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La hipocalcemia subclínica ocurre con frecuencia en las vacas lecheras y las predispone a patologías reproductivas. La prostaglandina F2α (PGF2α) mejora la salud uterina e incrementa la concentración de calcitriol en otras especies. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de la administración de cloprostenol sódico, un análogo de PGF2α sobre la concentración sérica de calcio, metabolitos de la vitamina D y variables reproductivas. Se utilizaron 80 vacas Holstein multíparas, las cuales se dividieron aleatoriamente en dos grupos. A las vacas del grupo 1 (n = 38) se les administró 500 μg de cloprostenol sódico vía IM en la primera hora posparto y una segunda aplicación 48 horas después. El grupo 2 fue el testigo (n = 42). En 10 animales de cada grupo se tomaron muestras de sangre 1, 3, 12, 24 y 48 horas después del parto, y a los 7 días posparto. Se registró la incidencia de retención de placenta, metritis, endometritis y número de días abiertos. Las concentraciones séricas de calcio (Ca), fósforo (P), magnesio (Mg), calcidiol y calcitriol se evaluaron mediante un análisis de varianza para un diseño de medidas repetidas. La concentración sérica de Ca aumentó al día 7 en los animales tratados con cloprostenol sódico, comparados con los animales del grupo testigo. El tratamiento con PGFα aumentó la concentración sérica de calcio al séptimo día posparto y redujo el número de días abiertos, lo que podría ser de utilidad para prevenir hipocalcemia subclínica y problemas reproductivos posparto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper we construct a strong randomness extractor with two independent -bit input distributions with min entropies (the probability of any particular output is upper bounded by and , respectively). For , our extractor produces one bit which is by the factor of closer to the uniform distribution, when compared to the Hadamard extractor. What is more, this distance drops to zero if at least one of the min entropies raises to . This is in sharp contrast to the Hadamard extractor which fails to produce even a single unbiased bit, even if one of the input distributions is uniform. We also extend our construction to produce bits of output with a bias that is by the factor of smaller than that of the corresponding Hadamard extractor and retains the ability to produce unbiased bits if one of the input distributions is uniform. The strongness property of the extractor is maintained in both cases, however, in the multi-bit scenario the bias is increased by the factor of . [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

While many scenarios of anonymous communication can be solved by various famous classical techniques including mix nets or dining cryptographers (DC), an abundant amount of anonymous tasks remains open. In this paper, we present a solution to one such task. Our protocol serves as a private communication channel for quantum messages while ensuring that both the sender and the receiver stay anonymous in a set of all parties. Our protocol is a continuation of our previous work on anonymous transmission of quantum information. The protocol does not require trusted parties, and is secure against an active adversary. It can also withstand denial of service attacks. The protocol exhibits an advantage of quantum resources over classical because no classical solution is known (in the same security settings). Entanglement swapping technique is used to create "symmetry" in the protocol, which makes it very transparent and easier to analyze. The security analysis we present is heavily based on our previous work on quantum anonymous communication. The task we implement is also a nice illustration of a cryptographic task where two parties in a multi-party protocol can be dishonest at the same time, but are not cooperating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce the notion of nonmalleability of a quantum state encryption scheme (in dimension d): in addition to the requirement that an adversary cannot learn information about the state, here we demand that no controlled modification of the encrypted state can be effected. We show that such a scheme is equivalent to a unitary 2-design [Dankert, et al., e-print arXiv:quant-ph/0606161], as opposed to normal encryption which is a unitary 1-design. Our other main results include a new proof of the lower bound of (d2-1)2+1 on the number of unitaries in a 2-design [Gross, et al., J. Math. Phys. 48, 052104 (2007)], which lends itself to a generalization to approximate 2-design. Furthermore, while in prime power dimension there is a unitary 2-design with ≤d5 elements, we show that there are always approximate 2-designs with O(ε-2d4 log d) elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La hipocalcemia subclínica y la cetosis subclínica se presentan en la mayoría de las vacas lecheras en los primeros días posparto, esto último aumenta el riesgo de otras enfermedades y disminuye la producción láctea. