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Although Moldova has made some important advances since the 2008 FSAP update, risks to banking sector stability have become severe. There is an urgent need, therefore, to improve transparency and governance in the banking system. Although the banking sector appears to be well capitalized and liquid, important pockets of weakness remain and vulnerabilities may be masked by fraud or misreporting. The two securities settlement systems are in need of updating, though plans to take this reform forward are not finalized. Weaknesses in the insolvency and creditor or debtor regime create uncertainty and may deter some stakeholders from engaging in financial transactions. Especially in light of the weaknesses described above and recent geopolitical uncertainties, urgent action is needed to address these and mitigate the risks to which the financial system appears to be exposed.

Doing business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 10 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. In a series of annual reports doing business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 183 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. This economy profile presents the doing business indicators for Slovenia. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2011 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January- December 2010).

The capital markets in Salvador are small and relatively underdeveloped, and have played a very limited role in the economy. On average, institutional investors invest less than 10 percent of their total assets in capital market instruments. In 2009, there were only five new issuances of corporate bonds and three in the case of equity. Banks and pension funds are the main institutional investors. The current market architecture and the natural monopoly it grants to the exchange hamper market development and prevent the modernization of the regulatory framework. There is an urgent need to overhaul of the regulatory framework to promote sound market development in the short-to-medium term. The regulatory framework should guarantee a level playing field between bonds and bank deposits, which should be reflected in the investment guidelines for institutional investors. The exchange should reposition itself to become more competitive and strategic at the local and regional level. The investment funds law should be finally approved to broaden and diversify the investor base. The importance of this reform is paramount as the current reliance on just two main institutional investors (banks and pension funds), with investment limitations (35 percent each per issue), creates a major limitation for new issuances. In the medium -to long- run, it is recommended to explore gradually integrating the individual markets at the regional level. This paper is divided into following four parts: part one gives current market situation; part two gives regulatory and supervisory framework; part three gives recommendations; and part four is reference section.

This assessment forms part of the joint International Monetary Fund (IMF) World Bank Indonesia Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) which is being undertaken during 2009-2010. The assessment, which covers the private sector equity and corporate bonds securities system's observance of the Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems / International Organization of Securities Commissions (CPSS/IOSCO) recommendations for securities settlement systems, was conducted during an ad hoc mission. The assessment focuses on two types of trades. First the clearing and settlement process is assessed as regards equity transactions traded on the stock exchange Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX), cleared through the Clearing and Guarantee Corporation (KPEI) clearing system (e-CLEARS) and settled through the Central Securities Depository for the Stock Exchange securities (KSEI) settlement system (C-BEST). In addition, the assessment focuses on corporate bond transactions, which are traded outside the exchange and settled through the KSEI settlement system (C-BEST).

Repo markets are an essential component of liquid Government debt markets, acting as a transmission belt between money and debt markets, as well as serving to conduct key functions for the efficient operation of debt markets. These include, among others, credit risk management, funding debt portfolios, playing the yield curve, and covering short positions and settlement fails. The hybrid nature of a repo between a collateralized loan and a full transfer of ownership makes it a very versatile instrument for a broad range of market participants with very different business models. However, this is at the same time the reason for its complexity. This note addresses the legal, structural, accounting, tax, regulatory and infrastructure factors that are decisive for repo market development. The legal and infrastructure factors that underpin repo markets functionality are evolving ones and may be different depending on the country. The perspective adopted in this note intends to provide a balanced account of both the conceptual issues in each topic and relevant country cases, with the objective of providing policy makers with analytical tools to address their country specific context.

Securities settlement systems should have a well-founded, clear and transparent legal basis in the relevant jurisdiction. The laws, regulations, rules and procedures governing the operations and activities of Thailand Securities Depositories (TSD) are public and accessible to participants. In particular, participants receive comprehensive documentation covering the rules, requirements, procedures and instructions of TSD. This documentation is available on request and is accessible on the TSD website. The public authorities' regulations are also available to the general public on the websites of the Ministry of Commerce (MoC), the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Bank of Thailand (BOT). It is recommended to implement adequate legal measures that ensure the netting arrangement is legally protected even in the event of the insolvency of a participant.

This paper argues that changes in how the Treasury managed the public debt stemmed from changes in perceptions of Government debt. To make this argument, the paper looks at two big shifts in how the public debt was handled. One change was the Government’s printing of its own securities through the Bureau of Engraving and Printing founded in the 1860s. This development reflected a democratization of the public debt in which it was the Government’s task to make sure “the people” profited from Government debt—not bankers or bank note companies. So, Government securities were publicly printed and publicly sold. The second big shift was the implementation of electronic book-entry procedures in the 1960s. The adoption of book-entry by the Treasury corresponded to a new view of debt. Deficits and, therefore, the public debt came to be seen as central to economic success. The public debt was no longer a transient evil to be managed out of existence by the Treasury but a permanent benevolence to be nurtured for the public good to a large degree by the central bank. In this environment, the transaction speed born of computers and electronics was of paramount importance.