Search

This essay investigates the importance of Mr and Mrs James and Hannah Burgh of Newington Green for Mary Wollstonecraft's life and career during the 1780s. Newington Green was a hugely productive environment for Wollstonecraft, but the Burghs offered a particular combination of support and provocation. Hannah Burgh was Wollstonecraft's mentor and financial supporter from 1784, during her residence in Newington Green, and until she became the protégée of Joseph Johnson in 1787. Through Hannah Burgh, Wollstonecraft accessed the works of the late James Burgh, who had died in 1775. Burgh's pedagogical writings were important intertexts for Wollstonecraft's early works, especially in their account of female education, their "rational" treatments of scripture, and their responses to Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Wollstonecraft builds on Burgh's writings in her pedagogical works, and he continues to be an important interlocutor even after Wollstonecraft's departure from Newington Green. Burgh's anthology The Art of Speaking (1761) is a model and probable source for one of Wollstonecraft's first publications for Johnson, The Female Reader (1789). In her own anthology, however, Wollstonecraft offers a distinct account of reading as a tool of improvement, and builds a new canon of reading texts for women and girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One Kensington Gardens is a large nine-storey luxury apartment building on High Street Kensington. Rarely are there any lights on. The building exemplifies the many buy-to-leave homes in Kensington and Chelsea, the richest local authority in the UK. Looking at these homes from the perspective of residents and councillors who live and work in the borough, I explore how buy-to-leave housing hollows out community, increases the cost of living, sanitises public space, and results in exclusionary and physical displacement. I also identify what role the local authority has in the process of financialising housing in the borough, including how councillors work with developers to make decisions that do not meet the needs of the residents they have been elected to serve. By concentrating on the voice of residents, I show how buy-to-leave homes reinforces the super-gentrification of the borough and becomes another form of gentrification that contributes to displacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document titled "Fiscal Year 2023 Honor Roll" lists the names of individuals and organizations who have made financial contributions to the Near Eastern Archaeology journal. The contributors are categorized into different levels based on the amount of their donations, ranging from Benefactors ($20,000 and up) to Donors (up to $100). The list includes a diverse range of names, reflecting the support and interest in the field of Near Eastern archaeology from various individuals and institutions. [Extracted from the article]

Chelsea has an unusually large number of veteran mulberry trees for a London borough (around 25 at the last count). And, while they are not all as old as they look, many have direct links to Chelsea's history, including the Tudor estates of Thomas More and Henry VIll, a short-lived eighteenth century silk farm, and the 1800s headquarters of a Moravian religious community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alaska’s unorganized borough is the only unincorporated county-equivalent area in the entire United States, but the Alaska Constitution never envisioned that would be the case. The framers of the Alaska Constitution drafted a revolutionary article on local government that prioritized localism— participation in local government—to further democratic engagement in the state. Recognizing that much of rural Alaska lacked the population and infrastructure to support incorporated and localized self-governance in the 1950s, the framers opted not to automatically incorporate the entire state under various borough governments. Even so, the framers made clear that the state was to play an active role in encouraging (and even compelling) the incorporation of rural sections of the state as time progressed. Today, many sections of the Alaska’s unorganized borough eligible for incorporation remain unincorporated, resulting in a number of adverse governance outcomes for rural and urban communities alike. This Note argues that Alaska maintains a positive obligation to incorporate eligible sections of the unorganized borough and that its failure to do so is unconstitutional under the state Constitution. Acknowledging the potential dangers of imposing local government on non-consenting citizens, this Note also articulates why borough governance may further the Alaska Constitution’s localism mandate by developing the regional political communities envisioned by the framers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a rare and valuable financial record from the year 1470-1 of Provost Andrew Alanson of Aberdeen, Scotland. It provides insight into the administration of burgh finances and the financial responsibilities of a fifteenth-century provost. The accounts reveal details about town life, including gifts given to powerful figures, council meetings held in taverns, and payments for cultural activities. The document also sheds light on the auditing process and the negotiation of competing claims in civic financial affairs. It appears to be a collection of financial records related to the city of Aberdeen, with references to individuals and locations within the city. [Extracted from the article]

