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Calcium is the mineral most needed by the body. One of the diseases caused by calcium deficiency is osteoporosis, which is a degenerative condition caused by a diet low in minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. The sailfin catfish (Pterygoplichthys pardalis) bones has been proved to contain a lot of minerals and phosphorus. The population of the sailfin catfish in Tempe Lake, Wajo Regency, has increased rapidly in recent years. The sailfin catfish bones can be processed into crackers. The purpose of this study was to analyze the quality characteristics of crackers fortified with the sailfin catfish bone meal (Pterygoplichthys pardalis). The acceptability of crackers was tested hedonically by 100 panelists to determine the best variation in the addition of the sailfin catfish bone meal. The chemical analysis included the moisture, ash, fat, protein, carbohydrate, calcium, and phosphorus content of crackers from the best treatment. Hedonic test results showed that the addition of 20% of the sailfin catfish bone meal produced the best crackers. Chemical analysis showed a significant increase in ash content to 11.65% compared to the control of 3.25%. Protein and fat levels also increased to 11.44 and 15.63%, respectively, from the control of 11.21 and 13.55%. Calcium and phosphorus levels also increased significantly in the best crackers, to 4.37 and 2.64% compared to the control of 0.10 and 0.70%, respectively. These findings indicate that the crackers have the potential to be used as a food additive to address calcium and phosphorus deficiencies in growing children and the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Struvite (MgNH4PO4.6H2O) precipitation is a sustainable approach that can offer simultaneous removal/recovery of nutrients from biogas plant effluents. However, most biogas plant effluents contain a higher molar concentration of nitrogen (N) than magnesium (Mg) and phosphorus (P). Therefore, the external addition of Mg2+ and phosphate (PO43‐) salts is needed to maximize the recovery. In this study, Mg‐rich waste magnesite powder and P‐rich bone meal were used as sustainable additives. The Box–Behnken design was applied to determine optimum conditions of process parameters (pH, Mg:N and P:N molar ratios) to maximize ammonium‐nitrogen (NH4‐N), PO4‐P and Mg2+recoveries. RESULTS: NH4‐N, PO4‐P and Mg2+ recoveries were in the ranges 78.5%–96.9%, 69.2%–96.3% and 75.1%–99.9%, respectively. The actual and predicted values showed significant consistency, indicating that the model is satisfactory. Under optimum conditions (pH = 9.0, Mg:N = 2.2, P:N = 1.8), 97.8 ± 0.1% NH4‐N, 96.6 ± 0.31% PO4‐P and 84.4 ± 0.9% Mg2+ recovery were attained. The X‐ray diffraction results confirmed the sole presence of struvite crystals. Scanning electron microscopy images showed irregular prismatic orthorhombic crystals and amorphous material depositions on precipitates of ~25 μm crystal size. The product was 49% struvite with 15.2% P content. The heavy metal content was lower than regulatory limits. CONCLUSION: Even though waste material and industrial by‐products have been used as additives in this process, high NH4‐N and PO4‐P recoveries were recorded under optimum conditions. These results are promising and illustrate a powerful example of industrial symbiosis, and the precipitate containing struvite can serve as a valuable product. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to check the growth performance and body composition of Labeo rohita fed with two different levels of fish meal replacement with bone meal. The trial was carried out in glass aquaria for a period of 8 weeks. Ten (n=10) fingerlings of L. rohita were reared per aquaria having capacity of 80-L water. Feed having 100% fish meal was considered as T1 and diets having 30% and 60% replacement of fish meal by bone meal as main protein source was considered as T2 and T3, respectively. Results showed that replacement of 30% and 60% fish meal with bone meal has better effect on growth of L. rohita analysed whole body composition revealed that lower values of total fat there was observed no significant differences in carbohydrates and moisture content of fish was observed. Bone meal could replace fish meal as an acceptable protein source to promote growth of L. rohita without any negative effects on growth and body composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detection of sialic acid using advanced sensors in milk-based products is essential in the food industry. Therefore, the present work reports the sulfur and nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots from bone meal functionalized with boronic acid (Boro-S/N-dGQDs) nanoprobe for sialic acid sensing applications. Briefly, S/N-dGQDs were functionalized with 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid to improve performance of fluorescent sensors toward the detection of sialic acid. Here, boronic acid surface decoration on S/N-dGQD was confirmed by several spectral characterizations. The addition of different quantities of sialic acid results in a directly proportionate correlation to fluorescence quenching. It gives a broad linear range of 50 ng/mL to 1000 ng/mL and a limit of detection of 6.04 ng/mL. Also, it displayed remarkable selectivity, likely due to interaction of sialic acid-containing 1,2-diol with hydroxyl group of Boro-S/N-dGQDs nanoprobe. Designed sensor demonstrated good stability and reproducibility. Real-time analysis of sialic acid in different milk-based products confirmed practicability of Boro-S/N-dGQDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for beet produced in the organic system has increased. This study aimed to evaluate the beet production with the use of different proportions of phosphorus sources. A randomized block design was used. The treatments were established in a 6 x 2 + 1 factorial arrangement, corresponding to 6 proportions of the phosphorus fertilizers Yoorin®thermophosphate (YT) and bone meal (BM) (100 % of P2O5 with YT; 80 % of P2O5 with YT + 20 % of P2O5 with BM; 60 % of P2O5with YT + 40 % with BM; 40 % of P2O5 with YT + 60 % with BM; 20 % of P2O5 with YT + 80 % with BM; and 100 % of P2O5 with BM), 2 doses of P2O5 (180 - recommended - and 360 kg ha-1) and 1 control without these phosphorusfertilizers. The plant height, number of leaves, root and shoot fresh and dry weight, transverse and longitudinal root diameter and total root yield were evaluated. The recommended fertilizer dose resulted in higher values, when compared to twice the recommendation. The proportion of 0 % of thermophosphate and 100 % of bone meal provided the highest mean values for the evaluated parameters. High phosphorus doses showed to be harmful to beet production.