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la administración de sales de calcio y precursores de glucosa sobre la concentración sérica de calcio y de cuerpos cetónicos en leche de vacas lecheras multíparas posparto. Se utilizaron 16 vacas de la raza Holstein de dos a cuatro partos, con condición corporal entre 3.25 a 3.75 puntos, las cuales se distribuyeron aleatoriamente en tres grupos. De 1 a 2 h después del parto, las vacas del Grupo 1 (n = 5) recibieron 700 g de propionato de calcio disuelto en 10 L de agua mediante una sonda esofágica y una bomba manual. A las vacas del Grupo 2 (n = 6) se les administró, vía intravenosa, 500 mL de una solución de borogluconato de calcio a 23% y 500 mL de propilenglicol vía oral. Las vacas del Grupo 3 (testigo n = 5) no recibieron tratamiento. Se obtuvieron muestras de sangre de 1 a 2 h después del parto (antes del tratamiento) y luego se tomaron otras dos muestras a las 12 y 24 h, en las que se determinó la concentración sérica de calcio. A los tres, siete y 10 días posparto se determinó la concentración de β-hidroxibutirato en leche. Los resultados fueron analizados por medio de análisis de varianza multivariado para un diseño de mediciones repetidas. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la concentración sérica de calcio entre los tratamientos (F2,13 =1.0488, P = 0.3782). En la producción de leche, a los 10 y 60 días posparto, se encontró diferencia significativa entre los tratamientos (F2,13 = 4.1338, P = 0.0408). Se encontró diferencia significativa entre la proporción de casos de cetosis entre los grupos 1 y 2 (Ji cuadrada = 5.238; P = 0.0455). La administración oral de 700 g de propionato de calcio 1 a 2 h posparto no aumenta la concentración sérica de calcio, reduce la frecuencia de cetosis subclínica y puede aumentar la producción de leche. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subclinical hypocalcemia and ketosis are common diseases in mostly dairy cows in the first days postpartum, increasing the risk for other diseases and decreasing milk production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of postpartum administration of calcium salts and glucose precursors on the concentration of serum calcium and ketone bodies in milk of multiparous dairy cows. Sixteen Holstein cows with two to four calvings and body condition from 3.25 to 3.75 points were utilized and randomized into three groups. Cows of the Group 1 (n = 5) received 700 g of calcium propionate diluted in 10 L of water by a esophageal pump system between 1 and 2 h after calving. Cows of the Group 2 (n = 6) were treated intravenously with 500 mL of calcium borogluconate solution (23%) and 500 mL of propylene glycol as an oral drench. The control Group (n = 5) did not receive any treatment. Blood samples were collected 1 to 2 h after calving (before treatment) and two more samples 12 and 24 h after calving for determination of calcium in serum. Levels of β-hydroxybutyrate were assessed in milk at days 3, 7 and 10 postpartum. The results were analyzed using the multivariate analysis of variance for repeated measures. There were no significant differences in serum concentration of calcium between treatments (F2,13 = 1.0488, P = 0.3782). A significant difference in milk production was found among treatments (F2,13 = 4.1338, P = 0.0408) at days 10 and 60 postpartum. The significant difference in the proportion of cases of subclinical ketosis was registered between groups 1 and 2 ( chi square = 5.238; P = 0.0455). Oral administration of 700 g of calcium propionate 1 to 2 h postpartum, does not increase serum calcium concentration, reduces frequency of subclinical ketosis and can increase milk production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to present the most important clinical-pathological findings of ethylene glycol poisoning for early diagnosis and adequate treatment. A clinical case of a female dog which consumed a toxic amount of ethylene glycol and presented tachycardia, tachypnea, seizures and vomiting, is described blood samples were taken for determination of acid-base equilibrium, hemogram and serum chemistry. The laboratory changes were: partially compensated metabolic acidosis, increased anion gap, relative erythrocytosis, leukogram response to stress, renal hyperazotemia and monohydrate calcium oxalate crystals in urine sediment. Calcium oxalate crystals in renal tubules and brain observed by histopathology confirmed ethylene glycol poisoning. The adequate use of laboratory tests and the early diagnosis, as well as the early treatment, determine the prognosis of the animal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El objetivo del presente estudio fue dar a conocer los hallazgos clínico-patológicos más importantes de la intoxicación con etilenglicol, con el fin de diagnosticarla con prontitud y tomar decisiones terapéuticas adecuadas. Se tomó como referencia el caso clínico de una perra, la cual consumió una cantidad tóxica de etilenglicol y presentó taquicardia, taquipnea, convulsiones y vómito. Se