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Context: Long-lever shoulder strength tests may aid clinical decision-making regarding return to sport after a shoulder injury. The Athletic Shoulder Test (AST) was developed to measure force production in 3 positions of shoulder abduction (90°, 135°, and 180°) using force plates. However, handheld dynamometers (HHDs) are more portable, affordable, and may provide valid and reliable results which would increase the clinical utility of long-lever tests. HHDs vary in shape, design, and their capacity to report parameters such as rate of force production and require further investigation. The aim of this study was to examine the intrarater reliability of the Kinvent HHD and assess its validity against Kinvent force plates in the AST. Peak force (in kilograms), torque (in Newton meters), and normalized torque (in Newton meters per kilogram) were reported. Design: Validity and reliability study. Methods: Twenty-seven participants with no history of upper limb injury performed the test in a randomized order using the Kinvent HHD and force plates. Each condition was assessed 3 times, and peak force was recorded. Arm length was measured to calculate peak torque. Normalized peak torque was calculated by dividing torque by bodyweight (in kilograms). Results: The Kinvent HHD is reliable when measuring force (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] ≥.80), torque (ICC ≥.84), and normalized torque (ICC ≥.64) during the AST. The Kinvent HHD is also valid when compared with the Kinvent force plates for force (ICC ≥.79; r ≥.82), torque (ICC ≥.82; r ≥.76), and normalized torque (ICC ≥.71; r ≥.61). There were no statistically significant differences across the 3 trials on analyses of variance (P >.05). Conclusions: The Kinvent HHD is a reliable tool when used to measure force, torque, and normalized torque in the AST. Furthermore, given the lack of significant difference between trials, clinicians can use one test to accurately report relative peak force/torque/normalized torque rather than average 3 separate trials. Finally, the Kinvent HHD is valid when compared with Kinvent force plates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neck adipose tissue (NAT) accumulation and neck circumference are independent predictors of cardiometabolic risk (CMR) and low-grade chronic inflammation in young adults. The present study examines whether a 24-week concurrent exercise intervention can reduce NAT volume and neck circumference in young adults, and whether any changes in these variables are related to changes in body composition, CMR, and the inflammatory profile. Seventy-four participants (51 women, age 22 ± 2 years) were included in the main analyses, after being randomly assigned to either a (a) control (n = 34), (b) moderate-intensity exercise (n = 19), or (c) vigorous-intensity exercise (n = 21) group. Participants in the exercise groups trained 3–4 days/week (endurance + resistance exercise training). NAT volume and NAT distribution across different depots were estimated using computed tomography before and after the intervention. Anthropometric variables, body composition (determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), and CMR/inflammatory markers were also recorded. The exercise intervention did not reduce the total NAT volume, nor was NAT distribution affected (p >.05). However, it did reduce neck circumference in the vigorous-intensity exercise group compared with the moderate-intensity exercise and control groups (by 0.8 and 1 cm, respectively, p ≤.05). Changes in total NAT and neck circumference were positively, albeit weakly, related (adj. R2:.05–.21, all p ≤.05) to changes in body weight and adiposity, leptin (only total NAT), and CMR (only neck circumference). Altogether 24 weeks of concurrent exercise does not appear to reduce NAT accumulation in young adults, but may slightly reduce neck circumference in those who partake in vigorous exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The whole-body vibration (WBV) effects on muscle strength show inconsistent results. Moreover, there is no study about the WBV effect on stiffness, elasticity, and muscle strength. Therefore, the study aimed to examine the effect of WBV exposure with static squat posture on the stiffness, elasticity, and strength of the lower-limb extensor muscles. Material and methods: Forty healthy untrained young adults were divided into WBV and control groups. The experimental group received WBV exposure on 2 nonconsecutive days of the week, for 6 weeks. The MyotonPRO device was used for the assessment of the knee extensor and the ankle dorsiflexors' stiffness and elasticity. Isometric muscle strength was evaluated with a hand-held dynamometer. All measurements were done by the same assessor at baseline, and the following 6 weeks. Results: Significant group-by-time interactions were found for the elasticity scores of the right (d = 0.84, P = .01) and left (d = 0.77, P = .02) ankle dorsiflexors. Similar to the elasticity measurements, significant group-by-time interactions were observed in the muscle strength scores of the right (d = 0.45, P = .046) and left (d = 1.25, P < .001) ankle dorsiflexors. No significant effects were observed in any of the evaluated muscle stiffness measurements (P > .05), and there was no significant group-by-time interaction in knee-extensor muscle strength and elasticity scores (P > .05). Conclusions: The study results indicate that if the ankle dorsiflexor strength and elasticity are desired to be increased, the 6-week WBV exposure in a static squat posture can be used in healthy individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jockeys are unique given that they make weight daily and, therefore, often resort to fasting and dehydration. Through increasing daily food frequency (during energy deficit), we have reported short-term improvements in jockey's body composition. While these changes were observed over 6-12 weeks with food provided, it is unclear whether such improvements can be maintained over an extended period during free-living conditions. We, therefore, assessed jockeys over 5 years using dual X-ray absorptiometry, resting metabolic rate, and hydration measurements. Following dietary and exercise advice, jockeys reduced fat mass from baseline of 7.1 ± 1.4 kg to 6.1 ± 0.7 kg and 6.1 ± 0.6 kg (p < .001) at Years 1 and 5, respectively. In addition, fat-free mass was maintained with resting metabolic rate increasing significantly from 1,500 ± 51 kcal/day at baseline to 1,612 ± 95 kcal/day and 1,620 ± 92 kcal/day (p < .001) at Years 1 and 5, respectively. Urine osmolality reduced from 816 ± 236 mOsmol/L at baseline to 564 ± 175 mOsmol/L and 524 ± 156 mOsmol/L (p < .001) at Years 1 and 5, respectively. The percent of jockeys consuming a regular breakfast significantly increased from 48% at baseline to 83% (p = .009) and 87% (p = .003) at Years 1 and 5, alongside regular lunch from 35% to 92% (p < .001) and 96% (p < .001) from baseline to Years 1 and 5, respectively. In conclusion, we report that improved body composition can be maintained in free-living jockeys over a 5-year period when appropriate guidance has been provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Most balance disorders after total hip arthroplasty require a variety of rehabilitation methods to improve. Body weight support Tai Chi footwork can be used as a safe and effective balance training method. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of body weight support Tai Chi footwork on the balance function of patients after total hip arthroplasty. METHODS: Totally 74 subjects undergoing total hip arthroplasty were recruited and randomly divided into a control group (n=37) and a trial group (n=37). The control group received 30 minutes of body weight support walking training and 60 minutes of routine rehabilitation training; the trial group received 30 minutes of body weight support Tai Chi footwork training and 60 minutes of routine rehabilitation training, once a day, 5 times a week, for 12 consecutive weeks. Before the intervention, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after intervention, the Berg balance scale and the dynamic balance ability test were used to evaluate the balance function. Harris score was used to evaluate the hip joint function, and the fall risk index was used to evaluate the fall risk. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The four observation indicators all showed significant time effects (P < 0.001). (2) Berg balance scale, Harris score and fall risk index all had an interaction effect (P < 0.001), and there was a significant inter-group difference after 12 weeks of intervention (P < 0.001), and the effect of the trial group was better than that of the control group. (3) After 12 weeks of intervention, there was an interaction and group effect in the scores of the front and left directions of the dynamic balance test (P < 0.001), and there were significant group differences in the scores of the overall, front, left and right directions (P < 0.001). (4) The results showed that after 12 weeks of intervention, the balance functions of the trial group and the control group were improved, and the improvement effect of body weight support Tai Chi footwork training was better than body weight support walking training on patients after total hip arthroplasty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Combining different statistical methods to identify dietary patterns (DP) may provide new insights on how diet is associated with adiposity. This study investigated the association of DP derived from three data-driven methods and adiposity indicators over time. Methods: This study used data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). DP were identified at baseline applying three statistical methods: Factor Analysis (FA), Treelet Transform (TT), and Reduced Rank Regression (RRR). The association between DP and adiposity indicators (weight, body mass index, waist circumference, body fat percentage and fat mass index) over the period of 8.2 years of follow-up was assessed by linear mixed-models. Results: Convenience DP, marked by unhealthy food groups, was associated with higher adiposity over the follow-up period, regardless of the method applied. The DP identified by TT and marked by high consumption of rice and beans was associated with lower adiposity, whereas the similar DP identified by FA, but additionally characterised by consumption of poultry and red meat was associated with higher adiposity. Prudent DP, marked by plant-based food groups and fish, identified by FA was associated with lower adiposity across the median follow-up time. Conclusion: Applying different methods to identify DP showed that a convenience DP was associated with higher adiposity independent of the method applied. We also identified the nuances within adherence to a Brazilian traditional dietary pattern characterised by the consumption of rice and beans, that only when combined with reduced consumption of animal protein and unhealthy foods was associated with lower adiposity over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common co-morbidity in patients who receive esophagectomy and has unfavorable effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients. This study examines how weight and glycolipid metabolism change in patients with T2DM following esophagectomy. Methods: This retrospective, one-center, observational analysis with a propensity score matching analysis (PSM) included 114 patients who underwent esophageal surgery in the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force from 2017 to 2020, which were separated into T2DM group and Non-T2DM group. Weight, body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were measured and analyzed before and after the operation. Results: Two groups showed similar reductions in weight and BMI after surgery. In the T2DM group, weight decreased from 63.10(10.31) before surgery to 55.10(11.60) kg at 6 months (P < 0.001) with BMI decreasing from 22.67 (2.90) to 19.77 (3.48); While in the Non-T2DM group, weight decreased from 61.42 (8.46) to 53.19 (9.26) kg at 6 months after surgery with BMI decline from 22.49 (2.77) before operation to 19.45 (3.08) at 6 months after surgery. Fasting plasma glucose levels showed a significant decrease (P = 0.035) in the T2DM group at a six-month point of 7.00 (2.21) mmol/L compared to preoperative levels of 7.67 (2.32) mmol/L. HDL levels increased significantly in the Non-T2DM group at six months postoperatively at 1.52 (0.05) with P < 0.001 compared to preoperative levels of 1.22(0.04) mmol/L. TG, LDL, and TC levels decreased significantly in both groups from the preoperative to the 6-month point. Conclusions: Esophagectomy induces weight loss in T2DM and Non-T2DM groups, improves long-term glucose metabolism in the T2DM group, and enhances lipid metabolism in both groups. Further research is needed to understand their mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clubfoot, also known as congenital talipes equinovarus is a prevalent childhood ailment that, if untreated, can lead to long-term discomfort and impairment. The Ponseti technique, aimed at achieving corrected foot positioning, is widely accepted. This study investigated the influence of clubfoot severity (Pirani score), patient age, and initial manipulation and casting weight on the overall number of casts needed for effective treatment. Methods: A prospective study was carried out involving 40 idiopathic clubfoot patients where manipulation and casting were performed following the Ponseti method. Patient age, weight, and foot Pirani score were evaluated concerning the total number of casts needed to achieve 70° of abduction. Results: The majority of participants were male infants aged 4–6 months, with a median age of 4.5 months. Half of them weighed between 3.00 and 4.99 kg at their first hospital visit, with a median weight of 3.20 kg. Bilateral clubfoot involvement was common (57.5%). Children with Pirani HFCS 2.0–3 often required percutaneous tenotomy (87.5%, p value 0.05). On average, patients needed 5 casts (range 3–9). The mean total Pirani scores were 4.71 for the right foot and 4.61 for the left foot. The study reported a positive correlation between higher total Pirani scores and the required number of casts. Conclusions: The Pirani scoring system is highly accurate in assessing clubfoot severity and predicting treatment success. It emerged as the single most significant predictor for both the total number of casts and the need for percutaneous tenotomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Edema in some subjects worsens over time and wraps help to reduce the leg volume. Material and methods: An adjustable compression wrap was tried on volunteers for 5 h and volumes measured in each limb before and after wrapping using a 3D surface scanner (HandySCAN 3D®) to estimate the volume of the leg. The contralateral leg was used as control. Results: We observed a significant decrease in volume in the wrap legs and an increase in the control legs (p <.001), both in the lower part of leg (p =.001) and in the upper part (p =.001). Conclusions: Using the Readywrap® for 5 hours significantly reduces the leg volume. This study enables Readywrap to be