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Botryllophilus antarcticus sp. nov. (Figs. 33- 35) Type material. Holotype ♀ (MNHN-IU-2018-1958, dissected and mounted on a slide) from Aplẚdẚum falklandẚcum Millar, 1960 (MNHN-IT-2008-386 = MNHN A1 / APL.B/532); Antarctic, Terre Adélie, CEAMARC cruise, RV “Aurore Australis”, Stn 18EV479 (66º10’S, 139º41’E), depth 402-437 m, IPEV-AAD-MNHN coll., 15 January 2008. Etymology. The name of the new species is based on its type locality, the Antarctic. Description of female. Body (Fig. 33A) fleshy with thin exoskeleton; length 1.58 mm. Anterior part of body unsegmented; cephalosome recognizable from metasome only by faint dorsal constriction. Narrower posterior part (Fig. 33B) comprising genital somite and abdomen consisting of 5 indistinct annulations. Genital somite 170×250 μm, obscurely defined from fifth pedigerous somite; genital apertures positioned dorsolaterally. Abdomen gradu- ally narrowing posteriorly; first to fourth abdominal annulations subequal in length; fifth (anal somite) 77×115 μm, distinctly wider than long. Caudal rami divergent; each ramus (Fig. 33C) about 1.4 times longer than wide (54×38 μm), armed with 4 claws and 2 setae; all caudal claws pointed at tip, longest claw straight, 48 μm long, as long as caudal ramus. Rostrum absent. Antennule (Fig. 33D) stout, 195 μm long, 4-segmented, but terminal segment subdivided by incomplete suture on one surface; first and second segments expanded, incompletely articulated from each other; armature formula 9, 5, 2, and 11+aesthetasc; all setae naked. Antenna (Fig. 33E, F) 4-segmented; coxa, basis, and first endopodal segment unarmed; second endopodal segment 4.7 times longer than wide, armed with 3 spines on inner margin and 5 setae on distal margin. No difference recognizable between right and left antennae. Labrum (Fig. 33G) simple, nearly semicircular. Mandible (Fig. 33H) with 3 teeth on coxal gnathobase; palp with 9 setae, grouped as 3, 2, 2, and 2. Maxillule (Fig. 33I) consisting of precoxa and palp; precoxa with 6 setae on arthrite, minute second distal seta lobate and tipped with setule; palp with 2 setae on medial margin, 3 setae on outer margin, and 1 minute naked seta at outer proximal corner (representing epipodite); endopod not articulated at base, armed with 3 setae on distal margin. Maxilla (Fig. 33J) obscurely segmented, armed with 10 setae (4 small and naked). Maxilliped (Fig. 33K) stout, 4-segmented; syncoxa (first segment) unarmed but with 3 transverse rows of fine spinules; basis (second segment) with 2 unequal setae and 1 transverse row of fine spinules subdistally; first endopodal segment short and unarmed; second endopodal segment about twice as long as wide, armed with 2 small setae subdistally and 1 denticle at inner distal corner; terminal claw about 0.65 times as long as second endopodal segment, bearing 1 denticle subdistally on concave margin. Legs 1-4 (Figs. 34 A-F, 35A, B) biramous, asymmetrical in setation between left and right legs; coxa unarmed: basis with outer seta and 2 or 3 rows of minute spinules on inner side of anterior surface. Exopods of legs 1 and 2 unsegmented, but other rami of swimming legs 2-segmented. Exopods of left legs 1 and 2 (Fig. 34B, D) characteristically with mixture of spines and setae (as figured). Second endopodal segment of right leg 2 (Fig. 34C) and left leg 3 (Fig. 34F) bearing 1 small spine in addition to setae. One seta on second exopodal and endopodal segments of left leg 4 (Fig. 35B) remarkably reduced in size. Almost all setae on legs 1-4 naked. Numbers of spines (Roman numerals) and setae (Arabic numerals) on rami of right and left legs 1-4 as follows: Leg 5 (Fig. 34G) evenly tapering, about 1.5 times longer than wide (163×108 μm); armed with 4 setae. Leg 6 (Fig. 34H) represented by 2 spinules and 1 prominent spiniform process on genital operculum. Male. Unknown Remarks. In legs 1-4 of Bçtryllçphẚlus species the exopods of the right legs are typically armed only with spines whereas the exopods of the left legs are typically armed only with setae. One exception to this generalisation is B. macrçpus, in which the right and left legs are symmetrical and the exopods of both right and left legs 1 and 2 are armed with mixture of spines and setae. Bçtryllçphẚlus antarctẚcus sp. nov. is another species bearing a mixture of spines and setae on the exopods of legs 1 and 2, although it differs from B. macrçpus in the precise armature formula for the swimming legs and in other respects. Other unique features of B. antarctẚcus sp. nov. include the abdomen consisting of 5 annulations, and the combination of the armature on the exopods and endopods of right legs 1-4 which are 6-5-6-6 and 8-9-6-5, respectively. These unique features clearly differentiate B. antarctẚcus sp. nov. from its congeners, and support the establishment of the new species.

Botryllophilus guadeloupensis sp. nov. (Figs. 36-38) Type material. Holotype ♀ (MNHN-IU-2018-1959), 2 ♀♀ paratypes (intact, MNHN-IU-2018-1960), and 2 ♀♀ paratypes (dissected, MNHN-IU-2014-17368) from ieptçclẚnẚdes latus Monniot F., 1983; Guadeloupe Stn 83-13, SE of Îlet Fajou, near Passe à Colas, depth 5-20 m, Monniot coll., 29 March 1983. Etymology. The name of the new species is taken from its type locality, Guadeloupe. Description of female. Body (Fig. 36A) small, rather stout, nearly symmetrical; body length 797 μm in largest specimen (dissected), 718 μm in smallest specimen. Broader anterior part of body occupying about 65% of body length, consisting of cephalosome and first to fifth pedigerous somites: first to fourth pedigerous somites each with weakly developed dorsal tergite. Narrower posterior part (Fig. 36B) consisting of genital somite and 7 abdominal annulations (8-annulate abdomen observed in 1 of 5 specimens). Genital somite much wider than long (68×159 μm); genital apertures positioned dorsally. Abdomen gradually narrowing distally: first to sixth abdominal annula- tions short, 128 μm long in total. Last annulation (anal somite) (Fig. 36C) wider than long (68×82 μm), ornamented with 2 horizontal rows of minute spinules on proximal part of ventral surface. Caudal ramus (Fig. 36D) slightly longer than wide (36×30 μm), armed with 4 claws and 2 setae; outermost claw bluntly tipped and weakly sclerotized. Rostrum as simple frontal lobe on cephalosome. Antennule short, 4-segmented; armature formula 10, 4, 2, and 11+aesthetasc; terminal segment subdivided by incomplete posterior suture line into proximal region bearing 4 setae and distal region bearing 7 setae plus 1 aesthetasc. Right antenna (Fig. 36F) 3-segmented, consisting of coxa, basis, and 1-segmented endopod; endopod about 4 times longer than wide (64×16 μm), armed with 8 elements consisting of 2 proximal setae plus 1 distal spine on inner margin and 5 unequal setae on distal margin, innermost seta on distal margin minute, setule-like. Left antenna differing from right antenna in having 2 longer outer setae on distal margin of endopodal segment. Labrum weak, easily destroyed. Mandible (Fig. 36G) bearing 3 teeth on coxal gnathobase; palp as usual for genus, bearing 9 setae arranged as 3, 2, 2, and 2. Maxillule (Fig. 36H) with 5 distinct setae and 1 minute seta on arthrite of precoxa; coxobasis with 2 setae (both with swollen base) on medial margin, 3 setae on outer margin, 1 naked seta at outer proximal corner, and 1 tapering process in outer distal region; endopod distinctly defined from basis and armed with 3 setae. Maxilla (Fig. 36I) indistinctly 2-segmented, with 10 setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 37A) 4-segmented; syncoxa unarmed and unornamented; basis with 2 small, equal setae and 1 row of minute spinules subdistally; first endopodal segment short and unarmed; second endopodal segment about 1.8 times longer than wide, bearing small seta distally on inner margin; terminal claw as long as second endopodal segment, bearing 2 tooth-like processes, 1 proximally and 1 subdistally on inner margin. Legs 1-4 (Figs. 37 B-E, 38A-D) biramous, asymmetrical. In left leg 4 (Fig. 38D) protopod divided into coxa and basis, but in other legs coxa and basis fused to form unsegmented protopod bearing 1 seta on outer margin and row of spinules at inner distal corner. Exopods 1-segmented in right and left legs 1 and 2, but 2-segmented in endopods and in both rami of legs 3 and 4. Numbers of spines (Roman numerals) and setae (Arabic numerals) on right and left legs 1-4 as follows: Leg 5 (Fig. 38E) large, extending beyond posterior margin of genital somite, about 2.4 times longer than wide (160×67 μm), evenly tapering, armed with 4 setae. Leg 6 represented by 2 small spinules and 1 spinule-like process on genital operculum. Male. Unknown. Remarks. In B. guadelçupensẚs sp. nov. the exopods of right legs 1-4 are armed with 6 spines whereas the exopods of left legs 1-4 are armed with 5 setae. This characteristic leg setation is unique within Bçtryllçphẚlus and typifies the new species. The 3-segmented condition of the antenna (with a 1-segmented endopod) is also a significant feature of B. guadelçupensẚs sp. nov., because it is shared only with B. nçrvegẚcus (see Ooishi, 1996) and B. lçngẚpes sp. nov., although the latter two species are not similar to B. guadelçupensẚs sp. nov. in female body form, or in the setation patterns of the antenna and swimming legs., Published as part of Kim, Il-Hoi & Boxshall, Geoff A., 2021, Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with ascidian hosts: Ascidicolidae, Buproridae, Botryllophilidae, and Enteropsidae, with descriptions of 84 new species, pp. 1-286 in Zootaxa 1 on pages 64-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4978.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4820443, {"references":["Ooishi, S. (1996) Two ascidicolid copepods, Bctryllcph ẚlus macrcpus Canu and B. ncrveg ẚcus Schellenberg, from British waters. gcurnal cf Crustacean B ẚclcgy, 16, 169 - 191. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1548939"]}

Botryllophilus dentirostris sp. nov. (Figs. 24-26) Type material. Holotype ♀ (MNHN-IU-2018-1951), 4 ♀♀ paratypes (intact, MNHN-IU-2018-1952) and 2 ♀♀ paratypes (dissected, MNHN-IU-2014-17363) from budẚstçma clarum (Van Name, 1902) (MNHN-IT-2008-4031 = MNHN A3 / EUD/35); Guadeloupe Stn 13, West of l’îlet à Cochons, depth 5-10 m, Monniot coll., 23 December 1980. Etymology. The specific name refers to the presence of rows of denticles on the ventral surface of the rostrum. Description of female. Body (Fig. 24A, B) with broader anterior and narrower posterior parts, ventrally flexed between two parts. Body length 927 μm in figured specimen; maximum width 290 μm across second pedigerous somite. Anterior part slightly depressed, consisting of cephalosome and first to fifth pedigerous somites, with nearly parallel lateral margins; all somites of anterior part well-defined in dorsal view. Posterior part (Fig. 24C) slightly directed to left or right side, comprising genital somite and abdomen consisting of 8 annulations. Genital somite 110×184 μm, with convex lateral margins; genital areas located dorsally. Abdomen distinctly annulated; anterior 7 annulations much shorter than wide, 164 μm long in total; last annulation (anal somite) 73×82 μm. Caudal ramus (Fig. 24D) armed with 4 claws distally (2 larger inner and 2 smaller outer) and 1 dorsal seta and ornamented with 3 or 4 denticles (indicated by arrowhead in Fig. 24D) at outer proximal corner; one of outer claws blunt, with minute spinules at tip. Rostrum (Fig. 24E) rectangular, much wider than long, ornamented with oblique rows of 5 denticles ventrally on each side and with lobate tubercles posteromedially. Antennule (Fig. 24F) short and broad, distinctly 5-segment- ed; distal 3 segments much narrower than proximal 2 segments; armature formula 10 (5 large and 5 small), 4 (2 large and 2 small), 2 (1 large and 1 small), 4, and 7+aesthetasc; all setae naked. Right antenna (Fig. 24G) 4-segmented, consisting of coxa, basis, and 2-segmented endopod; coxa short and unarmed; basis longest segment, unarmed; first endopodal segment short and unarmed; second endopodal segment about 3.6 times longer than wide (64×18 μm), armed with 1 spine and 7 setae; proximal 2 inner setae naked; third inner element (spine) spinulose; innermost distal seta minute; 4 distal setae unequal in length, bearing spinules distally on inner margin. Left antenna with 2 outer distal setae slightly longer than those on right antenna. Labrum (Fig. 24H) subtriangular with well-sclerotized outer margins and soft ventral inflation bearing tapering lobe distally. Mandible (Fig. 24I) consisting of coxa and palp; medial margin of coxal gnathobase bearing 3 teeth distally (distalmost elongate with minute spinules along proximal margin) and finely spinulose proximally; palp unsegmented, with medial inflation near middle, armed with 3 outer setae (exopodal setae) proximally, 2 subdistal setae, and 4 distal setae; small, outer subdistal and outer distal seta naked, other setae pinnate. Maxillule (Fig. 24J) consisting of precoxa and palp; precoxa with 5 distinct setae and 1 minute seta on arthrite; palp consisting of coxobasis and endopod; coxobasis with 2 medial setae, 3 outer setae, 1 seta on epipodite, and 1 outer distal tubercle; endopod well-defined from coxobasis, with 3 setae distally. Maxilla (Fig. 25A) obscurely 2-segmented and armed with 10 setae (6 larger and 4 smaller). Maxilliped (Fig. 25B) 4-segmented; consisting of syncoxa, basis, and small, 2-segmented endopod bearing terminal claw; syncoxa broad, with 1 small seta on inner margin and 2 rows of fine spinules each on inner distal and outer middle surfaces; basis with 2 small setae subdistally and 1 row of fine spinules mediodistally; first endopodal segment unarmed; second endopodal segment with minute seta on inner margin; terminal claw slender, longer than segment and bearing 2 denticles on inner margin (1 proximally and 1 subdistally). Legs 1-4 (Figs. 25 C-F; 26A-D) biramous with 2-segmented rami; each leg asymmetrical between right and left members; coxae lacking inner element, but with row of minute spinules at mediodistal corner; basis with outer seta. Exopods of swimming legs spinulose along outer margins, mainly near bases of spines and setae; exopods of right swimming legs armed with spines, but endopods of right swimming legs and both rami of left swimming legs armed with setae. First endopodal segment of leg 1 with setulose tubercle on anterior surface. Second exopodal segment of left legs 3 and 4 elongated, hook-like (Fig. 26B, D), with pronounced subdistal process at base of third outer seta. One seta (inner subdistal seta) on second exopodal segment of left swimming legs vestigial. Numbers of spines (Roman numerals) and setae (Arabic numerals) on rami of legs 1-4 as follows: Leg 5 (Fig. 26E) tapering, approximately 210×100 μm, curved, with concave inner margin; armed with 4 naked setae (1 proximal, 1 subdistal, and 2 distal). Leg 6 (Fig. 26F) represented by 2 spinules and 1 setule in genital area. Male. Unknown. Remarks. Bçtryllçphẚlus dentẚrçstrẚs sp. nov. shares the same armature formula of legs 1-4 only with B. ruber. Both species also share an additional rare feature, i.e., the rami of all the swimming legs are 2-segmented (B. macrçpus is the only other species that shares this feature). Bçtryllçphẚlus ruber was fully redescribed by Ooishi (1999) and, unlike in that species, the second exopodal segment of left legs 3 and 4 of B. dentẚrçstrẚs sp. nov. is characteristically elongated and hook-like. In B. ruber, the rostrum is feeble, tapering, and lacks denticles (cf. rectangular and ornamented with rows of denticles in B. dentẚrçstrẚs sp. nov.), the maxilla is armed with 8 setae and 1 minute seta (cf. with 10 setae in B. dentẚrçstrẚs sp. nov.), the inner margin of the second endopodal segment of the antenna bears 3 spines (cf. 2 setae and 1 spine in B. dentẚrçstrẚs sp. nov.). These differences are sufficient to differentiate between these two species.

Botryllophilus curtipes sp. nov. (Figs. 57-59) Type material. Holotype ♀ (MNHN-IU-2018-1972, dissected and mounted on a slide) from budẚstçma renẚerẚ (Hartmeyer, 1912) (MNHN-IT-2008-4188 = MNHN A3 / EUD/281); Ibo Is., Mozambique, AURACEA 1995 cruise, Stn Pl 20, depth 6 m, Monniot coll., 16 November 1995. Etymology. The specific name is from the Latin curt (=short) and pes (=a foot), referring to the short leg 5. Description of female. Body (Fig. 57A) rather stout, consisting of broader anterior and narrower posterior parts; body length 1.10 mm. Anterior part of body broadening posteriorly, divisible by dorsal and lateral constrictions into cephalosome and 4 pedigerous somites; fifth pedigerous somite 388 μm wide, with convex lateral margins (Fig. 57B). Posterior part of body (Fig. 57B) consisting of genital and 4 abdominal somites, indistinctly defined from fifth pedigerous somite. Genital somite about 117×227 μm; genital apertures located dorsally. Four abdominal somites gradually narrowing posteriorly 89×188, 110×166, 105×141, and 154×114 μm, respectively. Caudal ramus (Fig. 57C) with short inner margin and much longer outer margin, armed with 4 claws and 1 seta; 1 outer distal claw rounded at tip. Rostrum absent. Antennule (Fig. 57D) small, 113 μm long, 4-segmented; first and second segments expanded; fourth segment with 2 traces of sutures on posterior side; armature formula 9 (3 large and 6 small), 4 (3 large and 1 small), 2 (1 large and 1 small), and 11+aesthetasc. Antenna (Fig. 57E, F) 4-segmented, including obscure coxa; basis and first endopodal segment unarmed; second endopodal segment of right antenna 3.2 times longer than wide (68×21 μm), armed with 7 setae; all setae shorter than segment, ornamented with several minute spinules at tip (Fig. 57E). Second endopodal segment of left antenna (Fig. 57F) slightly shorter (61×21 μm) than that of right antenna; setae unornamented, 2 outer distal setae 95 and 76 μm long, distinctly longer than segment. Labrum (Fig. 58A) broad, unornamented, with short posteromedial lobe. Mandible (Fig. 57G) with coxal gnathobase bearing distal bifurcate tooth and 2 short teeth on medial margin; palp with 9 setae, as usual for genus. Maxillule (Fig. 57H) with 6 setae on arthrite of precoxa; palp consisting of coxobasis and endopod; coxobasis with 2 medial and 3 outer setae and weakly pronounced distal lobe; endopod wider than long, distinctly articulated from coxobasis, armed with 3 setae. Maxilla (Fig. 57I) indistinctly 3-segmented with 3, 4, and 3 setae on first to third segments, respectively; distal seta on third segment naked and carried on digitiform process. Maxilliped (Fig. 58B) 4-segmented; syncoxa broad and unarmed; basis with 2 small setae; first endopodal segment unarmed; second segment slightly longer than first, with 1 small seta; terminal claw as long as second endopodal segment, bearing 2 minute denticles (proximal and subdistal). Legs 1-4 (Figs. 58 C-H, 59A, B) biramous, asymmetrical, with 1-segmented exopods and 2-segmented endopods; coxa unarmed; basis with 1 seta on outer margin and patch of spinules at inner distal corner. Inner subdistal seta on exopod of left leg 1 rudimentary. One seta on second endopodal segment of left leg 1 small. Second endopodal segment of right legs 2-4 armed with 1 spine in addition to setae. Numbers of spines (Roman numerals) and setae (Arabic numerals) on right and left legs 1-4 as follows: Leg 5 (Fig. 57A, B) small, lobate, about 1.3 times longer than wide (100×77 μm), with rounded distal margin; armed with 1 proximal and 3 distal setae, all small (shorter than leg segment). Leg 6 (Fig. 59C) represented by 1 spinule and 1 spinule-like process on genital operculum; several spinules on surface adjacent to leg 6. Male. Unknown. Remarks. The combination of armature on the exopods of right legs 1-4 (7-6-6-4) and left legs 1-4 (7-5-5-4) of B. curtẚpes sp. nov. is unique within Bçtryllçphẚlus. The combination of armature on the endopods of the right legs (7- 7-6-6) and left legs (8-7-6-6) of B. curtẚpes sp. nov. is also unusual; the former combination is shared only with B. mẚllarẚ and the latter combination is shared only with B. stenurçsus sp. nov. and B. pentachaetus sp. nov., Published as part of Kim, Il-Hoi & Boxshall, Geoff A., 2021, Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with ascidian hosts: Ascidicolidae, Buproridae, Botryllophilidae, and Enteropsidae, with descriptions of 84 new species, pp. 1-286 in Zootaxa 1 on pages 92-95, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4978.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4820443

Botryllophilus pentachaetus sp. nov. (Figs. 51-53) Type material. Holotype ♀ (MNHN-IU-2009-5057), 2 ♀♀ paratypes (intact, MNHN-IU-2018-1970) and ♀ para- type (dissected, MNHN-IU-2014-17374) from budẚstçma vẚrẚde Tokioka, 1955 (MNHN-IT-2008-4294 = MNHN A3 / EUD/344); Danau A Gam lake mangrove (marine lake), Raja Ampat, West Papua, Indonesia, Stn DAG 043 (00º26.518’N, 130º41.134’E), depth 0.5 m, F. Monniot coll., 23 November 2007. Etymology. The name of the new species is derived from the Greek pent (=five) and chaet (=a bristle), referring to the presence of five setae on the antenna. Description of female. Body (Fig. 51A, B) slightly asymmetrical, consisting of moderately swollen anterior part and narrower, cylindrical posterior part: body length 1.48 mm in dissected largest specimen and 1.30 mm in smallest specimen. Anterior part of body nearly elliptical, 860×468 μm, roundly expanded dorsally, unsegmented, without any constriction or trace of suture; dorsal cephalic shield distinct. Posterior part of body occupying 43% of total body length, consisting of genital somite and 4 abdominal somites. Genital somite 154×231 μm; genital apertures positioned dorsally. Four abdominal somites 115×173, 119×148, 104×135, and 135×115 μm, respectively. Caudal ramus (Fig. 51C) armed with 4 claws and 1 seta (lacking inner seta); 1 of outer distal claws blunt. Rostrum absent. Antennule (Fig. 51D) 4-segmented; armature formula 13, 2+aesthetasc, 4, and 7+aesthetasc; first segment subdivided by incomplete suture line on one surface; setae on first segment comprising 5 large and 8 small ones. Right antenna (Fig. 51E) 4-segmented, including obscure coxa; proximal 3 segments unarmed; second endopodal segment 3.6 times longer than wide (69×19 μm), characteristically armed with 5 setae, 1 on inner margin and 4 on distal margin. Left antenna different from right antenna in having shorter second endopodal segment and longer outer distal setae. Labrum with broad posteromedian lobe. Mandible (Fig. 51F) with coxal gnathobase (Fig. 51G) bearing 3 teeth, distal tooth bifurcate; palp with 9 setae arranged as 3, 2, and 4. Maxillule (Fig. 51H) consisting of precoxa and unsegmented palp; precoxal arthrite bearing 6 distinct setae; palp bearing 2 medial and 3 outer setae on basis region; endopod completely fused with basis, armed with 3 setae. Maxilla (Fig. 51I) indistinctly 3-segmented with 3 setae on each segment. Maxilliped (Fig. 51J) 4-segmented; broad syncoxa unarmed; basis with 2 small setae; first endopodal segment unarmed; second segment with 1 small seta and 1 tooth-like process on inner margin; terminal claw simple, slightly shorter than second endopodal segment. Legs 1-4 (Figs. 52 A-F, 53A, B) biramous, asymmetrical; with unsegmented exopods and 2-segmented endopods; coxa unarmed; basis with outer seta. Basis of leg 2-4 with patch of spinules at inner distal corner. First endopodal segment of right and left leg 1 bearing setulose tubercle on anterior surface (arrowed in Figs. 52A and B). One of setae on second endopodal segment of right and left leg 1 markedly smaller than other setae on same segment; second endopodal segment of right legs 2-4 with 1 spine in addition to setae. Outer subdistal seta on second endopodal segment of left legs 1-4 small, setule-like. Setal formula for right and left legs 1-4 as follows: Leg 5 (Fig. 52G) very small, lobate, slightly wider than long (54×60 μm), armed with 4 small setae (1 proximal and 3 distal) of subequal lengths. Leg 6 (Fig. 52H) represented by 1 spinule and 1 spiniform process on genital operculum. Male. Unknown. Remarks. The most conspicuous diagnostic feature of B. pentachaetus sp. nov. is the presence of only 5 setae on the antenna, this feature is shared only with B. nçrvegẚcus within the genus. Bçtryllçphẚlus nçrvegẚcus cannot be confused with B. pentachaetus sp. nov. or any other species of Bçtryllçphẚlus as it displays unique features such as the extremely swollen metasome and the strongly curved leg 5. Another conspicuous feature of B. pentachaetus sp. nov. is the small size of its leg 5, which is wider than long and comparable only with the smallest known leg 5, in B. kçzlçffẚ, which is 1.33 times longer than wide (Ooishi, 2014c). The combination of the numbers of armature elements on the rami of legs 1-4 of B. pentachaetus sp. nov. also is unique within the genus.