tomaron muestras de sangre para evaluar equilibrio ácido-base, hemograma y bioquímica sanguínea. Los cambios fueron: acidosis metabólica parcialmente compensada, elevación importante de ácidos orgánicos, eritrocitosis relativa, leucograma de estrés, hiperazotemia renal y cristales de oxalato de calcio monohidratado en sedimento urinario. Mediante histopatología se observaron cristales de oxalato de calcio en túbulos renales y encéfalo, y se confirmó el diagnóstico de intoxicación con etilenglicol. El diagnóstico oportuno con el uso adecuado de las pruebas de laboratorio, así como la terapia inmediata, determina el pronóstico en el animal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se determinaron valores bioquímicos selectos en el plasma de sangre venosa de 45 avestruces (Struthio camelus) clínicamente sanos de diferentes edades y sexo a 2 220 msnm. Los animales fueron divididos en cuatro grupos por edad, el grupo de adultos fue subdividido en dos grupos por sexo. El grupo 1 (n = 10) eran pollos de edad promedio de 26.5 d; el grupo 2 (n = 10) incluyó pollos de 70.0 d de edad; el grupo 3 (n = 8) eran aves de 232.4 d; el grupo 4 (n = 17) estuvo formado por diez hembras y siete machos de seis años de edad. La dieta fue una mezcla a base de heno de alfalfa picado, sorgo, harina de soya, con suplemento de vitaminas y minerales y con el agua de bebida se proporcionaron ad libitum. En todas las muestras de plasma sanguíneo se determinaron 17 analitos bioquímicos. Entre las diferentes edades de avestruces se encontraron diferencias significativas (P < 0.05) en los valores de glucosa, ácido úrico, proteína total, albúmina, globulinas, Ca2+, P inorgánico, colesterol, ALT, AST, creatina cinasa, fosfatasa alcalina y amilasa. Al comparar hembras y machos adultos se encontraron diferencias significativas (P < 0.05) en los valores de proteína total, albúmina, globulinas, Ca2+, Mg2+, P inorgánico. Los valores bioquímicos determinados en este estudio se pueden considerar como referencia útil para el diagnóstico de enfermedades en esta especie en las diferentes edades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selected biochemical values were determined in venous blood plasma from 45 clinically healthy ostriches (Struthio camelus) of different age and sex at an altitude 2 200 m above sea level. Animals were divided by age into 4 groups and the group of adults was divided by sex into 2 subgroups. Group 1 included chickens (n =10) aged 26.5 d; Group 2 included 70-day-old chickens (n =10); Group 3 were juvenile birds (n =8) aged 232.4 d; Group 4 was formed by 10 females and 7 males (n =17), aged 6 years old. The diet was a mixture composed of chopped alfalfa hay, sorghum and soybean meal, supplemented with vitamins and minerals. Drinking water and diet were provided ad libitum. In all blood samples 17 biochemical analytes were determined. Significant (P < 0.05) age effect was found in the values for glucose, uric acid, total protein, albumin, globulins, Ca2+, inorganic P, cholesterol, ALT, AST, creatine kinase, alkaline phosphatase and amylase. There was also a significant (P < 0.05) sex difference in values for total protein, albumin, globulins, Ca2+, Mg2+ and inorganic P. Blood biochemical values determined in this study can be considered reference data for disease diagnosis in ostriches of different ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study in detail the problem of encryption of quantum information. We present an attack on a private quantum channel (PQC) which applies when partial classical description of a ciphertext is known (the so-called known-ciphertext attack) and we show how this situation can be avoided. The quantum analogue of the known plaintext attack is also discussed. We determine how correlations between quantum systems can be encrypted and we conclude that two PQCs on the subsystems form a PQC on the whole composite system. Finally, some applications of the PQC are suggested and a security of a noisy channel is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We extensively discuss the problem of encryption of quantum information. We present an attack on the private quantum channel which applies when partial classical description of the cipher text is known (the known-ciphertext attack) and show how to avoid this situation. The quantum analogue of the known-plaintext attack is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to describe changes in hemogram and selected biochemical analytes in blood and urine of 40 dogs with diabetes mellitus. The inclusion criteria were the following: hyperglycemia above 14 mmol/L, glucosuria and urine specific gravity above 1.015. Dogs of different breeds, from 4 to 14 years of age and both genders (30 females and 10 males) were studied. The analyzed diagnostic procedures were: packed cell volume, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, white blood cell count and differential cell count, Wintrobe index: mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, plasma