in support of the theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The growing rate of obesity led to an increased number of bariatric surgeries (BS) as a treatment option for obesity. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) changes following BS can impact many drugs' absorption. Levothyroxine (LT4) is a synthetic thyroxine (T4) replacement used commonly as tablets to manage hypothyroidism disorder, which is more prevalent among patients with obesity. This study aims to examine the LT4 oral tablet form therapy after sleeve gastrectomy. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in multi-center. The LT4 doses and TSH and T4 levels were compared before and after BS. The post-surgery readings were categorized into three periods: (one to three months), (four to six months), and (> six) months after surgery. ANOVA test was used for analysis. Results: A total of 14374 patients who underwent BS from (1/2019 to 3/2022) were screened for eligibility, and n = 101 participants matched the inclusion criteria. The TSH and T4 were not statistically significant differences before and after surgery (P-values of 0.4864 and 0.5970, respectively). However, the doses significantly differed before and after surgery in all the follow-up time point periods (P < 0.002). Conclusion: The LT4 required doses significantly reduced after sleeve gastrectomy, which can be related to the improved endogenous thyroid production in patients with obesity. However, the abnormality of the GIT induced by the sleeve gastrectomy may affect the exogenous LT4 absorption. Using liquid forms of LT4 while monitoring the thyroid function parameters can optimize the treatment after the procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to build a wireless computer network for a large company or university to enhance mobility and allow university users to stay connected at any time or place, which is achieved by applying the Universal Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) technology. WiMax is based on the 802.16 sets of standards and has the most efficient and advanced hardware capabilities to meet the demands of teachers and students to browse the web or download files quickly. OPNET Modeler version 14.5 was used to determine the quality of service parameters of WiMax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Security is one of the major concerns while designing robust protocols for underwater sensor networks (UWSNs). The underwater sensor node (USN) is an example of medium access control (MAC) that should control underwater UWSN, and underwater vehicles (UV) combined. Therefore, our proposed method, in this research, investigates UWSN combined with UV optimized as an underwater vehicular wireless network (UVWSN) that can completely detect malicious node attacks (MNA) from the network. Thus, MNA that engages the USN channel and launches MNA is resolved by our proposed protocol through SDAA (secure data aggregation and authentication) protocol deployed in UVWSN. SDAA protocol plays a significant role in secure data communication, as the cluster-based network design (CBND) network organization creates a concise, stable, and energy-efficient network. This paper introduces SDAA optimized network known as UVWSN. In this proposed SDAA protocol, the cluster head (CH) is authenticated through the gateway (GW) and the base station (BS) to guarantee that a legitimate USN oversees all clusters deployed in the UVWSN are securely established for providing trustworthiness/privacy. Furthermore, the communicated data in the UVWSN network guarantee that data transmission is secure due to the optimized SDAA models in the network. Thus, the USNs deployed in the UVWSN are securely confirmed to maintain secure data communication in CBND for energy efficiency. The proposed method is implemented and validated on the UVWSN for measuring reliability, delay, and energy efficiency in the network. The proposed method is utilized for monitoring scenarios for inspecting vehicles or ship structures in the ocean. Based on the testing results, the proposed SDAA protocol methods improve energy efficiency and reduce network delay compared to other standard secure MAC methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermodynamic T 0 temperatures have been analysed for various Fe systems with additions of C, Mn, Si, Cr, Mo, Ni and Al. The findings indicate that the additivity rule is inadequate to accurately describe T 0 of ternary and higher order systems. To address this issue, a novel method accounting for the interaction of alloying elements was introduced and validated using 860 data points. The study also explored the interaction of alloying elements in modelling B s and M s temperatures, but no conclusive evidence was found due to high uncertainty in the experimental data. The models developed based on the additivity rule can accurately describe B s and M s for a wide range of alloying concentrations, demonstrating a significant improvement compared to benchmark models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study offers a detailed analysis of the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) series in the Arabian Gulf zone, employing three interpolation models, Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), Bicubic Spline Smoothing (BSS) and Spatio-Temporal Kriging (STK). Unique advancements include the use of complete temporal records in IDW, the management of edge effects in S with synthetic buffer points, and the application of STK to detrended data residuals. The results indicated that the BBS, particularly adept at handling boundary conditions, significantly outperformed the other methods. Compared to IDW, the Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) decreased by 21%, 15%, and 21%, respectively, in BSS. Compared to STK, MAE, RMSE, and MAPE were lower with around 60%, 61%, and 58%, respectively in BSS. These findings underscore the efficacy of the BSS method in spatial interpolation for environmental monitoring, contributing to enhanced PM2.5 analysis and public health management in the region.