Botryllophilus longipes sp. nov. (Figs. 30-32) Type material. Holotype ♀ (MNHN-IU-2018-1957) and 1 ♀ paratype (dissected, MNHN-IU-2014-17366) from mçlyclẚnum saturnẚum Savigny, 1816 (MNHN-IT-2008-7031 = MNHN A1 / POL.B/24); Red Sea, Joussaume coll. Additional material. 1 ♀ (MNHN-IU-2014-17367, dissected) in mçlyclẚnum macrçphyllum Michaelsen, 1919; New Caledonia, outer Reef, Stn NC 24, depth 38 m, Monniot coll., 19 September 1985. Etymology. The name of the new species refers to its elongate leg 5. Description of female. Body (Fig. 30A) slender, symmetrical, divisible into broader anterior part comprising cephalosome and first to fifth pedigerous somites, and narrower posterior part comprising genital somite and 7 abdominal annulations (Fig. 30B). Body length 1.35 mm; width 335 μm across second pedigerous somite. Cephalo- some and first to fourth pedigerous somites defined only by weak constrictions and faint dorsal suture lines. Genital somite 76×164 μm; genital aperture positioned dorsally. Abdomen gradually narrowing posteriorly; 6 anterior ab- dominal annulations nearly equal in length, much wider than long; seventh (anal somite) 85×84 μm, bearing pair of large tubercles (indicated by arrowhead in Fig. 30C) posteroventrally. Caudal ramus (Fig. 30C) 37×29 μm, armed with 4 strong claws and 2 setae; claws pointed at tip and articulated at base. Rostrum as anterior process of cephalosome, with truncate anterior margin (Fig. 30A). Antennule (Fig. 30D) short, 5-segmented; first and second segments distinctly broader than distal segments, curved through right angle between first segment and remaining part; armature formula 10, 4, 3, 4, and 7+aesthetasc. Right antenna (Fig. 30E) 3-segmented, consisting of coxa, basis, and unsegmented endopod, but endopod bearing trace of articulation proximally on one surface; coxa and basis unarmed; endopod 71×23 μm, armed with 8 elements consisting of 2 slender proximal setae and 1 spinulose distal spine on inner margin, 1 small innermost distal spine, 2 inner distal spines, and 2 slender outer distal setae; all elements except distal spine on inner margin bluntly tipped; 4 outer distal elements bearing fine spinules distally. Left antenna different from right antenna in having 5 unornamented distal setae, of which 2 outer setae distinctly longer than those of right antenna. Labrum (Fig. 30F) strongly tapering, consisting of well-sclerotized proximal part and narrower, fleshy distal part. Mandible (Fig. 30G) bearing 2 teeth on coxal gnathobase and 8 setae on palp arranged as 3, 1, 2, and 2; 1 subdistal seta naked, all others pinnate. Maxillule (Fig. 30H) consisting of precoxa and palp; precoxa bearing 5 distinct setae and 1 minute seta on arthrite; palp consisting of coxa, basis, and endopod; coxa with small naked seta on epipodite; basis with 2 setae on medial margin (distal seta expanded at base), and 3 setae on outer margin; endopod incompletely articulated from basis, armed with 3 setae distally. Maxilla (Fig. 31A) obscurely segmented, armed with 8 setae; 5 medial setae bearing setules (or fine spinules) along their distal margin; 3 distal setae consisting of 2 smaller naked setae and 1 outer pinnate seta. Maxilliped (Fig. 30I) 4-segmented; syncoxa (first segment) unarmed but ornamented with 2 rows of spinules on outer side and 1 row of minute spinules on inner distal surface; basis tapering distally, bearing 2 small setae and 1 longitudinal row of spinules in distal region; first endopodal segment much wider than long, unarmed; second endopodal segment about 2.5 times longer than wide, bearing 1 small seta on inner margin and 1 tooth-like process at inner distal corner; terminal claw smooth, slightly shorter than second endopodal segment. Legs 1-4 (Figs. 31 B-G, 32A, B) biramous with 1-segmented exopods and 2-segmented endopods; coxa lacking inner seta; basis with small outer seta and row of minute spinules at inner distal corner. First endopodal segment of right legs 3 (Fig. 31F) and 4 (Fig. 32A) characteristically bearing elongate spine. Spines on rami of legs 1-4 usually bluntly tipped, with membranous cap at tip. Numbers of spines (Roman numerals) and setae (Arabic numerals) on right and left legs 1-4 as follows: Leg 5 (Fig. 32C) elongate, tapering, directed posterolaterally (Fig. 30A), about 3 times longer than wide (203×67 μm); armed with 4 setae; proximal and subdistal setae positioned at 22% and 75% of length of leg, respectively. Leg 6 (Fig. 32D) represented by 2 small spines and 1 dentiform process on genial operculum. Male. Unknown. Remarks. Two outstanding feature of B. lçngẚpes sp. nov. serve to differentiate it from all of its congeners: 1) the transformation of the seta on the first endopodal segment of right legs 3 and 4 into a spine, and 2) the presence of the pair of large ventrodistal tubercles on the anal somite. As additional diagnostic features of B. lçngẚpes sp. nov., the free abdomen comprises 7 well defined annulations and the antenna is armed with 8 setal elements. The latter combination of features is shared with B. aspẚnçsus, B. symmetrẚcus, and one variety of B. ruber. But B. lçngẚpes sp. nov. is readily distinguishable from these three congeners by the above-mentioned outstanding features and by having a different leg setation pattern; for example, the number of setae on the exopod of left leg 2 is 5, rather than 6 as in these three congeners., Published as part of Kim, Il-Hoi & Boxshall, Geoff A., 2021, Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with ascidian hosts: Ascidicolidae, Buproridae, Botryllophilidae, and Enteropsidae, with descriptions of 84 new species, pp. 1-286 in Zootaxa 1 on pages 56-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4978.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4820443

Botryllophilus tuberculatus sp. nov. (Figs. 42-44) Type material. Holotype ♀ (MNHN-IU-2018-1965), ♀ paratype (MNHN-IU-2018-1966), and ♀ paratype (dis- sected, MNHN-IU-2014-17371) from mseudçdẚstçma delẚcatum Monniot C., Monniot F., Griffiths & Schleyer, 2001; Sodwana Bay, South Africa, Schleyer coll., 1993. Etymology. The specific name refers to the presence of a pair of posteroventral tubercles on the fifth pedigerous somite. Description of female. Body (Fig. 42A, B) rather stout, slightly asymmetrical, 1.10 mm long in largest dissected specimen. Anterior part of body gradually broadening posteriorly, with distinct cephalic shield and weak lateral constrictions. Fourth and fifth pedigerous somites not defined from each other; leg 5 positioned laterally. Fifth pedigerous somite bearing paired blunt tubercles posteroventrally (indicated by arrowhead in Fig. 42 A-C) on both sides Posterior part of body consisting of genital somite and 4 abdominal somites; 110×190, 75×135, 90×125, 77×113, and 140×98 μm, respectively. Genital somite with densely sclerotized region surrounding copulatory pore on ventral surface; genital apertures positioned dorsally. Anal somite about 1.4 times longer than wide. Caudal ramus (Fig. 42D) about 1.55 times longer than wide (51×33 μm), armed with 4 claws and 2 setae; second inner claw strongly curved, not articulated from ramus; 1 outer claw bluntly tipped, gradually broadening distally, with serrate, membranous cap at tip; 2 caudal setae unequal in length. Rostrum absent. Antennule (Fig. 42E) short, 169 μm long, 4-segmented, but articulation between first and sec- ond segments distinct only on dorsal surface; armature formula 8, 5, 2+aesthetasc, and 11+aesthetasc; 3 larger setae on first, 2 on second, 1 on each of third and apical segments. Left antenna (Fig. 42F) 4-segmented, slender, with unarmed coxa, basis, and first endopodal segment; second endopodal segment 3.4 times longer than wide (55×16 μm), shorter than basis, armed with 7 setae (4 of them shorter and bluntly tipped); longest of distal setae 95 μm long. Second endopodal segment of right antenna (Fig. 42G) longer than that of left antenna, 64×14 μm, armed with 7 spiniform setae bearing blunt, serrate distal tips, all setae at most 50 μm long, shorter than second endopodal seg- ment. Labrum (Fig. 42H) with thick lateral borders and linguiform posteromedian lobe ornamented with minute setules distally. Mandible (Fig. 42I) bearing bifurcate distal tooth and 3 smaller, blunt teeth on coxal gnathobase; palp bearing blunt tubercle on medial margin and armed with 9 setae arranged as 3, 2, 2, and 2; distal of 3 proximal setae and 1 of subterminal setae naked. Maxillule (Fig. 42J) with 6 distinct setae on precoxal arthrite; coxobasis with 2 setae on medial margin and 3 setae on outer margin, plus outer distal lobe; endopod well-defined from basis, armed with 3 setae. Maxilla (Fig. 43A) indistinctly 3-segmented and armed with 2, 4, and 3 setae on first to third segments, respectively; one of 4 setae on second segment very small. Maxilliped (Fig. 43B) robust, 4-segmented; syncoxa much broader than long, with 2 minute setae on medial margin; basis with 2 minute setae; short first endopodal segment unarmed; second endopodal segment with 2 minute setae (1 subdistal and 1 distal); terminal claw obscurely articulated from second endopodal segment, bearing 2 denticles on inner margin (1 proximal and 1 subdistal). Legs 1-4 (Figs. 43 C-F, 44A-D) biramous, asymmetrical; coxa unarmed; basis with 1 outer seta. Exopods of legs 1-4 unsegmented. Endopod of right leg 1 segmented only on posterior surface. Endopod of left leg 1 unsegmented. Endopods 2-segmented in right and left legs 2-4. Second endopodal segment of right leg 3 with 2 spines and 3 setae (Fig. 44A). Second endopodal segment of left leg 3 with 1 spine and 4 setae. Numbers of spines (Roman numerals) and setae (Arabic numerals) on right and left legs 1-4 as follows: Leg 5 (Fig. 43G) small, positioned laterally on fifth pedigerous somite, strongly tapering, 113×63 μm, armed with 4 setae (1 on proximal dorsal margin and 3 distal); distal longest seta 100 μm long, slightly shorter than seg- ment. Leg 6 (Fig. 44E) represented by 1 small spine and 1 spiniform process on genital operculum; about 9 small surface tubercles present near leg 6. Male. Unknown. Remarks. Bçtryllçphẚlus tuberculatus sp. nov. most closely resembles B. dẚstẚnctus Ooishi, 2012 known as an associate of budẚstçma sp. in Madagascar. They have the same number of armature elements on the antenna and on legs 1-4 and have similar setation on the antennule. Distinguishing the new species from B. dẚstẚnctus is easy: B. tuberculatus sp. nov. possesses a pair of tubercles in the posteroventral region of the fifth pedigerous somite (vs. no such tubercles present in B. dẚstẚnctus), the exopod of right leg 3 is unsegmented (vs. 2-segmented in B. dẚstẚnctus), the exopod of left leg 4 is short and unsegmented (vs. elongate and 2-segmented in B. dẚstẚnctus), and the second endopodal segment of left leg 3 is armed with 1 spine plus 4 setae (vs. 5 setae only in B. dẚstẚnctus). The differences are sufficient to justify the establishment of a new species.

Botryllophilus bermudensis sp. nov. (Figs. 27-29) Type material. Holotype ♀ (MNHN-IU-2018-1953), 2 ♀♀ paratypes (intact, MNHN-IU-2018-1954), and 2 ♀♀ paratypes (dissected, MNHN-IU-2014-17364) from aẚstaplẚa bermudensẚs Van Name, 1902; Bermuda, Monniot coll., March to May 1970. Additional material. 1 ♀ (MNHN-IU-2018-1955), 1 ♀ (dissected, MNHN-IU-2014-17365) and 1 ♀ (MNHN- IU-2018-1956), all from a. bermudensẚs; Bermuda. Etymology. The new species is named after the type locality, Bermuda. Description of female. Body (Fig. 27A, B) stout, divisible into broader anterior and narrower posterior parts. Body length 1.04 mm; maximum width 382 μm. Anterior part consisting of cephalosome and first to fifth pediger- ous somites; each somite well-defined by dorsal and lateral constrictions; first to fourth pedigerous somites each bearing weak dorsal tergite. Posterior part of body comprising genital somite and abdomen consisting of 7 annulations (Fig. 27C). Genital somite 100×228 μm; genital apertures positioned dorsally. First to sixth abdominal annula- tions much shorter than wide; seventh (anal somite) 70×113 μm, ornamented with scattered fine spinules ventrally. Caudal ramus (Fig. 27D) about 1.7 times longer than wide, armed with 4 claws and 2 setae; outer distal claw bluntly tipped. Spermatophore (Fig. 27E) attached to female 140×52 μm, bulbous. Rostrum absent but pair of comb-like membranes present on ventral surface of rostral area (Fig. 27F). Antennule (Fig. 27G) 172 μm long, 5-segmented; proximal 2 segments distinctly broadened; armature formula 10 (5 large and 5 small), 4 (3 large and 1 small), 2 (1 large and 1 small), 4, and 6+aesthetasc. Left antenna (Fig. 27H) 4-segmented; coxa, basis and first endopodal segment unarmed; second endopodal segment 3.2 times longer than wide (80×25 μm), armed with 6 setae and 1 spine (including 2 setae and 1 spine on inner margin). Right antenna differing slightly from left antenna in bearing 2 slightly shorter outer distal setae. All elements on antenna naked. Labrum (Fig. 27I) simple, unornamented, consisting of thick-walled proximal part and thin-walled, convex distal part. Mandible (Fig. 27J) consisting of coxa and palp; coxa with 3 teeth on gnathobase, distal tooth spiniform, bearing minute spinules along proximal margin; palp elongate, armed with 9 setae arranged as 3, 2 (smaller one naked), 2 (including one naked), and 2; outer margin bearing small tubercle near base of proximalmost seta. Maxillule (Fig. 28A) consisting of precoxa and palp: precoxa with 5 distinct setae (second proximal seta bluntly tipped) and 1 minute seta on arthrite: palp 2-segmented; coxobasis with 2 setae on medial margin, 1 small seta on epipodite, 3 setae on outer margin, and 1 tubercle distally; endopod clearly defined from basis, with 3 setae on distal margin. Maxilla (Fig. 28B) obscurely 2-segmented, with 10 setae, including minute distal seta. Maxilliped (Fig. 28C) 4-segmented; first segment (syncoxa) broad, lacking seta, but with 1 inner, semicircular tubercle bearing row of minute spinules distally; second segment (basis) as long as wide, bearing 2 small setae subdistally and row of minute spinules at inner distal corner; third and fourth segments (first and second endopodal segments) small and unarmed; terminal claw small, bearing 2 minute denticles (proximal and subdistal) on concave inner margin. Legs 1-4 (Figs. 28 D-G, 29A-D) biramous, without inner seta on coxa; basis with outer seta and spinulose inner distal tubercle. Right and left leg 1 with 1-segmented exopod, but all rami of other swimming legs 2-segmented, although articulation incomplete between exopodal segments of left legs 2 and 3. Second exopodal segment of left legs bearing prominent tooth-like processes along outer margin; inner subdistal seta on this segment minute (Figs. 28E, G, 29B, D). Outer distal seta on second endopodal segment of legs 3 and 4 also minute. Numbers of spines (Roman numerals) and setae (Arabic numerals) on right and left legs 1-4 as follows: Leg 5 (Fig. 28H) positioned dorsolaterally (Fig. 27C), about 2.6 times longer than wide, tapering, curved inwards, extending to middle of genital somite; armed with 4 setae (1 proximal, 1 subdistal, and 2 distal). Leg 6 represented by 2 small denticles on genital operculum. Male. Unknown. Remarks. The female of BK bermudensẚs sp. nov. possesses an abdomen consisting of 7 annulations and this feature is shared with four previously described species: B. aspẚnçsus, B. randallẚ Stock, 1970, B. cçnẚcus Conradi, López- González & García-Gómez, 1994, and B. symmetrẚcus Ooishi, 2014. The abdomen of BK ruber may be variable in apparent segmentation, exhibiting between 6 and 8 annulations (Ooishi, 1999). Two of these five species, B. randallẚ and B. cçnẚcus, are known to have 7 armature elements on the terminal segment of the antenna (Stock, 1970; Conradi et al., 1994), as in B. bermudensẚs sp. nov. They may be differentiated from the new species by the different setation of legs, because the right endopod of leg 2 of B. bermudensẚs sp. nov. is armed with 9 setae, compared to 7 in B. randallẚ and 8 in B. cçnẚcus, and the left endopod of leg 1 of B. bermudensẚs sp. nov. is armed with 8 setae, compared to 7 in B. randallẚ and B. cçnẚcus., Published as part of Kim, Il-Hoi & Boxshall, Geoff A., 2021, Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with ascidian hosts: Ascidicolidae, Buproridae, Botryllophilidae, and Enteropsidae, with descriptions of 84 new species, pp. 1-286 in Zootaxa 1 on pages 52-56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4978.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4820443, {"references":["Stock, J. H. (1970) Notodelphyidae and Botryllophilidae (Copepoda) from the West Indies. Stud ẚes cn the cauna cf Curacac and cther Car ẚbbean fslands, 34 (123), 1 - 45.","Ooishi, S. (1999) Female and male Bctryllcph ẚlus ruber (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) associated with the compound ascidian Bctryllus schlcsser ẚ. gcurnal cf Crustacean B ẚclcgy, 19, 556 - 577. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1549262","Conradi, M., Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. & Garcia-Gomez, J. C. (1994) Bctryllcph ẚlus ccn ẚcus sp. nov. (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Ascidicolidae) associated with a compound ascidian from the Strait of Gibraltar. Systemat ẚc maras ẚtclcgy, 29, 97 - 104. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00009805"]}

