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• Informal brick manufacturing in Bangladesh emits substantial air pollution. • People living downwind from brick kilns experience worse respiratory health when kilns are operating. • Effects are larger for women. • Banning kilns from being constructed nearby residential areas does not protect population health. • Brick manufacturing must be cleaner and more efficient to prevent this externality. Coal-fired brick kilns have spread rapidly in Bangladesh, where they are one of the largest sources of air pollution. The adverse health impacts of air pollution have been widely documented, yet there is little empirical evidence on the externalities of this important industry. We conducted a field study in Bangladesh to quantify the contribution of brick kilns to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) and estimate the association with child asthma symptoms, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and general respiratory symptoms. We exploit variation in the timing of brick production, seasonal wind direction, and household proximity to kilns to isolate the effects of brick manufacturing from other sources of air pollution. We find that PM 2.5 is 72.3 μg/m3 (95% CI: 10.2, 134.3) higher in areas 2 km downwind from a brick kiln during the brick production season. We also find 2.2 (95% CI: 1.2, 4.3) greater odds of COPD symptoms among adults over 40 and 4.2 (95% CI: 2.7, 6.8) greater odds of respiratory symptoms among adults over 18. Among children under 5, we found greater odds of respiratory symptoms (2.1, 95% CI: 0.7, 6.0) and asthma symptoms (2.5, 95% CI: 0.1, 96.1), but the results were underpowered for the smaller sample of children. Our findings suggest that existing regulations, which require that kilns be at least 1–2 km from residential areas, schools, and health facilities, are inadequate to protect nearby communities from the substantial health burden brick manufacturing imposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the sector of small-scale, semi- and un-mechanized industries in the United States-Mexico border economy that includes artisanal brickmaking. Development in the 19th and early 20th centuries as a pioneer manufacturing industry; Viability of the industry in the lower Rio Grande border; Issues regarding the fate of small-scale, labor intensive industry.

Abstract While F is an essential constituent of some rock-forming minerals such as fluorite and apatite, its major occurrence in the lithosphere is within hydroxysilicate minerals where F− occupies OH− lattice sites. The majority of the F occurring in the secondary environment derives from natural weathering processes with some soils derived from F-rich parent rocks containing over 1weight (wt) % F. Other natural sources of F are vulcanicity, wind-blown dust and a minor marine-derived component, with biomass burning, being in part natural, also a source. Several anthropogenic sources of environmental F have also been identified. Of the anthropogenic sources, the application of phosphate fertiliser, which probably adds over 2.3 Mt a−1 F to soils globally, represents the largest. While much of this is strongly retained in soils, in acidic some may be transferred to groundwater. In some abandoned mine sites in the UK where fluorite was associated with the mineralisation, soil F contents of up to 8 wt % have been recorded with plants growing on the sites containing up to 1wt % F. The rapid growth of urban areas in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh has resulted in an upsurge of brickmaking in Asia, with these 3 countries plus China accounting for over 75% of global brick production. As a result there is a large number of unregulated brick kilns which emit HF into the surrounding environment. Based on an annual global brick production of 1500 billion and the F contents of brick clays, it is estimated that about 1.8 Mt a−1 F are released to the environment from brick manufacture. This suggests that brickmaking is the largest source of atmospheric F emissions dwarfing that of coal combustion, 0.2–0.3 Mt a−1, phosphate fertiliser production, 0.07–0.10 Mt a−1, aluminium smelting, 0.041 Mt a−1, and even vulcanicity, 0.3–0.7 Mt a−1. However, it is apparent that atmospheric F emissions are not transported globally and as such their effects are manifested only in the local environment. Emissions from industry sited close to urban centres can impact these environments together with domestic coal combustion and the release of F from high octane fuels in motor vehicles. A more recent source of F in the environment stems from the large number of fluorocarbon compounds in everyday use. Degradation of some of these fluorocarbon compounds together with pyrolysis of fluoropolymers and burning of household refuse has resulted in the deposition of