BACKGROUND: Clinical trials have shown that the diameter and shape of implants affect the implant effect, but effect of the length of implants on different implant types is still controversial. OBJECTIVE: From the perspective of healing process simulation, finite element technique was used to analyze the mechanical differences of different implants after implantation. METHODS: CAD software was used to establish three kinds of implants (conventional implants, short implants and ultrashort implants) and bone meal geometric models. The loss of maxillary 16 teeth (first molar) was simulated to establish the maxillary sinus internal lift model. The finite element model was established after dividing the mesh and imposing boundary conditions. Loading was selected in the adjacent teeth from 3 to 5 months postoperatively, and loading in the implant from 6 to 9 months. Biomechanical analysis of the implant and its surrounding soft and hard tissues was performed after solving for the optimal implant to find the best implant. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The maximum displacements were concentrated in the cervical part of the implant, and the displacements of the three kinds of implants were less than 100 μm during vertical loading. The displacement change of conventional implants during the whole healing cycle was the minimum. When adjacent teeth were loaded, the maximum displacements of short and ultrashort implants were similar, and the difference between the displacements of them increased when implants were loaded. (2) During lingual loading, the displacements of the three kinds of implants were more than 100 μm. The maximum displacement occurred on the lingual side. When the adjacent teeth were loaded, the displacement of the conventional implant was the maximum; when the implant was loaded, the displacement of the ultrashort implant far exceeded that of the conventional and short implants. (3) During lingual and distal mid loading, the maximum displacements were concentrated in the cervical part of the three kinds of implants. The displacements of the implants were all larger than those during vertical and lingual loading. When adjacent teeth were loaded, the displacement of conventional implants was greater than that of short and ultrashort implants. When the implants were loaded, the displacement differences among the three kinds of implants were significantly reduced, and the maximum displacements appeared in the implant neck. (4) The stresses on the alveolar bone in the ultrashort implant group were 81.62 MPa and 73.35 MPa for lingual and distal mid loading, respectively. The stresses on the alveolar bone in the rest of the models were less than 53 MPa. (5) Results concluded that conventional implants should be preferred for implant restorations, followed by short implants and finally ultrashort implants. Inclined loading is more likely to cause implant failure than vertical loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants can absorb only 30 to 40% of nutrients from the soil through the root system because the absorption process depends on soil properties, wheatear conditions, and the plant's species. Therefore, foliar fertilization using macro- and micronutrients has proven to be an excellent alternative. Herein, we evaluated the foliar application of a neutralized sulfuric bone meal hydrolysate (NSBMH) on soybean growth parameters, pod yield, nitrogen, phosphorus, and chlorophyll pigment concentrations under greenhouse conditions. A complete randomized block design was performed, and each block contained three treatments: 1% NSBMH, commercial fertilizer, and negative control. After 90 days of growth, soybean plants foliar-sprayed with 1% NSBMH improved significantly (p < 0.05) in terms of foliar area, plant fresh mass, plant dried mass, plant height, nitrogen, and chlorophyll a + b concentrations, while trifoliar leaf number, pod number, and pod fresh and dried masses were higher but not significant, and phosphorus concentration maintained suitable levels when compared to the negative control treatment. Additionally, the 1% NSBMH group presented similar and higher values, but not significant (p > 0.05), on the evaluated traits versus the commercial fertilizer treatment. Consequently, cattle bone recycling for the obtainment of alternative phosphorus as neutralized sulfuric bone meal hydrolysate is an excellent choice because it encourages the reutilization of anthropogenic waste, such as cattle bone waste, which protects the environment and reduces the soil and foliar application of mineral phosphoric fertilizers and reduces dependency on the main unsustainable fertilizer suppliers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore heavy metal passivators with environmentally friendly, economical and effective properties is crucial for improving the security of sewage sludge for the land application. In this paper, the bone meal was selected as heavy metal passivator and added in different proportions for sewage sludge aerobic composting with a period of 40 d to investigate its passivation effect on zinc, chromium and lead, in which to reveal the mechanism. The results showed that the bone meal efficiently promoted the conversion of heavy metal speciation from effective form to stable form. When the proportion of bone meal was added at 10%, the proportion of zinc in residual form, chromium in residual form and lead in residual form respectively increased from 4.71 to 13.65%, 57.53–68.77% and 45.49–88.91%, the best heavy metal passivation was obtained for the composting. The residual samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffractometer and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, it was found that zinc, chromium and lead in sewage sludge was