The paper introduces the exhibition, The Real Faces of the Royal Borough. This touring exhibition combines digital portraiture by artist Nevada Lynn and research on gentrification and displacement by urban geographer Sharda Rozena. By focusing on the individual lives and experiences of twelve residents from Kensington and Chelsea, we highlight the everyday impact of gentrification in this London borough, including displacement, transient community, high costs of living and unaffordable rents. The portraits help us to humanise the housing crisis and increase people's awareness of the injustices that arise from the ongoing gentrification of the Royal Borough. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the Privilege of the Union of Pamplona promulgated by King Charles III of Navarre in 1423, highlighting his figure as a legislator. Lope Jiménez de Lumbier is mentioned as the intellectual author of the text. The Privilege sought to unify the boroughs of Pamplona into a single municipal entity, creating a single community of citizens and a single administrative entity. The duality of the "city of the Navarrería" and the "city of Pamplona" in the history of the city is discussed. [Extracted from the article]

The contents of a previously overlooked rental of the borough of Henley-in-Arden, composed in 1419–20 when the co-heirs to the Freville lands were trying to decide how to share out their inheritance, are presented and discussed. Rare in the combination of its extent and date, it provides an important view of tenurial arrangements in the borough in the aftermath of the plague outbreaks of the previous seventy years. Some elements of continuity can be identified, but the dominant impression is of major alterations having occurred in the relationship between the owner and his tenants. The survey's significance is also considered in the wider context of the history of late medieval urbanism in the west midland region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food markets were a vital element in the economic life of Britain over many centuries, and the arrival of railways into urban spaces during the nineteenth century provided unprecedented opportunities for them to expand the range and volume of good that they sold. This article examines the impact of railways on these markets during the decades following the arrival of trains into London through a case study of Borough Market. This important London fruit and vegetable market is examined through the prism of its financial records. Detailed analysis of the Market's income produces a timeline for growth, while the records for the goods ported through the Market help to explain the change. The case study also highlights developments in trading techniques at Borough Market that enabled it to prosper during the second half of the nineteenth century, despite limitations placed on its expansion created by the impact of railways on the urban physical environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historians have long been aware of a text purporting to contain decisions made by the burgesses of four Scottish burghs: Berwick, Roxburgh, Edinburgh and Stirling. This text is internally dated to 1295 or 1296 and purports to lay down rules governing succession to deceased burgesses, some of which have echoes in modern Scots succession law. The text of the decisions has attracted little study, in part because of its complex manuscript tradition. This article draws on important recent work on the Scottish legal manuscript traditions, to explore the transmission of the decisions and what they meant to those who first articulated them. In the process, it also asks about the interaction between the manuscript traditions that transmitted the legal texts and the traditional customary practices of Scottish burghs. These questions may have some bearing on how historians understand the development of the Scottish legal tradition during the medieval period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mediaciones Sociales is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The administrative authority in such cases therefore becomes the arbitrator between the different scientific characterizations of the case and not the Court. However, the thrust of these principles is that the job of the court is to assess whether a rigorous assessment of the project has been conducted by the administrative authority so that the administrative authority is I reasonable in concluding i that there is no remaining reasonable doubt regarding the impact of the project on the protected site. The Court of Appeal has once again addressed the rules under the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017[1]/ Habitats Directive[2] in I R (Wyatt) v Fareham Borough Council i .[3] Whilst the Court explicitly states that there are no new questions of law in this case,[4] the judgment of Lindblom LJ is nevertheless significant in the way that it treats disputes concerning expert guidance and evidence in relation to conservation. Thus, 'the court's examination of the authority's performance of its duty will be suitably exacting within the bounds of its jurisdiction'.[23] Fourth, administrative authorities may lawfully give weight to the advice of a national expert agency. [Extracted from the article]

This study introduces a hybrid Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model to excavate hidden crash patterns from the large-scale crash dataset. External semantic descriptions have been attached to raw GPS coordinates of crash events. The K-means clustering algorithm is first applied to determine land use characteristics of crash points by grouping surrounding Points of Interests (POIs). Then, each crash record is transformed into a formalized label consisting of land use, Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT), and time stamps, allowing the analysis of massive traffic crash data as document corpora. Finally, a data-driven modeling approach based on the LDA is conducted to discover hidden crash patterns from traffic crash records combining the external semantic information. The approach is verified using motor vehicle crash data in Manhattan County of New York City. The novel semantic analysis of