Botryllophilus nudisetatus sp. nov. (Figs. 63, 64) Type material. Holotype ♀ (MNHN-IU-2018-1975) and 1 ♀ paratype (dissected, MNHN-IU-2014-17377) from budẚstçma carçlẚnense Van Name, 1945 (MNHN-IU-2008-4023 = MNHN A3 / EUD/14); Anse de Baille Argent, Guadeloupe Stn 7, Monniot coll., 19 December 1980. Etymology. All setae on legs of B. nudẚsetatus sp. nov. are naked, and are alluded to in the name of the new species. Description of female. Body (Fig. 63A) symmetrical, straight, 0.93 mm long. Anterior part of body markedly swollen, unsegmented, without any trace of articulation, 0.38 mm in dorsoventral depth. Posterior part of body (Fig. 63B) clearly defined from anterior part, consisting of genital somite and 4-segmented abdomen. Genital somite 82×165 μm; genital apertures large, positioned dorsally; 4 abdominal somites 58×102, 67×95, 65×85, and 109×76 μm, respectively. Caudal ramus (Fig. 63C) armed with 1 bluntly tipped and 3 pointed claws and 1 seta. Rostrum absent. Antennule (Fig. 63D) small, 4-segmented; armature formula 9 (4 large and 5 small), 4 (2 large and 2 small), 3 (1 large and 2 small), and 11+aesthetasc. Right antenna (Fig. 63E) consisting of coxa, basis, and 2-segmented endopod; proximal 3 segments unarmed; second endopodal segment about 3.1 times longer than wide (47×15 μm), armed with 7 bluntly tipped setae, longest outer distal seta as long as segment, other setae shorter than segment. Second endopodal segment of left antenna (Fig. 63F) slightly shorter than that of right antenna, 43 μm long; 2 outer distal setae distinctly longer than those of right antenna. Labrum (Fig. 63G) semicircular with large, soft posteromedian lobe. Mandible (Fig. 63H) with bifurcate distal tooth and 2 shorter teeth on coxal gnathobase; palp with 9 naked setae, grouped as 3, 2, 2, and 2. Maxillule (Fig. 63I) consisting of precoxa and unsegmented palp; precoxa with 6 setae on arthrite; palp with 8 setae (2 on medial margin, 3 on outer margin, and 3 on distal margin) plus 1 vestigial seta at outer proximal margin representing epipodite; endopod completely fused with basis. Maxilla (Fig. 63J) indistinctly 3-segmented, with 9 setae arranged as 2, 4, and 3. Maxilliped (Fig. 63K) relatively narrow, 4-segmented; syncoxa slightly longer than wide, unarmed and unornamented; basis with 2 small setae; short first endopodal segment unarmed; second segment with 1 denticle on inner margin and 1 small seta on distal margin; terminal claw as long as second endopodal segment, with 1 proximal and 1 subdistal denticle on inner margin. Legs 1-4 (Fig. 64 A-H) biramous with 1-segmented exopods and 2-segmented endopods; coxa unarmed; basis with 1 seta on outer margin. Basis of legs 2-4 with small inner distal lobe bearing 2-4 spinules. Endopods of right legs 2-4 bearing 3, 1, and 3 spines, respectively. All setae on legs 1-4 naked and all spines with spinulose tip. Exopods of left legs 1, 2, and 4 each with small second outer seta. Numbers of spines (Roman numerals) and setae (Arabic numerals) on right and left legs 1-4 as follows: Leg 5 (Fig. 64I) 104×58 μm, with broadened proximal region, not extending beyond posterior margin of ante- rior part of body; armed with 4 setae (1 proximal and 3 distal); largest of 3 distal setae as long as leg segment, twice as long as adjacent seta. Leg 6 (Fig. 64J) represented by 1 spinule on genital operculum. Male. Unknown. Remarks. The exopods of right legs 1-3 of B. nudẚsetatus sp. nov. are armed with 5, 4, and 3 spines, respectively. Each of these numbers of spines is less than that of any other known species of Bçtryllçphẚlus. The other rami of the swimming legs of this new species are armed with smallest number of armature elements known elsewhere within the genus. This reduced armature of the swimming legs serves to characterize the new species. Genus Schizoproctus Aurivillius, 1885 Diagnosis (female). Body symmetrical, dorsoventrally depressed or laterally compressed, consisting of broader anterior and narrower posterior parts. Anterior part of body segmented or unsegmented; fifth pedigerous somite completely fused with fourth pedigerous somite. Posterior part of body comprising genital somite and abdomen consisting of 3 to 6 somites or annulations; abdomen occasionally unsegmented. Caudal ramus short, armed with 4 or 5 claws and 1 or 2 setae. Rostrum small or absent. Antennule 4- or 5-segmented. Antenna 4-segmented; proximal 3-segments unarmed; terminal segment (second endopodal segment) armed with 8 elements (mostly spines). Labrum not specialized. Mandible, maxillule, and maxilla as in Bçtryllçphẚlus. Maxilliped basically 4-segmented as in Bçtryllçphẚlus, but terminal segment may be fused with terminal claw. Legs 1-4 symmetrical, biramous with 1-segmented rami; coxa unarmed; basis armed with 1 seta on outer margin; exopods armed with 4 to 7 spines along outer and distal margins plus 1 rudimentary inner subdistal seta in some species. Endopods usually shorter than exopods, and usually armed with setae. Leg 5 elongate or lamellate, with 1 to 4 setae. Leg 6 represented by 1 or 2 spinules and 1 spinule-like process on genital operculum. Type species. Schẚzçprçctus ẚnflatus Aurivillius, 1885 by original monotypy. Remarks. According to Illg & Dudley (1980), the genus Schẚzçprçctus was a well-established, readily recognizable genus defined from Bçtryllçphẚlus by its broad, lamellate leg 5. This distinction between the two genera, on the basis of the form of leg 5, has become obscured by the discovery of new species in the present account which exhibit a mix of the key morphological features of the two genera. In three new species to be described below (S. magnus sp. nov., S. bẚsetatus sp. nov., and S. fusẚfçrmẚs sp. nov.), left and right legs 5 are narrow and widely separated from each other, a feature corresponding to Bçtryllçphẚlus. However, the characteristics of left and right legs 1-4 of these three new species differ markedly from those in species of Bçtryllçphẚlus, but are shared with other species of Schẚzçprçctus. Comparison of the two genera leads us to redefine both genera. The most robust differences between the two genera seem to lie in the morphology of swimming legs, as follows: (1) both rami of legs 1-4 of Schẚzçprçctus are 1-segmented, but at least the endopods of legs 2-4 of Bçtryllçphẚlus species are 2-segmented (in many instances the exopods are also 2-segmented); (2) left and right legs 1-4 of Schẚzçprçctus are invariably symmetrical, in contrast to the asymmetry of these legs in Bçtryllçphẚlus (with the exception of B. macrçpus which has symmetrical legs 1-4), with spines on the exopods and setae on the endopods. We consider that these differences are more robust than the difference in the form of leg 5 between these two genera. In addition, the body and the antennae are also typically symmetrical in Schẚzçprçctus, unlike those of BçtryllçphẚlusK Differences between the two genera are marked in the leg setation of the males, as well. While describing the male of eaplçstçma brevẚcauda (Canu, 1886), Ooishi (2004b) mentioned that the males of eaplçstçma are distinguished from the males of Bçtryllçphẚlus by having fewer spines on the third segment of leg 2 endopod. This segment is armed with 2 spines (occasionally 1 spine) plus 3 setae (formula generally II, 3 but occasionally I, 3) in eaplçstçma but 3 spines plus 3 setae (formula III, 3) in Bçtryllçphẚlus. The same segment of the leg of the male of Schẚzçprçctus pẚnguẚs sp. nov. described in the present work is armed with 1 spine plus 3 setae (I, 3). The reduction in the number of spines on legs of the male of Schẚzçprçctus is not limited to the endopod of leg 2; the armature formula for the third endopodal segment of legs 3 and 4 is I, 2 and I, 4, respectively in Schẚzçprçctus, compared to II, 2 and II, 3, respectively, in males of Bçtryllçphẚlus abbçttẚ, B. ruber, B. bamfẚeldensẚs, and B. banyulensẚs (as described by Ooishi & Illg, 1989; Ooishi, 1999; 2000; 2006, respectively). In contrast, the third exopodal segment of legs 2-4 of S. pẚnguẚs sp. nov., described below, is armed with more spines (IV, 5) than in any of the four known males of Bçtryllçphẚlus species (III, 5). Schẚzçprçctus exhibits a range of different leg armature patterns, according to species (Table 3), which allows for easy differentiation between species. ., Published as part of Kim, Il-Hoi & Boxshall, Geoff A., 2021, Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with ascidian hosts: Ascidicolidae, Buproridae, Botryllophilidae, and Enteropsidae, with descriptions of 84 new species, pp. 1-286 in Zootaxa 1 on pages 99-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4978.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4820443, {"references":["Aurivillius, C. W. S. (1885) Krustaceer hos arktiska tunikater. sega-bxped ẚtẚcnens setenskakpl ẚga fakattagelserI Stcckhclm, 4, 223 - 254, pls. 7 - 9.","Illg, P. L. & Dudley, P. L. (1980) The family Ascidicolidae and its subfamilies (Copepoda, Cyclopoida), with descriptions of new species. Memc ẚres du Museum kat ẚcnal d'e ẚstcẚre katurelleI mar ẚs, Serie A, Zoologie, 117, 1 - 192.","Ooishi, S. (2004 b) Female and male eaplcstcma brev ẚcauda (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Ascidicolidae), living in compound ascidians. gcurnal Crustacean B ẚclcgy, 24 (3), 422 - 439. https: // doi. org / 10.1651 / C- 2465","Ooishi, S. (1999) Female and male Bctryllcph ẚlus ruber (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) associated with the compound ascidian Bctryllus schlcsser ẚ. gcurnal cf Crustacean B ẚclcgy, 19, 556 - 577. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1549262","Ooishi, S. (2000) Bctryllcph ẚlus bamf ẚeldensẚs, new species (Copepod: Cyclopoida: Ascidicolidae), living in a compound ascidian from the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada. gcurnal cf Crustacean B ẚclcgy, 20 (3), 571 - 588. https: // doi. org / 10.1651 / 0278 - 0372 (2000) 020 [0571: BBNSCC] 2.0. CO; 2","Ooishi, S. (2006) Two species of Bctryllcph ẚlus (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) living in compound ascidians, and a revision of female morphotype A of the genus. gcurnal cf Crustacean B ẚclcgy, 26, 23 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.2988 / 11 - 34.1"]}

Styelicola elongata sp. nov. (Figs. 10, 11) Type material. Holotype ♀ (MNHN-IU-2018-1943, dissected and mounted on a slide) from mçlycarpa aurẚta (Sluiter, 1890); Plateau des Chesterfield, Coral Sea, west of New Caledonia, CORAIL 2 cruise, R. V. “Coriolis”, Stn CP 90 (19°02.8’S, 158°56.3’E), depth 44 – 48 m, B. Richer de Forges-IRD coll., 26 July 1988. Etymology. The name of the new species refers to its elongate body. Description of female. Body (Fig. 10A) elongate, cylindrical, slightly curved ventrally. Body length 6.55 mm; maximum width 0.94 mm across third pedigerous somite. Prosome unsegmented, but cephalosome and four pedigerous somites discernible by constrictions and weak dorsal tergites. Prosome-urosome division obscure; fifth pedigerous somite not articulated from prosome. Urosome indistinctly 6-segmented; articulations between somites represented by constrictions and surface wrinkles. Caudal ramus (Fig. 10B) about 1.5 times longer than wide (89×58 μm), narrowing distally; armed with 6 setae (1 lateral, 1 subdistal, and 4 distal), all naked and less than half width of ramus; lateral seta positioned at 32% of ramus length. Rostrum absent. Antennule (Fig. 10C) 235 μm long, broad, 1.7 times longer than wide; 5-segmented, second and terminal segments subdivided; armature formula 2, 9, 3, 2, and 12; setae short and naked, some bluntly tipped and aesthetasc-like. Antenna (Fig. 10D) consisting of coxbasis and 2-segmented endopod; coxobasis slightly longer than wide, bearing 1 spiniform seta distally; first endopodal segment as long as coxobasis, unarmed; second endopodal segment as long as first, 2.3 times longer than wide (74×32 μm); armed with 5 small setae (2 proximal and 3 distal) plus small terminal claw (23 μm long). Labrum (Fig. 10E) broad, narrowing distally, bearing pair of dentiform processes at each posterolateral corner. Mandible (Fig. 10F) consisting of coxa with well-developed gnathobase bearing on medial margin 4 major teeth and 1 or 2 small subsidiary teeth between major teeth, and 2-segmented palp; first segment (fused basis and exopod) with 2 bluntly tipped setae (originally exopodal setae) distally; second segment (endopod) nearly quadrate, with 4 bluntly tipped setae on distal margin. Maxillule (Fig. 10H, I) bilobed: inner lobe (precoxal arthrite) bearing 7 setae; outer lobe (palp) bearing 1 seta subdistally and 8 setae distally (3, 2, and 3 setae on 3 small lobes); all setae on maxillule bluntly tipped and subequal in length. Maxilla (Fig. 10J) consisting of syncoxa and allobasis; syncoxa broad, unarmed, with 1 small pore (opening of maxillary gland) on inner surface; allobasis terminating in spiniform claw, armed with 4 spines (1 on outer margin and 3 on inner margin) near base of terminal claw. Maxilliped (Fig. 10K) as blunt, unarmed digitiform lobe. Leg 1 (Fig. 11A) consisting of unarmed coxa, basis bearing outer seta, and 2-segmented exopod and endopod. Outer spines on exopod small, rudimentary. Second exopodal segment tapering and terminating in spiniform process. Endopod broad, both segments unarmed; second segment blunt, with broadly rounded distal margin. Legs 2-4 shaped and armed as in leg 1, but larger than leg 1, increasing in size from leg 2 to leg 4. Armature formula for legs 1-4 as follows: [table omitted] Leg 5 (Fig. 11B) consisting of lamellate protopod and small exopod: protopod 558×818 μm, directed dorsally, bearing 1 small seta dorsodistally; exopod 91×89 μm, inserting on ventral margin of protopod, strongly tapering, partially subdivided on ventral side; armed distally with 1 large and 3 minute setae. Leg 6 not observed. Male. Unknown. Remarks. The distinctive features of Styelẚcçla elçngata sp. nov. are as follows: (1) the body of the female is large, 6.55 mm long; (2) the caudal ramus is broad, about 1.5 times longer than wide; (3) the mandibular palp is 2-segmented; (4) the maxilla lacks an endite; (5) the endopods of legs 1-4 are unarmed; and (6) the exopod of leg 5 is distinctly tapering and armed with 1 large and 3 small setae. Character states (4) and (5) are shared with S. çmphalus, but the others are exhibited exclusively by S. elçngata sp. nov. In congeners, such as S. çmphalus, the body is at most 4.35 mm long, the caudal ramus is at least twice as long as wide, the mandibular palp is single-segmented, and the exopod of leg 5 is nearly rectangular and bears 5 or 6 setae.

Schizoproctus fijiensis sp. nov. (Figs. 79, 80) Type material. Holotype ♀ (MNHN-IU-2018-1983, dissected and mounted on a slide) from Culeçlus recumbens Herdman, 1881 (MNHN-IT-2008-2479 = MNHN S2 / CUL/47); Ride de Lau, Fiji, BORDAU 1 cruise, RV “Alis”, Stn CP 1415 (16°31´S, 179°00´W), depth 670-682 m, Bouchet, Warén & Richer-IRD coll., 27 February 1999. Etymology. The name of the type locality provides the name of the new species. Description of female. Body (Fig. 79A) dorsoventrally flattened, consisting of broader anterior and narrower posterior parts, with weak exoskeleton. Body length 1.69 mm and maximum width 625 μm across cephalosome. Anterior part distinctly 5-segmented; fifth pedigerous somite completely fused with fourth pedigerous somite. Posterior part of body consisting of genital somite and 4-segmented abdomen. Genital somite much wider than long. Anal somite about 1.4 times longer than wide, twice as long as third abdominal somite. Caudal ramus (Fig. 79B) about 1.3 times longer than wide (81×62 μm), armed with 4 claws and 1 seta, and ornamented with fine spinules ventrally on inner distal surface; lengths of 4 claws 73, 64, 59, and 35 μm from inner to outer, respectively,. Rostrum (Fig. 79C) much wider than long, with rounded apex and ornamented distally with minute spinules on lateral margins. Antennule (Fig. 79D) strongly tapering, 5-segmented, but articulation between first and second segments indistinct; armature formula 12, 5, 2, 3, and 8. Left antenna (Fig. 79E) 4-segmented; proximal 3 segments unarmed; terminal segment (second endopodal segment) as long as basis, armed with 8 spines; 3 proximal inner spines as long as segment width; fourth inner spine smallest; second outer spine on distal margin longest, 89 μm long. Terminal segment of right antenna (Fig. 79F) as long as that of left antenna, but armed with 7 spines (lacking small fourth inner spine of left antenna); longest second outer spine on distal margin 86 μm long. Labrum (Fig. 79G) weak, flexible, subdivided into wider proximal and thin-walled, semicircular distal parts, with weak dorsal protuberance in middle. Mandible (Fig. 79H) consisting of coxa and palp: coxal gnathobase (Fig. 79I) specialized, with medial margin bearing 9 teeth; distalmost tooth elongate, close to second tooth, thin, bearing fine spinules along proximal margin; second and third distal teeth strong, widely separated from each other; proximal 6 teeth smaller, finely bifid at tip; palp armed with 9 setae arranged as 3, 2, 2, and 2. Maxillule (Fig. 79J) with 8 distinct setae on precoxal arthrite, 1 small seta representing coxal epipodite, 5 setae (2 inner and 3 outer) and prominent distal tubercle on basis, and 3 setae on endopod. Maxilla (Fig. 79K) indistinctly 3-segmented, armed with 3, 3, and 4 setae on first to third segments, respectively; shortest seta on third segment spiniform. Maxilliped (Fig. 80A) robust, consisting of syncoxa, basis, and 2-segmented endopod; syncoxa with 2 large setae on inner side; basis with 2 unequal setae; first endopodal segment short and unarmed; second endopodal segment bearing 2 small setae and 1 spinule; terminal claw completely fused with segment. Legs 1-3 (Fig. 80 B-D) and leg 4 biramous with unsegmented rami; coxa unarmed; basis with small outer seta. Endopods tapering, much smaller than exopods. Exopods of legs 1-4 each armed with 6 distinct spines. Leg 4 armed as in leg 3. All setae on endopods pinnate. Armature formula for legs 1-4 as follows: [table omitted] Leg 5 (Fig. 80E) fleshy, lamellate, oval, 404×308 μm, with 2 small and 2 larger setae, 3 located distally and 1 on ventral margin. Leg 6 not observed due to damage to genital somite during dissection. Male. Unknown. Remarks. The medial, cutting margin of the coxal gnathobase of the mandible of Schẚzçprçctus typically bears 3 or 4 distal teeth and has a pectinate proximal part (carrying an array of fine spinules). In contrast, the medial margin of the coxal gnathobase of S. fẚjẚensẚs sp. nov. is armed with 3 distal teeth and a proximal array of 6 bifid teeth. This specialized form of the coxal gnathobase has not been found previously within the family Botryllophilidae and thus serves to characterize S. fẚjẚensẚs sp. nov. Additional diagnostic features of S. fẚjẚensẚs sp. nov. include, (1) the endopods of legs 2-4 are tapering and much smaller than the exopods; (2) the numbers of setae on the endopods of legs 1-4 are 8, 3, 2, and 2, respectively, which is a unique combination within the genus; (3) leg 5 is elliptical; and (4) the two setae on the syncoxa (first segment) of the maxilliped are relatively large, half as long as the width of the syncoxa., Published as part of Kim, Il-Hoi & Boxshall, Geoff A., 2021, Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with ascidian hosts: Ascidicolidae, Buproridae, Botryllophilidae, and Enteropsidae, with descriptions of 84 new species, pp. 1-286 in Zootaxa 1 on page 123, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4978.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4820443

Hamistyelicola monniotorum gen. et sp. nov. (Figs. 12, 13) Type material. Holotype ♀ (MNHN-IU-2018-1944, dissected and mounted on a slide) from myura gangelẚçn (Savigny, 1816); Ibo, Mozambique, AURACEA 1995 cruise, depth 0 - 20 m, Monniot coll., November 1995. Etymology. The name of this new species is dedicated to Drs. Claude and Françoise Monniot who collected the copepod material studied in the present work. Description of female. Body (Fig. 12A) slender, cylindrical, and distinctly segmented. Body length 2.83 mm; maximum body width 500 μm across third pedigerous somite. Prosome consisting of cephalosome and 4 pedigerous somites, occupying 44% of body length. Urosome 6-segmented, but articulation indistinct between fifth pedigerous somite and genital somite. Genital somite much shorter than first abdominal somite; genital aperture positioned dorsally. Four abdominal somites 335×269, 388×246, 299×201, and 132×166 μm, respectively; penultimate abdominal somite ornamented with numerous minute spinules dorsally and ventrally along posterior margin (Fig. 12B). Caudal rami (Fig. 12B) widely separated from each other, slightly divergent; each ramus about 4 times longer than wide (177×44 μm), gradually narrowing distally: armed with 6 small setae; outer and subdistal dorsal setae positioned at 53% and 80% of ramus length, respectively; largest of 4 distal setae 67 μm long, longer than proximal width of ramus, all other setae shorter than proximal width of ramus. Rostrum absent. Antennule (Fig. 12C) 7-segmented, gradually narrowing distally; armature formula 4, 6, 5, 3, 3, 3, and 9+2 aesthetascs; first segment subdivided on one surface into 2 parts each bearing 2 setae; some of shorter setae on third to fifth segments finely spinulose unilaterally. Antenna (Fig. 12D) 3-segmented, consisting of coxbasis and 2-segmented endopod; coxobasis about twice as long as wide and armed with 1 spine distally (52 μm long); first endopodal segment distinctly shorter than coxobasis, armed with 1 spine (32 μm long) near middle and ornamented with several rows of fine spinules; second endopodal segment 3.0 times longer than wide (75×25 μm), armed with terminal claw, 2 spiniform setae on anterior (inner) margin, and 1 subdistal and 2 distal setae; ornamented with several rows of fine spinules; terminal claw small, less than half length of second endopodal segment. Labrum weak, flexible, easily destroyed. Mandible (Fig, 12E) consisting of coxa and palp; coxal gnathobase bearing 4 major teeth on medial margin and 2 denticles and row of spinules on proximal margin; palp unsegmented, biramous, armed with 1 large seta on tip of small exopod and 6 setae (2 medial and 4 distal) on fused basis + endopod. Maxillule (Fig. 12F) consisting of precoxa bearing 9 setae on arthrite and biramous palp comprising basis and articulating exopod and endopod; armed with 5 setae on basis, 2 setae on exopod, and 6 setae on endopod. Maxilla (Fig. 12G) consisting of syncoxa, basis, and rudimentary endopod; syncoxa broad, bearing 1 endite tipped with 3 setae; basis lacking claw, blunt at tip, bearing 4 setae (2 subdistal and 2 distal); endopod small, with 5 setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 13A) as tapering lobe bearing 5 setae (2 on medial margin and 3 apically). Legs 1-4 broad, biramous with 2-segmented rami (Fig. 13 B-D); coxa lacking inner seta; outer seta on basis large; spines on rami distinct, but setae lacking from both rami of legs 1-4. Second segment of leg 1 endopod (Fig. 13B) quadrilobate along distal margin, all these lobes marginally spinulose. Second (distal) segment of exopod of leg 2-4 transformed to large, powerful hook (Fig. 13C, D). Second endopodal segment of legs 2-4 bearing longitudinal groove receiving exopodal hook and 2 horizontal rows of spinules on posterior surface. First endopodal segment of leg 4 bearing inner spine, but this spine absent in legs 1-3. Armature formula for legs 1-4 as follows: [table omitted] Leg 5 (Fig. 13E) consisting of protopod and small exopod; protopod lamellate, 252×252 μm, slightly oblong, with 1 seta distally; exopod 1.15 times longer than wide (54×47 μm), bearing 4 large and 2 small setae: lengths of large setae 280, 457, 485, and 308 μm long, respectively, from ventral to dorsal; 2 small setae 39 and 67 μm. Leg 6 (Fig. 13F) represented by 3 teeth on genital operculum. Male. Unknown. Remarks. eamẚstyelẚcçla mçnnẚçtçrum gen. et sp. nov. is distinguishable from e. lẚghtẚ (Illg & Dudley, 1980) comb. nov. as follows: (1) a small tubercle is present at the distal border of the anal somite (near the base of the caudal ramus), as figured by Illg & Dudley (1980) in the original description of e. lẚghtẚ comb. nov., but is absent in e. mçnnẚçtçrum gen. et sp. nov.; (2) the exopod and endopod of the maxillule are fused with the basis in e. lẚghtẚ, but distinctly articulated from the basis in e. mçnnẚçtçrum gen. et sp. nov.; (3) the maxilliped is armed with 4 setae in e. lẚghtẚ comb. nov., but with 5 setae in e. mçnnẚçtçrum gen. et sp. nov.; (4) the second exopodal segment of leg 1 is armed with 6 spines in e. lẚghtẚ comb. nov., but with 5 spines in e. mçnnẚçtçrum gen. et sp. nov.; and (5) the first endopodal segment of legs 2 and 3 bears an inner spine in e. lẚghtẚ comb. nov., but this spine is absent in e. mçnnẚçtçrum gen. et sp. nov., Published as part of Kim, Il-Hoi & Boxshall, Geoff A., 2021, Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with ascidian hosts: Ascidicolidae, Buproridae, Botryllophilidae, and Enteropsidae, with descriptions of 84 new species, pp. 1-286 in Zootaxa 1 on pages 25-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4978.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4820443, {"references":["Illg, P. L. & Dudley, P. L. (1980) The family Ascidicolidae and its subfamilies (Copepoda, Cyclopoida), with descriptions of new species. Memc ẚres du Museum kat ẚcnal d'e ẚstcẚre katurelleI mar ẚs, Serie A, Zoologie, 117, 1 - 192."]}