transformed into phosphate minerals with high stability. In addition, the redundancy analysis between physicochemical parameters and heavy metal speciation indicated that phosphorus minerals formation in composting was positively related to the available phosphorus content, and the main influencing factor affecting the speciation conversion of heavy metals was organic matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two sequential experiments examined the effects of abrasive grit on seedlings of grass weeds and young shoots of perennial weeds. First, four types of grit derived from agricultural residues (bone meal, eggshell, hazelnut shell, and sugar beet pulp) were tested under high air pressure in a controlled environment for their abilities to abrade seedlings of an annual grass, Setaria faberi Herrm., and the perennials Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Poa pratensis L., and Elymus repens (L.) Gould. Differing grit particle sizes and amounts, as well as weed seedling stages, were examined for efficacy after abrasion by each type of grit. Second, hazelnut shell grit was used to control P. pratensis and Taraxicum officinale Weber in field trials with aronia (Aronia melanocarpa [Michx.] Elliott), which is a new, shrubby, berry crop in the midwestern USA. Grit weeding was compared to two other treatments: manual weeding (handhoeing + hand-pulling) and no weed control (weedy check) over two years. In the grit comparison experiment, control of S. faberi was highest for egg-shell grit (63-100% across grit particle sizes, rates, and seedling stages) and least for sugar beet pulp (17-97%). The former grit had the highest bulk density of all grits, and the latter had the lowest bulk density. For damage to perennial weeds, egg-shell grit performed best (17-80% control) and bone meal least (10-47% control). Elymus repens was controlled better than other perennial grasses, especially by eggshell grit (up to 73% control) and hazelnut shell grit (up to 67% control) with particle sizes of 1-2 mm. In the aronia experiment, both grit abrasion and manual weeding achieved comparable levels of weed suppression (=87%) and required similar amounts of cumulative seasonal time spent weeding (3-4 min per shrub). Thus, applications of abrasive grit derived from agricultural residues are potential alternatives for non-chemical management of weeds in aronia and, perhaps, in other high-value perennial crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of free choice feeding of bone meal (BM) of different particle sizes on performance and egg quality traits of layer chickens were assessed. A total of 128 Hy-line White layers (56 wks old, BW ± SD: 1500 ± 18 g) were assigned randomly into 16 cages of 8 birds each. Four dietary treatments based on BM particle sizes (Layer Diet/Control; Layer diet + 1-2 mm BM; Layer diet + 2-3 mm BM; Layer diet + 3-4 mm BM) were choice fed for five weeks. Dry matter (DM), calcium (Ca), total phosphorus (TP), ash content, particle size distribution and in vitro solubility of BM were tested. The birds' performance and external and inernal egg quality traits were examined over a 5 wk period. The DM, Ca, TP and ash content of BM were 893, 79, 44 and 476 g/kg, respectively. The geometric mean diameter (GMD) and the geometric standard deviation (GSD) of BM were 1.7 and 1.6 mm, respectively. In vitro solubility of 1-2 mm, 2-3 mm and 3-4 mm BM particles were 56.3, 47.5 and 39.8%, respectively. Bone meal, when choice fed, increased BM intake, Ca intake, and laying percentage, and reduced damaged egg percentage. Birds fed with BM having 2-3 mm particles performed best in improving the performance and egg quality. Bone meal significantly (p < 0.05) improved the egg shell thickness with maximum thickness recorded from birds fed with BM of 2-3 mm particle size. BM with 2-3 and 3-4 mm particles improved (p < 0.05) shell ratio and unit surface shell weight. The present study concluded that feeding with BM with 2-3 mm particle size is the best to improve the overall performance and egg quality traits of layer chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of hammers for crushers is considered on the basis of a mathematical model of cracking in the production of bone meal. The proposed hammer design permits intensification of crushing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research was undertaken to analyze the impact of biochar-based organic amendment on the growth and yield of the potato crop. Results revealed that all the morphological, growth and yield attributing parameters were significantly affected except the emergence percentage (p > 0.05). Among all the thirteen treatment combinations of biochar base organic amendment, treatment T4 i.e. [25% RDF + 75% (BM+VC+PM) + 40% Biochar)] resulted in maximum emergence percentage, plant height (cm), LAI, days to maturity, no. of haulm plant-1, average weight of tuber plant-1 and yield of tuber q ha-1 while minimum was recorded under T1 [Control]. The data related to % increase/decrease concerning control also showed that emergence % was rapid under T4 (+0.86%). Therefore, treatment combination of biochar base organic amendment consisting of [25% RDF + 75% (BM+VC+PM) + 40% Biochar)] may be recommended to farmers for achieve best results in terms of potato growth and production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone meal (BM) is a cost-effective and low-carbon material to remediate heavy metal contaminated soils. Moreover, its immobilization efficiency for heavy metals still requires improvement. This study aimed to assess the activation effect of oxalic acid on the BM to develop an oxalic acid-activated bone meal (ABM) for improving immobilization efficiency. Several series of tests, including the available