In this study, two dynamic algorithms are verified for transmit antenna selection aimed at achieving the energy efficiency in massive MIMO, namely: Random User Selection (RUS) and Maximum Channel Gain (MCG). Massive MIMO setups are investigated over N radio cables via centralized massive base station (BS), which uses RUS and MCG to provide management to U clients. Massive MIMO networks are shown for 8×8, 16×16, 25×25, and 50×50 setups using RUS and MCG. The proficiency of the proposed scheme on setup network has been investigated with RUS and MCG, and then the effect on performance characteristics, such as sumrate, user throughput and energy efficiency has been analyzed. The power efficiency has also been improved by increasing the number of Massive MIMO antennas. Compared to RUS, algorithm MCG provides a better service to users located far from the base station antenna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to compare the safety and efficiency of nephroscopy and cystoscopy in transurethral cystolithotripsy (TUCL) for bladder stones (BS). Methods The PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library databases were searched up to January 2021 for studies assessing the effect of different types of endoscopes among patients who underwent TUCL. The search strategy and study selection process were in accordance with the PRISMA statement. Results Five randomized controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed no difference in stone-free rate (RR = 1.00, CI = 0.98–1.02, p = 1.00) between the two groups and nonsignificant heterogeneity (I2 = 0%, p = 1.00), and all patients were rendered stone free. Use of the nephroscope significantly shortened the operative time compared with the cystoscope group (RR= − 26.26, CI = − 35.84 to − 16.68, p

The eastern Tell Atlas of Algeria is characterized by a complex neotectonic system including lateral strike-slips, and normal and reverse faults. The landscape of the Neogene basin of Mila-Constantine acquired its shape due to the perpetual action of tectonic activity, and erosion processes. Neo-tectonics in this basin have affected the geometry of the stream network and the contemporary landscape topography. Our methodology evaluates the active tectonics in this mountainous region by a combination of drainage network and geomorphic indices, namely, the basin-shape index (Bs), stream-length gradient (SL), hypsometric integral (HI), mountain front sinuosity (Smf), basin asymmetry factor (AF), and valley-floor ratio (Vf). The calculated values of the six measured geomorphic indices were used to differentiate the distribution of faults function as well as the relative tectonic activity in the study area. The obtained results from the GIS-based multi-criteria analysis of these indices consist of the index of active tectonics (IAT). Hence, we defined four hierarchic degrees of IAT, namely, very high (VH), high (H), moderate (M), and low (L). The relative active tectonics represents an obvious correlation between morpho-structural features, tectonic activities, and uplift rates. It selects the morphotectonic features and landforms that interpret the tectonic events in the study area. Our results prove that this approach discerns the most active regions related to the neo-tectonic action in the Rhumel-Smendou drainage basin. The combination of geomatics and field surveys highlights the cliffs which are still rising by using the drainage patterns, the landform model, and the mountain range shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the photocatalytic properties of BS, we have investigated the geometry, electronic structure, and carrier mobility of BS monolayer and single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) using a first-principles study. The B-S and B-B bond lengths of SWNTs remain stable compared to the monolayer, and the strain energy and formation energy decrease with the increase of the diameter of the nanotube. The band gap of nanotubes is significantly reduced compared to that of the monolayer, and the transition from indirect to direct band gap occurs between monolayer to nanotubes which promotes rapid carrier migration while reducing electron-hole recombination. The band gap edge position of larger diameter BS nanotubes satisfies the photocatalytic hydrolysis redox potential. Notably, the electron mobility of the (60, 0) nanotube is 97.22 cm2 V−1 s−1 while the hole mobility of the nanotube is as high as 4684.61 cm2 V−1 s−1. The large value difference in carrier mobility could reduce the recombination of electrons and holes. Combined with the above calculations, we believe that the BS nanotubes have good photocatalytic performance and these BS nanotubes in photocatalytic hydrolysis should be very promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acoustic models