Schizoproctus oligomerus sp. nov. (Figs. 75, 76) Type material. Holotype ♀ (MNHN-IU-2018-1981, dissected and mounted on a slide) from mareugyrẚçẚdes chardyẚ Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1977; Gulf of Gascogne, BIOGAS 6 cruise, RV “Jean Charcot”, Stn CP 10 (47°30’N, 09°04’W), depth 2878 m, Station Marine d’Endoume coll., 21 October 1974. Etymology. The specific name is from Greek çlẚgç (=few) and merçus (=parted), referring to the oligomeric body. Description of female. Body (Fig. 75A) poorly segmented; 2.50 mm long; maximum width 0.81 mm. Anterior part of body divisible by incomplete suture into cephalosome and unsegmented metasome incorporating fifth pedigerous somite. Posterior part of body (Fig. 75B) consisting of genital somite and unsegmented abdomen. Genital somite not articulated from anterior part, much wider than long, 409 μm wide; genital apertures located dorsally. Abdomen distinctly narrower than genital somite, about 800×259 μm, obscurely articulated from genital somite, unsegmented but with 3 indistinct transverse surface wrinkles. Caudal ramus (Fig. 75C) wider than long (98×103 μm), lamellate: armed with 5 spiniform claws and 1 small seta; claws straight, outer 4 claws fringed with narrow membrane along both margins, 67, 121, 150, 112, and 45 μm long from inner (dorsal) to outer (ventral). Rostrum absent. Antennule (Fig. 75D) short, 5-segmented; first segment markedly broadened; armature formula 12, 5, 2, 4, and 7+aesthetasc; all setae shorter than width of first segment. Antenna (Fig. 75E) 4-segmented, consisting of coxa, basis, and 2-segmented endopod; proximal 3 segments unarmed; second endopodal segment about 3.4 times longer than wide (182×54 μm); armed with 8 spines (4 inner and 4 distal); proximal 2 spines on inner margin shorter than width of segment, all other spines longer than width of segment; second outer spine on distal margin longest, 130 μm. Labrum (Fig. 75F) wider than long, with large posteromedian protuberance bearing 4 rows of minute spinules on surface. Mandible (Fig. 75G) with 3 teeth on coxal gnathobase; palp with 8 setae. Maxillule (Fig. 75H) with 8 setae (including 2 small distal setae) on precoxal arthrite, 1 small seta on coxal epipodite, 5 setae on basis (2 on medial and 3 on outer margins) and 3 setae on endopod. Maxilla (Fig. 75I) 3-segmented with 2, 3, and 4 setae respectively on first to third segments; 2 of 4 setae on third segment small, setule-like. Maxilliped (Fig. 75J) 4-segmented; syncoxa and basis broad, each with 2 setae; first endopodal segment short and unarmed; second endopodal segment with 2 minute setae; terminal claw longer than second endopodal segment, with 1 small denticle proximally on inner margin. Legs 1-4 biramous with 1-segmented rami (Fig. 76A, B); coxa unarmed; basis with 1 small outer seta and ornamented with inner patch of minute spinules on anterior surface; all exopods with 6 slender spines and 1 rudimentary inner subdistal seta. Distalmost spine on exopods much longer than other spines, at least twice as long as adjacent seta. Armature formula for legs 1-4 as follows: [table omitted] Leg 5 (Fig. 76C) lamellate, about 564×542 μm, with rounded distal margin and 2 small setae distally (1 minute). Leg 6 represented by 1 spinule and 1 spinule-like process on genital operculum. Male. Unknown. Remarks. The diagnostic features of S. çlẚgçmerus sp. nov. include: (1) the abdomen is unsegmented (a unique feature); (2) the caudal ramus is armed with 5 claws and 1 seta (shared only with S. bẚsetatus sp. nov. and S. trẚpartẚtus sp. nov.); and (3) the armature of the endopods of legs 1-4 is 7, 7, 6, and 6 setae (a unique combination, see Table 3). The combination of these three features serves to distinguish S. çlẚgçmerus sp. nov. from all congeneric species., Published as part of Kim, Il-Hoi & Boxshall, Geoff A., 2021, Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with ascidian hosts: Ascidicolidae, Buproridae, Botryllophilidae, and Enteropsidae, with descriptions of 84 new species, pp. 1-286 in Zootaxa 1 on page 118, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4978.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4820443

Family Enteropsidae Aurivillius, 1885 Diagnosis. Female: Body eruciform or vermiform, unsegmented or indistinctly segmented, generally lacking prosome-urosome division, consisting of cephalosome, metasomal trunk, and short genitoabdomen. Trunk consisting of first to fifth pedigerous somites. Caudal rami reduced; caudal setae reduced in number or absent. Rostrum absent or weakly developed. Antennule small, at most 4-segmented. Antenna up to 4-segmented, usually 1- or indistinctly 2-segmented, but 3- or 4-segmented in Mçnnẚçtẚcçpa gen. nov. and merẚbçẚa gen. nov. Labrum unarmed, or armed with 2 to 8 setiform processes; labrum with setiform palps in bnterçcçla van Beneden, 1860, bnterçcçlẚdes Chatton & Harant, 1922, and iequerrea Chatton & Harant, 1924; palps absent in other genera. Mandible as powerful claw in Mçnnẚçtẚcçpa gen. nov. and merẚbçẚa gen. nov., or setiform element in bnterçcçla and bnterçcçlẚdes, or absent in other genera. Maxillule consisting of precoxa and palp; precoxa bearing up to 3 setae or processes and endite tipped with 1 seta; palp armed with up to 6 setae. Maxilla 2-segmented; proximal segment (syncoxa) unarmed or bearing endite tipped with 1 seta or spiniform element; distal segment (basis) armed with up to 3 setae or processes. Maxilliped absent. Legs 1-4 biramous, consisting of protopod and 1- or 2-segmented rami. Protopods typically 2- segmented; coxa unarmed; basis occasionally with outer seta. Exopods and endopods rudimentary in bnterçpsẚs Aurivillius, 1885 and Mychçphẚlus Hesse, 1865. Endopods armed distally with 1 or 2 setae in bnterçcçla and Mçn- nẚçtẚcçpa gen. nov. Endopods of legs 3 and 4, or of all swimming legs, unarmed in bnterçcçlẚdes and iequerrea. Leg 5 absent or represented by large lamellate lobe. Male: Body cyclopiform, consisting 5-segmented prosome and 6-segmented urosome. Prosome comprising cephalosome and first to fourth pedigerous somites. Caudal rami broad, armed with 6 setae. Rostrum well-developed. Antennule 6- or 7-segmented. Antenna of bnterçcçla 3- or 4-segmented, consisting of coxobasis (or coxa and basis) and 2-segmented endopod; coxa and first endopodal segment unarmed; basis with 1 seta; second endopodal segment with 4 or 5 setae plus claw.Antenna of Mychçphẚlus reduced, 2-segmented. Labrum rudimentary. Mandible absent or as small, digitiform process. Maxillule 2-segmented, armed with 3 (in Mychçphẚlus) or 6 (in bnterçcçla) setae on distal segment. Maxilla lobate, tipped with 1 seta. Maxilliped absent. Legs 1-4 biramous, with 2-segmented protopods. Coxae unarmed. Basis with outer seta; inner distal spine present (in bnterçcçla) or absent (in Mychçphẚlus). Leg 1 exopod 2-segmented; other rami 3-segmented in legs 1-4. Armature formula for legs 1-4 as follows: [table omitted] Leg 5 represented by 1 lateral seta plus small exopod tipped with 1 seta; or leg 5 represented by 2 isolated setae. Leg 6 absent or represented by 2 setae on genital operculum. Type genus. bnterçpsẚs Aurivillius, 1885 by original monotypy. Other included genera. Mychçphẚlus Hesse, 1865, bnterçcçla van Beneden, 1860, bnterçcçlẚdes Chatton & Harant, 1922, iequerrea Chatton & Harant, 1922 I Mçnnẚçtẚcçpa gen. nov., and merẚbçẚa gen. nov. Remarks. In their revision, Illg & Dudley (1980) recognized two subfamilies of their ascidicolid cluster as especially closely related, the Enteropsinae (comprising bnterçpsẚs and Mychçphẚlus) and the Entercolinae (comprising bnterçcçla, bnterçcçlẚdes, and iequerrea). All five genera were included in a single family, the Enteropsidae, by Boxshall & Halsey (2004) because of the numerous synapomorphies exhibited, particularly between males of Mychçphẚlus and bnterçcçlaK The adult male of bnterçcçla had been known since Canu (1892) but the adult male of Mychçphẚlus was first described by Gotto et al. (1984) only after Illg & Dudley’s landmark study. In the present work two new genera are established and all seven genera can be distinguished using the following key., Published as part of Kim, Il-Hoi & Boxshall, Geoff A., 2021, Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with ascidian hosts: Ascidicolidae, Buproridae, Botryllophilidae, and Enteropsidae, with descriptions of 84 new species, pp. 1-286 in Zootaxa 1 on pages 190-191, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4978.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4820443, {"references":["Aurivillius, C. W. S. (1885) Krustaceer hos arktiska tunikater. sega-bxped ẚtẚcnens setenskakpl ẚga fakattagelserI Stcckhclm, 4, 223 - 254, pls. 7 - 9.","Illg, P. L. & Dudley, P. L. (1980) The family Ascidicolidae and its subfamilies (Copepoda, Cyclopoida), with descriptions of new species. Memc ẚres du Museum kat ẚcnal d'e ẚstcẚre katurelleI mar ẚs, Serie A, Zoologie, 117, 1 - 192.","Boxshall, G. A. & Halsey, S. H. (2004) An fntrcduct ẚcn tc Ccpepcd a ẚversẚty. The Ray Society, London, 966 pp.","Canu, E. (1892) Le copepodes du Boulonnais. Morphologie, embryologie, taxonomie. Travaux du iabcratc ẚre de Zcclcg ẚe Mar ẚtẚme de t ẚmereux-Ambleteuse, 6, 1 - 354, pls. 1 - 30.","Gotto, R. V., Holmes, J. M. C., & Lowther, R. P. (1984) Description of the adult male Mychcph ẚlus rcseus Hesse (Copepoda: Cyclopoida): a copepod with remarkable sensory equipment. fr ẚsh katural ẚsts' gcurnal, 21 (7), 305 - 313."]}

Enteropsis hispida sp. nov. (Figs. 177, 178) Type material. Holotype ♀ (MNHN-IU-2014-21581, dissected and mounted on a slide) from Apl ẚdẚum mernççensẚs (Brewin, 1956) (MNHN-IT-2008-552 = MNHN A1 / APL.B/215); New Caledonia, Stn NC 16, platier de l’ïlot Maitre, near l’ïlot Carnard (under stones and in interstices between corals), depth 3-8 m, Monniot coll., 12 September 1985. Etymology. The name of the new species is derived from the Latin hẚspẚd (=hairy), referring to its hairy body. Description of female. Body (Fig. 177A, B) eruciform, unsegmented; body length 832 μm, excluding caudal rami; maximum width 216 μm (across second pedigerous somite). Body surface sparsely ornamented with scattered setules (or sensilla) (Fig. 177A, B, C). Cephalosome, first to fourth pedigerous somites, and genitoabdomen defined by weak lateral and ventral constrictions. Cephalosome slightly narrower than first pedigerous somite, semicircular, 164 μm wide, with sclerotized sculpturing dorsally. First to fourth pedigerous somites each with sclerotized sculpturing dorsolaterally, as shown in Fig. 177A and B. Genitoabdomen tapering, short, 116 μm long, without any trace of articulations; genital apertures positioned laterally in middle of genitoabdomen; anal prominence small, but distinct and bilobed. Caudal ramus (Fig. 177C) represented by large, stiff caudal seta, 87 μm long. Rostrum absent. Antennule (Fig. 177D) small, unsegmented, 2.1 times longer than wide (36×17 μm), slightly narrowing distally; armed with 8 naked setae (1 very small). Antenna (Fig. 177E) very small, 32 μm long, digiti- form, 2-segmented; proximal segment unarmed, 16×12 μm; distal segment 16×9 μm, armed with 1 spinulose apical spine (12 μm long) and ornamented with 2 transverse rows of spinules distally. Labrum (Fig. 177F) longer than wide, with finely spinulose, convex posterior margin and 1 large, transparent, linguiform protrusion subdistally on ventral surface. Mandible absent. Maxillule (Fig. 177F) 2-segmented; proximal segment unarmed; distal segment bilobed; larger inner lobe tipped with 2 spinulose setae, larger seta 42 μm long, 2.6 times longer than smaller seta, bearing 2 prominent setules near proximal third; smaller outer lobe tipped with 2 equal, small spinulose setae (about 10 μm). Maxilla (Fig. 177G) 2-segmented, subchelate, robust; proximal segment with 1 tubercle-like process on medial margin, opposing tip of terminal claw of distal segment; with pore of maxillary gland subdistally on posterior surface; distal segment bearing strong, curved terminal claw and 1 proximal seta laterally. Maxilliped absent. Legs 1-4 (Fig. 178 A-C) 2-segmented; proximal segment (coxa) unarmed, ornamented with large setules on ventral surface; numbers of setules 4 in leg 1, 5 in leg 2, and 3 in legs 3 and 4. Distal segment subcircular or subquadrate, tipped with 1 small claw (representing exopod) embedded in transparent covering and with 1 setule near base of claw; endopod absent. Leg 5 absent. Male. Unknown. Remarks. The armature of the labrum seems to be a useful character for distinguishing between species of bnterçpsẚs. The armature of the labrum is known for most species of the genus, with the exception of b. çnychçphçra Schellenberg, 1922. Schellenberg (1922) described for the labrum as “Oberlippe mit behaarten Borsten” (upper lip with hairy bristles). This indicates that the labrum of b. çnychçphçra is armed with 2 or more setiform processes. In the other 11 known species of bnterçpsẚs the labrum is unarmed (in three species) or armed with 2 to 8 processes (in the remaining eight species) (Table 7). Therefore, the possession of a single, broadly linguiform process on the labrum is a unique feature of bnterçpsẚs hẚspẚda sp. nov. The form and armature of the antenna of bK hẚspẚda sp. nov. also is characteristic. It is digitiform, 2-segmented, and tipped with a spine, whereas in other known species the antenna is typically broad and its distal segment is unarmed, or transformed to a claw, or armed with 2 spines (or setae). bnterçpsẚs hẚspẚda sp. nov. can be distinguished by these two diagnostic features, together with its characteristic caudal rami which are each represented by a single large seta., Published as part of Kim, Il-Hoi & Boxshall, Geoff A., 2021, Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with ascidian hosts: Ascidicolidae, Buproridae, Botryllophilidae, and Enteropsidae, with descriptions of 84 new species, pp. 1-286 in Zootaxa 1 on page 269, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4978.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4820443, {"references":["Schellenberg, A. (1922) Neue Notodelphyiden des Berliner und Hamburger Museums mit einer Ubersicht der ascidienbewohnenden Gattungen und Arten. 2. M ẚtteẚlungen aus dem Zcclcg ẚschen Museum ẚn Berl ẚn, 10 (2), 275 - 298."]}

Botryllophilus stenurosus sp. nov. (Figs. 45-47) Type material. Holotype ♀ (MNHN-IU-2018-1967), 3 ♀♀ paratypes (intact, MNHN-IU-2018-1968), and 2 ♀♀ paratypes (dissected, MNHN-IU-2014-17372) from bxçstçma ẚanthẚnum (Sluiter, 1909); Papua New Guinea, south coast near bootless inlet, South Motupore reef, OCDN 1643-I (09°31.81’S, 147°17.05’E), depth 3 m, CRRF coll., 29 October 1992. Additional material. 1 ♀ (MNHN-IU-2014-17373, dissected) from b. ẚanthẚnum, Papua New Guinea, CRRF coll. Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Greek sten (=narrow) and urç (=tail), referring to the slender abdomen of the new species. Description of female. Body (Fig. 45A) narrow, slightly asymmetrical, arched ventrally; body length 1.50 mm. Anterior part of body gradually broadening posteriorly, unsegmented, but divisible into 5 parts by indistinct cephalic shield and 3 weak dorsolateral constrictions; fourth and fifth pedigerous somites not defined from each other. Leg 5 positioned dorsolaterally. Posterior part of body (Fig. 45B) slender, occupying 45% of body length, consisting of genital somite and abdomen of 4 somites. Genital somite 152×242 μm, narrowing posteriorly; genital apertures positioned dorsally.Abdominal somites 121×167, 133×152, 127×145, and 172×123 μm, respectively. Caudal ramus (Fig. 45C) armed with 4 claws and 2 setae; larger inner distal claws longer than ramus; 1 inner distal claw blunt with membranous tip. Egg sac (Fig. 45D) oval, 640×455 μm; each egg about 160 μm in diameter. Rostrum absent. Antennule (Fig. 45E) short, 4-segmented; armature formula 8, 5, 1+aesthetasc, and 10+aesthetasc; 2 larger setae on first, 2 on second, and 1 on third segments. Left antenna (Fig. 45F) slender, 4-segmented; proximal 3 segments unarmed; second endopodal segment about 3.4 times longer than wide (79×23 μm), distinctly shorter than basis, armed with 7 bluntly tipped, slender setae, longest outer distal seta 128 μm. Second endopodal segment of right antenna (Fig. 45G) about 4 times longer than wide (91×23 μm), longer than that of left antenna, but with shorter setae, longest second outer distal seta 83 μm. Labrum (Fig. 45H) with thickened lateral borders and linguiform posteromedian lobe bearing small lobe on ventral surface and minute setules on distal margin. Mandible (Fig. 45I) bearing bifurcate distal tooth and 3 smaller teeth on coxal gnathobase; palp with 9 setae arranged as 3, 2 (including 1 minute seta), 2, and 2; distal 2 of 3 outer proximal setae broadened. Maxillule (Fig. 45J) with 6 distinct setae on precoxal arthrite; coxobasis with 1 vestigial seta on epipodite, 2 medial and 3 outer setae on basis region; setulose distal lobe present on basis; endopod distinctly articulated from basis, armed with 3 setae. Maxilla (Fig. 45K) indistinctly 3-segmented with 3, 4, and 3 setae on first to third segments, respectively. Maxilliped (Fig. 46A) relatively narrow, 4-segmented; syncoxa as long as wide, with 2 small setae proximally and row of several spinules near middle of outer surface; basis with 2 small setae; small first endopodal segment unarmed; second segment twice as long as wide, with 1 small seta on inner margin and produced inner distal corner; terminal claw small, shorter than second endopodal segment. Legs 1-4 (Figs. 46 B-E, 47A-D) biramous, asymmetrical; coxa obscure, lacking inner seta; basis with small outer seta, ornamented with patch of spinules at inner distal corner. Exopods of all swimming legs unsegmented, but all endopods distinctly 2-segmented. Second endopodal segment of right legs 2-4 bearing spines in addition to setae. Numbers of spines (Roman numerals) and setae (Arabic numerals) on right and left legs 1-4 as follows: Leg 5 (Fig. 47E) elongate, extending beyond posterior margin of genital somite (Fig. 45A), 2.5 times longer than wide (380×150 μm); armed with 4 setae (3 thin, setule-like); largest distal seta 110 μm long, but shorter than proximal width of leg 5. Leg 6 represented by 1 small spinule and 1 spinule-like process on genital operculum. Male. Unknown. Remarks. Leg 5 is generally large in members of the Bçtryllçphẚlus type B species group but small in members of the type A species group. Bçtryllçphẚlus stenurçsus sp. nov. belongs to the type A group, but possesses a large leg 5 which seems to be the most salient diagnostic feature of the new species. Within the type A group, B. abbçttẚ Ooishi & Illg, 1989 and B. banyulensẚs Brément, 1909 carry a fairly large leg 5, but they differ from B. stenurçsus sp. nov. in having different combinations of armature elements on the swimming legs. For example, B. abbçttẚ and B. banyulensẚs each have 6 spines (cf. 7 spines in B. stenurçsus sp. nov.) on the exopod of right leg 1, and 7 setae (cf. 8 setae in B. stenurçsus sp. nov.) on the endopod of right leg 2. The combination of setal numbers (8-7-6-6) on the endopods of left legs 1-4 of B. stenurçsus sp. nov. is unique within the genus and this feature alone serves to differentiate B. stenurçsus sp. nov. from all of its congeners., Published as part of Kim, Il-Hoi & Boxshall, Geoff A., 2021, Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with ascidian hosts: Ascidicolidae, Buproridae, Botryllophilidae, and Enteropsidae, with descriptions of 84 new species, pp. 1-286 in Zootaxa 1 on pages 76-80, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4978.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4820443