studied in a population that is easy to observe in the context of a research program. The Handyscan3D® was shown accurate and reproducible to assess leg volume in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite receiving significant recent attention, the relevance of structural variation (SV) in driving phenotypic diversity remains understudied, although recent advances in long‐read sequencing, bioinformatics and pangenomic approaches have enhanced SV detection. We review the role of SVs in shaping phenotypes in avian model systems, and identify some general patterns in SV type, length and their associated traits. We found that most of the avian SVs so far identified are short indels in chickens, which are frequently associated with changes in body weight and plumage colouration. Overall, we found that relatively short SVs are more frequently detected, likely due to a combination of their prevalence compared to large SVs, and a detection bias, stemming primarily from the widespread use of short‐read sequencing and associated analytical methods. SVs most commonly involve non‐coding regions, especially introns, and when patterns of inheritance were reported, SVs associated primarily with dominant discrete traits. We summarise several examples of phenotypic convergence across different species, mediated by different SVs in the same or different genes and different types of changes in the same gene that can lead to various phenotypes. Complex rearrangements and supergenes, which can simultaneously affect and link several genes, tend to have pleiotropic phenotypic effects. Additionally, SVs commonly co‐occur with single‐nucleotide polymorphisms, highlighting the need to consider all types of genetic changes to understand the basis of phenotypic traits. We end by summarising expectations for when long‐read technologies become commonly implemented in non‐model birds, likely leading to an increase in SV discovery and characterisation. The growing interest in this subject suggests an increase in our understanding of the phenotypic effects of SVs in upcoming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To provide a detailed description of the development of the first case of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) to be reported in the literature worldwide. This report describes the case of a child with CZS monitored from pregnancy until four years of age, with periodic evaluations of head circumference, weight, height, motor function according to the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-88), and the occurrence of comorbidities. The child's birth weight and length were normal (z-score = 1.1 and −1.95, respectively), while head circumference was below the expected value (z-score = −3.15). At 48 months, head circumference reached 43 cm (z-score = −4.48). During daily home physiotherapy sessions, the child achieved developmental milestones, standing unsupported at 17 months, with a GMFM-88x score of 137. With specialist therapy, the child walked independently at 36 months and a total GMFM-66 score of 214 was achieved by 42 months. In the four years of follow-up, the child was hospitalized four times for different reasons. No convulsive seizures occurred. Despite severe neurological impairment, the child's weight and height are adequate for age, with motor and cognitive function improving over the first four years of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How the weight-bearing asymmetry pattern and related maximum lateral weight-bearing capacity, physical functions, balance, and mobility involved in weight-bearing asymmetry and lesions are related to weight-bearing asymmetry in patients with early-onset stroke remains unclear. To investigate the difference between weight-bearing in the early phase after stroke categorized as symmetrical or nonsymmetrical regarding impairments, balance, walking, and independence, and any lesion location difference. This cross-sectional study included 46 persons with hemiparetic stroke within 3 weeks from onset undergoing inpatient rehabilitation and classified into symmetrical, paretic, and non-paretic groups. We performed posturographic, functional, mobility, and lesion location assessments on participants once the evaluation was possible. The symmetrical, paretic, and non-paretic groups included 14, 11, and 21 patients, respectively. The non-paretic group had lesser mean % body weight in maximum lateral weight-bearing to the paretic direction (79% versus 55%, p <.001), motor function of the hip lower limb (64 versus 58, p =.003) per the Stroke Impairment Assessment Set, Trunk Impairment Scale (18 versus 15, p =.020), and Berg Balance Scale (42 versus 32, p =.047) than the paretic group with more lesions in the insula (55% versus 0%, p <.001) and parietal cortex (36% versus 0%, p =.009) than the non-paretic group. The non-paretic group had low dynamic balance, severe motor paresis, and trunk dysfunction. The paretic group had lesions in the insula or parietal cortex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike intake and output documentation, which is often inaccurate and inconsistent, daily weight measurement is a reliable method to assess fluid volume status. Daily weight assessment and monitoring are crucial for preventing volume overload in patients receiving chemotherapy in the inpatient setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Obesity is a state of increased adipose tissue, not body weight. • BMI inaccurately diagnoses obesity when compared to the determination of body fat%. • We propose a new classification system combining actual BF% and waist circumference. • This system allows to gradually estimating the cardiometabolic risk of the patients. The estimation of obesity-associated cardiometabolic risk does not usually take into account body composition or the distribution of adiposity. The aim of the present study was to assess the clinical usefulness of a novel obesity phenotyping system based on the combination of actual body fat percentage (BF%) and waist circumference (WC) according to the cardiometabolic risk estimation. A classification matrix combining BF% and WC as measures of both amount and distribution of adiposity establishing nine body phenotypes (3 BF% x 3 WC) was developed. Individuals were grouped in five different cardiometabolic risk phenotypes. We conducted a validation study in a large cohort of White subjects from both genders representing a wide range of ages and adiposity (n = 12,754; 65 % females, aged 18–88 years). The five risk groups using the matrix combination of BF% and WC exhibited a robust linear distribution regarding cardiometabolic risk, estimated by the Metabolic Syndrome Severity Score, showing a continuous increase between groups with significant differences (P < 0.001) among them, as well as in other cardiometabolic risk factors. An additional 24 % of patients at very high risk was detected with the new classification system proposed (P < 0.001) as compared to an equivalent matrix using BMI and WC instead of BF% and WC. A more detailed phenotyping should be a priority in the diagnosis and management of patients with obesity. Our classification system allows to gradually estimate the cardiometabolic risk according to BF% and WC, thus representing a novel and useful tool for both research and clinical practice. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The association between birth order and adverse perinatal outcomes has been well studied in twin pregnancies. However, little is known about the differences in immediate perinatal outcomes as well as long‐term hospitalization of the offspring in triplet pregnancies according to their birth order. As such, we aimed to assess the differences in immediate perinatal outcomes and long‐term hospitalizations among triplets by their birth order. Methods: In a retrospective hospital‐based cohort study, immediate perinatal outcomes and long‐term hospitalizations were compared among triplet siblings according to their birth order. Deliveries occurred between the years 1991 and 2021 in a tertiary medical center. The study groups were followed until 18 years of age for cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, and infection‐related hospitalizations. Generalized estimation equation (GEE) models were used to control for confounders. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were used to compare cumulative long‐term hospitalization incidences and Cox proportional hazards models were performed to control for confounders. Results: The study included 117 triplet deliveries. Rates of small for gestational age (SGA) infants increased linearly by birth order (6.0%, 7.7%, and 15.4% for the first, second, and third siblings, respectively; p‐value for trends = 0.035). Using a GEE model controlling for maternal age, being born third in a triplet pregnancy was independently associated with SGA (third vs. first sibling, adjusted OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.38–6.59, p = 0.005). No significant differences in cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, and infection‐related hospitalizations were noted among the first, second, and third siblings. Likewise, using Kaplan–Meier survival analyses, no significant differences in the cumulative incidence of long‐term pediatric hospitalizations were noted between the siblings. In Cox proportional hazards models, controlling for weight and gender, birth order in a triplet pregnancy did not exhibit an association with long‐term hospitalizations of the offspring. Conclusion: Despite the association between birth order and SGA, birth order in triplets does not seem to have an impact on the risk for long‐term offspring hospitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is a prevalent condition. The change in glucose control and body weight with the use of once-weekly semaglutide was evaluated in individuals with Type 2 diabetes in Colombia. Methods: This was a real-world, multi-centre, single-arm study involving adults in Colombia with Type 2 diabetes treated with once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide for approximately 26 weeks. The primary endpoint assessed the change in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) from baseline to end of study. Secondary endpoints included changes in body weight from baseline to end of study. The study also explored the proportion of participants achieving predefined HbA1c targets and weight-loss responses at the end of the study. Results: Data from 225 patients across 11 centers were collected. Most patients were women (65%), and the mean age of the population was 57 years with a median HbA1c of 7.6% and a median body weight of 86 kg. After approximately 26 weeks, semaglutide was associated with a significant reduction in HbA1c of − 0.88 and a body weight reduction of − 4.04kg. The proportion of patients with HbA1c < 7% increased from 32 to 66% at end of study. Conclusion: Patients treated with once-weekly semaglutide experienced a clinically significant reduction in HbA1c and body weight. These results are in line with previous clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Efficacy and safety of the fixed ratio combination of insulin degludec and liraglutide (IDegLira) has been largely documented. However, long-term data are limited. This study aimed at describing persistence in therapy and the effectiveness at 48 months of IDegLira. Methods: We conducted an observational study based on retrospective chart review. All patients treated with IDegLira during 2018–2022 were included. Data on treatment approaches and clinical outcomes were collected at the first prescription of IDegLira (T0) and after 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 months. Results: Overall, 156 patients (mean age 68 years, 64.1% men) started IDegLira, of whom 88 (56.4%) were previously treated with basal-oral therapy (BOT) and 68 (43.6%) with basal-bolus schemes (BB). Before starting IDegLira, 23.8% were treated with ≥ 2 oral antihyperglycemic agents in association with insulin; at T0, the proportion decreased to 3.2%. Short-acting insulin was discontinued after the first week. After 48 months, levels of HbA1c were significantly reduced by 1.34% in the BOT group and 1.07% in the BB group (p < 0.0001 in both groups). In the BOT group, FBG levels decreased by about 50 mg/dl and body weight was unchanged. In the BB group, FBG levels decreased by about 40 mg/dl and body weight was significantly reduced by an average of 7.7 kg. Five patients (3.2%) interrupted therapy with IDegLira during 48 months, and no severe hypoglycemia occurred. Conclusions: Our study emphasizes the important role of IDegLira in maintaining a good metabolic control while minimizing the risk of major hypoglycemia and weight gain in the long term. The substantial simplification of treatment schemes can increase adherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to identify reliable predictors of haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction and weight loss within 6 months after treatment with exenatide. Methods: A total of 343 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were examined and followed up for 12 months. The study patients were divided into two groups: responders and non-responders, which were defined based on their glycemic control (responders: HbA1c reduction of ≥ 1.0%) and weight response (responders: weight loss of ≥ 3%) within 6 months after exenatide administration. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the predictors associated with exenatide response, and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted to assess the predictive ability of the identified factors. Results: Of the 148 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 53 (35.81%) were responders and 95 (64.19%) were non-responders. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that baseline HbA1c, baseline weight, and duration of diabetes were significant predictors of glycemic and weight responses to exenatide. The area under the curve of the ROC for the predictors of HbA1c and weight responses within 6 months after exenatide initiation was 0.765 (95% confidence interval: 0.686–0.845). Conclusion: Baseline HbA1c, baseline weight, and duration of diabetes may serve as predictors for glycemic and weight responses to exenatide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study investigated the impact on male mouse fertility and reproduction of long‐term (14 weeks) exposure to triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), a co‐monomer of resin‐based compounds, at doses of 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 ppm. Test and control mice were then paired with sexually mature untreated female mice and their fertility evaluated. Females paired with males exposed to all TEGDMA doses exhibited a significant decline in pregnancy rates, and significant increases in the total embryonic resorption‐to‐implantation ratio, except for males exposed to 0.01 ppm TEGDMA. Males in the highest dose group (10 ppm) showed significant increases in seminal vesicle and preputial gland weights. They also had significantly higher serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) than the controls, and the 0.01 ppm dosage group for FSH levels. TEGDMA exposure resulted in notable