organofluorine compounds such trifluoroacetic acid in the environment. Highlights • The majority of the F occurring in the secondary environment derives from natural weathering processes. • The application of phosphate fertiliser is the largest anthropogenic source of F in the environment, probably adding over 2.3 Mt a−1 F to soils globally. • Global brick production is estimated to release about 1.8 Mt a−1 F, making it the largest source of F emissions to the atmosphere. • Other anthropogenic sources of F emissions to the atmosphere are coal combustion, 0.2–0.3 Mt a−1, phosphate fertiliser production, 0.07–0.10 Mt a−1 and aluminium smelting, 0.041 Mt a−1. • Vulcanicity has been estimated to release 0.3–0.7 Mt a−1to the atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the impact of harmful emissions on the environment from the production of bricks. And also results of calculation of allocated dust in manufacture of a brick are resulted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated setting times and early age compressive strength of the high volume fly ash (HVFA) blended pastes prepared with ground materials. The pastes consisted of 60% Fly Ash + 30% Portland cement (CEM I) + 10% cement kiln dust (CKD) and tests were carried out for four different fly ashes. In phase 1, all the constituent binder materials (class F-fly ash, CEMI and CKD) were initially mixed in the relevant proportions and were ground for varying time periods (1, 2 and 4 h). In phase 2, the CEM I and CKD were mixed and ground for different time periods (1 and 2 h) and then added to the unground fly ash. Both wrapped and submerged curing were used for compressive strength test samples. Overall, grinding of constituents appeared to be largely ineffective at increasing 2 day compressive strength although strength enhancements at 28 days were generally observed. Paste samples that were made from interground constituents generally achieved higher 28 day strengths than corresponding pastes where only the activators were ground, although this was not consistent throughout so further investigation is suggested in this area. Submerged curing is generally less effective in increasing compressive strength than wrapped curing as leaching of CKD is suspected to have occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China’s cement production is increasing, but the sustainable development of the cement industry is hindered by pollutants, especially nitrogen oxide, with serious health impacts. This study reports the use of an artificial neural network and a genetic algorithm to control the operation parameters of a new dry-process cement kiln technology to predict and optimise the nitrogen oxide emissions. Comparing the predicted value and actual value, the error of the model is less than 2%. The GA is used to search the optimal operation parameters to achieve the lowest concentration of nitrogen oxide emission, which is 165.9 mg/m3under optimal conditions. The results of sensitivity analysis show that the furnace temperature, raw material quantity and third air temperature have the greatest influence on the nitrogen oxide emission. This model prediction and optimisation can provide a reference for enterprises in controlling operation parameters to reduce nitrogen oxide emission. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: Bricks have been manufactured in Nepal for hundreds of years and are seen as a component of Nepalese sculpture and architecture. Large quantities of hazardous materials including high concentrations of particulate matter are emitted on a daily basis from brick kilns. Exposure to these hazardous materials can lead to adverse consequences on the environment and human health. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of respiratory symptoms/illnesses and the magnitude of respirable and total dust exposures among Nepalese brick kiln workers. Methods: Respiratory symptoms/illnesses were evaluated by questionnaire among brickfield workers (n = 400) and a referent group of grocery workers (n = 400) in Kathmandu valley. Work zones (WZs): green brick molding (GBM), green brick stacking/carrying (GBS/C), red brick loading/carrying (RBL/C), coal preparation (CP) and firemen (FM) were the similar exposure groups (SEGs) from where personal air samples and interviews were taken. Among brickfield workers, personal monitoring was conducted across SEGs for total (n = 89) and respirable (n = 72) dust during February-March 2015 and March-April 2016. Applying multi-stage probability proportionate to size sampling technique, 16 kilns and 400 brick workers for interview were selected. Proportions, means, medians and ranges were calculated for the demographics, samples and respiratory symptoms/illnesses. One-way ANOVA was applied to compare the significance differences of the level of particulate matter among SEGs. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to evaluate association between respiratory symptoms/illnesses and participants groups, and SEGs among brick kiln workers at 0.05 level. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 21. Results: Chronic cough (14.3%), phlegm (16.6%) and bronchitis (19.0%) were higher (P < 0.05) among brickfield compared with grocery workers (6.8, 5.8 and 10.8%). Mean respirable (5.888 mg/m3) and total (20.657 mg/m3) dust exposures were highest for red brick loading tasks. The prevalence of chronic cough, chronic phlegm, chronic bronchitis, wheezing and asthma were significantly higher for other WZs workers (p < 0.05) compared with CP; for GBM: 22.9, 34.6, 15.0 and 7.5%; for GBS/C: 13.5, 15.8, 10.0, 8.8 and 7.5%; for RBL/C: 11.1, 17.1, 27.4, 19.0 and 11.9%; for FM: 18.4, 12.5, 28.4, 4.9 and 0.0%; and for CP: 4.9, 6.3, 13.3, 9.3 and 4.0% respectively. Conclusion: High dust exposures identified in this study may explain the increased prevalence of respiratory symptoms/ illnesses among Nepalese brickfield workers, warranting action to reduce exposures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reports a study of brick kilning in peri-urban Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study concerns the adverse environmental effects of the industry which appears to be acting regardless of legal constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Sewage sludge was added as part of ceramic slurry for making bricks. Raw materials (clay and sludge) were characterized in terms of chemical composition, mineralogical phases, thermal behavior and physical characteristics. Test tiles with up to 15% inclusion of sludge in the dry state of standard dimensions according Norma Técnica Colombiana (NTC) 296 and calcined at temperatures of 950 °C, 1000 °C and 1050 °C. In accord of the NTC 4017, compression resistance test, were performed in order to evaluate the effect on this property has the percentage amount of addition of the sludge. From environmental point of view, the safety of metals in sludge was evaluated by developing the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test bricks made with the addition of the residue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rotary kilns are well suited for processing woody biomass by torrefaction to produce bioenergy. One of the key issues for process design lies in the flow pattern modeling. The Saeman model is classically used to predict the mean residence time (MRT) and the bed depth profile of powder materials in rotary kilns. Its ability to describe wood chips flow arises. In the present study, residence time distribution (RTD) experiments are conducted with raw and torrefied wood chips. Effects of operating parameters - kiln slope, rotational speed and inlet flow-rate - on the average residence time, the variance and the mean solid hold-up are discussed. A plug flow with small extent of dispersion is emphasized, even if some segregation phenomena are highlighted. Torrefaction did not evidence any significant influence on the flow pattern. With a discrepancy of 20% between the measured and computed mean residence time, the predictive capacity of the classical Seaman model proved to be insufficient. The model is adapted to predict accurately the load profile and the mean residence time of particles with parallelepiped form. The discrepancy between experimental and calculated results is so reduced from 20% to 5% for the MRT and from 25% to 5% for the mean solid hold-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirteen South Asian brick kilns were tested to quantify aerosol and gaseous pollutant emissions. Particulate matter (PM2.5), carbon monoxide (CO), and optical scattering and absorption measurements in the exhaust of six kiln technologies demonstrate differences in overall emission profiles and relative climate warming resulting from kiln design and fuel choice. Emission factors differed between kiln types, in some cases by an order of magnitude. The kilns currently dominating the sector had the highest emission factors of PM2.5 and light absorbing carbon, while improved Vertical Shaft and Tunnel kilns were lower emitters. An improved version of the most common technology in the region, the zig-zag kiln, was among the lowest emitting kilns in PM2.5, CO, and light absorbing carbon. Emission factors measured here are lower than those currently used in emission inventories as inputs to global climate models; 85% lower (PM2.5) and 35% lower for elemental carbon (EC) for the most common kiln in the region, yet the ratio of EC to total carbon was higher than previously estimated (0.96 compared to 0.47). Total annual estimated emissions from the brick industry are 120 Tg CO2, 2.5 Tg CO, 0.19 Tg PM2.5, and 0.12 Tg EC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two clayey