Ascidicola secunda Kim I.H. & Moon, 2011 (Figs. 2, 3) Material examined. 1 ♀ (MNHN-IU-2014-17361, dissected) in mçlycarpa papẚllata (Sluiter, 1886); New Caledonia. Supplementary description of female. Body (Fig. 2A) elongate, cylindrical, clearly segmented; prosomeurosome division indistinct; body length 3.94 mm. Prosome 1.41 mm long, occupying about 36% of body length, consisting of cephalosome and 4 pedigerous somites. Cephalosome 409×600 μm; pedigerous somites becoming gradually longer and wider from first to fourth. Urosome 5-segmented; fifth pedigerous somite and genital somite obscurely defined from each other; both 950×480 μm. Three free abdominal somites 518×400, 455×318, and 349×236 μm, respectively. Spinose pad ornamented with various sizes of spinules present ventrally between last 2 abdominal somites (Fig. 2B). Anal somite (Fig. 2B) about 1.5 times longer than wide. Caudal ramus (Fig. 2C) 2.82 times longer than wide (127×45 μm), 36% as long as anal somite, armed with 1 lateral, 1 subdistal dorsal, and prob- ably 4 distal setae (2 of distal setae missing in Fig. 2A–C); lateral seta positioned at 43% length of caudal ramus. Rostrum absent. Antennule (Fig. 2D) short, 184 μm long, curved posteriorly, 5-segmented; first segment bear- ing 5 setae; numbers of setae on other segments uncertain due to loss of some setae.Antenna (Fig. 2E) 3-segmented, consisting of coxobasis and 2-segmented endopod; coxobasis narrowing distally, armed with 1 spine (52 μm long) distally; short first endopodal segment with 1 spine (45 μm long) subdistally; second endopodal segment elongate, 5.07 times longer than wide (137×27 μm), armed with 1 small spine (15 μm long) near proximal third and 3 setae subdistally, and terminating in small, straight claw (40 μm long). Labrum (Fig. 2F) wider than long, fringed with hyaline covering along lateral margin, and with 2 tooth-like processes at each posterolateral corner. Mandible (Fig. 2G) consisting of coxa and palp; coxa with well-developed gnathobase bearing 3 major and 4 minor teeth on medial margin; minor teeth serrate at tip; palp 1-segmented, articulated from pedestal-like extension of coxa, armed with 5 setae (outer proximal seta distinctly larger than other setae). Maxillule (Fig. 1H) consisting of precoxa and palp; precoxa bearing 8 naked setae on arthrite; palp not divided, slightly longer than wide, armed with 7 setae (2 longer outer proximal, 3 subdistal, and 2 distal, with inner distal seta spiniform). Maxilla (Fig. 2I) 2-segmented; broad first segment (syncoxa) with lobate endite tipped with 2 setae; second segment (allobasis) terminating in spiniform process, armed with 1 spine and 5 setae on outer margin and 1 small seta on inner margin. Maxilliped (Fig. 2J) unsegmented, elongate, armed with 4 setae (1 apical and 3 medial), and ornamented with 2 rows of minute spinules. Legs 1-4 (Fig. 3 A-D) biramous with 2-segmented rami; coxa and basis broad; inner coxal seta absent; first exopodal segment lacking inner seta; inner setae on endopods large. Distal spine on second exopodal segment of legs 1-4 claw-like, indistinctly articulated from second exopodal segment. First endopodal segment of legs 3 and 4 bearing inner seta, but that of legs 1 and 2 lacking inner seta. Armature formula for legs 1-4 as follows: [table omitted] Leg 5 (Fig. 2K) skirt-like, encircling first 2 urosomites, bearing 2 minute vestigial setae on proximal ventral margin (Fig. 2K); left and right legs 5 fused proximally on ventral side but separate dorsally. Leg 6 (Fig. 3E) represented by 2 large setae and 4 spiniform processes on genital operculum. Male. Unknown. Remarks. This species was described from Korean waters (Kim I.H. & Moon, 2011). The caudal ramus of the single female specimen from New Caledonia examined here is distinctly smaller than that of type specimens, only 2.82 times longer than wide (127 ×45 μm) compared to 4.23 times longer than wide (338×80 μm) in the type specimens, and 0.36 times as long as anal somite compared to 0.76 times as long in the type material. This difference in the dimension of the caudal ramus is tentatively interpreted here as intraspecific variation because no other significant difference was observed between the types and the New Caledonian material. Material from both locations exhibits the identical armature of the mouthparts and legs 1-4., Published as part of Kim, Il-Hoi & Boxshall, Geoff A., 2021, Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with ascidian hosts: Ascidicolidae, Buproridae, Botryllophilidae, and Enteropsidae, with descriptions of 84 new species, pp. 1-286 in Zootaxa 1 on pages 9-12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4978.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4820443

Haplosaccus ardius sp. nov. (Fig. 110) Type material. Holotype ♀ (MNHN-IU-2014-21523), 6 ♀♀ paratypes (MNHN-IU-2014-21524) and 2 ♀♀ para- types (dissected, MNHN-IU-2014-17388) from aẚdemnum mçlle (Herdman, 1886); near Ouaco, Koumac Sector, New Caledonia, LAGON cruise, RV “Alis”, Stn DW 919 (20°52.2’S, 164°25.2’E), depth 17 m, B. Richer de Forges- IRD coll., 26 April 1988. Etymology. The name is derived from the Greek ard (=arrowhead), reflecting the arrowhead-like rostrum of the new species. Description of female. Body (Fig. 110A) vermiform, unsegmented, gradually narrowing anteriorly; body length 2.96 mm, maximum width 0.64 mm (at level of leg 4). Cephalosome not defined from metasome; 4 metasomites recognizable by weak lateral constrictions. Genitoabdomen (Fig. 110B) 164×297 μm, not articulated from metasome, but defined by abrupt narrowing, unsegmented but divisible into broader anterior two-thirds and narrower posterior third, with convex rear margin. Caudal ramus (Fig. 110C) vestigial, 12×6 μm, constricted in middle, tipped with 1 minute seta. Egg sac containing 10 rows of eggs; each egg about 160 μm in diameter. Cephalic appendages very small. Rostrum (Fig. 110D) 24×13 μm, minute, but well-sclerotized, arrowheadshaped with pointed apex. Antennule (Fig. 110E) 19 μm long, shorter than wide, 2-segmented, armed with 2 and 8 setae on first and second segments, respectively. Antenna (Fig. 110F) 2-segmented; proximal segment slightly longer than wide, unarmed; distal segment 2.25 times longer than wide (18×8 μm), armed distally with 1 inner claw and 1 outer spine. Labrum (Fig. 110G) strongly tapering posteriorly towards rounded apex. Mandible (Fig. 110G) represented by broad seta lateral to labrum. Maxillule and maxilla absent. Maxilliped (Fig. 110H) consisting of 4 segments plus terminal claw; first segment unarmed, second segment as long as wide, with 2 small setae; narrower third and fourth segments unarmed; terminal claw acutely pointed, slightly longer than fourth segment. Leg 1 (Fig. 110I) consisting of protopod, short exopod and semicircular endopod; protopod lacking outer seta; exopod incompletely defined from protopod, armed with 1 seta on outer margin and strong claw distally; endopod unarmed but with pair of minute sensilla. Legs 2-4 exactly same as leg 1 in shape and armature. Leg 5 (Fig. 110B) represented by 1 minute seta located ventrolaterally on posterior part of metasome. Leg 6 (Fig. 110J) represented by 1 spine and 1 larger, spiniform process on genital operculum; 5 spiniform internal elements accompanying leg 6. Male. Unknown. Remarks. In having a strong terminal claw on the antenna and on the exopods of legs 1-4, the new species belongs to the genus eaplçsaccus which currently consists of only two known species, e. sacculus and e. elçngatus. The most significant diagnostic features of eK ardẚus sp. nov. are: the antenna is armed terminally with 1 strong claw and 1 spine, and the exopods of legs 1-4 are armed with 1 outer seta and 1 strong terminal claw. These features clearly differentiate the new species from its two congeners (see Table 5 for more detailed comparison). Genus Haplostomella Chatton & Harant, 1924 Diagnosis. Female: Body eruciform or vermiform, usually unsegmented, but occasionally indistinctly divisible into cephalosome, metasome, and genitoabdomen. Cephalosome discernible by weakly developed cephalic shield. Metasome incorporating fifth pedigerous somite, sometimes with lobate dorsolateral folds in same plane as legs 1-5. Genitoabdomen not articulated from metasome, consisting of broad genital and narrow abdominal regions. Genital apertures large, positioned dorsolaterally; genital operculum bearing 3 teeth on inner side of distal border. Caudal rami distinct, armed with up to 5 setae. Rostrum not developed. Antennule small, 1- or incompletely 2-segmented, but exceptionally 4-segmented in eaplçstçmella magellanẚca (Chatton & Brément, 1910). Antenna basically 3-segmented, with unarmed first segment, 1 seta on second segment, and 3 setae and 1 lobate element on third segment. Labrum broad, simple, or occasionally with lobes on posterior margin. Mandible absent or consisting of lobe tipped with distal element(s); distal element(s) variable with species, either spine, claw, or 1 or 2 setae. Maxillule absent. Maxilla indistinctly 2-segmented; proximal segment unarmed; distal segment with 1 or 2 setae. Maxilliped broad, chelate, and consisting of 2 segments plus terminal claw; proximal segment (syncoxa) unarmed; distal segment (basis) bearing inner distal protrusion and acute spine on anteromedial surface; terminal claw short, directed between distal protrusion and spine of second segment. Legs 1-4 consisting of unsegmented protopod, exopod and endopod; protopod with seta on outer margin; exopod distally bilobed, with sclerotized, claw-like anterior lobe and rounded posterior lobe tipped with 1 setule; endopod not articulated from protopod, unarmed. Ventrolateral surface of body lateral to legs 1-4 sometimes with 1 to 5 tubercles. Leg 5 as small lobe tipped with 2 or 3 setae. Male: Body cyclopiform, distinctly segmented, clearly divisible into prosome and urosome. Prosome consisting of cephalosome and first to fourth pedigerous somites. Urosome 6-segmented, consisting of fifth pedigerous somite, genital somite, and 4 abdominal somites. Caudal ramus with 6 setae; 2 median terminal setae (setae IV and V) long, fringed with membrane along both margins. Antenna 7- or 8-segmented; proximal segments each with 1 large aesthetasc. Antenna and labrum as in female. Mandible, maxillule, and maxilla vestigial or absent. Maxilliped similar to that of female. Legs 1-4 biramous, consisting of coxa, basis, exopod, and endopod. Setation variable with species: coxa with or without inner seta: basis with outer seta; inner distal element on leg 1 present or absent. Exopod 3-segmented. Endopod 1- to 3-segmented in leg 1, and 3-segmented in legs 2-4. Leg 5 consisting of 1 lateral seta on fifth pedigerous somite and free or lobate exopod tipped with 2 setae. Leg 6 represented by 1 or 2 setal elements on genital operculum Type species. eaplçstçmella malacçcera Chatton & Harant, 1924, by original designation. Remarks. Marchenkov & Boxshall (2003) recognised 11 valid species in the genus eaplçstçmella, including their new species, e. bçrealẚs Marchenkov & Boxshall, 2003. Boxshall & Halsey (2004) regarded eaplçstçmella as the first offshoot within the family Botryllophilidae because its male lacks many of the synapomorphies that are shared by the males of Bçtryllçphẚlus, eaplçstçma and eaplçstçmẚdes, such as the presence of the rosette of densely packed aesthetascs on the proximal segment of the antennule. The female of eaplçstçmella is distinctive within the family in the form of its antenna, maxilliped, and swimming legs., Published as part of Kim, Il-Hoi & Boxshall, Geoff A., 2021, Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with ascidian hosts: Ascidicolidae, Buproridae, Botryllophilidae, and Enteropsidae, with descriptions of 84 new species, pp. 1-286 in Zootaxa 1 on pages 169-171, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4978.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4820443, {"references":["Chatton, E. & Brement, E. (1910) Sur trois ascidicoles du genre Aplcstcma Canu: Aplcstcma magellan ẚca sp. nov., A. h ẚbernẚca (T. et A. Scott), A. sacculus sp. nov. Note preliminaire. Bullet ẚn de la Scc ẚete Zcclcg ẚque de crance, 35, 80 - 92.","Marchenkov, A. & Boxshall, G. A. (2003) Copepods of the genera eaplcstcmella and eaplcstcm ẚdes (Cyclopoida: Ascidicolidae) associated with ascidians from the White Sea and Russian Far East coastal waters. eydrcb ẚclcgẚa, 510, 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / B: HYDR. 0000008471.26364. e 9","Boxshall, G. A. & Halsey, S. H. (2004) An fntrcduct ẚcn tc Ccpepcd a ẚversẚty. The Ray Society, London, 966 pp."]}

Schizoproctus pinguis sp. nov. (Figs. 81-84) Type material. Holotype ♀ (MNHN-IU-2018-1984), 1 ♀, and 2 ♂♂ intact paratypes (MNHN-IU-2018-1985) and 1 ♀, 1 ♂ paratypes (dissected, MNHN-IU-2014-17379) from Apl ẚdẚum hẚans (Monniot F. & Gail), 1978 (MNHN- IT-2008-445 = MNHN A1 / SID.B/16); East Kerguelen Is., MD04 -BENTHOS cruise, R. V. “Marion Dufresne”, Stn CP 13 (49°32-33’S, 70°57’E), depth 149-155 m, Boury-Esnault coll., 22 February 1975. Etymology. The name of the new species is derived from the Latin pẚngu meaning “stout” and refers to the stout body of the female. Description of female. Body (Fig. 81A) stout, consisting of broader anterior and narrower posterior parts; body length 1.31 mm and maximum width 464 μm. Anterior part of body unsegmented, with parallel lateral margins and rounded anterior margin, showing vestiges of suture lines on dorsal surface. Fourth and fifth pedigerous somites not defined from each other; legs 4 and 5 positioned in same transverse plane. Posterior part of body (Fig. 81B) distinctly 5-segmented, consisting of genital and 4 abdominal somites. Genital somite about 110×243 μm; genital apertures large, positioned dorsally. Four abdominal somites 68×186, 57×166, 57×157, and 159×141 μm, respec- tively. Caudal rami divergent; each ramus (Fig. 81C) 77×50 μm, armed with 4 claws and 2 setae; lengths of claws 59, 54, 29, and 26 μm, respectively, from inner to outer. Rostrum (Fig. 81D) small, semicircular, with 2 patches of spinules on ventral surface. Antennule (Fig. 81E) 5- segmented; first segment expanded, comprising about half length of entire limb; articulation between two terminal segments indistinct; armature formula 13, 4, 3, 4, and 7+aesthetasc. Antenna (Fig. 81F) 4-segmented; coxa, basis, and first endopodal segment unarmed; second endopodal segment 3.3 times longer than wide (100×30 μm), slightly longer than basis; armed with 8 armature elements (6 spines and 2 setae), spines shorter than width of segment; 2 setae (2 outer elements on distal margin) 52 μm long (outermost) and 86 μm. Labrum (Fig. 81G) strongly tapering towards rounded posterior margin. Mandible (Fig. 81H) with 3 teeth on medial margin of coxal gnathobase; palp with 9 setae, as usual for genus. Maxillule (Fig. 81I) with 7 setae (third distal seta minute) on precoxal arthrite, 1 small seta representing coxal epipodite, 2 medial and 3 outer setae on basis, and 3 setae on endopod. Maxilla (Fig. 81J) 2-segmented; proximal segment with 2 large setae; distal segment with 6 setae, second distal seta vestigial. Maxilliped (Fig. 82A) robust, 4-segmented; syncoxa and basis each with 2 setae; first endopodal segment unarmed; second endopodal segment with 2 small setae subdistally; terminal claw bearing 2 denticles proximally and 2 subdistally. Legs 1-3 (Figs. 82 B-D) and leg 4 biramous with unsegmented rami. Leg 1 with defined coxa and basis, but protopod of legs 2-4 not segmented. Exopods and endopods subequal in length. Exopods each armed with 5 spines. All setae on endopods naked. Legs 3 and 4 with same structure. Armature formula for legs 1-4 as follows: [table omitted] Leg 5 (Fig 82E) inserted into dorsal surface of body, lamellate, wider than long (239×333 μm), armed with 4 small setae, 2 (1 thick and 1 slender) positioned close to each other on ventrodistal margin. Leg 6 represented by 2 spinules on genital operculum. Description of male. Body (Fig. 83A) narrow, distinctly segmented, consisting of well-defined prosome and urosome: body length 797 μm and maximum width 249 μm. Prosome 497 μm long, consisting of cephalothorax and 3 free pedigerous somites. Cephalothorax 278 μm long, with dorsal suture line between cephalosome and first pedigerous somite. Urosome (Fig. 83B) 5-segmented; fifth pedigerous somite 79 μm wide; genital somite 90×89 μm, with well-developed genital opercula. Three abdominal somites 38×58, 27×50, and 73×44 μm, respectively; anal somite with row of minute spinules on ventral surface near base of caudal rami. Caudal ramus 2.6 times longer than wide (52×20 μm); setation uncertain due to damage. Rostrum narrower than that of female. Antennule (Fig. 83C) 4-segmented; first segment with 5 setae and numerous (more than 130) aesthetascs; second segment with 15 setae or aesthetascs (setae difficult to distinguish from aesthetascs); third segment with 3 setae and 1 broad aesthetasc; terminal segment with 6 setae and 4 aesthetascs (including 2 broad ones). Antenna as in female. Labrum missing. Mouthparts extremely small, feeble and transparent. Mandible (Fig. 83D) consisting of coxa and palp; coxa small, stellate, bearing 3 teeth and several minute spinules; palp elongate, trifurcate (or with 3 setae) distally. Maxillule (Fig. 83E) bilobed; longer lobe tipped with 2 setae and shorter lobe with 3 setae. Maxilla (Fig. 83F) unequally bilobate, with short tapering lobe and elongated lobe bearing 4 setae and seta-like distal part. Maxilliped as in female but more slender. Legs 1-4 (Figs. 83G, H, 84A, B) biramous with well-defined coxa and basis. Legs 1 and 2 with unarmed coxa, but coxa of legs 3 and 4 each with inner seta. Basis of legs 1-4 with small outer seta. Exopods 3-segmented in legs 1-4, distinctly longer than endopods. Endopods incompletely 2-segmented (articulation only on posterior surface) in leg 1, 3-segmented in legs 2 and 3, and 2-segmented in leg 4. Distal segment of leg 1 endopod with 2 minute, hardly visible setae. Armature formula for legs 1-4 as follows: [table omitted] Leg 5 (Fig. 83B) consisting of outer seta on fifth pedigerous somite and small, free exopodal segment bearing 2 setae distally. Leg 6 (Fig. 83B) represented by 2 setae on genital operculum Remarks. Schẚzçprçctus pẚnguẚs sp. nov. resembles S. fẚjẚensẚs sp. nov. in sharing the same armature formula (8, 3, 2, and 2) for the endopods of legs 1-4 but differs from the latter in many other respects. For example, the coxal gnathobase of the mandible of S. pẚnguẚs sp. nov. is not specialized as in S. fẚjẚensẚs sp. nov., the exopods of legs 1-4 are armed with 5 spines (cf. 6 spines in S. fẚjẚensẚs sp. nov.), and leg 5 is wider than long (cf. longer than wide in S. fẚjẚensẚs sp. nov.). Schẚzçprçctus pẚnguẚs sp. nov. shares some character states with S. vestẚtus, such as the setation of the exopods of legs 1-4, which bear 5 spines in both species. However, SK vestẚtus differs from S. pẚnguẚs sp. nov. in having a larger body, 7 mm long according to Aurivillius (1885) or 6.1 mm according to Sars (1921), a 5-segmented abdomen, and in being armed with spines on the endopods of legs 1, 2, and 4 (leg 3 is unknown). Numerous diatom frustules were observed in the gut of the examined female specimens of S. pẚnguẚs sp. nov. The atrophied mouthparts of the male suggest that the adult is a non-feeding stage. Genus Haplostomides Chatton & Harant, 1924 Diagnosis. Female: Body vermiform, unsegmented or incompletely segmented, indistinctly divisible into cephalosome, metasome, and genitoabdomen. Caudal rami usually fused with abdomen, armed with 1 terminal spine and 1 to 4 setae. Rostrum weakly developed. Antennule small, 1- to 5-segmented. Antenna 2- or 3-segmented; terminal segment (endopod) armed with 2 to 4 spines. Labrum simple. Mandible 1- or 2-segmented, with 2 or 3 setae on distal segment, rarely with 1 seta on proximal segment; mandible with rudimentary gnathobase in some species. Maxillule typically 2-segmented, consisting of precoxa and palp, bearing 2 to 5 setae on medial margin of precoxa and 4 to 6 setae on palp. Maxilla as small lobe bearing 2 to 4 setae. Maxilliped consisting of coxa, basis, and 2- segmented endopod plus small terminal claw. Legs 1-4 consisting of unsegmented protopod, exopod, and endopod. Protopods with or without outer margin seta. Exopods with 1 seta and 2 to 5 spines; 2 distal spines occasionally fused at base to form bifurcate spine. Endopods lobate, unarmed, sometimes vestigial. Leg 5 reduced to small lobe bearing 2 to 4 setae. Male (based on eaplçstçmẚdes scçttẚ Chatton & Harant, 1924): Body cyclopiform, distinctly segmented, consisting of cephalosome, 4-segmented metasome, and 6-segmented urosome. Caudal ramus with 5 setae. Antennule 4-segmented, with numerous aesthetascs on first segment. Antenna 3-segmented, similar to that of female. Mandible, maxillule, and maxilla degenerated. Maxilliped similar to that of female. Legs 1-4 biramous. Leg 1 with 3-segmented exopod and transformed 1-segmented endopod. Legs 2 and 3 with 3-segmented rami. Leg 4 with 3- segmented exopod and 2-segmented endopod. Inner coxal seta absent in legs 1 and 2, but present in legs 3 and 4. Armature formula for legs 1-4 as follows: [table omitted] Leg 5 consisting of obscure protopod bearing 1 seta and free exopodal segment bearing 2 setae. Leg 6 represented by 2 setae on distal margin of genital operculum. Type species. eaplçstçmẚdes scçttẚ Chatton & Harant, 1924, by original designation. Remarks. Marchenkov & Boxshall (2003) mentioned that species of eaplçstçmẚdes differ from one another in details of the antennae, mandibles, maxillules and maxillae, and other limbs have little taxonomic value at the species level. Key character states of the ten known and the three new species described below are summarized in Table 4., Published as part of Kim, Il-Hoi & Boxshall, Geoff A., 2021, Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with ascidian hosts: Ascidicolidae, Buproridae, Botryllophilidae, and Enteropsidae, with descriptions of 84 new species, pp. 1-286 in Zootaxa 1 on pages 126-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4978.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4820443, {"references":["Aurivillius, C. W. S. (1885) Krustaceer hos arktiska tunikater. sega-bxped ẚtẚcnens setenskakpl ẚga fakattagelserI Stcckhclm, 4, 223 - 254, pls. 7 - 9.","Sars, G. O. (1921) An acccunt cf the Crustacea cf kcrway w ẚth shcrt descr ẚptẚcns and f ẚgures cf all the spec ẚesK sclK 8 K CcpepcdaK Mcnstr ẚllcẚda and kctcdelphyc ẚda. Bergen Museum, Bergen, 91 pp., 37 pls.","Marchenkov, A. & Boxshall, G. A. (2003) Copepods of the genera eaplcstcmella and eaplcstcm ẚdes (Cyclopoida: Ascidicolidae) associated with ascidians from the White Sea and Russian Far East coastal waters. eydrcb ẚclcgẚa, 510, 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / B: HYDR. 0000008471.26364. e 9"]}