crash records provides an effective method to investigate the hidden information in traffic crashes. Identifying spatial-temporal patterns on motor vehicle crashes would provide insights into underlying traffic behaviors for intelligent policy-making and resource allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we examine the politicization of discussions within four borough councils in Montreal from 2016 to 2021. By observing monthly council meetings in each borough, we highlight how people define politics within the institutions and identify the social categories (social class, race, or others) on which processes of politicization underlie. We conceive politicization as a filter determining whether and how an issue is discussed. To this end, our theoretical framework links processes of politicization to an increase in generality and refers to the notion of symbolic and social boundaries. Our observation of city council meetings challenges the apolitical character of Canadian and Quebec municipalities. First, people participating in the councils’ meetings take politics seriously, even if they distrust institutions. Second, two types of politicization are distinguished. A politicization through rules reflects a widening of democratic practices, and a politicization in substance intersects classes, territories, and races. Politicization through rules helps contain conflict but also risks depoliticizing the issues. Politicization in substance reflects contemporary debates about the construction of justice and, thus, about the intersection of social categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Commons obtained the service of a royal sergeant‐at‐arms in 1414. Alongside him, the sergeant‐at‐arms brought his mace. Originally a blunt weapon and a badge of the sergeants‐at‐arms' office, the later merely ceremonial mace became associated with the Speaker of the House and part of the Speaker's processions by the mid 16th century. I will argue that the change in parliamentary rituals was an imitation of the usage of great maces of cities and boroughs, in which sergeants had carried great maces in front of their mayors in processions since the 14th century. I will further argue that the House's imitation of this ritual lead to an uplift of the Speaker's position within the House. The enhancement in the Speaker's role in the House's ceremonial proceedings went alongside an enhancement in the Speaker's role in the House's political proceedings. The Speaker evolved from a mere mouthpiece of the Commons into a representative of the House. This example illustrated the interdependency between symbolic and functional elements observable within the house of commons, but also more broadly in the study of parliamentary history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research contributes to rebuilding the historical memory of the Picacho district, Borough 6, Medellín, through concrete actions that promote the participation, integration, and reconstruction of the past in the voice and with the experiences of its inhabitants. As categories of this research, the narratives of the conflict and the pedagogy of memory are essential to understanding the war and working on collective memory. It was necessary to resort to the socio-critical paradigm, the qualitative approach, and the biographical-narrative method for this work's reflective, participative, transformative, and critical interest. We found that the armed conflict in Picacho is due to social, economic, political, and cultural problems that appeared analogically to the settlement, causing the population affected by the violence to be socially organized, work for the district, and transform its reality. Thus, this research concludes that the pedagogy of memory acts as a promising methodological approach to reconstructing historical memory in territories such as Picacho, where there is fear of the past, ignorance of own history, and a lack of interest in rebuilding it. Still, we noticed the community's participatory capacity in social projects to transform and improve the district. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Commons obtained the service of a royal sergeant‐at‐arms in 1414. Alongside him, the sergeant‐at‐arms brought his mace. Originally a blunt weapon and a badge of the sergeants‐at‐arms' office, the later merely ceremonial mace became associated with the Speaker of the House and part of the Speaker's processions by the mid 16th century. I will argue that the change in parliamentary rituals was an imitation of the usage of great maces of cities and boroughs, in which sergeants had carried great maces in front of their mayors in processions since the 14th century. I will further argue that the House's imitation of this ritual lead to an uplift of the Speaker's position within the House. The enhancement in the Speaker's role in the House's ceremonial proceedings went alongside an enhancement in the Speaker's role in the House's political proceedings. The Speaker evolved from a mere mouthpiece of the Commons into a representative of the House. This example illustrated the interdependency between symbolic and functional elements observable within the house of commons, but also more broadly in the study of parliamentary history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the biggest challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic is the heterogeneity in disease severity exhibited amongst patients. Among multiple factors, latest studies suggest vitamin D deficiency and pre-existing health conditions to be major contributors to death from COVID-19. It is known that certain urban form attributes can impact sun exposure and vitamin D synthesis. Also, long-term exposure to air pollution can play an independent role in vitamin D deficiency. We conducted a correlational analysis of urban form and air quality in relation to the demographics and