raw materials collected in the Porto Ferro and Lago Baratz areas of Alghero in northwest Sardinia (Italy) were used to prepare handmade brick samples that were fired under oxidizing conditions at temperatures ranging between 750 and 1000°C to evaluate their possible use in the brickmaking industry. Both raw materials are rich in quartz and phyllosilicates but only the sample from Porto Ferro contains calcite. Granulometrically, the sample from Porto Ferro is a silty sand and shows higher plasticity than the clay from Lago Baratz which is classified as a sand. After firing, the samples acquire a red-orange colour and undergo significant mineralogical and textural changes. Phyllosilicate depletion is accompanied by the crystallisation of mullite and, only in Porto Ferro samples, the breakdown of calcite is followed by the formation of gehlenite, wollastonite and anorthite. Optical and electronic microscopic observations revealed that the temper grains are larger and more abundant in the bricks from Lago Baratz than in those from Porto Ferro. As firing temperature increased, pores became ellipsoidal in shape and the matrix became vitrified. The samples from Lago Baratz also show fissures at grain boundaries, which indicate the formation of an extensive network of pores and make these bricks very brittle when fired at low temperatures (750 and 800°C), so much so that hydric tests could not be performed on them. Bricks produced with the clayey material from Porto Ferro achieved the best results in terms of hydric behaviour, with a reduction in the water absorption capacity, and in terms of compactness, with an increase in ultrasound wave velocity. However, both Porto Ferro and Lago Baratz bricks behaved in similar ways when submitted to the salt crystallisation test, especially at 1000°C when a sufficient degree of vitrification was reached to ensure high quality samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts related to industrial archaeology in Great Britain including the career of schoolmaster, surveyor and civil engineer Carter Reid, the brick-making industry in East Birmingham in the 19th century and excavation of a 19th century pottery kiln at Sharpe's Pottery.

Abstract: A combined archaeomagnetic and thermoluminescence study was carried out as part of a rescue archaeological excavation on a kiln discovered during the installation of methane gas pipelines beneath a rice field, along the southern border of Fontanetto Po village (Vercelli province, Italy). A total of 23 independent brick samples have been collected, oriented in situ with an inclinometer; the use of magnetic and sun compass was not possible due to the existence of metallic tubes beneath the kiln and a plastic cover above it. Standard archaeomagnetic procedures have been used for the determination of the archaeomagnetic inclination and absolute geomagnetic intensity. Stepwise thermal demagnetization shows a very stable characteristic remanent magnetization and the calculated mean inclination of the 23 samples is I = 65.3° with α 95 = 2.4° and k = 156. Archaeointensity experiments have been performed using the classical Thellier method as modified by Coe, with regular partial thermoremanent magnetization (pTRM) checks. The cooling rate and remanence anisotropy effects upon thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) have been investigated in all the specimens. A total of 19 archaeointensity determinations (at specimen level) that correspond to linear NRM–TRM plots were used for the calculation of the site mean archaeointensity that is 46.4 ± 2.9 μT. Archaeomagnetic dating results show two possible dating intervals for the last 1000 years, calculated at 95% confidence interval: a first one from 1511 to 1614 AD, and a second one from 1768 to 1872 AD. Thermoluminescence (TL) study has been also performed on two brick samples from the kiln''s internal wall, using conventional laboratory procedures. According to the thermoluminescence results the kiln''s last usage lies between 1796 and 1914 AD. This age is in good agreement with the second dating interval obtained by the archaeomagnetic analysis. The combined archaeomagnetic and thermoluminescence results suggest that the last firing of the kiln could have occurred between the end of the 18th century and the beginning of 20th century. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article focuses on Petersen Tegl, one of the six brickworks that remain in Nybølnorvej, Denmark. It notes that brick has been produced in the area since 1791, when King Christian VII granted the founder of the family business, smallholder Peter Andresen, permission to build a brickworks. Christian A. Petersen and his daughters are currently running the company. It also describes the unique Kolumba that Petersen has been producing and cites the reasons why the company fared so well.