Enterocola sedentarius sp. nov. (Figs. 148, 149) Type material. Holotype ♀ (MNHN-IU-2014-21558) and 1 ♀ paratype (dissected, MNHN-IU-2014-21475) from eypçdẚstçma deerratum (Sluiter, 1895); Papua New Guinea, CRRF coll. Etymology. The name of the new species reflects its sedentary body form. Description of female. Body (Fig. 148 A-C) small, curved dorsally, appearing posteriorly truncated sedentary in lateral view (Fig. 148C). Body length 522 μm; maximum width 230 μm (across second pedigerous somite). Cephalic shield distinct from first pedigerous somite, 133×161 μm. Trunk obscurely segmented (Fig. 148C), but somites distinctly defined by deep lateral constrictions. First to fourth pedigerous somites each with well-developed tergite dorsally; tergite of first pedigerous somite simple, but those of second to fourth pedigerous somites forming paired posterolateral tergal folds (Fig. 148A). First to fourth pedigerous somites each with single mid-ventral interpodal protrusion (Fig. 148B). Genitoabdomen (Fig. 148D) unsegmented, much wider than long in lateral view; anal prominence large (Fig. 148D). Caudal rami (Fig. 148E) originating close to each other, directed ventrally, arising on ventral margin of genitoabdomen (Fig. 148D) but not articulated at base, about 1.8 times longer than wide (25×14 μm); armed with 2 or 3 minute setae. Egg sac containing 5 or 6 eggs; each egg 145 μm in diameter. Rostrum absent. Antennule (Fig. 148G) 40×25 μm, unsegmented, but distinctly divisible into broad proximal part and short, narrow distal part; proximal part armed with 4 setae distally and 1 small tubercle subdistally; distal part occupying 20% length of antennule, armed with 3 setae on distal margin. Antenna (Fig. 148H) incompletely 2- segmented, about 2.1 times longer than wide; proximal segment unarmed; distal segment armed with 6 large setae, lengths of setae I-VI (medial to lateral) increasing 19, 32, 34, 36, 48, and 61 μm, respectively; setae IV-VI longer than width of segment at tip. Labrum (Fig. 148I) broad with convex lateral margins, ornamented with patches of minute spinules on ventral surface; palp spinulose, curved laterally, with narrow proximal quarter and moderately expanded distal three-quarters. Mandible spinulose, narrower than labral palp. Precoxa (Fig. 148J) of maxillule with bifurcate apex, and endite bearing slender, spinulose spine and more than 10 thin spinules; palp (Fig. 148K) armed with 6 subequal spinulose spines along convex distal margin. Maxilla (Fig. 148L) 2-segmented; proximal segment bearing 1 smooth tubercle proximally on medial margin and mediodistal endite tipped with spinulose element; distal segment smooth, tapering, with 1 tubercle on anterior surface and 1 seta on posterior surface. Maxilliped absent. Legs 1-4 each consisting of 2-segmented protopod (coxa and basis) and unsegmented rami (Fig. 149A, B); basis with outer seta. Exopods with proximal patch of spinules on lateral margin. Endopods less than twice as long as wide, 31×21, 31×20, 31×18, and 25×15 μm, respectively, in legs 1-4. Distal setae on endopods distinctly longer than endopodal segments. Laterodistal and mediodistal setae 67 and 59, 71 and 56, 42 and 42, and 40 and 33 μm, respectively, in legs 1-4. Laterodistal setae distinctly longer than mediodistal setae in legs 1, 2, and 4, but equal in length in leg 3. Leg 5 (Fig. 149C) more than twice as wide as long (63×150 μm); armed with 2 minute setae on distal margin; separated by distance of 87 μm. Male. Unknown. Remarks. The posteriorly-truncated body, with its ventrally directed abdomen, is an extraordinary body form for the genus bnterçcçla, and serves to characterize bK sedentarẚus sp. nov. In addition, about half of known congeneric species have a laterodistal seta on the endopod of leg 1 that is as long as or longer than the endopodal segment, but in none of these is the laterodistal seta more than twice as long as the endopodal segment as in b. sedentarẚus sp. nov. The caudal rami of b. sedentarẚus sp. nov. are armed with 2 or 3 setae. Although the setae are minute, this feature is remarkable because caudal rami of bnterçcçla species that are known to be setiferous, i.e. b. ẚanthẚnus, b. latẚceps, and b. setẚcaudus sp. nov., only ever have a single caudal seta. The antennules of b. sedentarẚus sp. nov. are armed with 7 setae (Table 6). This setation is shared with three known species, b. sydnẚẚ, b. setẚcaudus sp. nov., and b. australẚs sp. nov. but none of these species shares the ventrally-directed abdomen that is diagnostic for b. sedentarẚus sp. nov., Published as part of Kim, Il-Hoi & Boxshall, Geoff A., 2021, Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with ascidian hosts: Ascidicolidae, Buproridae, Botryllophilidae, and Enteropsidae, with descriptions of 84 new species, pp. 1-286 in Zootaxa 1 on page 227, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4978.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4820443

Family Botryllophilidae Sars, 1921 Diagnosis. Female: Body inflated, unsegmented or obscurely segmented, consisting of anterior and posterior parts, without distinct prosome-urosome division. Anterior part of body consisting of cephalosome to fifth pedigerous somites, posterior part consisting of genital somite and abdomen. Abdomen basically 4-segmented but with pattern obscured by additional annulations in some species of Bçtryllçphẚlus and Schẚzçprçctus. Caudal ramus armed with 6 armature elements (some represented by claws), or occasionally some lost. Rostrum weak or absent. Antennule short, at most 5-segmented. Antenna uniramous, 2- to 4-segmented, consisting coxa, basis, and 1- or 2-segmented endopod, and armed with up to 8 setal elements (setae or spines); coxa and basis sometimes fused to form coxobasis. Mandible variable, consisting of coxa bearing well-developed gnathobase and setiferous palp in Bçtryllçphẚlus and Schẚzçprçctus, but palp absent or consisting of 1- or 2-segmented lobe tipped with 1 or 2 armature elements in other genera. Maxillule consisting of precoxa and palp in Bçtryllçphẚlus, Schẚzçprçctus and eaplçstçmẚdes, but absent or represented by small lobe in other genera. Maxilla primitively 3-segmented, armed with up to 10 setae in Bçtryllçphẚlus and Schẚzçprçctus, but absent or reduced to 1- or 2-segmented lobe bearing 1 or 2 setae in other genera. Maxilliped 4-segmented, consisting of syncoxa, basis, and 2-segmented endopod plus terminal claw; in eaplçstçmella endopodal segments and terminal claw usually fused to form subchela. Legs 1-4 biramous with 1- or 2-segmented rami; coxa lacking inner element; basis lacking inner distal element in leg 1. Legs 1-4 of Bçtryllçphẚlus usually showing left-right asymmetry. Leg 5 variable, present as digitiform process, lamellate, or represented by small lobe, bearing up to 4 setae. Leg 6 represented by 3 spiniform elements on genital operculum. Male: Body cyclopiform with distinct prosome-urosome division. Urosome consisting of fifth pedigerous, genital and 4 abdominal somites. Caudal ramus armed with 6 setae. Antennule 4-segmented, with numerous aesthetascs on proximal segment (antennule of eaplçstçmella 8-segmented, with few aesthetascs on proximal segment). Antenna as in female. Mandible, maxillule and maxilla absent or vestigial. Maxilliped similar to that of female. Legs 1-4 biramous typically with 3-segmented rami, but leg 1 endopod 1- to 3-segmented, with modified setation and leg 4 endopod 2- or 3-segmented. Inner coxal seta present or absent. Basis of leg 1 with or without inner distal element. Leg 5 consisting of outer protopodal seta located laterally on surface of somite and free exopodal segment bearing 2 setae. Leg 6 represented by 2 setae on genital operculum. Type genus. Schẚzçprçctus Aurivillius, 1885. Other included genera. Bçtryllçphẚlus Hesse, 1864, eaplçstçmẚdes Chatton & Harant, 1924, eaplçstçma Chatton & Harant, 1924, eaplçsaccus Chatton & Harant, 1924, eaplçstçmella Chatton & Harant, 1924, and maulẚllgẚa Monniot C., 1982. Remarks. In their revision of the family Ascidicolidae, Illg & Dudley (1980) treated the Botryllophilinae as a subfamily comprising two valid genera, Bçtryllçphẚlus and Schẚzçprçctus. They classified it as a nçmen cçnservandum and attributed it to Sars (1921). Illg & Dudley (1980) took this action because they recognised that the family name Schizoproctidae Aurivillius, 1885 has priority over the Botryllophilidae Sars, 1921, but the name Schizoproctidae had not been used in the preceding 50 years, However, no formal case was made to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. In continuing to use Botryllophilidae as a conserved name, Boxshall & Halsey (2004) followed Illg & Dudley (1980) in the interests of nomenclatural stability, and we continue this usage here. Boxshall & Halsey (2004) pointed to a number of synapomorphies between Bçtryllçphẚlus and Schẚzçprçctus and the genera eaplçstçmẚdes, eaplçstçma, eaplçsaccus, and eaplçstçmella which were placed in the subfamily Haplostominae Chatton & Harant, 1924 by Illg & Dudley (1980). Monniot (1982) subsequently added another genus, maulẚllgẚa, to the Haplostominae. Boxshall & Halsey (2004) considered that the synapomorphies, especially those exhibited by the males, constituted strong evidence of a close relationship and they did not adopt the subfamilial division, instead they recognised all seven genera as members of a single family level taxon, for which they used the name Botryllophilidae. Genus Botryllophilus Hesse, 1864 Diagnosis (female). Body usually asymmetrical, consisting of broader anterior part and narrower posterior part. Anterior part consisting of cephalosome and first to fifth pedigerous somites. Posterior part consisting of genital somite and abdomen; abdomen comprising 4 somites in some species, or 5 to 8 annulations in others. Caudal rami short, with 4 claws and 1 or 2 setae; claws curved outwards or ventrally. Rostrum present or absent. Antennule short and broad, 4- or 5-segmented. Antenna consisting of short coxa, basis, and 1- to 3-segmented endopod (endopod mostly 2-segmented), armed with 5 to 8 setae, usually asymmetrical between right and left antennae in form and length of setae. Labrum not specialized. Mandible consisting of coxa and palp; medial margin of coxal gnathobase bearing 3 or 4 teeth distally and spinulose proximal part; palp elongate, unsegmented, typically armed with 9 setae: 3 (exopodal setae) on outer proximal region, 2 in subdistal region, and 4 distally. Maxillule consisting of precoxa with 4 to 7 setae on arthrite, and palp consisting of coxobasis and endopod; coxobasis with 2 setae on medial margin, 3 setae (exopodal setae) on outer margin, and usually with 1 small seta representing epipodite; endopod with 3 setae on distal margin. Maxilla obscurely 2- or 3-segmented, armed with up to 10 setae. Maxilliped consisting of syncoxa, basis, and small 2-segmented endopod with small terminal claw; armed with 0 to 2 setae on syncoxa, 2 setae on basis. Legs 1-4 biramous with at most 2-segmented rami, lacking inner seta on coxa, but with outer seta on basis. Exopods 1 or 2-segmented; endopods occasionally 1-segmented in leg 1, but 2-segmented in legs 2-4. Segmentation of leg rami often incomplete. Basis of leg 1 lacking inner distal element. Each pair of legs 1-4 asymmetrical between right and left sides (except symmetrical in B. macrçpus Canu, 1891). Right exopods usually armed with spines and left exopods with setae. Leg 5 lobate or digitiform, positioned dorsolaterally or laterally on somite; armed with 4 setae; left and right legs widely separated from each other. Type species. Bçtryllçphẚlus ruber Hesse, 1864, by original designation. Remarks. According to Schellenberg (1922), three species in the genus Bçtryllçphẚlus have symmetrical exopods of legs 1-4: B. aspẚnçsus Schellenberg, 1922, B. macrçpus Canu, 1891, and B. ruber Hesse, 1864. Of these three, B. ruber was redescribed by Ooishi (1999) and was shown to have asymmetrical legs 3 and 4. Ooishi (2014b) restudied B. aspẚnçsus and mentioned that right and left endopods of leg 4 are armed with different numbers of setae (6 and 7, respectively), which means that at least leg 4 of this species is also asymmetrical. Therefore, within the genus Bçtryllçphẚlus the only species that exhibits true symmetry in all pairs of swimming legs is B. macrçpus, as redescribed by Ooishi (1996: 179). Lang (1948) was of the opinion that the structure and armature of the swimming legs was highly variable in Bçtryllçphẚlus species, and subsequently Stock (1970) refrained from using leg structure for distinguishing between the species he was studying. The variability Lang (1948) mentioned mainly referred to the symmetry and segmentation of legs, and we have been unable to confirm the existence of any infraspecific variability in leg setation with respect to all of the species we have examined in this account, with the exception of B. nçrvegẚcus in which the exopod of the right leg showed variation in setation. On the evidence available to us, we have found leg setation to be an extremely valuable taxonomic character for the recognition of species of Bçtryllçphẚlus. Ooishi & Illg (1988) recognized two female morphotypes in Bçtryllçphẚlus: type A, with a 4-segmented abdomen, and type B which has an apparently 5- to 8-segmented abdomen. Huys & Boxshall (1991) suggested the latter condition was the result of secondary annulation and Boxshall & Halsey (2004) considered that the female abdomen was primitively 4-segmented but that this segmentation was obscured by secondary annulations in type B species. Subsequently, Ooishi (2000) divided morphotype A into subgroups I and II, based on leg armature patterns. However, the distinctiveness of these subgroups has been blurred due to the discovery in the present work of several new species that have leg setation patterns that deviate markedly from both of Ooishi’s patterns. Bçtryllçphẚlus currently comprises 19 valid species (Ooishi, 2014d). Thirteen new species are described in the present work. The numbers of armature elements on rami of the right and left legs 1-4 in Bçtryllçphẚlus species are compared in Table 2. KKKCçntẚnued çn the next page *Exopod of right leg 4 of B. nçrvegẚcus is armed with 6 or 7 spines, Published as part of Kim, Il-Hoi & Boxshall, Geoff A., 2021, Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with ascidian hosts: Ascidicolidae, Buproridae, Botryllophilidae, and Enteropsidae, with descriptions of 84 new species, pp. 1-286 in Zootaxa 1 on pages 45-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4978.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4820443, {"references":["Sars, G. O. (1921) An acccunt cf the Crustacea cf kcrway w ẚth shcrt descr ẚptẚcns and f ẚgures cf all the spec ẚesK sclK 8 K CcpepcdaK Mcnstr ẚllcẚda and kctcdelphyc ẚda. Bergen Museum, Bergen, 91 pp., 37 pls.","Aurivillius, C. W. S. (1885) Krustaceer hos arktiska tunikater. sega-bxped ẚtẚcnens setenskakpl ẚga fakattagelserI Stcckhclm, 4, 223 - 254, pls. 7 - 9.","Illg, P. L. & Dudley, P. L. (1980) The family Ascidicolidae and its subfamilies (Copepoda, Cyclopoida), with descriptions of new species. Memc ẚres du Museum kat ẚcnal d'e ẚstcẚre katurelleI mar ẚs, Serie A, Zoologie, 117, 1 - 192.","Boxshall, G. A. & Halsey, S. H. (2004) An fntrcduct ẚcn tc Ccpepcd a ẚversẚty. The Ray Society, London, 966 pp.","Monniot, C. (1982). maul ẚllgẚa pclycarpae n. g., n. sp., Copepode parasite d'un mclycarpa (Ascidiacea) de la pente du plateau continental du Golfe de Gascogne. Crustaceana, 43, 21 - 24.","Schellenberg, A. (1922) Neue Notodelphyiden des Berliner und Hamburger Museums mit einer Ubersicht der ascidienbewohnenden Gattungen und Arten. 2. M ẚtteẚlungen aus dem Zcclcg ẚschen Museum ẚn Berl ẚn, 10 (2), 275 - 298.","Ooishi, S. (1999) Female and male Bctryllcph ẚlus ruber (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) associated with the compound ascidian Bctryllus schlcsser ẚ. gcurnal cf Crustacean B ẚclcgy, 19, 556 - 577. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1549262","Ooishi, S. (2014 b) Bctryllcph ẚlus symmetr ẚcus, new species (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Ascidicolidae), living in an undescribed compound ascidian (Sync ẚcum) from Madagascar. mrcceed ẚngs tc the B ẚclcgẚcal Scc ẚety cf tash ẚngtcn, 127 (2), 340 - 352. https: // doi. org / 10.2988 / 0006 - 324 X- 127.2.340","Ooishi, S. (1996) Two ascidicolid copepods, Bctryllcph ẚlus macrcpus Canu and B. ncrveg ẚcus Schellenberg, from British waters. gcurnal cf Crustacean B ẚclcgy, 16, 169 - 191. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1548939","Lang, K. (1948) Copepoda Notodelphyoida from the Swedish west-coast with an outline on the systematics of the Copepoda. Ark ẚv fcr Zcclcg ẚ, 40 A (14), 1 - 36.","Stock, J. H. (1970) Notodelphyidae and Botryllophilidae (Copepoda) from the West Indies. Stud ẚes cn the cauna cf Curacac and cther Car ẚbbean fslands, 34 (123), 1 - 45.","Huys, R. & Boxshall, G. A. (1991) Ccpepcd bvclut ẚcn. The Ray Society, London, 468 pp.","Ooishi, S. (2000) Bctryllcph ẚlus bamf ẚeldensẚs, new species (Copepod: Cyclopoida: Ascidicolidae), living in a compound ascidian from the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada. gcurnal cf Crustacean B ẚclcgy, 20 (3), 571 - 588. https: // doi. org / 10.1651 / 0278 - 0372 (2000) 020 [0571: BBNSCC] 2.0. CO; 2","Ooishi, S. (2014 d) Bctryllcph ẚlus m ẚllarẚ, new species (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Ascidicolidae), living in the compound ascidian bud ẚstcma caeruleum (Sluiter) from Madagascar. mrcceed ẚngs tc the B ẚclcgẚcal Scc ẚety cf tash ẚngtcn, 127 (3), 496 - 509. https: // doi. org / 10.2988 / 0006 - 324 X- 127.3.496","Conradi, M., Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. & Garcia-Gomez, J. C. (1994) Bctryllcph ẚlus ccn ẚcus sp. nov. (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Ascidicolidae) associated with a compound ascidian from the Strait of Gibraltar. Systemat ẚc maras ẚtclcgy, 29, 97 - 104. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00009805","Ooishi, S. (2006) Two species of Bctryllcph ẚlus (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) living in compound ascidians, and a revision of female morphotype A of the genus. gcurnal cf Crustacean B ẚclcgy, 26, 23 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.2988 / 11 - 34.1","Ooishi, S. (2014 c) Bctryllcph ẚlus kczlcff ẚ, new species (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Ascidicolidae), living in the compound ascidian Clavel ẚna lepad ẚfcrmẚs (Muller) from Roscoff, France. mrcceed ẚngs cf the B ẚclcgẚcal Scc ẚety cf tash ẚngtcn, 127 (3), 483 - 495. https: // doi. org / 10.2988 / 0006 - 324 X- 127.3.483","Ooishi, S. (2012) Two new species of Bctryllcph ẚlus (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Ascidicolidae) living in compound ascidians from Madagascar. mrcceed ẚngs cf the B ẚclcgẚcal Scc ẚety cf tash ẚngtcn, 125, 122 - 144. https: // doi. org / 10.2988 / 11 - 34.1","Ooishi, S. (2002 b) Redescription of Bctryllcph ẚlus ẚnaequẚpes Hansen (Crustacea: Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Ascidicolidae). mrcceed ẚngs cf the B ẚclcgẚcal Scc ẚety cf tash ẚngtcn, 115 (3), 636 - 649.","Seo, I. S. & Lee, K. S. (1995) Copepod associated with ascidians from Korea. II. A new species of Bctryllcph ẚlus (Copepoda, Cyclopoida, Ascidicolidae) from simple ascidians at Chindo Island in the South Sea, Korea. hcrean gcurnal cf Systemat ẚc Zcclcgy, 11 (1), 79 - 86.","Ooishi, S. (2002 c) Description of Bctryllcph ẚlus sars ẚ, new species (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Ascidicolidae), replacing B. brev ẚpes Sars, 1921. gcurnal cf Crustacean B ẚclcgy, 22 (4), 819 - 833. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 20021975 - 99990295"]}