COVID-19 incidence and mortality across 32 London boroughs between March 2020 and January 2021. We found total population, number of residents of Asian ethnicity, 4-year average PM10 levels and road length to be positively correlated with COVID-19 cases and deaths. We also found percentage of households with access to total open space to be negatively correlated with COVID-19 deaths. Our findings link COVID-19 incidence and mortality across London with environmental variables linked to vitamin D status. Our study is entirely based on publicly available data and provides a reference framework for further research as more data are gathered and the syndemic dimension of COVID-19 becomes increasingly relevant in connection to health inequalities within large urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pertussis has resurfaced in the UK, with incidence levels not seen since the 1980s. While the fundamental causes of this resurgence remain the subject of much conjecture, the study of historical patterns of pathogen diffusion can be illuminating. Here, we examined time series of pertussis incidence in the boroughs of Greater London from 1982 to 2013 to document the spatial epidemiology of this bacterial infection and to identify the potential drivers of its percolation. The incidence of pertussis over this period is characterized by 3 distinct stages: a period exhibiting declining trends with 4-year inter-epidemic cycles from 1982 to 1994, followed by a deep trough until 2006 and the subsequent resurgence. We observed systematic temporal trends in the age distribution of cases and the fade-out profile of pertussis coincident with increasing national vaccine coverage from 1982 to 1990. To quantify the hierarchy of epidemic phases across the boroughs of London, we used the Hilbert transform. We report a consistent pattern of spatial organization from 1982 to the early 1990s, with some boroughs consistently leading epidemic waves and others routinely lagging. To determine the potential drivers of these geographic patterns, a comprehensive parallel database of borough-specific features was compiled, comprising of demographic, movement and socio-economic factors that were used in statistical analyses to predict epidemic phase relationships among boroughs. Specifically, we used a combination of a feed-forward neural network (FFNN), and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values to quantify the contribution of each covariate to model predictions. Our analyses identified a number of predictors of a borough's historical epidemic phase, specifically the age composition of households, the number of agricultural and skilled manual workers, latitude, the population of public transport commuters and high-occupancy households. Univariate regression analysis of the 2012 epidemic identified the ratio of cumulative unvaccinated children to the total population and population of Pakistan-born population to have moderate positive and negative association, respectively, with the timing of epidemic. In addition to providing a comprehensive overview of contemporary pertussis transmission in a large metropolitan population, this study has identified the characteristics that determine the spatial spread of this bacterium across the boroughs of London. Author summary: Recent years have witnessed a resurgence of pertussis, a vaccine preventable bacterial disease, in countries with high estimated immunization rates. Here, to understand the timing of pertussis epidemics in different populations, we employed signal processing techniques to analyze a rich dataset of weekly incidence across the boroughs of London from 1982 to 2013. We observed 4-year epidemic cycles with a distinctly consistent spatial organization across the boroughs from 1982 to 1990, with some boroughs typically ahead of the wave and others consistently lagging. We identified putative demographic and socio-economic mechanisms that determined this spatial organization of these outbreaks using an interpretable machine learning approach. The reemergence of pertussis from 2006 onward, on the contrary, did not exhibit regular epidemic waves, instead there was a transition from spatially organized waves in the 1980s to a largely unstructured mosaic in the resurgence era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores efforts by different groups of Scots to do business with the complex and hierarchical Cromwellian government, and in particular their attempts to gain access to the protector and his council in London. Three groups are examined: the burghs, which tended to use formal, paid agents; the rival kirk factions, which sought help from different political parties at Whitehall; and private petitioners, especially among the nobility, who relied on personal contacts with individual councillors. None of these strategies was entirely successful, as the Scots found lobbying the government more difficult than their English or Irish counterparts, but their persistence reveals an underlying pragmatism that encouraged them to overcome their misgivings and engage with the Cromwellian state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archeologia dell'Architettura is the property of Edizioni all'Insegna del Giglio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The amalgamation of the City of Montreal in 2002 required hard work to harmonize tax practices and decentralize local functions to newly amalgamated cities and historic neighbourhoods suddenly transformed into boroughs. The 2006 de-amalgamation added another level of complexity in the governance structure of the city, leading to the creation of the agglomeration. Using data from budgets and financial statements produced over the last municipalités et ministères au Québec sur ces enjeux. ORCID : 0000-0002-8792-2344 twenty years, this article analyzes the evolution of fiscal centralization and decentralization