histopathological alterations in the testis, with detachment of germ cells and shedding of germinal epithelium into the tubule lumen. These results strongly indicate that TEGDMA exposure has detrimental consequences on the reproductive abilities and functions in male mice through disruption of the standard hormonal regulation of the reproductive system, leading to changes in spermatogenesis and ultimately leading to decreased fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Reducing ultra‐processed foods (UPF) improves diet quality and may curb energy consumption. This study aimed to compare an intervention based on the reduction of UPF, according to the Dietary Guideline for the Brazilian Population (DGBP), with and without advice on energy intake. A parallel and randomised controlled trial was carried out with children with obesity from 7 to 12 years old. Both control (CG) and intervention groups (IG) participated monthly in 6 standardised educational activities based on the 10 steps of the DGBP. An individualised food plan was also provided to the IG. The rate of change for body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, body weight, and UPF consumption were investigated based on mixed‐effect models. At the end of the study, the BMI declined in the IG (Δ = −0.27 kg/m2) compared to the CG (Δ = + 0.53 kg/m2) (p =.0002). Both groups showed a decline in grams of UPF until the fourth month and a gradual increase in the following months. Combining the qualitative approach of the DGBP with counselling on energy restriction through the diet plan proved to be effective in reducing childhood obesity. Clinical Trial Registration: This trial is registered at the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (REBEC), under the RBR‐3st5sn registry, available at http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-3st5sn/. The datasets generated by the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Body mass index (BMI) is used to screen for under‐ or overweight. However, it is unknown whether BMI‐screening in school children reduces the incidence of overweight and obesity. We aimed to summarise the knowledge on positive and negative consequences on BMI and weight‐related perceptions and behaviours of BMI‐screening followed by an intervention to prevent and/or address obesity. We performed a systematic literature search, April 2023, using the PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar databases. We included randomised controlled trials and observational studies, including children aged 6 to 18 years and examining BMI‐screening in a school setting. The primary outcome measures were BMI and weight status. Secondary outcome measures were weight‐related perceptions and behaviours. Three studies met the inclusion criteria; two randomised controlled trials and one observational study. All studies used BMI‐screening followed by sending report cards to the parents. None of the studies found a change in BMI z‐scores in school children. Screening could cause transitory body‐dissatisfaction and increase peer weight talk, yet potentially reduce problematic weight behaviours like skipping meals or excessive dieting. Reporting BMI to parents may influence their perception of their children's weight status, but does not change behaviour. The sparse evidence available suggested that BMI screening followed by sending report cards to parents does not change BMI z‐scores among children in primary, middle and high school. Studies using appropriate evidence‐based weight management interventions as a follow‐up are lacking. Such studies may improve future prevention, detection and treatment of weight‐related issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The aim of the study was to examine perceived stress as a mediator of the association between weight‐related discrimination and physical and psychological well‐being among persons with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: Data were obtained from 5104 persons with self‐reported T2D participating in the All of Us research programme in the United States. The Everyday Discrimination Scale, Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and PROMIS Global Health Scale were used to measure weight‐related discrimination, perceived stress and health outcomes (physical and psychological), respectively. Mediation effects of PSS were tested by bootstrapping with 5000 random samples. Results: Participants were, on average, 63.62 (SD 11.38) years old. Majority of them were female (55.53%), non‐Hispanic White (72.61%), married or living with a partner (56.92%), had a household income of <$35,000 (31.99%) and had some college education (33.54%). We found that approximately 18% of study participants reported having experienced weight‐related discrimination. We also found that weight‐related discrimination was independently associated with poor physical and psychological well‐being. These associations were partially mediated by perceived stress such that weight‐related discrimination was associated with greater perceived stress, which was in turn associated with poorer physical and psychological well‐being. Conclusions: Given that weight‐related discrimination is associated with poor outcomes through elevated stress, interventions that target stress may disrupt this pathway thereby helping to reduce the health impact of weight‐related discrimination. This assertion should, however, be tested in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To explore the feasibility and potential benefits of a peer support programme for adults with insulin‐treated type 2 diabetes (T2D) starting continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Methods: This part of the Steno2tech study is an exploratory, single‐centre, open‐labelled, prospective, randomised controlled trial (RCT). A total of 60 participants were randomised 2:1 to 12 months of CGM with or without peer support. All participants received a 3‐h diabetes self‐management education course including a CGM part on how to use the CGM and interpret the CGM‐derived data. Peer support consisted of three 3‐h peer support meetings over the first 6 months of the study period with groups of three to six people. The exploratory outcomes included the acceptability and feasibility of the peer support intervention, and the between‐group difference in change in several glycaemic, metabolic and participant‐reported outcomes measured at baseline, 6 and 12 months. Results: The peer support intervention was found acceptable and feasible. Participants shared their experiences of using and interpreting CGM data and its association with health behaviour. While both groups had improvements in glycaemic, metabolic and participant‐reported outcomes, there were no significant between‐group differences. Conclusions: Although feasible, we found no measured additional benefits when adding a peer support programme after starting CGM in this exploratory RCT including adults with insulin‐treated T2D. Understanding the perceived effect of and preferences for a peer support intervention from the participants' points of view, including why individuals declined to participate, would be of value for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voltinism and life‐history traits of the invasive fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda were investigated under semi‐natural conditions for a period of 2 years. The FAW invaded the corn field in the suburbs of Nanchang (28°46′ N, 115°50′ E) in early summer and produced six complete generations. FAW had the characteristics of short developmental time, high survival rates and strong fecundity. The development time of female