The rapid urbanisation of many cities in south and south-east Asia has increased the demand for bricks, which are typically supplied from brick kilns in peri-urban areas. We report visible foliar damage to mango, apricot and plum trees in the vicinity of traditional Bull’s Trench brick kilns in Peshawar, Pakistan. Visible injury symptoms, hydrogen fluoride concentrations in air, and foliar fluoride concentrations were all greater in the vicinity of brick kilns than at more distant sites, indicating that fluoride emissions from brick kilns were the main cause of damage. Interviews with local farmers established the significant impact of this damage on their livelihoods. Since poorly regulated brick kilns are often found close to important peri-urban agricultural areas, we suggest that this may be a growing but unrecognised environmental problem in regions of Asia where emission control in brick kilns has not been improved. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A new finding of the observation of an elemental gradient or zoning of calcium and sulphur in fired brick bodies is described, that does not appear to have been reported in the literature before. Many raw clays used in brickmaking and pottery contain sulphur and calcium evenly distributed in low amounts in the unfired clay body. However, when the clay body is fired in the kiln at 1050°C, the elements sulphur and calcium appear to combine to a compound, most probably calcium sulphate. The formation of calcium sulphate, visualised using energy dispersive imaging micro X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF), only occurs around a so-called reduction core, also known as ‘black core’, caused by reduced magnetite Fe3O4 in the centre of the brick body. The presence of a black reduction core appears to cause the formation of a calcium sulphate layer around the black reduction core. This research contributes to the understanding of phenomena like salt formation, efflorescence and durability in solid clay brick bodies. Large sums are spent on building conservation by national economies and improvement of bricks is of key interest to them. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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This article exposes the interior world of black female prisoners who labored in Georgia's convict camps after the Civil War. During the post-Emancipation period convict labor became an indispensable asset in the development of Georgia's postwar industries, and helped foster the growth of its industrial economy. Black female convicts labored silently in the state's brickyards, coal and iron factories, and farms, while misdemeanant women graded roads and constructed bridges in county chain gangs. The lives and labor of these women were complicated by the ever-present threat of physical and sexual violence. Nonetheless, black female prisoners resisted encroachments on their self-worth and fought hard to preserve their humanity in a dehumanizing system built on terror and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of development has been identified as one of the most pressing concerns in heritage management in Africa. At the same time, heritage has also been recognized as having the potential to bring tourists, and thus growth, to local economies. Communities that wish to benefit from the latter have to balance developmental pressures against the preservation of heritage, and various sectors of the community may view these priorities differently. In this paper, I discuss some of the potentials of, and pressures on, the heritage landscape of Gwollu, a town in Ghana's Upper West Region. I use GwoIIu's brickmakers as a case study to illustrate the small-scale everyday development that can have a lasting impact on a town's heritage resources, and how internal divisions within communities may affect the heritage tourism process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the industry of kiln bricks making in India which poses environmental threats to agricultural lands in the region. Localities have been suffering from respiratory infections due to the drudgework involve in film bricks and that it also contributed air pollution by 30 percent. Other problems associated with kiln bricks making is the poor availability of water for drinking and irrigation, which has been largely consumed in brickmaking.

Environmental pollution is one of the burning issues of the world. In developed countries, there are lot of awareness about the environment and the impact of various industries on their life and surroundings. A little has been done in this direction in developing countries. In Pakistan, a big problem is the rapid conglomeration of the brick kilns in the outskirts of nearly all the urban centers to cope with the rapid construction work in big cities. A huge amount of low-grade coal or rubber tires is used as fuel in a very non-scientific manner. The purpose of the present study was to look into the impact of the brick kilns on the different aspects of environmental pollution caused by these kilns. Concentration of metals Cu, Co, Zn, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cd, and Mn were measured on 36 soil samples collected from the area and the same number of plant samples in order to establish the distribution of heavy metals in the area and to determine the effect of this distribution on the surrounding atmosphere and the possible effects on human life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last two decades of the nineteenth century, Laredo, Texas underwent a mini-industrial revolution in brickmaking to meet the demand of a rapidly expanding population. While brick manufacturing was mechanized in Laredo earlier and more extensively than in any other area of the lower Rio Grande corridor, by the mid-twentieth century the rise of a Mexican industry almost exclusively organized to manufacture handmade brick for export to Texas undermined Laredo's once dominant position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A brickmaking process was utilized to stabilize the arsenic, zinc, lead and cadmium in sludge from a zinc smelter in this study. The results indicated that the appropriate percentage of sludge content for producing quality bricks was in the range of 0-4% by weight with 20-16% addition of fly ash into a clay and coal mixture prepared in brickmaking. Under this optimum mixing condition, the compressive strength of bricks made could meet the requirements of the national standards of China for fired common brick: 10.0 MPa for a MU10-class brick. After the leaching in rain- water for 31 days, the concentrations of As, Zn and Pb leached from the bricks could not only meet the demands of the integrated wastewater discharge standard of China and the identification standard for hazardous wastes - identification for extraction toxicity of China, but also satisfy the requirement of the Class III of the national environmental quality standards for surface water of China, i.e., As<0.05mg/L, Zn

An introduction to the journal is presented which discusses various papers published within the issue, including one on the need for culture to govern choices in architecture, one on the pollution caused by brick making in Banglandesh, and another on the destruction of a heritage building in Kashmir, India.