phosphorus content test, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), modified European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, are used to investigate the effect of activation on the immobilization ability and chemical speciation of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in soils and the different mechanisms of Pb/Cd immobilization using the ABM and BM. The results indicate that the ABM possesses a higher solubility than the BM. The activation of BM achieves optimal effect when using 1 mol/L oxalic acid solution with a liquid–solid ratio of 2:1. The TCLP and BCR test results show that the ABM significantly outperforms the BM in terms of Pb immobilization. The leaching concentration of Pb from ABM immobilized soils can meet regulatory limits in China and the USA, and it is also 30 to 75% lower than that from BM immobilized soils. Regarding Cd immobilization, ABM outperforms BM after 90 days of curing. The XRD analysis shows that heavy metal phosphates are the primary products of Pb and Cd immobilized by ABM, whereas heavy metal carbonates are the main products after the immobilization by BM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Work was carried out to determine the effects of limestone (LM) geometric mean diameter (GMD), phytate, Ca source, and phytase on standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of Ca and P in broilers. Twelve treatments (TRT) were tested. One basal corn and corn germ-based diet was prepared without adding inorganic Ca or P (TRT1, 0.02% Ca). Limestone from the same source (800 or 151 μm GMD) and bone (151 μm GMD) were added to TRT 2–4, (0.7% Ca). TRT5 was a corn/soybean meal (SBM) diet with 800 μm GMD LM (0.77% Ca). Buttiauxella sp. phytase was added (1,000 U/kg) to TRT 1–5 to prepare TRT 6–10, respectively. In addition, 800 or 150 μm GMD LM and monosodium P were added to a nitrogen-Ca-phytate–free diet (TRT 11 and 12, respectively). Treatments were analyzed as a complete block design using SAS mixed procedures and with factorial analysis on subsets of data: 1) LM GMD (151 vs. 800 μm GMD) with or without phytase: TRT 2, 3, 7, and 8; 2) phytate (corn or corn-free) with the same LM at 2 different sizes: TRT 2, 3, 11, and 12; 3) Ca source (LM vs. bone) with or without phytase: TRT 2, 4, 6, 8, and 9; 4) phytate source (corn vs. corn/SBM) with or without phytase: TRT 2, 5, 7, and 10. Broilers (4/pen) were fed mash diets ad lib for 36 h (20–22 d of age). At the end of the trial, distal ileal digesta were collected. Fine LM had lower SID Ca (38.09%) vs. coarse LM (49.18%), irrespective of phytase (P < 0.05). Standardized ileal digestibility of P was lower when the smaller LM was used vs. coarse LM with either 0 or 1,000 phytase U/kg (P < 0.05). Both SID Ca and P were higher without phytate vs. when phytate from corn was present (P < 0.05). Ca from bone was more digestible and its impact on SID P smaller vs. LM regardless of phytase (P < 0.05). In addition, phytate from SBM was more digestible and responsive to phytase as compared to phytate from corn (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary factors affected Ca and P digestibility and their response to phytase inclusion.

Here, we report the results of residue analyses of crusts in pottery bowls from early phases of the Hemudu archaeological site (~7000–6000 BP), China, through a multi‐disciplinary approach. The physical morphology and chemical composition of the residues were examined via multiple analytical techniques, including EPMA, FTIR, SEM‐EDS, GC and microscopic observation. The elemental composition of the residues consistently comprise C, O, P and Ca. FTIR spectra of residues are also very similar to each other and have spectral bands consistent with CHAp spectra. SEM‐EDS tests provide clear morphological features of the bone particles and in situ elemental information. Fatty acid analysis further suggests an origin of residues is likely to be from terrestrial vertebrate bones. Analysis of starch granules, also recovered from the crusts, indicates Cyclobalanopsis sp. acorns. We demonstrate that the crusts are the remains of a special mixture of bone meal and acorn starch. This usage of bone resources is previously unknown in the Chinese Neolithic and may have served various functions, including a medicinal, a food supplement to manage dietary stress, or a special diet for children. Our findings enrich the understanding of prehistoric usage of bone meal, as well as the subsistence strategies of the Middle Neolithic Hemudu people, who were engaged in increasingly intensified rice agriculture in the lower Yangzi River region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to identify and characterize the chemical compounds that exhibited monosodium glutamate (MSG)‐like taste in the hydrolyzed bone meal produced by using flavourzyme. The free amino acids and peptides in the bone meal hydrolysate were analyzed. The results showed that the glutamic acid and the aspartic acid in the bone meal increased by 13.1 times and 14.2 times, respectively, after the flavourzyme hydrolysis. The peptides' isolation identified six MSG‐like peptides in the hydrolysate, including APGPVGPAG, DAINWPTPGEIAH, FLGDEETVR, GVDEATIIEILTK, PAGPVGPVG, and VAPEEHPTL, which should contribute to the taste. The human sensory evaluation results indicated that the six peptides showed MSG‐like taste, and the electronic tongue analysis indicated that the six peptides showed sourness, saltiness, bitterness, and astringency. The findings of this study demonstrated that the MSG‐like taste of the bone meal hydrolysate should be attributed to the generation of MSG‐like amino acids and peptides from the flavourzyme hydrolysis. Practical Application: The manuscript describes the umami compounds in