Bathycopola brevicaudata gen. et sp. nov. (Figs. 16, 17) Type material. Holotype ♀ (MNHN-IU-2018-1946, dissected and mounted on a slide) from Bathystyelçẚdes enderbyanus (Michaelsen, 1904) (MNHN-IT-2008-1439 = MNHN S1 / BAT.B/24); West Atlantic, DEMERABY cruise, RV “Jean Charcot”, Stn CP 08 (10°25.10’N, 46°46.90’W), depth 4850 m, 01 September 1980. Etymology. The name is derived from the Latin brev (=short) and caud (=the tail), referring to the short urosome of the new species. Description of female. Body (Fig. 16A, B) stout, pupa-shaped. Body length 1.15 mm; maximum width 386 μm across fourth pedigerous somite. Prosome 5-segmented, occupying most of body length; cephalosome 204×364 μm, slightly wider than first and second pedigerous somites; dorsal cephalic shield well-developed. First to third pedigerous somites each bearing thin tergite; tergite of fourth pedigerous somite extended posteriorly, covering most of urosome, with rounded posterior margin in dorsal view (Fig. 16A), but obliquely tapering in lateral view (Fig. 16B). Urosome (Fig. 16C) small, about 355 μm long, gradually narrowing posteriorly, 5-segmented but first segment (fifth pedigerous somite) very short, obscure. Genital somite wider than long, bearing small copulatory pore proximally on ventral surface. Caudal ramus (Fig. 16D) about 2.8 times longer than wide (76×27 μm); armed with 3 spines and 3 setae (1 seta on outer margin, 1 seta on subdistal inner side, and 1 seta and 3 spines distally); outer margin seta longest, half as long as caudal ramus; innermost of 3 distal spines much smaller than other 2. Rostrum as short, blunt anterior prominence on cephalosome. Antennule (Fig. 16E) slender, 220 μm long, 6- segmented; armature formula 2, 8, 3, 6+aesthetasc, 2+aesthetasc, and 11+2 aesthetascs; second segment subdivided into 3 and 5 setae regions; setae thin and generally long; aesthetascs small, confusable with setae. Antenna (Fig. 16F) 3-segmented, consisting of basis and 2-segmented endopod; basis broadening distally, 59×45 μm, armed with 1 elongate spine (56 μm long) distally and bearing few spinules in distal region; first endopodal segment 55×32 μm with 1 seta on inner margin; second endopodal segment about 2.5 times longer than wide (45×18 μm); armed with 2 middle and 4 distal setae plus slender terminal claw, 0.8 times as long as segment. Labrum (Fig. 16G) short but broad, with pair of bicuspid processes on posteroventral surface. Mandible (Fig. 16H) consisting of coxa and palp: coxal gnathobase bearing 1 distal tooth and several spinule-like denticles along medial margin; palp biramous, armed with 3 setae on basis, 4 on exopod, and 6 on endopod; endopod articulated from basis but exopod not demarcated from basis; setae on exopod feebly pinnate, other setae naked. Maxillule (Fig. 16I) consisting of precoxa and palp; precoxa bearing 9 setae on arthrite; palp consisting of basis, exopod and endopod; armed with 6 setae on basis, 2 on exopod, and 3 on endopod; exopod and endopod not articulated from basis; 1 additional seta present between arthrite and basis. Maxilla (Fig. 17A) 3-segmented; large syncoxa bearing 2 endites each tipped with 1 seta; basis with claw plus 3 setae; endopod small, bearing 5 setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 17B) as tapering lobe bearing 7 setae and 3 rows of spinules. Legs 1-4 (Fig. 17 C-F) biramous with 2-segmented rami. Inner seta on coxa present only in leg 4. First endopodal segment of legs 1-4 unarmed. In legs 3 and 4, outer spine of first exopodal segment and distal spine of second exopodal segment markedly elongated (longer than exopod). Most of spines on rami spinulose distally. Exopods and endopods of legs 2-4 with same armature formula, as follows: [table omitted] Leg 5 (Fig. 17G) consisting of lamellate protopod and small exopod; protopod as long as urosome, covering almost entire dorsal surface of urosome (Fig. 16A, B), bearing 1 small seta on distal margin; exopod 2.18 times longer than wide (98×45 μm), armed with 6 unequal setae (1 on ventral margin and 5 distally). Leg 6 not examined. Male. Unknown. Remarks. The diagnostic features of Bathycçpçla brevẚcaudata gen. et sp. nov. are; (1) the dorsal tergite of the fourth pedigerous somite extends posteriorly to cover most of the urosome; (2) the maxillary endopod is 1-segmented and armed with five setae; (3) the second exopodal segments of legs 2-4 are each armed with 7 spines and 1 seta; (4) the second endopodal segments of legs 2-4 are each armed with 4 spines and 1 seta; and (5) the inner coxal seta present only in leg 4. These diagnostic features serve to distinguish the new species from its congeners.

Ascidicola philippinensis sp. nov. (Figs. 4, 5) Type material. Holotype ♀ (MNHN-IU-2018-1941, dissected and mounted on a slide) from mterygascẚdẚa lçnga (Van Name, 1918); The Philippines, MUSORSTOM 3 cruise, RV “Coriolis”, Stn CP 131 (11°27´N, 121°43´E), depth 120-122 m, Bouchet & Triclot-MNHN coll., 05 June 1985. Etymology. The name of this new species is based on the type locality. Description of female. Body (Fig. 4A) elongate, body shape and segmentation as in type species, A. rçsea. Body length 3.40 mm. Prosome (Fig. 4B) slightly depressed dorsoventrally, about 1.0 mm long, occupying 29% of body length. Cephalosome 369×438 μm, with rounded anterior margin; first to fourth pedigerous somites 92×400, 138×446, 154×488, and 230×378 μm, respectively. Urosome 5-segmented, curved dorsally; genital somite about 860 μm long (average of longer ventral and shorter dorsal margins); copulatory pore positioned on ventral surface at anterior 17% of somite length. First and second abdominal somites 470 and 446 μm long, respectively; anal somite (Fig. 4C) slightly tapering, about 1.5 times longer than wide (477×315 μm), widest anterior 20% of somite length; anal operculum broad. Spinose pad lacking between second abdominal and anal somites. Caudal ramus (Fig. 4D) tapering, 2.76 times longer than wide (149×54 μm), 31% as long as anal somite, armed with 6 small setae and or- namented with several rows of minute spinules; all caudal setae shorter than proximal width of ramus; lateral and subdistal dorsal setae positioned at 42% and 70% of ramus length, respectively. Rostrum absent. Antennule (Fig. 4F) short, 138 μm long, 5-segmented; all segments wider than long; armature formula 5, 8, 4, 4, and 12; setae naked and of different lengths, some of shorter, blunt setae aesthetasc-like. Antenna (Fig. 4G) 3-segmented, consisting of coxobasis and 2-segmented endopod; coxobasis slightly longer than wide (54×46 μm), bearing 1 strong spine (50 μm long) distally; first endopodal segment 35×25 μm, bearing 1 strong spine (46 μm long) subdistally; second endopodal segment gradually narrowing distally, 1.90 times long than wide (78×20 μm), terminating in slender claw (28 μm long); armed with 1 small spine proximally and 4 setae distally (one 73 μm long, much longer than other 3). Labrum (Fig. 5A) broad, with 2 dentiform processes at each posterolateral corner and row of minute spinules along posterior margin. Mandible (Fig. 5B) consisting of coxa and palp: coxal gnathobase broadened, medial margin bearing strong tooth distally, 3 larger and 3 smaller teeth; larger teeth bearing 1 or 2 subsidiary denticles; palp 1-segmented, articulated with broad, pedestal-like extension of coxa, armed with 5 unequal setae, largest seta (on medial margin) 110 μm long. Maxillule (Fig. 5C) consisting of precoxa and palp; precoxa with medially extended arthrite bearing 7 spines and 1 small proximal seta; palp distinctly articulated from precoxa, bearing 8 elements (5 unequal spines and 3 setae). Maxilla (Fig. 5D) consisting of syncoxa and allbasis; syncoxa broad, bearing 1 endite tipped with 2 setae (proximal seta larger and spiniform); allobasis terminating in claw-like process, bearing 6 setae on outer margin and 1 small seta on inner margin. Maxilliped (Fig. 5E) slender, digitiform, bearing 1 apical and 2 medial setae; ornamented with fine spinules distally. Legs 1-4 (Fig. 5 F-I) biramous with 2-segmented rami; coxa unarmed; intercoxal sclerite narrow; setae on endopods large and stiff, as usual for genus. Leg 1 with inner distal seta on basis 28 μm long, longer than first endopodal segment. Medial of 2 distal spines on second exopodal segment of legs 1-4 denticle-like, much smaller than outer spine but distinctly articulated at base. First endopodal segment unarmed in legs 1 and 2, but with inner seta in legs 3 and 4. Armature formula for legs 1-4 as follows: [table omitted] Leg 5 (Fig. 4E) lamellate, encircling fifth pedigerous and genital somites, extending to posterior margin of genital somite, bearing 3 minute setules (2 ventro-proximal and 1 ventro-distal); left and right legs separated from each other on dorsal side, but fused proximally on ventral side. Leg 6 not examined. Male. Unknown. Remarks. Ascẚdẚcçla phẚlẚppẚnensẚs sp. nov. differs from A. rçsea, A. secunda, and A. antarctẚca sp. nov. described below in having 2 spines + 1 seta on the second endopodal segment of leg 1 (in contrast to 3 spines + 1 seta in all three congeneric species) and 3 spines + 3 setae on the second endopodal segment of leg 3 (in contrast to 2 spines + 3 setae in A. secunda and 4 spines + 3 setae in the other two congeners). The numbers of spines on the second exopodal segments of legs 1-4 of the new species are same as in A. secunda, but the shape and arrangement of the spines are quite different between the two species: there are fewer spines on the outer margin of the segment in A. phẚlẚppẚnensẚs sp. nov. and it lacks the small, dentiform inner distal spine that is present on this segment in A. secunda. The possession of 3 setae on the maxilliped is an additional difference between A. phẚllẚppẚnensẚs sp. nov. and both A. rçsea and A. secunda which have 5 and 4 setae, respectively, on the maxilliped., Published as part of Kim, Il-Hoi & Boxshall, Geoff A., 2021, Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with ascidian hosts: Ascidicolidae, Buproridae, Botryllophilidae, and Enteropsidae, with descriptions of 84 new species, pp. 1-286 in Zootaxa 1 on pages 12-15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4978.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4820443

Periboia tahitiensis gen. et sp. nov. (Figs. 175, 176) Type material. Holotype ♀ (MNHN-IU-2014-21580, dissected and mounted on 2 slides) from Asc ẚdẚa archaẚa Sluiter, 1890 ( MNHN-IT-2008-866 = MNHN P5 / ASC.A/166); Tahiti, N. Moorea I., W. Motu d’Irioa, Stn M 13, Monniot coll., June 1984. Etymology. The type locality provides the name for the new species. Description of female. Body (Fig. 175A) large, vermiform, divisible into prosome and urosome; body length 11.0 mm; maximum width 2.80 mm (across third pedigerous somite). Prosome consisting of cephalosome and first to fourth pedigerous somites, incompletely segmented, but clearly defined by deep constrictions between somites. Cephalosome small, circular, 1.14× 1.36 mm. First to fourth pedigerous somites all similar in length and lacking dorsal tergite. Urosome (Fig. 175B) 3-segmented, consisting of fifth pedigerous somite, genital double-somite, and unsegmented abdomen. Fifth pedigerous somite elongated, 1.36× 1.09 mm, bearing leg 5 posterolaterally. Genital double-somite obscurely defined from fifth pedigerous somite, wider than long, about 0.45× 1.09 mm, laterally convex; genital apertures located dorsolaterally, covered by leg 5. Abdomen 770×710 μm, lacking anal operculum or anal prominence. Caudal rami (Fig. 175B) elongate, about 3.8 times longer than wide (727×190 μm), unarmed, with parallel lateral margins, and rounded distal margin. Rostrum represented by short ridge between antennules (Fig. 175C). Antennule (Fig. 175D) 2-segmented; proximal segment slightly longer than wide (139×124 μm), narrowing distally, armed with 1 seta on posterior margin and 1 minute setule subdistally; distal segment about 1.7 times longer than wide (68×39 μm), unarmed. Antenna (Fig. 175E) curved, digitiform, 3-segmented, unarmed; first to third segments 89×91, 76×67, and 98×45 μm, re- spectively, narrowing from proximal to distal; anterior surface of second and third segments covered with minute spinules. Labrum (indicated by Lb in Fig. 175C) rudimentary, flexible, not covering any oral appendages. Mouth (indicated by arrowhead in Fig. 175C) visible just posterior to labrum. Mandible (Fig. 175F) positioned lateral to mouth, short, bearing strong claw distally, with dense sclerotized area between proximal part and claw. Maxillule (Fig. 175G, H) bilobed; larger inner lobe with 2 broad, unequal setae apically and ornamented with numerous minute spinules on distal surfaces and setae; small outer lobe digitiform, tipped with 1 spine (or spiniform seta). Maxilla (Fig. 175I) bilobate, with short proximal part; both lobes ornamented with transverse rows of minute spinules; inner lobe (endite of syncoxa) tapering, tipped with 1 broad, spinulose seta; outer lobe longer than inner, rectangular, armed with 1 small spine on outer margin and 2 triangular spines at apex. Ventral surface of cephalosome between left and right maxillae bearing broad, linguiform protuberance (arrowed in Fig. 175C). Maxilliped absent. Legs 1-4 all same in form and structure (Fig. 176 A-C); each leg consisting of small free exopod plus fleshy, tapering, unsegmented process formed by complete fusion of protopod and endopod. Exopods flattened, lamellate, tapering, tipped with small claw (or claw-like process). Legs 2-4 larger than leg 1. Leg 5 (Fig. 176D) small, lamellate, unarmed, wider than long (376×636 μm), narrowing distally, and covering only anterior part of genital double-somite. Leg 6 (Fig. 176E) probably represented by 2 small cusps on genital operculum. Male. Unknown. Remarks. This species, with a female body length of 11.0 mm, is the largest known member of the family Enteropsidae. Genus Enteropsis C.W.S. Aurivillius, 1885 Diagnosis. Female: Body eruciform or vermiform, unsegmented or indistinctly segmented, without dorsal tergites. No prosome-urosome division present. Anus positioned posteriorly or on dorsal surface posterior to genital apertures. Caudal rami absent, or reduced and armed with at most 1 seta or spine. Rostrum not developed, usually absent. Antennule small, 1- to 3-segmented, armed with few small setae. Antenna up to 4-segmented, usually 2-segmented; terminal segment forming claw, or tipped with 1 or 2 spines or processes. Labrum unarmed or armed with 2 to 8 processes or setiform elements. Mandible absent. Maxillule bilobed, armed with 1 to 3 (usually 2) apical setae or processes on inner lobe and 0 to 5 (usually 2 or 3) apical setae or processes on outer lobe. Maxilla robust, unguiform, 2-segmented; proximal segment unarmed; distal segment terminating in strong claw, with 1 small seta proximally on posterior surface. Maxilliped absent. Legs 1-4 consisting of 2-segmented, unarmed protopod and rudimentary exopod and endopod; intercoxal plates absent. Leg 5 absent. Male: Unknown. Type species. bnterçpsẚs sphẚnx Aurivillius, 1885 by original monotypy. Remarks. Copepods of the genus bnterçpsẚs are associated with solitary and compound ascidians. Ooishi (2009a) recognized 11 species as valid in bnterçpsẚs and Kim I.H. & Moon (2011) subsequently described a new species of this genus. In the present work, we add five additional new species. The major taxonomic characters that can be used to differentiate between these 17 species include the distal armature of the caudal rami, the segmentation and setation of the antennule, the terminal armature of the antenna, the ornamentation of the labrum, and the armature of the maxillule (see Table 7). Generic names ending in –opsis are feminine so in Table 7 we have amended the following names accordingly: bnterçpsẚs arctẚcus Marchenkov, 1994 becomes bK arctẚca, bK capẚtulatus Illg & Dudley, 1980 becomes bK capẚtulata, bK geçrgẚanus Schellenberg, 1922 becomes bK geçrgẚana, bK nudus Kim I.H. & Moon, 2011 becomes bK nudaI bK çnychçphçrus Schellenberg, 1922 becomes bK çnychçphçra, and bK superbus Illg & Dudley, 1980 becomes bK superba., Published as part of Kim, Il-Hoi & Boxshall, Geoff A., 2021, Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with ascidian hosts: Ascidicolidae, Buproridae, Botryllophilidae, and Enteropsidae, with descriptions of 84 new species, pp. 1-286 in Zootaxa 1 on pages 265-269, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4978.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4820443, {"references":["Aurivillius, C. W. S. (1885) Krustaceer hos arktiska tunikater. sega-bxped ẚtẚcnens setenskakpl ẚga fakattagelserI Stcckhclm, 4, 223 - 254, pls. 7 - 9.","Ooishi, S. (2009 a) bntercps ẚs fus ẚfcrmẚs, new species (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Ascidicolidae), living in a compound ascidian from Madagascar. mrcceed ẚngs cf the B ẚclcgẚcal Scc ẚety cf tash ẚngtcn, 122 (3), 333 - 341. https: // doi. org / 10.2988 / 08 - 46.1","Illg, P. L. & Dudley, P. L. (1980) The family Ascidicolidae and its subfamilies (Copepoda, Cyclopoida), with descriptions of new species. Memc ẚres du Museum kat ẚcnal d'e ẚstcẚre katurelleI mar ẚs, Serie A, Zoologie, 117, 1 - 192.","Marchenkov, A. V. (1994) A description of new species of the parasitic copepod bntercps ẚs arct ẚcus sp. n. from ascidians of White Sea. maraz ẚtclcgẚya, 28 (3), 222 - 229. [in Russian, with English summary]","Schellenberg, A. (1922) Neue Notodelphyiden des Berliner und Hamburger Museums mit einer Ubersicht der ascidienbewohnenden Gattungen und Arten. 2. M ẚtteẚlungen aus dem Zcclcg ẚschen Museum ẚn Berl ẚn, 10 (2), 275 - 298."]}

Haplostoma pygmaeum sp. nov. (Fig. 109) Type material. Holotype ♀ (MNHN-IU-2014-21522, dissected and mounted on a slide) from Cystçdytes dellechẚaje ẚ (Della Valle, 1877); New Caledonia, Récif Neobumki, 1 mile North of passe de Kouaré, Stn NC 31, depth 10- 40m, Monniot coll., 10 March 1987. Etymology. The name is derived from the Greek pygm (=a fist), alluding to the fist-like distal armature on exopods of legs 1-4. Description of female. Body (Fig. 109A, B) eruciform, robust, dorsoventrally depressed, divisible into cephalosome, 4-segmented metasome, and 2-segmented genitoabdomen. Body length 1.10 mm; maximum width 512 μm (across third metasomite). Cephalosome 231×296 μm, clearly defined from and distinctly narrower than first meta- somite; metasome gradually broadening posteriorly; 4 metasomites well-defined from one another. Genitoabdomen (Fig. 109C) 172×183 μm; genital apertures large, positioned dorsolaterally. Abdomen strongly tapering, 1.9 times wider than long. Caudal rami convergent, small; each ramus (Fig. 109D) wider than long (25×28 μm), armed with 6 setae (2 rudimentary, papilliform). Rostrum absent. Antennule (Fig. 109E) 2-segmented, 76 μm long; broad proximal segment with 2 setae; nar- rower distal segment less than half length of proximal segment, armed with 12 setae and 1 aesthetasc.Antenna (Fig. 109F) 2-segmented; proximal segment unarmed; distal segment as long as proximal segment, about 2.6 times longer than wide (37×14 μm); armed with 4 spines (proximal 2 small and transparent, distal 2 broad, with serrate distal margin). Labrum (Fig. 109G) with convex posterior margin bearing thin, transparent fringe. Mandible (Fig. 109H) as elongate lobe tipped with 1 small seta. Maxillule and maxilla absent. Maxilliped (Fig. 109I) robust, 4-segmented; first segment broad but unarmed; second segment much wider than long, with 1 small, blunt seta mediodistally; third and fourth segments small, unarmed; terminal claw small and simple. Leg 1 (Fig. 109J) consisting of protopod and exopod, but lacking articulation: protopod unarmed; endopod absent. Exopod digitiform, armed distally with subglobular, fist-like element articulated from exopodal segment at base, and bearing 1 small, claw-like process on outer margin and ornamented with about 10 spinules (or denticles) on anterior surface; no seta or spine present on exopod. Legs 2-4 as leg 1 in shape and armature. Leg 5 (Fig. 109K) located on posteroventral surface of last metasomite; present as small knob tipped with 1 broad, blunt seta and 1 thin, longer seta. Leg 6 (Fig. 109L) represented by 1 small spine and 2 spiniform processes on genital operculum; 5 minute denticles present posterior to leg 6, and row of 5 spinules present lateral to leg 6. Male. Unknown. Remarks. The taxonomic position of eaplçstçma pygmaeum sp. nov. seems to lie close to the boundary between eaplçstçma and the related genus eaplçsaccus Chatton & Harant, 1924. In the original description of eaplçsaccus given by Chatton & Harant (1924c), three characters were highlighted as diagnostic features for the new genus: (1) the caudal rami are extremely reduced; (2) the antenna is armed with a strong distal claw; and (3) the exopods of legs 1-4 have a terminal hook. In retaining distinct caudal rami and in the presence of 4 spines on the last segment of the antenna, the new species seems better placed in eaplçstçma. The peculiar form of the exopod of legs 1-4, which bears only the fist-like terminal element, is a distinctive autapomorphy of e. pygmaeum sp. nov. We infer that this exopod is derived from the single spine-bearing type of exopod, as found in eaplçstçma. Genus Haplosaccus Chatton & Harant, 1924 Diagnosis (female). Body eruciform or vermiform, unsegmented. Genitoabdomen defined by its narrowness; genital apertures positioned dorsolaterally, with copulatory pore on ventral surface. Caudal rami vestigial. Rostrum present or absent. Antennule short, at most 2-segmented, armed with setae. Antenna 2- or 3-segmented; terminal segment armed distally with 1 claw only, or 1 claw plus 1 spine, or 2 spines. Labrum present. Mandible absent, or represented by 1 seta or as digitiform, distally bilobed process. Maxillule and maxilla absent. Maxilliped consisting of 4 segments plus terminal claw. Legs 1-4 same in form and armature, consisting of unarmed protopod plus rami; exopod distally with 1 strong claw or bifurcate spine, with or without 1 seta on outer margin; endopod variably defined. Leg 5 represented by 1 small seta or absent. Leg 6 represented by 1 spine and 1 spiniform process on genital operculum, accompanied with 5 dentiform elements. Type species. eaplçsaccus sacculus (Chatton & Brément, 1910) (originally as Aplçstçma sacculus) by original designation. Remarks. The discovery of eaplçsaccus ardẚus sp. nov. described below, raises uncertainty about the generic position of e. elçngatus Ooishi & Illg, 1977. The most important diagnostic features of eaplçsaccus seem to be the presence of a strong terminal claw on the antenna and on each of the exopods of legs 1-4. The type species e. sacculus and e. ardẚus sp. nov. share these features, but e. elçngatus does not. It seems possible that eK elçngatus should be transferred to another genus, possibly eaplçstçma, but this must await re-examination of the type material. The major morphological differences between these three species, their known hosts and their distributions are given in Table 5., Published as part of Kim, Il-Hoi & Boxshall, Geoff A., 2021, Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with ascidian hosts: Ascidicolidae, Buproridae, Botryllophilidae, and Enteropsidae, with descriptions of 84 new species, pp. 1-286 in Zootaxa 1 on pages 166-169, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4978.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4820443, {"references":["Chatton, E. & Harant, H. (1924 c) Notes sur les copepods ascidicoles XVIII. eaplcstcma canu ẚ sp. nov. Etat actuel de la systematique des Haplosominae n. subf. Le nouveau genre eaplcsaccus. Bullet ẚn de la Scc ẚete Zcclcg ẚque de crance, 49, 413 - 422.","Chatton, E. & Brement, E. (1910) Sur trois ascidicoles du genre Aplcstcma Canu: Aplcstcma magellan ẚca sp. nov., A. h ẚbernẚca (T. et A. Scott), A. sacculus sp. nov. Note preliminaire. Bullet ẚn de la Scc ẚete Zcclcg ẚque de crance, 35, 80 - 92."]}