processes that occurred through structures like the agglomeration and the boroughs of the City of Montreal. The analysis shows that the harmonization of tax rates within the new amalgamated city took place on a short period. The divergence in tax rates that remains in 2021 is mainly due to differences in the boroughs' tax rates. The use of these taxes has contributed to increasing the boroughs' financial autonomy. But their budgetary weight within the city steadily decreased over this period, showing a trend towards centralization. At the agglomeration level, financial indicators have been relatively stable since 2006. Our analysis shows that changes in governance structures have however enabled the City of Montreal to improve its relative position among the municipalities of the island of Montreal since the 2002 amalgamation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we apply a recursive right‐tailed test to investigate for evidence of "bubbles" in the London housing market. We implement the test using data from all London boroughs. Aggregate tests indicate long periods of explosive behaviour of housing prices in the London residential market. Applying the test at a regional level, we identify house price booms in five boroughs, and we detect bubbles in only three, out of the total 32 London boroughs. The test finds no‐bubble condition in the inner London boroughs, even in the Prime Central London areas, where the highest house prices have been recorded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the key factors of urban development, cultural space plays a crucial role in highlighting urban characteristics and inheriting urban culture. A comparative study of the core built-up areas in Xi'an and New York is conducted using a systematic mathematical method. The cultural spaces in Xi'an 2nd Ring Road Area (XSA) and Manhattan Borough (MB) are comprehensively quantified in terms of fractal dimension, compactness index, average nearest neighbor ratio, and kernel density. Results show that significant differences exist between the cultural spaces in XSA and MB in terms of composition, quantity, density, and area at macro- and microlevels. The cultural spaces in Xi'an are more uneven, discrete, and randomly distributed than those of Manhattan. This research can provide a reference for future studies on the cultural space characteristics between eastern and western cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

County Line Drug Networks involve the transportation of drugs from urban hubs to out of city locations across the UK. County lines are a societal concern as they involve the recruitment of vulnerable individuals (adults and children), who are used as runners, exposing them to hazardous and often violent situations. This paper reports on a small scale study which provides a snapshot of the characteristics of nominals involved in county line drug network within a London Borough as well as the perspective of three expert practitioners who have substantial and detailed operational knowledge of how county line operatives work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainable development goals (SDGs) are intended to make the 17 goals and the 169 targets globally applicable with the necessary contextualisation so as to "leave no one behind" (LNOB). This paper examines how the SDGs can be localised to LNOB in the London boroughs of Newham and Tower Hamlets. These boroughs with one of the most ethnically diverse populations in the country are amongst the high grow boroughs of London but also with one of the highest social and economic deprivations. The research offers insights into how policy framework requires a targeted engagement with marginalised communities. The empowerment of such individuals and communities can in turn enable them to access opportunities that require higher levels of skills in their home boroughs and elsewhere in London. Additionally, the inclusion of cultural norms and practices can further strengthen the process to address the capability deprivations. This approach therefore has wider relevance to achieving the "LNOB" pledge of the SDGs. Globally, in both developed and developing countries, some marginalised communities living with intergenerational deprivations remain untouched by macro-level efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La fusion de la Ville de Montréal en 2002 a exigé un travail colossal pour harmoniser les pratiques fiscales et piloter la décentralisation des fonctions de proximité vers les villes fusionnées et les quartiers soudainement transformés en arrondissements. La défusion survenue en 2006 est venue ajouter un élément de complexité en reconfigurant les structures de gouvernance, notamment par la création de l’agglomération. Cet article explore l’évolution des processus de centralisation et de décentralisation financières au sein des structures centralisée (l’agglomération) et décentralisées (les arrondissements) de la Ville de Montréal à l’aide de données issues des budgets et des états financiers des vingt dernières années. L’analyse permet de constater que l’harmonisation des taux de taxation au sein de la nouvelle ville fusionnée s’est effectuée rapidement. La divergence dans les taux qui subsiste en 2021 découle essentiellement d’écarts dans les taux des taxes d’arrondissement. L’utilisation de ces taxes a permis d’accroître l’autonomie financière des arrondissements. Leur poids budgétaire dans les finances de la Ville a toutefois diminué constamment au cours de la période, marquant une tendance à la centralisation. Au niveau de l’agglomération, les indicateurs financiers sont relativement stables depuis 2006. Notre analyse montre que les changements dans les structures de gouvernance ont tout de même permis à la Ville de Montréal de s’extirper d’une situation qui semblait lui être désavantageuse sur l’île de Montréal avant la fusion de 2002.