The brick manufacturing industry in Vietnam is developing rapidly to meet rising demand from construction activities. Production is mainly small-scale and without emission control measures, and hence can bring about severe health and environmental impacts including effects on agricultural crops. In this paper, we analyse the current production situation of a brick-making commune in Vietnam and the effects on air quality. A combination of the 'command and control' (such as enforcement of control devices or fuel quality standards) and 'market-based instruments' (such as emission fees) would stimulate the industry to adopt cleaner production measures that would benefit both economy and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article traces the long and involved process by which this brick making skill was mechanized in the course of the nineteenth century in the U.S. Increased population and an expanding economy heightened the demand for bricks and the brickyards that produced them. In the years between 1810 and 1850, brickmakers learned to identify different types of clay and designate them by the amount of moisture they contained. Most of the brickmaking machines devised were a variant of the dry-clay pressing devices developed in the era of wooden machines.

Abstract  A hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA) technique is used to determine size-effect of nanoparticles (NaCl, (NH4)2SO4, KCl, NH4NO3, MgCl2, CaCl2) on their hygroscopic properties (deliquescence relative humidity (DRH) and hygroscopic growth factor (GF)). The HTDMA system uses a combination of two nano DMAs and two regular DMAs to measure particle size change in a wide dynamic particle size range. Particles are subsequently analyzed with a transmission electron microscopy to investigate the potential effect of particle structure or morphology on the hygroscopic properties. We found that structural properties of NaCl and (NH4)2SO4 particles also play an important role in determination of the DRH and GF and are more pronounced at smaller diameters. Data show that the DRH of NaCl nanoparticles increased from ~75% up to ~83% RH at 8 nm and that their GF decreased with decreasing size. The extent to which the GF of NaCl nanoparticles decreased with decreasing size was greater than theoretically predicted with the Kelvin correction. The GF of furnace-generated NaCl nanoparticles that have pores and aggregate shape was found to be smaller than that of atomizer-generated particles that are close to perfectly cubic. For the case of atomizer-generated (NH4)2SO4 nanoparticles, we observed no significant size-effect on their DRH, and the measured GF agreed well with predicted values using the Kelvin correction. For furnace-generated (NH4)2SO4 nanoparticles, a gradual growth at moderate RH without noticeable deliquescence behavior occurred. Their TEM images showed that contrary to atomizer-generated (NH4)2SO4 nanoparticles the furnace-generated (NH4)2SO4 nanoparticles are not perfectly spherical and are often aggregates having pores and holes, which may favor holding residual water even in the dried condition. For atomizer-generated KCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2 nanoparticles, we observed no significant size-effects on their DRH and GF for the mobility size as small as 20 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an analysis of pollutant gases produced from a two-kiln coupled system for the burning of heavy fuels for brickmaking. The usage of gas chromatography and scanning electron microscopy to analyze the combustion products is described, as well as the usage of field data to determine energy cost. The results are discussed, noting that a two-kiln coupled system produces fewer pollutants and particle emissions than a typical brick kiln. The potential energy savings from using a two-kiln coupled system are also mentioned.