Bathycopola dicarpae gen. et sp. nov. (Figs. 18, 19) Type material. Holotype ♀ (MNHN-IU-2018-1947, dissected and mounted on a slide) from aẚcarpa lata Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1976 (MNHN-IT-2008-2786 = MNHN S1 / DIC/10); Angola Basin, South Atlantic, Walda cruise, RV “Jean Charcot”, Stn Cy 02 (18°52.1’S, 07°23.1’E), depth 5124 m, 06 June 1971. Etymology. The generic name of the ascidian host, aẚcarpa, provides the specific name of the new species. Description of female. Body (Fig. 18A, B) narrow; body length 1.88 mm. Prosome cylindrical, unsegmented, 1.24× 0.42 mm, occupying 66% of body length, with parallel lateral margins. Cephalic shield distinct; 4 pedigerous somites obscurely discernible by traces of tergites and surface wrinkles. Urosome (Fig. 18C) directed posteroventrally, 5-segmented; first urosomite (fifth pedigerous somite) short, obscure. Genital somite 242×197 μm, bearing small copulatory pore proximally on ventral surface. Three abdominal somites 152×148, 121×136, and 76×115 μm, respectively. Caudal rami widely separated from each other; each ramus (Fig. 18D) about 3.04 times longer than wide (76×25 μm), as long as anal somite; armed with 1 lateral seta, 1 subdistal seta, and 3 spines and 1 seta distally; distal spines shorter than ramus width, longest one 15 μm long, and smallest seta spiniform; subdistal seta 40 μm long, about twice as long as lateral seta; lateral seta positioned at 44% region of ramus length. Rostrum absent. Antennule (Fig. 18E) slender, about 220 μm long, 6-segmented with second segment sub- divided into 3 and 5 setae regions; armature formula 2, 8, 4, 6+aesthetasc. 2+aesthetasc, and 9+2 aesthetascs; second to terminal segments ornamented with 1 to 6 transverse rows of fine spinules. Antenna (Fig. 18F) 4-segmented, consisting of coxa, basis, and 2-segmented endopod; coxa short and unarmed; basis 1.5 times longer than wide (64×41 μm), broadening distally, armed with 1 large spine distally (45 μm long); first endopodal segment 44×28 μm, about 0.7 times as long as basis, bearing 1 seta on inner margin; second endopodal segment twice as long as wide (36×18 μm), shorter than first; armed with 5 setae (2 in middle and 3 distally) plus terminal claw 32 μm long, slightly shorter than second endopodal segment. Labrum (Fig. 18G) short and broad, bearing 2 pairs of tooth-like processes, as in preceding species, but with shallow posteromedian incision. Mandible (Fig. 18H) consisting of coxa and palp; medial margin of coxal gnathobase bearing 1 strong tooth distally and several spinules along middle and proximal regions; palp consisting of basis, exopod and endopod; basis with 3 setae mediodistally; exopod with 4 weakly pinnate setae; endopod incompletely articulated from basis, armed with 5 or 6 setae distally. Maxillule (Fig. 18I) consisting of precoxa bearing 9 setae on arthrite and unsegmented palp, bearing coxal endite, basis, and lobate exopod and endopod; armed with 1 seta on coxal endite, 6 on basis along bilobed medial margin (3 on proximal and 3 on distal lobes), 2 large, weakly pinnate setae on exopod, and 3 on endopod. Maxilla (Fig. 19A) 4-segmented, consisting of syncoxa, basis, and 2-segmented endopod; syncoxa broad, bearing 2 prominent endites each tipped with 1 seta, seta on proximal endite not articulated at base; basis drawn out to robust claw bearing 2 setae near base; endopod small, with 1 and 4 setae on first and second segments, respectively. Maxilliped (Fig. 19B) as spinulose lobe bearing 4 or 5 setae (1 seta positioned at apex). Legs 1-4 (Fig. 19 C-F) biramous with 2-segmented rami. Inner coxal seta absent in legs 1 and 2, but present in legs 3 and 4. Rami of legs 1-4 armed with spines only except first exopodal segment of legs 3 and 4 bearing outer seta, outer spine present on same segment in legs 1 and 2. Distal spine on second exopodal segment of legs 2-4 elongated, about 3 times longer than nearby spines. First endopodal segment of legs 1-4 unarmed.Armature formula for legs 1-4 as follows: [table omitted] Leg 5 (Fig. 19G) consisting of lamellate protopod and small exopod; protopod 475×330 μm, extending beyond posterior margin of genital somite, bearing 1 thin seta distally; exopod about 1.83 times longer than wide (106×58 μm), slightly tapering; armed with 6 setae (1 on subdistal ventral margin and 5 on distal margin). Leg 6 (Fig. 19H) represented by 3 small spiniform elements on genital operculum. Male. Unknown. Remarks. Bathycçpçla dẚcarpae gen. et sp. nov. has a 4-segmented maxilla, and is armed with 7 spines on the second exopodal segment of legs 2 and 3, plus 4 spines on the second endopodal segment of leg 4. These features are shared only with the type species, B. karubar gen. et sp. nov. However, B. dẚcarpae gen. et sp. nov. can be readily distinguished from B. karubar gen. et sp. nov. by the following character states: (1) the second endopodal segment of the maxilla bears 4 setae in BK dẚcarpae gen. et sp. nov. (cf. 5 setae in B. karubar gen. et sp. nov.); (2) the maxilliped bears 4 or 5 setae (cf. 7 setae); (3) the second endopodal segment of legs 2 and 3 bears 5 spines (cf. 4 spines); (4) the second exopodal segment of leg 4 bears 6 spines (cf. 7 spines); (5) legs 3 and 4 bear an inner seta on the coxa (cf. seta absent in B. karubar gen. et sp. nov.); and (6) the exopod of leg 5 is about 1.83 times longer than wide (cf. about 2.89 times in B. karubar gen. et sp. nov.)., Published as part of Kim, Il-Hoi & Boxshall, Geoff A., 2021, Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with ascidian hosts: Ascidicolidae, Buproridae, Botryllophilidae, and Enteropsidae, with descriptions of 84 new species, pp. 1-286 in Zootaxa 1 on pages 35-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4978.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4820443

Schizoproctus bisetatus sp. nov. (Figs. 67, 78) Type material. Holotype ♀ (MNHN-IU-2018-1977, dissected and mounted on a slide) from Caenagnesẚa bçckẚ Ärnbäck-Christie-Linde, 1938 (MNHN-IT-2008-1840 = MNHN P3 / CAE/6); Weddell Sea, EPOS 3 3 cruise, RV “Polarstern”, Stn MG7 (75°05.5´S, 28°01.0´W), depth 462 m, 01 February 1989. Etymology. The name is derived from the Latin bẚ (=two) and set (=a bristle), referring to leg 5 of the new species, which is armed with 2 setae. Description of female. Body (Fig. 67A) symmetrical, narrow, 2.90 mm long. Anterior part of body unsegment- ed; cephalosome defined from metasome by dorsal and lateral constrictions; metasome slightly inflated dorsally with convex dorsal margin in lateral view and narrower posterior part. Legs 4 and 5 positioned on same transverse plane. Posterior part of body (Fig. 67B) slender, consisting of genital somite and 4-segmented abdomen, but articulation incomplete between last 2 somites. Genital somite 394×406 μm; 4 abdominal somites 187×315, 133×300, 188×255, and 242×182 μm, respectively. Caudal ramus (Fig. 67C) as long as wide, ornamented with 2 patches of minute spinules on ventral surface; armed with 5 claws and 1 seta; spine on subdistal inner margin setiform, pale. Rostrum (Fig. 67D) short, strongly tapering towards rounded apex. Antennule (Fig. 67E) 5-segmented, forming right angle between first and remaining segments; armature formula 13, 5, 3, 4, and 7+aesthetasc; aesthetasc on last segment very small and similar in appearance to smaller setae. Antenna (Fig. 67F) consisting of coxa, basis, and 2-segmented endopod; coxa short and unarmed; basis unarmed but ornamented with 2 patches of minute spinules subdistally; first endopodal segment short and unarmed; second endopodal segment about 3 times longer than wide (121×41 μm), with vestigial suture at distal third: armed with 8 spines (4 on inner margin and 4 on distal margin) and ornamented with 1 patch of minute spinules subdistally; fourth spine on inner margin shortest, and second outer spine on distal margin longest Labrum (Fig. 67G) small, unornamented, with broad posteromedial lobe. Mandible (Fig. 67H) consisting of coxa and palp; coxal gnathobase with 3 teeth and finely spinulose proximal part on medial margin; palp with 9 setae arranged as 3, 2, 2, and 2. Maxillule (Fig. 67I) consisting of precoxa and palp; precoxa with 8 unequal setae on arthrite (including 2 small distal setae); palp consisting of coxa, basis, and endopod; coxa with 1 minute vestigial seta on epipodite; basis with 2 setae on medial margin, 3 setae on outer margin, and weakly bilobed process distally; endopod incompletely articulated from basis, with 3 setae on distal margin. Maxilla (Fig. 68A) obscurely 2-segmented, with 9 setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 68B) 4-segmented with 2 setae on syncoxa, 2 on basis, and 1 on second endopodal segment; terminal claw as long as second endopodal segment, with 1 denticle proximally on inner margin. Legs 1-4 biramous with 1-segmented exopods and endopods (Fig. 68C, D), and unarmed coxa. Basis of leg 1 lacking outer seta, but with 2 patches of minute spinules on anterior surface. Basis of leg 2 unornamented, with short, very thin outer seta. Exopods of legs 1-4 armed with 7 spines, but inner subdistal spine rudimentary; ornamented with patch of fine spinules near base of outer and distal spines. Endopod of legs 1 and 2 ornamented with 3 patches of minute spinules on anterior surface. Outer proximal seta on endopod of legs 1 and 2 markedly shorter than other setae. Armature formula for legs 1-4 as follows: [table omitted] Leg 5 (Fig. 68E) flattened, sub-rectangular, twice as long as wide (500×245 μm), armed with 2 setae on oblique distal margin. Leg 6 not seen. Male. Unknown. Remarks. Schẚzçprçctus bẚsetatus sp. nov. is most similar to S. magnus sp. nov. because they share the same armature formula of legs 1-4, with the exception only of the endopod of leg 2 which bears 8 setae in S. bẚsetatus sp. nov. compared to 9 setae in S. magnus sp. nov. The main differences between these two species are as follows: (1) the abdomen is 4-segmented in S. bẚsetatus sp. nov., but consists of 6 indistinct annulations in S. magnus sp. nov.; (2) the caudal ramus is armed with 5 claws and 1 seta in S. bẚsetatus sp. nov., but with 4 claws and 2 setae in S. magnus sp. nov.; (3) all setae on the antennule of S. bẚsetatus sp. nov. are much shorter than the width of the first segment, whereas some of setae on the antennule of S. magnus sp. nov. are large, as long as the width of the first segment; and (4) leg 5 is sub-rectangular with 2 distinct setae in S. bẚsetatus sp. nov., but elongate and tapering with 4 rudimentary setae in S. magnus sp. nov., Published as part of Kim, Il-Hoi & Boxshall, Geoff A., 2021, Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with ascidian hosts: Ascidicolidae, Buproridae, Botryllophilidae, and Enteropsidae, with descriptions of 84 new species, pp. 1-286 in Zootaxa 1 on page 107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4978.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4820443

Botryllophilus norvegicus Schellenberg, 1921 (Figs. 39-41) Material examined. 1 ♀ (MNHN-IU-2014-17369, dissected and figured) in mçlycarpa pẚgmentata (Herdman, 1906) (MNHN-IT-2008-6635 = MNHN S1 / POL.B/405); Boiboiwaga Island, Papua New Guinea, OCDN 5782 - T (10°12.26’S, 150°44.75’E), depth 20 m, CRRF coll., 27 May 2008; 1 ♀ (MNHN-IU-2018-1961) in mçlycarpa sp., Mediterranean coast of Israel; 1 ♀ (MNHN-IU-2018-1962) in aendrçdça sp., Grand Rivière, Atlantic coast of Canada. Supplementary description based on female from Papua New Guinea. Body (Fig. 39A) T-shaped in lateral view, 4.05 mm long in dissected specimen. Broader anterior part of body unsegmented, extremely swollen posterodorsally. Narrower posterior part of body (Fig. 39B) consisting of genital and 4 abdominal somites; genital somite 464×709 μm, with broad tubercle in middle of dorsal surface; genital apertures positioned dorsally. Four abdominal somites gradually narrowing posteriorly. Caudal ramus (Fig. 39C) 267×127 μm, armed with 4 straight, blunt claws and 2 small setae; claws unequal in length, longest claw 152 μm, and second longest claw 70 μm long. Rostrum absent. Antennule (Fig. 39D) 4-segmented with indistinct articulation between last 2 segments; armature formula 12, 3, 4, and 8; 7 setae on first segment very large, exceeding length of antennule. Antenna consisting of coxa, basis, and 1-segmented endopod; endopod armed with 5 rod-shaped spines on right antenna, but with 5 slender setae on left antenna (Fig. 39E) (2 on inner margin and 3 on distal margin). Labrum (Fig. 39F) with broad posteromedial lobe and 4 patches of minute spinules along medial surface. Mandible with broadened coxal gnathobase (Fig. 39G) bearing bifurcate distal tooth and 5 small, blunt denticles on medial margin; palp (Fig. 39H) armed with 8 setae arranged as 3, 1, and 4. Maxillule (Fig. 39I) with precoxal arthrite bearing 7 setae including 1 minute seta; palp with 2 setae on medial margin and 3 setae on outer margin of basis region, 1 seta on epipodite; endopod fused with basis, armed with 3 setae on distal margin. Maxilla (Fig. 40A) obscurely segmented, with 11 setae (including 4 small and naked). Maxilliped (Fig. 40B) robust, 4-segmented; syncoxa as long as wide, with protruded outer margin, 2 minute setae on proximal inner margin, and patch of minute spinules at subdistal inner margin; basis with 2 minute inner distal setae; first endopodal segment shorter than wide, unarmed; second endopodal segment with 1 minute seta near middle; terminal claw small, about half as long as second endopodal segment. Legs 1-4 (Figs. 40-G, 41 A-C) with 1-segmented exopods and 2-segmented endopods; coxa lacking inner seta; basis with small outer seta. Exopod of right leg 1 (Fig. 40C) with 1 inner subdistal seta, in addition to 6 spines. First endopodal segment of right and left leg 1 bearing setulose tubercle on anteromedial surface. Numbers of spines (Roman numerals) and setae (Arabic numerals) on rami of legs 1-4 as follows: Leg 5 (Fig. 40H) elongate, gradually narrowing distally, with dorsolaterally curved distal part and blunt tip: armed with 4 setae; largest subdistal seta as long as proximal width of leg, other 3 setae minute. Leg 6 represented by 2 small spinules and 1 spiniform process on genital operculum. Male. Unknown. Remarks. Bçtryllçphẚlus nçrvegẚcus is known to be widely distributed in the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans (Dudley & Illg, 1991). In the present study its known distribution is extended to include the Mediterranean Sea and the tropical West Pacific. Ooishi (1996) redescribed this species based on a single female collected in Scotland and mentioned that this species is distinguishable from other “ type A” species of the genus primarily by the humpshaped body and the presence of 5 spines on the antenna. Additional remarkable diagnostic features of this species are as follows: the caudal rami bear straight, rod-shaped claws, leg 5 is curved dorsolaterally, and the antennule bears extremely large setae on the first segment. It is noticeable that B. nçrvegẚcus displays variation in the setation pattern of the antenna and of the exopods of right leg 1 and right leg 4, as follows: (1) the right antenna is always armed with 5 spines, but left antenna may be armed with 5 spines as in Ooishi’s (1996) specimen and our specimen from the Atlantic coast of Canada, or may be armed with 5 setae as in 2 specimens each collected in Papua New Guinea and off the Mediterranean coast of Israel; (2) the exopod of the right leg 4 may be armed with 6 spines as in Ooishi’s specimen and our specimen from the Atlantic coast of Canada, or it may be armed with 7 spines as in our specimens from Papua New Guinea and off the Mediterranean coast of Israel; and (3) the exopod of right leg 1 may be armed with 6 spines plus 1 seta, as in Ooishi’s specimen and all of our specimens, but Dudley & Illg (1991) figured the exopod as bearing 7 spines (Dudley & Illg, 1991: Fig. 27). The material available for study was limited so the exact nature of this variation cannot yet be determined., Published as part of Kim, Il-Hoi & Boxshall, Geoff A., 2021, Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with ascidian hosts: Ascidicolidae, Buproridae, Botryllophilidae, and Enteropsidae, with descriptions of 84 new species, pp. 1-286 in Zootaxa 1 on pages 68-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4978.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4820443, {"references":["Ooishi, S. (1996) Two ascidicolid copepods, Bctryllcph ẚlus macrcpus Canu and B. ncrveg ẚcus Schellenberg, from British waters. gcurnal cf Crustacean B ẚclcgy, 16, 169 - 191. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1548939"]}

Schizoproctus magnus sp. nov. (Figs. 65, 66) Type material. Holotype ♀ (MNHN-IU-2018-1976, dissected and mounted on 2 slides) from myura bçuvetensẚs Michaelsen, 1904 (MNHN-IT-2008-7430 = MNHN S2 / PYU/450); Antarctic, Terre Adélie, CEAMARC cruise, RV “Aurore Australis”, Stn 31EV268 (66°35´S, 145°01´E), depth 429-451 m, IPEV-AAD-MNHN coll., 03 January 2008. Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin magn (=large), referring to the large body size. Description of female. Body (Fig. 65A, B) large, slender, 4.88 mm long; maximum width 1.03 mm. Anterior part of body unsegmented, with weak constriction dorsally and laterally between cephalosome and remaining part; legs 5 directed laterally, perpendicular to body axis. Posterior part of body narrower and slightly shorter than anterior part, not articulated from anterior part, gradually narrowing posteriorly, consisting of genital and abdomen of 6 annulations; annulations indistinct or separated by constrictions. Caudal ramus (Fig. 65C) as long as wide (120×120 μm), armed with 4 claws and 2 small setae; claws shorter than ramus, 2 shorter, outer distal claws bluntly tipped, 1 rudimentary. Rostrum (Fig. 65D) small, semicircular with rounded apex. Antennule (Fig. 65D) 417 μm long, 5-segmented; armature formula 12, 6, 3, 4, and 7; first segment much broader than other segments; setae small, much shorter than width of first segment. Left antenna (Fig. 65E) 4-segmented; coxa, basis, and first endopodal segment unarmed; second endopodal segment about 3.3 times longer than wide (92×28 μm), slightly shorter than basis, armed with 8 bluntly tipped, smooth setae. Right antenna as for left, but second inner seta on distal margin of second endopodal segment (Fig. 65F) longer than that of left antenna. Labrum weak, semicircular, with rounded posterior margin. Mandible (Fig. 65G) with 3 teeth on coxal gnathobase, distalmost tooth finely spinulose along proximal margin; palp with 9 setae arranged as 3, 1, 1, 2, and 2. Maxillule (Fig. 65H) consisting of precoxa and palp: precoxa with 7 setae on medial margin and 1 rudimentary seta distally; proximalmost seta specialized, tipped with pinnate setule; palp consisting of coxa, basis, and endopod, with 1 small seta on coxal epipodite, 2 medial and 3 (proximal 1 naked and weak) outer setae on basis; endopod articulated from basis, with 3 setae on distal margin. Maxilla (Fig. 65I) 2-segmented; first segment with 3 setae; second segment with bilobed tubercles on outer margin and 6 setae, distal seta naked and accompanied by minute tubercle (setal vestige) near base. Maxilliped (Fig. 66A) 4-segmented; syncoxa longer than wide, with 2 small setae on inner side; basis much shorter than syncoxa, with 2 small setae; first endopodal segment short and unarmed; second endopodal segment with 1 small seta on inner margin; terminal claw smooth, shorter than second endopodal segment. Legs 1-4 (Fig. 66 B-E) biramous with 1-segmented exopods and endopods; coxa and basis indistinctly defined from or fused with each other; coxa unarmed; coxa of leg 1 with large tubercle on inner side (Fig. 66B). Basis with numerous minute spinules on anterior surface. Legs 1 and 2 with small outer seta on basis, but legs 3 and 4 with unarmed basis. Exopods longer than endopods. Spines on exopods rod-shaped, roundly tipped, gradually becoming longer from proximal to distal, but inner subdistal spine rudimentary. Legs 3 and 4 not different from each other. Armature formula for legs 1-4 as follows: [table omitted] Leg 5 (Fig. 66F) elongate, tapering distally, as long as body width (1.00× 0.34 mm), directed dorsolaterally; armed with 4 rudimentary setae (1 at proximal third, 1 at distal third, and 2 distally). Leg 6 (Fig. 66G) represented by 1 spinule, 1 spinule-like process, and 1 small setule on genital operculum. Male. Unknown. Remarks. Schẚzçprçctus magnus sp. nov. is readily recognizable by having an abdomen of 6 annulations, although the separation of the annulations is incomplete, and by the characteristic leg 5 which is elongate, tapering, and dorsolaterally directed. The combination of setal numbers on the endopods of legs 1-4 (8-9-7-7) of the new species is unique within the genus (Table 3)., Published as part of Kim, Il-Hoi & Boxshall, Geoff A., 2021, Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with ascidian hosts: Ascidicolidae, Buproridae, Botryllophilidae, and Enteropsidae, with descriptions of 84 new species, pp. 1-286 in Zootaxa 1 on page 104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4978.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4820443