are effective methods for inverting the geo-acoustic properties of seafloor sediments. To investigate the main sediment types in the northern South China Sea, 221 sediment core samples containing three sediment types (clayey silt, silty clay, muddy sand) were collected, and the geo-acoustic properties of the sediments were measured and analyzed. The results show that the same sediment type, shows different acoustic properties for different sedimentary environments. To verify the applications of different acoustic models, three acoustic models (the BS, EDFM and VGS model) were used to invert the sound velocities. It was observed that when porosity is less than about 0.75, the predicted velocity values from the three models are close to the measured values. As the porosity increases, the variation trend of VGS model is more in line with the measured data, while the BS and EDFM model has a relatively large error with the measured data.It seems that the VGS model, which incorporates the properties of both fluids and elastic solids, has a relatively broader scope of application. while the BS and EDFM models are susceptible to the porosity and particle size of the sediment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Handover management is one of the emerging trends in VANETs as it provides seamless connectivity throughout the communication process. No doubt handover management is a highly explored topic in the domain of VANETs but handover management in cluster based VANETs has not been given much attention. So, there is a need to focus on the issue of handover management in cluster based VANETs. In this paper, we have introduced an Enhanced Multi-hop Cluster based Algorithm (EMhCA) for providing smooth handover management in cluster based VANETs. This EMhCA is the improved multi-hop clustering algorithm which uses the concept of a cluster subordinate node that helps in solving handover problem in overlapping zone found in the cluster based VANET. The paper below presents a detailed description of the proposed algorithm. To analyse and validate the perfor)mance of proposed EMhCA, ns-3 and SUMO were used. From the simulation results it may be concluded that EMhCA has improved performance in terms of cluster stability and handover management as compared to the other cluster algorithms reported in the literature i.e. VMaSC, VMaSC-LTE and MhCA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For 35 years, from 1984 to 2019, in the southern Baikal region, observations of changes in the system of additional chromosomes of Korean field mouse (Apodemus peninsulae) were conducted in five regions. The number and structure of morphotypes of additional chromosomes remained statistically constant. Analysis of B chromosome systems demonstrates stability and low variability of statistical indicators over a 35-year period, as well as the lack of statistical differences between samples of different years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing spatial variability and mapping of soil properties constitute important prerequisites for soil and crop management in agricultural areas. To explore the relationship between soil spatial variability and land management, 256 samples were randomly collected at two depths (surface layer 0–20 cm and subsurface layer 20–40 cm) under different land use types and soil parent materials in Yujiang County, Jiangxi Province, a red soil region of China. The pH, soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and base saturation (BS) of the soil samples were examined and mapped. The results indicated that soils in Yujiang were acidified, with an average pH of 4.87 (4.03–6.46) in the surface layer and 4.99 (4.03–6.24) in the subsurface layer. SOM and TN were significantly higher in the surface layer (27.6 and 1.50 g kg−1, respectively) than in the subsurface layer (12.1 and 0.70 g kg−1, respectively), while both CEC and BS were low (9.0 and 8.0 cmol kg−1, 29 and 38% for surface and subsurface layers, respectively). Paddy soil had higher pH (mean 4.99) than upland and forest soils, while soil derived from river alluvial deposits (RAD) had higher pH (mean 5.05) than the other three parent materials in both layers. Geostatistical analysis revealed that the best fit models were exponential for pH and TN, and spherical for BS in both layers, while spherical and Gaussian were the best fitted for SOM and CEC in the surface and subsurface layers. Spatial dependency varied from weak to strong for the different soil properties in both soil layers. The maps produced by selecting the best predictive variables showed that SOM, TN, and CEC had moderate levels in most parts of the study area. This study highlights the importance of site-specific agricultural management and suggests guidelines for appropriate land management decisions.

