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F--16 Fighting Falcon: American All-Purpose Com bat Machine. By Bertie Simmonds. Horncastle UK: Tem pest Books, 2022. Tables. Diagrams. Illustrations. Photographs. Bibliography. Index. Pp. 200. $36.99. ISBN: 978-1-911658-56-6 The F--16 [...]

Pacific Profiles Volume 11 Allied Fighters: USAAF P-40 Warhawk Series South and Southwest Pacific 1942-1945. By Michael John Claringbould. Kent Town, Australia: Avonmore Books, 2023. Maps. Tables. Diagrams. Illustrations. Photographs. [...]

Naval Air: Celebrating a Century of Naval Flying. By Philip Kaplan. South Yorkshire UK: Pen & Sword Aviation, 2022 (2013 reprint). Photographs. Bibliography. Index. Pp. 208. $29.95. ISBN 9-781-39907-505-3 I [...]

French Naval Aviation. By Henri-Pierre Grolleau. Stamford UK: Key Publishing Ltd, 2022. Photographs. Pp 96. US $24.95. ISBN 978-1-80282-195-6. Grolleau claims in this fact-filled book that 'France has the second [...]

This article is designed to examine the role non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play in politics. Previous evidence suggests that NGOs mobilize communities to challenge existing patterns of authority or that they serve hand in glove with existing elites. We reconcile these two contradictory findings by identifying an important contextual feature that helps determine the extent NGOs mobilize or anesthetize. We argue that a community’s level of education influences not only whether people vote but how they vote. We employ a cross-sectional data set from Brazilian municipalities that allows us to estimate the relationship between NGOs, voting turnout, and electoral results. We find that although there is a significant statistical interaction between literacy and NGOs when explaining voting turnout, the effect is not substantively important. The interaction between literacy and NGOs is, however, an important consideration in determining how people vote: in communities with relatively low literacy rates, a robust NGO presence significantly increases the left’s electoral fortunes. Our findings imply the influence NGOs have on society is more political than social.

Me 262-Northwest Europe 1944-45. By Robert Forsyth. Oxford UK: Osprey Publishing, 2023. Maps. Diagrams. Illustrations. Photographs. Appendices. Bibliography. Index. Pp. 80. $23.00. paperback. ISBN: 978-1-472-85051-5 For those unfamiliar with Germany's [...]

This paper examines democracy's impact on the labor share of income: the share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) dedicated to wages, salaries, and benefits. I hypothesize democratic regimes afford labor the opportunity to increase its share of national income. While previous empirical work finds cross-sectional evidence for the hypothesis, this paper employs a time-series cross-sectional analysis using data for 119 countries between 1950 and 2017, indicating the labor share of income is higher in democratic countries. The estimates are robust to different specifications of the statistical model. This paper also examines a potential causal mechanism that links democracy to a higher labor share through the supply of labor (the average number of hours worked in the economy). The relationship between democracy and the supply of labor lends additional evidence to my hypothesis. In a world characterized by diverging democracy, the results imply the path countries choose between democracy and dictatorship matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two computer viruses that have caused hundreds of millions of dollars in damage over the past four years are the Melissa and the Sasser virus. In March of 1999, the Melissa virus first appeared on the Internet and spread rapidly throughout computer systems in the United States and Europe. The virus made its way through 1.2 million computers in the United States alone. On December 9, 1999, David Smith pleaded guilty to state and federal charges associated with his creation of the Melissa virus (Vamosi, 2003). Reasons for writing the viruses; "boredom", "the challenge", and "that's what I'm good at, what I like to do. In May, 2004, the Sasser virus was released by an 18 year old in Germany (Williams, 2004). The arrest made on this "script kiddie" was the first which used Microsoft's $5,000,000 fund, even though millions has been offered for information on other viruses. Unfortunately, young virus creators are unwilling to turn one another in, claiming they write viruses because they have nothing else to do or because they just want to see what happens. The purpose of this paper is threefold. First, this paper will describe the extent of Internet/cyber use by American students. Second, this paper will present data from a resent research project showing the large amount of cyber crimes are secondary students are aware of and are participating in. Finally, this paper will present scenarios which might help the reader understand why ethical choices of today's script kiddies are not as black and white as the reader might think. (Contains 3 tables and 1 figure.)

Explains concept mapping as an instructional method in cooperative learning environments, and describes a study investigating the effectiveness of concept mapping on student learning during a photosynthesis and cellular respiration unit. Reports on the positive effects of concept mapping in the experimental group. (Contains 16 references.) (YDS)