the bone meal hydrolysate. The findings from this study should further confirm the feasibility of using bone meal to prepare meat‐flavor essence and provide a better understanding of preparing bio‐source flavoring peptides, which is very important to the artificial meat development and gene breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of two grain sizes of a bone-meal char (BC), BC fine and BC coarse, at immobilizing solution nickel (Ni) was investigated in batch tests, after initial reagent characterization. A sample of monetite (MA) also was tested for comparison. Starting from a Ni concentration 100 times the groundwater intervention value, the BC fine reagent (0.15–0.30 mm) was capable of rapidly depleting Ni from solution, in only 90 min, in triplicate tests at 1:200 solid/solution ratio (mass) and initial pH 7. The adjusted pseudo second-order kinetic rate for Ni uptake (0.068 greagent mg−1nickel min−1) resulted 50 times higher than the rate reported in the literature for Ni with another bovine-bone char. Under similar conditions, Ni depletion in triplicate tests with reagent BC coarse (1.0–2.0 mm) occurred only after 2 days. With reagent MA, Ni was never totally removed. X-ray diffraction on samples of BC fine after Ni immobilization revealed the presence of a new calcium (Ca) and Ni phosphate crystalline form. Two elemental point analyses by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy indicated 6.1–13.4% (mass) Ni on grains of BC fine. Some lines of evidence helped support the uptake mechanism as replacement of framework Ca-atoms in hydroxyapatite with Ni, including the near direct proportionality between moles of Ca released to solution and moles of Ni removed. Reagent BC fine was found to be a promising component for future Ni passive removal systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study recycles two abundant and low-cost industrial by-products, bone meal and fly ash, to develop a novel and sustainable binder (MPS) for the stabilization/solidification (S/S) of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in contaminated soils collected from a smelter site. The investigation encompasses analyses of soil pH, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), Cd/Pb leachability, and microstructure properties of MPS-stabilized soils and compares the S/S performances of MPS with conventional and widely used cement (graded PO 42.5). The findings revealed that MPS-stabilized soils maintained notably lower pH values than their cement-stabilized counterparts. MPS exhibited excellent strength performance approaching cement, and only 6% MPS is needed to meet the strength standard (> 350 kPa). Moreover, the Cd stabilization performance of MPS in contaminated site soils was also comparable to that of cement. 12% MPS-stabilized soils after 7-day curing equaled 28-day-cured 10% cement-stabilized soils in Cd leaching, meeting the limit. Notably, MPS could achieve the required Cd leachability at lower pH levels than cement, making it a low-alkalinity and sustainable binder. Additionally, MPS-stabilized soils showed enhanced acid-buffering capacities. Microscopic tests, including X-ray Diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses demonstrated the formation of magnesium phosphate-based products, hydrotalcite, magnesium silicate hydrate gel, and Cd/Pb phosphate-based products as the predominant chemical mechanisms contributing to strength development and Cd/Pb stabilization, respectively. The study demonstrates the efficacy of MPS in stabilizing real contaminated soils from industrial sites and shows its potential as a promising binder for on-site S/S practices. [Display omitted] • Bone meal and fly ash are recycled into a low-alkalinity, sustainable binder for S/S. • MPS binder shows an excellent efficiency for stabilizing contaminated site soils. • MPS binder exhibits strength and leaching properties comparable to those of cement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Description of the subject. This research presents a novel approach for species discrimination of terrestrial processed animal proteins (PAP) using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as an alternative technique for determining feed safety. Objectives. To explore the correlation between LIBS results and elemental composition. To assess the potential of LIBS spectroscopic methods for species discrimination of terrestrial PAP. Method. A total of 42 reliable terrestrial PAP samples of ovine, bovine, porcine, and poultry origin were analyzed and LIBS spectra were innovatively collected from the separated bone fraction. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models were performed on the dataset. Results. Significant differences were found in the element compositions (carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, strontium and barium, p < 0.05) of PAP from different sources, which indicated a high potential for species discrimination. High-marked LIBS spectral characteristics (21 variables) related to six elements (calcium, sodium, magnesium, zinc, strontium and barium) for different species of terrestrial PAP samples were found out. PAP from the four tested species could be well classified with high sensitivity and specificity (> 0.90), while the ruminant and non-ruminant PAP could be thoroughly discriminated. For the discriminant analysis of ruminant-derived components in terrestrial PAPs, the detection of 10%-40% adulteration can be achieved and the correct rate is about 95%. Conclusions. This study demonstrates that LIBS can mostly exhibit the elemental composition of different terrestrial PAP, and can be a promising method for discriminating the different animal species or animal groups (ruminant/non-ruminant) involved in terrestrial PAPs.