Behçet’s disease is a rare vasculitis of unknown aetiology though there is a strong genetic association with HLA-B51 characteristically targets small arteries and venules. Multiple deep oral ulcer and genital ulcer is a common presentation. Ocular involvement is also commonly occurs in the form of anterior or posterior uveitis or retinal vasculitis. Neurological manifestation occurs in the form of brainstem or pyramidal tract symptom.Thrombosis can occur but renal involvement is unlikely. Our patient Mrs X, 47 year old has been suffering from recurrent episode of oral ulcer, genital ulcer, redness of eye and dysphagia for the last 12 years.T here was relapse and remission of the symptoms. Her Ophthalmoscopic examination was normal. Upper GI endoscopy revealed multiple esophageal ulcers. ANA, Anti CCP, cANCA, pANCA, HSV 1&2- IgM, CMV- IgM,TPHA,Anti -HIV 1&2 were negative. She was treated with oral steroid and azathioprine and all the lesions resolved completely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non‐reciprocity limits the potential of time division duplexing (TDD) massive multiple‐input and multiple‐output (MIMO) systems. Due to the reciprocal channel, there is no need for downlink (DL) pilot transmission implies computational complexity reduction and saving precious time resources. In this study, the DL channel matrix is estimated using the uplink channel matrix by a novel reciprocity calibration technique. Non‐reciprocity arises due to the hardware mismatch (HM) across the base station (BS) and the user terminal (UT)/both. Its detrimental effect causes amplitude and phase impairment in the downlink signal transmission. Since a massive MIMO network has a large number of antenna elements across the BS, hence the instantaneous HM coefficient cannot be determined accurately. For solving such a problem, the authors use the statistical response of the hardware unit. Considering a complex Gaussian hardware response across each antenna terminal, the probability density function (PDF) of amplitude and phase mismatch is derived. They also derive the joint PDF of amplitude and phase mismatch, considering the HM. Simulation results address the sensitivity and complexity for evaluating the sum‐rate capacity under three linear precoders (matched filter, regularized zero‐forcing, and zero‐forcing), which validate their effectiveness in this scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to compare the safety and efficiency of nephroscopy and cystoscopy in transurethral cystolithotripsy (TUCL) for bladder stones (BS).Methods: The PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library databases were searched up to January 2021 for studies assessing the effect of different types of endoscopes among patients who underwent TUCL. The search strategy and study selection process were in accordance with the PRISMA statement.Results: Five randomized controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed no difference in stone-free rate (RR = 1.00, CI = 0.98-1.02, p = 1.00) between the two groups and nonsignificant heterogeneity (I2 = 0%, p = 1.00), and all patients were rendered stone free. Use of the nephroscope significantly shortened the operative time compared with the cystoscope group (RR= - 26.26, CI = - 35.84 to - 16.68, p < 0.00001), and there was significant heterogeneity (I2= 87%, p < 0.00001). There was no significant difference in mean urethral entries (RR = 0.66, CI = - 0.71 to - 2.04, p = 0.35), hospitalization (MD = 0.08, 95% CI = - 0.07 to 0.23, p = 0.31) or total complication rate (RR=1.37, 95% CI = 0.47-4.00, p = 0.56) between the two groups.Conclusions: In conclusion, this systematic review demonstrates that both nephroscopy and cystoscopy have high stone clearance efficiency, low rates of complications and short hospitalizations. The mean urethral entries depend on the treatment method for large stone fragments. However, the use of nephroscopy can significantly reduce the operative time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When we considered a wireless sensors network, the safety measures have been create depending on non-realistic trusted environment. Some malicious sensor nodes may illegally drop the data packets and disturb network communication. Hence, internal networks attacks of malicious nodes becoming a challenging research topic under on its trust and security solutions for WSN. After analysing the trust mechanism schemes for wireless sensor networks, it has been found that there are different trust mechanism schemes are present. Every scheme has several advantages for finding a better path for source