pupae was significantly faster than that of male pupae, resulting in the emergence of female pupae earlier than male pupae. Except for the sixth generation in 2021, there was no significant difference between female and male sex ratio, which was close to 1:1. FAW showed male‐bias sexual size dimorphism with male pupae being significantly larger than female pupae. Unlike pupal weight, in most generations, male adult weighed significantly less than females, because the weight loss of male pupae during metamorphosis was significantly greater than that of female pupae. The temporal variation of pupal weight did not conform to the temperature–size rule. Compared with 22.8°C, the 29.2°C high temperature not only significantly reduced the development time of larvae but also significantly increased pupal weight. The adult fecundity feeding on fresh corn leaves was higher than that feeding on live corn plants in most generations. In most generations, pupal weight was positively correlated with larval development time and adult weight was positively correlated with fecundity. In conclusion, climate differences between generations and years have significant effects on developmental time, body weight, sexual size dimorphism and fecundity of the FAW. These results add to the understanding of the evolution of life‐history traits in the FAW and may have important implications for predicting population dynamics of the FAW and optimising control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Early entry into nonparental care (NPC) and introduction to solid foods (ITS) have been linked to elevated weight, however, little research exists on the combined influence of these transitions on child weight over time. Objectives: Identify groups of children based on early NPC and ITS timing and examine whether NPC‐ITS groups differentially affect child weight over time. Method: Data were drawn from STRONG Kids2 (n = 468). Primary predictors include NPC (by 3M)‐ITS (< or ≥6M) groups; outcome variables include child weight‐for‐length/height z‐scores (WFL/WFHz) (3, 12, 18, and 24 months). Multilevel regression was used to examine the NPC‐ITS groups as predictors of child WFL/WFHz. Results: Six groups were identified: 27% Parental Care‐ITS before 6M, 31% Parental Care‐ITS after 6M, 12% Daycare‐ITS before 6M, 14% Daycare‐ITS after 6M, 10% Kincare‐ITS before 6M, and 7% Kincare‐ITS after 6M. Children who were in daycare (regardless of ITS) or kincare‐ITS before 6M demonstrated the highest WFL/WFHz over time, compared to their parental care counterparts. Conclusions: NPC‐ITS combinations on child WFL/WFHz across the first 2 years of life highlight the need for a partnership approach among parental and nonparental caregivers to support the feeding of infants throughout the transition to solid foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Obesity is prevalent among children and adults. Yet, understanding the relationship between parent and child weight trajectories is limited. Objective: (1) Examine the association between parent/child undesirable body mass index (BMI) category change. (2) Assess whether parental BMI category predicts child modified BMI z‐score (mBMIz) annual change. Methods: We conducted a cross‐sectional study of weight trajectories of 3821 parent–child dyads between March 2020 and December 2021 within the NYC Health + Hospitals system. Undesirability of child and parental BMI category change and the magnitude of mBMIz change by parental BMI are analysed. Results: Of 3821 children (mean [SD] baseline age, 9.84 [3.51]), 1889 were female. Of the 3220 parents (mean [SD] baseline age, 39.9 [8.51]), 2988 were female. Most children (53.52%) and parents (81.94%) presented with overweight and obesity. Undesirable BMI change in children was associated with concordant change in parents (adjusted OR: 1.7, 95% CI [1.45, 2.01], adjusted p < 0.001). Children of parents with obesity (adjusted coef: 0.076, 95% CI [0.004, 0.147], p < 0.038) and severe obesity (adjusted coef: 0.1317, 95% CI [0.024, 0.239], adjusted p < 0.016) demonstrated greater change in mBMIz than those of parents with normal weight or underweight. Conclusion: Parents and children have concordant weight trajectories, and public health interventions targeting both populations are essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis with the aim of synthesizing existing data on the efficacy and safety of topiramate as an adjunctive treatment for reducing second‐generation antipsychotic (SGA)‐associated weight gain in children aged 4–18 years. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, PsychNet and Web of Science from time of their inception up to 12 February 2024, including randomized controlled trials that compared SGA treatment with and without topiramate co‐administration in children. The primary outcomes were changes in body weight and body mass index (BMI). Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics. Results: This systematic review included five randomized trials, totalling 139 participants (43.9% female; mean [SD] age 11.9 [3.5] years). Four of these trials were included in the meta‐analysis, comprising 116 subjects. We found that topiramate was significantly effective both in reducing SGA‐associated weight gain, with a mean difference of −2.80 kg (95% confidence interval [CI] −5.28 to −0.31; p = 0.037, I2 = 86.7%) and a standardized mean difference (SMD) of −1.33 (95% CI −2.14 to −0.51; p = 0.014, I2 = 31.7%), and in reducing BMI change compared to placebo (SMD −1.90, 95% CI −3.09 to −0.70; p = 0.02, I2 = 0%). Sedation risk was lower with topiramate than with placebo (odds ratio 0.19, 95% CI 0.11–0.32; p < 0.01, I2 = 0%). No significant differences were found in dropouts, any other side effects, and metabolic parameters, such as triglycerides, total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein, high‐density lipoprotein, and glucose. None of the included studies reported assessments on cognitive side effects. Conclusion: This meta‐analysis suggests that topiramate is an effective and safe option for mitigating SGA‐associated weight gain in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To compare weight loss outcomes between patients starting semaglutide who had previously been on another anti‐obesity medication (AOM) compared to those who were AOM‐naïve. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective study in patients with overweight or obesity taking semaglutide for weight loss for a duration of 3 to 12 months. Our primary endpoint was assessment of percentage of total body weight loss (TBWL) in patients who started semaglutide as their first AOM (AOM‐naïve) compared to those who started semaglutide and had previously taken another AOM (non‐AOM‐naïve). The secondary outcome was a comparison of the proportions of patients achieving ≥5%, ≥10%, ≥15% and ≥20% TBWL between the groups. Our endpoints were analysed using independent t‐tests and ANOVA/ANCOVA for continuous variables and Pearson's test for categorical variables. Results: This study included 305 patients. Outcomes of semaglutide treatment were superior in AOM‐naïve patients (n = 231) compared to non‐AOM‐naïve patients (n = 74) at 3 (6.3% vs. 3.8%), 6 (10.6% vs. 6.7%), 9 (14.0% vs. 9.1%) and 12 months (14.3% vs. 10.6%; p < 0.0001 at 3, 6 and 9 months, and p = 0.01 at 12 months). A greater proportion of patients in the AOM‐naïve group achieved a TBWL ≥ 15% (48% vs 21%; p = 0.02) and ≥20% (27% vs 4% p < 0.01) at 12 months. Conclusion: The use of semaglutide in patients with previous intake of other AOMs was associated with inferior weight loss outcomes in comparison to patients who were