In an attempt to achieve Sustainable Development Goals numbers one and two, eggshell meal was incorporated into layers diets to replace bone meal. Seventy-two point of lay birds were utilized in a nine-week experiment. Four experimental diets were formulated consisting of graded levels of bone meal (BM) and egg shell meal (ESM) which were coded as; T1 (3%BM: 0%ESM), T2 (2%BM: 1%ESM), T3 (1%BM: 2%ESM), and T4 (0%BM: 3% ESM). Three replicates with six birds per replicate in a completely randomized design were used. Total egg weight, average egg weight, egg mass and feed conversion were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by the inclusion of ESM and BM. Birds on T4 recorded the significantly highest values for these parameters. Yolk width, albumen weight, egg weight and eggshell weight significantly (P < 0.05) increased with an increase in ESM, with eggs obtained from T4 having the highest values. From this study, complete replacement of bone meal with eggshell meal in the diet of layers, i.e. T4, gave the overall best results. It is recommended that farmers replace bone meal with egg shell meal as a major source of dietary calcium and phosphorus for laying birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research tracked N, P and K content of six biofertilizers during the fermentation process. The experiment consisted of six biofertilizers and five fermentation times (3, 7, 15, 22 and 30 days after preparation [DAP]). The biofertilizers were prepared on the same basis for fermentation, adding (in 15 L of water): T1 = castor bean cake (2 kg), T2 = blood meal (2 kg), T3 = hoof and horn powder (2 kg), T4 = bone meal (2 kg), T5 = blood meal (1 kg); T6 = bone meal (1 kg). The experimental design was a randomized block design with three replications. The biofertilizer hoof and horn powder were higher N content than the others, reaching 6.77 g L-1, whereas the bone meal (1 and 2 kg) had the lowest content, reaching 1.43 and 1.93 g L-1, respectively. At all fermentation times, the castor bean cake (3.23 g L-1) and hoof and horn powder (2.61 g L-1) biofertilizers showed higher P content than bone meal (1 and 2 kg) biofertilizers. Castor bean cake biofertilizer had higher K content (2.49 g L-1) than hoof and horn powder (1.86 g L-1), blood meal (1.69 and 1.60 g L-1), bone meal (1.57 to 1.68 g L-1) biofertilizers. Regardless of the type of biofertilizer, the K content had no change, the N content and the electrical conductivity increased, and the P content reduced during fermentation time until 30 DAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of different organic manures on growth, yield, and quality of radish (Raphanus sativus) at Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Rupandehi, Nepal. The experiment was laid in Randomized Complete Block Design single factorial with seven treatments and three replications. The treatments were consisted as farmyard manure (FYM) (30 tha-1), poultry manure (PM) (30 tha-1), FYM(15 tha-1) + PM (15 tha-1), FYM (15 tha-1) + vermin compost (2.5 tha-1) + phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) (10kgha-1), FYM (15 tha-1) + bone meal (5 tha-1) + PSB (10 kgha-1), PM (15 tha-1) + vermi compost (2.5 tha-1) + PSB (10 kgha-1), PM (15 tha-1) + bone meal (5 tha-1) + PSB (10 kgha-1). A significant variation was observed among the treatments. The poultry manures combined with bone meal and PSB significantly increased the growth and yield attributes viz., plant height (43.43 cm), number of leaves (20.9), shoot length (44.49 cm), root length (21.68 cm), root diameter (3.77 cm), root weight (211.3 gm plant-1), shoot weight (170.9 gm plant-1), biological yield (82.28 gm plant-1), dry root weight (46.89 gm plant-1), dry shoot weight (50.33 gm plant-1), total dry weight (97.22 gm plant-1), root yield (49.31 tha-1), shoot yield (939.87 tha-1) and biological yield (89.19 tha-1) at 70 days after sowing. The vitamin-C in radish root was recorded highest (2.87 mgml-1) with PM. However, the total soluble solid remains unchanged among the treatments. In total, the results suggested that poultry manures combined with bone meal and PSB is suitable to cultivate radish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study reported herein was conducted to determine the effects of choice feeding three different calcium (Ca) sources on external and internal egg quality parameters of commercial layers. Research Method: Three dietary Ca sources (oyster shells, limestone and bone meal) were choice fed ad libitumly along with a commercial layer feed. The birds fed only the commercial layer diet was used as the control. The experiment was conducted as a complete randomized design. A total of 128, 55 weeks old Hy-line white layer hens (1500 ±21g) were assigned into 16 cages of 8 birds each. Four replicate cages were randomly assigned to each of the four dietary treatments. Bird's performances were tested weekly. Twenty eggs from each treatment were collected weekly over five weeks period and were assessed for shell and internal quality parameters. Findings: Daily Ca intakes of birds affected significantly (P<0.05) by the Ca source. The birds fed oyster shells and limestone showed the highest (P<0.05) daily Ca intakes. Feeding bone meal significantly (P<0.05) reduced damaged shell percentage. Weekly body weight gain, weekly egg production and feed conversion ratio among treatments were similar (P>0.05). Dietary supplementation of Ca significantly (P<0.05) improved the egg weight. Shape index and shell ratios among treatments were similar (P>0.05). Feeding bone meal significantly (P<0.05) improved unit surface shell weight (USSW) and the shell thickness. Calcium supplementation had no effect (P>0.05) on albumen and yolk quality parameters of eggs. Originality/value: The present study concluded that feeding bone meal to commercial layers improves USSW, shell thickness thereby reducing egg damages. Calcium source has no influence in improving internal quality parameters of chicken