to destination node. In this paper, a review on different trust estimation schemes in WSNs is carried out which are classified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures assembled by different atomically layers have demonstrated a wide range of fascinating phenomena and novel applications in the fields of optoelectronics and photovoltaics. Exploring the interlayer coupling and their correlation effects is paramount for designing novel heterostructures with desirable properties. In order to achieve a higher photoelectric conversion efficiency, carriers should be separated in space. The coulomb interaction in intrinsic 2D materials often exceeds the driving force of charge transfer which will result in a fast recombination. Experiments have confirmed that it is feasible to adjust the band structure through heterogeneous structures to improve the performance of optoelectronic devices or photocatalysts. Based on the density functional theory, this work combines monolayer AlS and BS through vdW interaction to obtain a heterostructure with well-defined type-II alignment. It proves from different aspects that AlS-BS heterostructure can meet ideal criteria for water splitting and solar cells. The results reveal that the electric field can regulate the band alignment between type-I and type-II, while the strain can maintain the heterostructure in a relatively wide range of type-II. Therefore, the carriers can be effectively separated in space and the predicted efficiency of AlS-BS when strain BS can be as high as ~ 20.7%. This theoretical survey provides a flexible and feasible approach for composites applied in water splitting and solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behçet‘s Syndrome (BS) is a variable vessel vasculitis according to the Chapel Hill Consensus Nomenclature (1) and may thus affect any organ, including major and minor arterial and venous vessels to a varying degree and with varying frequency. Although the main features of BS are recurrent oral and genital aphthous ulcers, cutaneous lesions, ocular inflammation and arthritis—major vessel and life—or organ threatening involvement of internal organs and the central and peripheral nervous system occur. In general, BS in Europe appears to form six phenotypes of clinical manifestations (2), which are (1) mucocutaneous only, (2) predominant arthritis/articular involvement, (3) vascular phenotype, (4) ocular manifestations, which are most likely associated with CNS manifestations and HLA-B51, (5) dominant parenchymal CNS manifestations (being associated with the ocular ones), and (6) gastrointestinal involvement. Mucocutaneous manifestations are present in almost all patients/all phenotypes. In the following review, we summarize the current knowledge concerning vascular, neurologic, gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal manifestations of the disease.

Capitalizing on the veteran's extensive service experience, values, and norms, Health Resources Services Administration (HRSA) proposed Nurse Education, Practice, Quality and Retention – Veterans' Bachelor of Science (VBSN) Program grants (2016–2019). The purpose was to identify predictors of student veterans' (SV) progression and graduation rates in VBSN programs. A descriptive correlational retrospective design was used. Two hundred and eighty-two (282) SV records were examined. One hundred and forty (140) SVs graduated (49.6%) and 107 (37.9%) were still enrolled. Only program delivery mode (hybrid) was significantly associated with completion and confirmed by logistic regression modeling. An increased representation of SVs' gender, race/ethnicity was present; however, gender, age, race, ethnicity, and veteran status did not significantly predict progression nor graduation. Hybrid program delivery became the single predictor influencing VBSN progression and graduation. As non-traditional students in higher education with a history of social isolation and help-seeking stigma, this delivery mode may have assisted SV retention and persistence. With a registered nurse shortage and workforce calls for increased gender, race, and ethnic diversity, the findings suggest nursing education programs designed for veterans are a viable solution. • Veteran to BSN programs are producing successful nursing education pathways. • Program delivery mode (hybrid) predicted student veterans (SV) program completion. • Faculty can promote SV success through veteran-inclusive teaching/learning strategies. • Military veterans increase gender, race, and ethnic diversity in nursing workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]