proteins, globulins, serum glucose, alkaline phosphatase (AP), glucosuria and specific gravity. Anemia was present in 47.5% of the cases, nonregenerative normocytic-normochromic anemia in 37.5%, nonregenerative normocytic-hyperchromic anemia in 5.0% and nonregenerative microcytic-normochromic anemia in 5.0%. Leukocytosis was present in 15.0% cases, leukopenia in 10.0%, neutrophilia in 47.5%, left shift in 30.0%, lymphocytosis in 5.0%, lymphopenia in 27.5%, monocytosis in 5.0%, eosinopenia in 42.50% and eosinophilia in 10.0%. Only 10.0% of all dogs did not presented hemogram abnormalities. Alterations such as anemia, secondary inflammation and stress, are frequent in this pathology; for which they should be considered for clinical care, prognosis and to evaluate diabetic dog's evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las alteraciones en el hemograma y analitos bioquímicos selectos en sangre y orina en 40 perros con diabetes mellitus. Los criterios para inclusión fueron: hiperglucemia superior a 14 mmol/L, glucosuria y densidad urinaria superior a 1.015. Los perros fueron de diferentes razas, de cuatro a 14 años, de ambos géneros (30 hembras y diez machos). Se estudiaron valores de hematocrito, hemoglobina, cuenta de eritrocitos, índices de Wintrobe: volumen globular medio (VGM) y concentración media de hemoglobina globular (CMHG), cuenta leucocitaria, diferencial de leucocitos, proteínas plasmáticas, globulinas, glucosa sanguínea, glucosuria, densidad urinaria y fosfatasa alcalina (FA). El 47.5% de los perros tuvo anemia; 37.5%, anemia normocítica normocrómica no regenerativa; 5%, anemia normocítica hipercrómica no regenerativa, y 5%, anemia microcítica normocrómica no regenerativa. En 15% de los casos se presentó leucocitosis; en 10%, leucopenia; en 47.5%, neutrofilia; en 30%, desviación a la izquierda; en 5%, linfocitosis; en 27.5%, linfopenia; en 5% monocitosis; en 42.5%, eosinopenia; y en 10%, eosinofilia. Sólo 10% de los perros no presentó alteraciones en el hemograma. La anemia, los procesos inflamatorios secundarios y el estrés son hallazgos frecuentes asociados con esta patología, por lo tanto, deben considerarse en el manejo clínico adecuado, el pronóstico y para valorar la evolución de los perros diabéticos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to describe alterations in blood clinical biochemistry and urinalysis which enable to establish the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in dogs. Thirty cases of diabetic dogs were analyzed. The inclusion criteria were the following: hyperglycemia above 14 mmol/L, glucosuria, urine density above 1.014 and polyuria-polydipsia. Dogs of different breeds, from 7 months to 14 years of age and both genders (73.3% females and 26.7% males) were studied. The most frequent biochemical alterations in blood serum were: hyperglycemia (100%), increased urea (46%) and creatinine (13%), increase of enzyme activities ALT (50%), AST (46%), alkaline phosphatase (56%), amylase (20%), creatine kinase (66%); hypercholesterolemia (66%), hyperglobulinemia (33%), hyperphosphoremia (33%), hyperkaliemia (43%), hyponatremia (16%), hypochloremia (46%), hypobicarbonatemia (50%), increased anion gap (53%), increased strong ion difference (30%), increased serum osmolality (23%) and hypertriglyceridemia (50%). The urine density was between 1.015 and 1.064, mean value of urine glucose 49 mmol/L. Urine ketone bodies were detected in 10% of all cases. Described alterations in clinical biochemistry are important for the diagnosis, clinical care, and prognosis of dogs with diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir alteraciones en la bioquímica clínica sanguínea y en el urianálisis, con el fin de establecer un diagnóstico integral en perros con diabetes mellitus. Se analizaron 30 casos de perros diabéticos. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: hiperglucemia superior a 14 mmol/L, glucosuria, densidad urinaria superior a 1.014 y poliuria-polidipsia. Los perros fueron de diferentes razas, de siete meses a 14 años de edad y de ambos géneros (73.3% hembras y 26.7% machos). Las frecuencias de las principales alteraciones bioquímicas en suero fueron: hiperglucemia (100.0%), incremento en las concentraciones de urea (46%) y de creatinina (13%), incremento de la actividad de las enzimas ALT (50%), AST (46%), fosfatasa alcalina (56%), amilasa (20%), creatina cinasa (66%), hipercolestrolemia (66%), hiperglobulinemia (33%), hiperfosforemia (33%), hipercaliemia (43%), hiponatremia (16%), hipocloremia (46%), hipobicarbonatemia (50%), aumento de ácidos no volátiles (53%), incremento en la diferencia de iones fuertes (30%), hiperosmolalidad (23%) e hipertrigliceridemia (50%). La densidad urinaria osciló entre 1.015 y 1.064, la glucosuria presentó, en promedio, 49 mmol/L. En 10% de los casos se observó cetonuria. Las alteraciones descritas en la bioquímica clínica son importantes para el diagnóstico, manejo clínico y pronóstico de los perros con diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]