eggs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel sustainable binder modified with several solid wastes is developed to effectively stabilize Pb and Cd. • The feasibility of oxalic acid-activated bone meal as a partial replacement for KH 2 PO 4 in the MPC system is evaluated. • Sodium carbonate and carbide slag are evaluated as activators in the high-volume fly ash blended MPC systems. The ability of magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) is limited in stabilizing heavy metal-contaminated soils by its high costs and environmentally-unfriendly production. Therefore, reducing MgO and KH 2 PO 4 dosages is essential. This study explored the use of oxalic acid-activated bone meal (ABM), a meat industry byproduct, as a potential substitute for KH 2 PO 4 , and introduced sodium carbonate (NC) and carbide slag (CS) as activators in MPC systems with high-volume fly ash (FA) to enhance strength. The aim was to develop a sustainable binder, MPS, for efficiently stabilizing the soils contaminated with high concentrations of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). The effects of various ABM/KH 2 PO 4 ratios, MgO/KH 2 PO 4 ratios, FA dosages, and NC and CS additions on the stabilization performance were evaluated based on unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and leaching characteristics, and MPS composition was determined. Subsequently, the stabilization mechanisms of MPS on Pb and Cd were analyzed through microscopic tests. The results showed that increasing the MgO/KH 2 PO 4 ratio enhanced UCS and reduced Cd and Pb leaching. The FA addition reduced UCS and increased the mobility of Cd and Pb. At a 40% FA dosage, NC optimally enhanced UCS by 20.8% − 37.9% without significantly influencing leachability. ABM can substitute KH 2 PO 4 within an appropriate range, meeting strength and leaching requirements. The formulated MPS had an MgO/KH 2 PO 4 ratio of 6, 40% FA dosage, 4% NC dosage, and an ABM/KH 2 PO 4 ratio of 0.768, exhibiting cost-effectiveness and outstanding performance in stabilizing Pb and Cd contaminated soils. Microscopic tests revealed the presence of following MPS hydration products: MgKPO 4 ·6H 2 O, MgHPO 4 ·3H 2 O, Mg 6 Al 2 CO 3 (OH) 16 ·4H 2 O, and magnesium silicate hydrate (MSH) gel. Formations of Pb 3 (PO 4) 2 , Pb 10 (PO 4) 6 (OH) 2 , Cd 5 (PO 4) 3 OH, and CdCO 3 are the main chemical mechanisms underlying the stabilization of Pb and Cd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable organic herbal production requires utilization of bio-waste materials as plant nutrient sources due to its economical aspect and would ensure continuous productivity. The usage of organic wastes in organic farming system (OFS) as fertilizers and soil amendments should be monitored as the accumulation of heavy metals has been reported in several studies. Glasshouse study has been conducted to assess the effectiveness of Pb immobilization due to chicken manure application using different sources of phosphate materials; bone meal (BM), Egyptian rock phosphate (ERP) and triple super phosphate (TSP). From the fractionation of glasshouse study, the percentage of exchangeable fraction of Pb was reduced with application of P-amendments with the highest of 20.2% of reduction recorded for 2 t/ha application of TSP. This is followed by reduction in exchangeable fraction for others treatments: 2 t/ha of BM (4.1%), 4 t/ha of BM (5.1%), 1 t/ha of ERP (8.1%) and 2 t/ha of ERP at 17.6%. These treatments were recorded as being able to stabilize the Pb as indicated in the percentage reduction of phytoavailable pools into a more stable form of residual pool.

A fish feed mixing machine was designed, developed and the effect of speed and retention time on the performance of the mixer was evaluated. The mixing system was tested using three fish feed ingredients; bone meal, groundnut cake and maize grain which was purchased from the market in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. The moisture content of the bought ingredients was determined to be 13.1%, 14.7% and 17.5% moisture content dry basis (db) respectively. The mixer was tested using a feed component of three equal measures of 10 kg of ground corn (maize), milled groundnut cake and bone meal which were initially retained on 2 mm, 850 ^m and 150 ^m sieve respectively. The experiment was replicated thrice at four retention time (5 min, 10 min, 15 min and 20 min) and five mixer screw speed (100 rpm, 150 rpm, 200 rpm, 250 rpm and 300 rpm). Regression analysis was carried out on the data collated during the evaluation of the mixer, the analysis was used to develop models which is capable of predicting the electrical energy (kJ) consumed, degree of mixing (%) and average power (kW) consumed during mixing. An average CV of 4.04% was obtained at 200 rpm in 20 minutes retention time while 356.4 kJ electrical energy was consumed, this shows a significant reduction of non-uniformity in feed components for the samples tested. The degree of mixing attained was 95.96% which portrays an improvement of about 0.2% reduction in non-uniformity of components among samples when the mixing duration was 20 min at 150 rpm. The average power and electrical energy consumed during mixing was observed to be significantly dependent on the retention time while speed does not have a significant effect on the average power and energy consumed during mixing, the degree of mixing increases as the retention time increases. There is a decrease in energy consumed as the speed increases under a constant retention time while the energy consumed increases as the retention time increases with a constant speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract The contamination of soil by copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) is a serious concern because of its high health risk via the food chain. Oxalic acid-activated phosphate rock (APR) and bone meal (BM) were applied to Cu and Pb co-contaminated soil to investigate their efficacy in the immobilization of Cu and Pb. APR and BM were applied into the contaminated soil (158.8 mg/kg total Pb and 573.2 mg/kg Cu) at four levels of dosages (0.1%, 0.5%, 2%, and 4%) and incubated for one year. The results demonstrated that the acid exchangeable Pb fraction in the soil treated with APR and BM decreased compared to the control, while there was no noticeable change in the acid-exchangeable Cu fraction in the soil treated with either APR or BM. Meanwhile, the application of BM and APR increased the fraction of residual Cu and Pb in the polluted soils. Moreover, the addition of either APR or BM at the dose of 4% decreased the concentrations of CaCl 2 -extractable Cu and Pb in the amended soil, and the percentages of that reduction in the APR amended soils were 56% and 91% and in BM amended soils were 67% and 64%, respectively. The immobilization of Cu and Pb by APR and BM might be induced by the increased soil pH and soluble P contents in the amended soils. In general, BM is more effective than APR on the immobilization of Cu in polluted soil, while APR had greater efficiency than BM on the immobilization of Pb when the levels of amendments were above 2%. Graphical abstract fx1 Highlights • APR and BM significantly increased the soil pH and available phosphorus. • APR and BM transformed soil Pb or Cu from available to relatively stable forms. • BM is better than APR on immobilization of Cu in polluted soil. • APR has higher efficiency than BM to immobilize Pb when the dosages were ≥2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Production of microalgal biomass for feed and fuels demands unsustainable large amounts of fertilizers. The most broadly considered alternative sources of nutrients/fertilizer for microalgae are wastewater and internal recycling in closed-loop production platforms. However, these strategies largely disable co-production of feed and fuel in biomass biorefineries for an increased economic and environmental feasibility. In this study, we aimed at providing proof-of-concept for a semi-closed loop microalgal production-platform and biomass biorefinery for ethanol and feed from renewable resources of N and P. Atmospheric N 2 was assimilated into a N 2 -fixing cyanobacterial biomass, which sustained growth of a microalga that accumulated high levels of carbohydrates (up to 60% (w/w)) as a sole source of fertilizer. The microalgal biomass was efficiently saccharified with H 2 SO 4 , which was recycled to release soluble PO 4 3- from bone meal as a renewable source of P. Fermenting these P-enriched preparations with yeasts quantitatively produced ethanol at theoretical yields, a concentration of up to 50 g ethanol. L−1 and a yield of 0.25 g ethanol. g biomass−1. Calculations suggested a potential yield from 7600 to 10,800 L ethanol. ha−1. year−1, under Buenos Aires environmental conditions, which would be higher than that currently obtained from maize feedstocks. The residual fermentation vinasse, supplemented with P and containing other downstream-process reagents, was recycled as a sole source of macronutrients for the cultivation of the N 2 -fixing cyanobacterium to close the production cycle. Water recycling and co-production of residual biomass enriched in fat and protein as potential feed are also shown. This semi-closed loop biomass production-platform reconciles the concepts of microalgal biomass biorefineries for the co-production of feedstocks for biofuels and feed and nutrients recycling in closed-loop systems that largely minimizes production of waste. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • A multitrophic semi-closed loop biomass production platform is proposed. • N and P fertilizers were produced on site from air and bone meal, respectively. • Ethanol was produced at 0.25 g. g microlgal biomass−1 along with animal feed. • Sulfuric acid integrated biomass saccharification and efficient P recovery. • Nutrients in vinasse and water were recycled to close the production cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytoremediation techniques for heavy metals in soils are inefficient due to phytotoxicity and low bioavailability of heavy metals in soils. Therefore, it is crucial to improve the bioavailability of cadmium (Cd) in soils and plant biomass. In this study, bacteria (L8) with high tolerance to heavy metals were isolated and screened from landfills. Bone meal (BM) was used as an organic amendment to form a synergistic enhancement system with L8 to improve the efficiency of phytoextraction of Cd from soil. A total of four treatments were set up: Control treatment (CK), L8 treatment (T1), 0.5% bone meal treatment (T2), and 0.5% bone meal + L8 treatment (T3). Compared with CK, ryegrass biomass and Cd accumulation in the T3 treatment group increased by 28.36% and 131.81%, respectively. Microbiome and metabolome analyses showed that the combination of bone meal and L8 significantly altered the inter-root microbial community and increased the levels of metabolites associated with the stress response. The combination of bone meal and L8 increased ryegrass biomass and plant detoxification. This was mainly attributed to an increase in the content of amino acids, esters, carbohydrates and sugars in the soil, as well as an increase in antioxidants and soil enzyme activity associated with stress tolerance.The results of this study provide novel insights into efficient remediation of heavy metals in soils, and present a simple and environmentally friendly method to facilitate the mobilization and phytoextraction of Cd from contaminated soils. [Display omitted] • Bone meal and Serratia sp. L8 increased biomass and Cd accumulation by 28.36% and 131.81%, respectively. • Bone meal and Serratia sp. L8 promoted inter-root metabolite production and Cd mobilization. • Bone meal and Serratia sp. L8 enriched key bacterial taxa and induced Cd accumulation. • Bone meal and Serratia sp. L8 significantly increased available Cd content and its mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]