AOM‐naïve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately one in five college women experience a sexual assault (SA), though a meaningful percentage of survivors do not acknowledge or label their experience as such. Research indicates that acknowledgment status is often influenced by how closely SA incidents align with the "real rape" script and degree of survivor rape myth acceptance (RMA). However, studies evaluating acknowledgment paired with other attitudes and health outcomes among survivors is sparse. The current study examined the relation between acknowledgment status, RMA, weight-related constructs, and psychological well-being among three groups of college women (N = 584): non-survivors, unacknowledged survivors, and acknowledged survivors. Findings indicate that, among survivors, acknowledged compared to unacknowledged SA is significantly associated with diminished body appreciation, self-esteem, and increased internalized weight bias, though no differences in psychological distress were found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild bees are facing many environmental challenges that are reshaping their distributions and even causing extinctions. One of the common threats is climate change leading to a higher frequency of extreme climatic events such as heat waves. We focused on the bee fauna of the eastern Mediterranean country of Lebanon and assessed intra- and interspecific variability of the heat stress resistance in correlation with dry body weight, altitude, and collection date. We used the time before heat stupor (THS) at 40 °C in semi-controlled conditions as a proxy for heat resistance. We found significant interspecific differences in heat resistance, and a positive correlation with dry weight in some taxa. At the intraspecific level, there was a significant difference in heat resistance between sexes for some species. Also, dry/fresh weights, altitude, and collection date were correlated to a higher heat resistance in some taxa. In the context of global changes, we argue that we need heat tolerance metrics for a better understanding of bee decline and to enhance conservation measures at regional scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The reduction of muscle mass and strength commonly observed after bariatric surgery might negatively affect the individual physical function. Muscle quality is also of functional relevance in different populations, but its significance in patients who underwent bariatric surgery has yet to be explored. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between muscle strength and quality with physical function in women mid- to long-term after Roux-en-Y gastroplasty (RYGB). METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 133 women (43.7 ± 9.9 years) who have undergone RYGB at least two years before the study were included. All participants underwent body composition evaluation using DEXA and knee extensors peak moment (PM) using an isokinetic dynamometer. Muscle quality (MQ) was obtained through the ratio between absolute PM and dominant leg fat-free mass. Physical function was measured through the 30-second sit-to-stand (30-STS), 6-minute walking (6-MWT), and timed up-and-go (TUG) tests. RESULTS: Differences between PM tertiles were observed for 30-STS and 6-MWT tests. However, statistical significance disappeared when adjusting for age. Regarding PM relative to body weight, all functional tests were significantly different between tertiles. Comparing functional performance according to MQ tertiles, differences were found for 30-STS and 6-MWT tests, but significance disappeared when adjusting for age. Absolute PM was correlated to the 30-STS performance and 6-MWT, while PM relative to body mass and MQ were correlated with all functional tests. CONCLUSIONS: Muscle strength and quality seem to be associated with physical function in women mid-to-long-term after RYGB, but strength relative to bodyweight outperformed absolute strength and MQ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to explore the influence of transient pressure fluctuation inside high-speed trains passing throught tunnels on the fetal growth of Sprague – Dawley (SD) rats. A pressure variation simulation system was designed and exposure experiments were performed on SD rats. Forty-eight SD rats are divided into two control groups and two experimental groups, and are then exposed to transient pressure alternation (−1200 Pa ~1200 Pa) from gestation day 0 to gestation day 5 (GD 0–5). Fetal growth and development indicators on GD12 and GD18 between experimental and control groups were compared. Statistical results showed that, compared to the control group, the key indicators in the experimental group, including placental weight, placental diameter, fetal weight, and crown-to-rump length have decreased by 4.77%, 3.38%, 6.20%, and 3.75% respectively on GD18. The findings imply that the pressure fluctuation environment of high-speed trains has potential effects on the fetal growth of SD rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: That we all weigh something is a fact of life, yet the material reality of weight is refracted through multiple layers of surveillance revealing contradictions in experience and understanding, depending on one's vantage point. We explored the complexities of weight with the specific aim of furthering understanding of this multifaceted surveillance. Methods and Measures: We used hermeneutics, the philosophy and practice of interpretation, as the method of inquiry. Ten experts by experience and seven professional experts participated in interviews, which were audio- recorded, transcribed, and analyzed. Interpretations were developed through group discussions among the eight authors and reiterative writing. Results: Using the metaphor of optics, we demonstrate how the interplay of the panopticon (the few watching the many) and synopticon (the many watching the few) help us gain a deeper understanding of weight through "fitting in," being "captured by numbers," "dieting: the tyrannic tower," and "the male gaze." Conclusion: Monitoring and judging body weight have become so normative in Western society that "weight watching" practices are synonymous with good citizenship and moral character. This study offers insight about how weight is conceptualized in personal and professional contexts, with implications for body image, dieting, eating disorders, public health, and weight bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) has the potential to treat diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and obesity. However, the evidence from previous studies is not consistent. Objectives: This meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy of products derived from artichokes on blood glucose, lipid level, blood pressure, and anthropometric parameters. Methodology: The literature was reviewed via international databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus). A total of 21 RCTs with high quality, assessed by the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool, were included. Results: Artichoke was linked to a significant reduction in fasting blood sugar (FBS) (WMD: −3.76 mg/dL: 95%CI −7.31, −0.22), insulin level (WMD: −1.35 mIU/L: 95%CI −2.29, −0.41), and HOMA-IR (WMD: −1.00: 95%CI −1.95, −0.06). Similar results were observed for LDL-c (WMD: −12.94 mg/dL: 95%CI −18.02, −7.87), total cholesterol (TC) (WMD: −19.64 mg/dL: 95%CI −23.94, −15.35), and triglyceride (TG) (WMD: −13.36 mg/dL: 95%CI −19.06, −7.66). Moreover, participants who administered artichoke experienced a significant reduction in SBP (WMD: −1.59 mmHg: 95%CI −3.02, −0.16), body weight (BW) (WMD: −1.17 kg: 95%CI −1.75, −0.60), and BMI (WMD: −0.30 kg/m2: 95%CI −3.02, −0.16). Conclusion: Artichoke may improve blood glucose, lipid profile, blood pressure, and anthropometric parameters. A large, well-designed RCT and head-to-head comparison using a standardized preparation of artichoke will provide definitive data on specific participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of this investigation was to assess the subacute oral toxicity of the Pankajakasthuri Orthoherb Tablets, a polyherbal formulation used to manage pain and inflammation due to various pathological reasons, including osteoarthrosis, polyarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and other chronic degenerative disorders. Materials and Methods: The subacute toxicity studies of Pankajakasthuri Orthoherb Tablets were conducted using Wistar albino rats of both sexes, according to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development-approved procedures. In this study, rats were orally administered Pankajakasthuri Orthoherb Tablets daily at doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg body weight for 28 days. Throughout the study period, general behavior, mortality, and adverse effects were recorded. Body weight, selected hematological and clinical chemistry parameters were determined at the end of the investigation period. Finally, histopathological analysis was performed to determine whether the study drug was inducing any alternations in the vital organs. Results: Daily administration of Pankajakasthuri Orthoherb Tablets for a continuous 28 days did not record any major toxicity indications. Additionally, no significant variation in food and water consumption, body weight, relative organs and hematology and clinical chemistry parameters was recorded in both sexes compared to the control. Histopathological investigation of the vital organs also revealed normal architecture, which suggests no morphological alterations after the administration of Pankajakasthuri Orthoherb Tablets. Conclusion: The outcomes of this investigation confirmed that Pankajakasthuri Orthoherb Tablets did not have the potential to induce toxicity signs in the experimental rats. The No observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for female and male rats of Pankajakasthuri Orthoherb Tablets under these experimental conditions was 500 mg/kg body weight. Based on the NOAEL, the human equivalent dose of the Pankajakasthuri Orthoherb Tablet was calculated at 5.195 g/day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately 5,700 people are diagnosed with myeloma each year in the UK. The standard of care is to receive an autologous stem cell transplant after completion of induction therapy. There are no specific dietary recommendations for people with myeloma, however they are at risk of malnutrition due to symptoms and side effects of treatments. This report describes the journey of a 73-year-old male diagnosed with immunoglobulin A (IgA) lambda myeloma in April 2021. The patient lost 23% of his body weight during 6 months of systemic anti-cancer treatment (SACT), resulting in postponing his transplant twice due to reduced fitness. This report describes an effective, although late, multidisciplinary intervention which was successful for the patient who managed to reestablish a healthy weight and good quality of life. The patient received his transplant in January 2023. This case highlights two important aspects of patient care that should not be underestimated in dietetic clinical practice: early screening and multidisciplinary collaboration. Monitoring the nutritional status of patients and providing early nutrition support can prevent hospital admissions, treatment delays and reduce the associated costs. Multidisciplinary teamwork can improve patient care and clinical outcomes, and it is fundamental to strengthen communication and collaboration among clinical disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Weight regain after weight loss is a challenge in obesity management. The metabolic changes and underlying mechanisms in obese people with weight fluctuation remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we aimed to profile the features and clinical significance of liver transcriptome in obese mice with weight regain after weight loss. Methods: The male C57BL/6J mice were fed with standard chow diet or high-fat diet (HFD). After 9 weeks, the HFD-induced obese mice were randomly divided into weight gain (WG), weight loss (WL) and weight regain (WR) group. After 10 weeks of dietary intervention, body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG), intraperitoneal glucose tolerance, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (T-CHO) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured. Morphological structure and lipid droplet accumulation in the liver were observed by H&E staining and oil red O staining, respectively. The liver transcriptome was detected by RNA sequencing. Protein expressions of liver cytochrome P450 3a11 (Cyp3a11) and E4 promoter-binding protein 4 (E4bp4) were determined by Western blot. Results: After 10 weeks of dietary intervention, the body weight, FBG, glucose area under the curve, T-CHO and LDL-C in WL group were significantly lower than those in WG group (P < 0.05). At 4 weeks of HFD re-feeding, the mice in WR group presented body weight and T-CHO significantly lower than those in WG group, whereas higher than those in WL group (P < 0.05). Hepatic vacuolar degeneration and lipid droplet accumulation in the liver were significantly alleviated in WL group and WR group, compared to those in WG group. The liver transcriptome associated with lipid metabolism was significantly altered during weight fluctuation in obese mice. Compared with those in WG group, Cyp3a11 in the liver was significantly upregulated, and E4bp4 was significantly downregulated in WL and WR groups. Conclusion: Obese mice experience weight regain after weight loss by HFD re-feeding, but their glucose and lipid metabolism disorders are milder than those induced by the persistence of obesity. Downregulated E4bp4 and upregulated Cyp3a11 are detected in obese mice after weight loss, suggesting that the E4bp4-Cyp3a11 axis may involved in metabolic mechanisms underlying weight regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restoring wild communities of large herbivores is critical for the conservation of biodiverse ecosystems, but environmental changes in the twenty-first century could drastically affect the availability of habitats. We projected future habitat dynamics for 18 wild large herbivores in Europe and the relative future potential patterns of species richness and assemblage mean body weight considering four alternative scenarios of socioeconomic development in human society and greenhouse gas emissions (SSP1–RCP2.6, SSP2–RCP4.5, SSP3–RCP7.0, SSP5–RCP8.5). Under SSP1–RCP2.6, corresponding to a transition towards sustainable development, we found stable habitat suitability for most species and overall stable assemblage mean body weight compared to the present, with an average increase in species richness (in 2100: 3.03 ± 1.55 compared to today′s 2.25 ± 1.31 species/area). The other scenarios are generally unfavourable for the conservation of wild large herbivores, although under the SSP5–RCP8.5 scenario there would be increase in species richness and assemblage mean body weight in some southern regions (e.g. + 62.86 kg mean body weight in Balkans/Greece). Our results suggest that a shift towards a sustainable socioeconomic development would overall provide the best prospect of our maintaining or even increasing the diversity of wild herbivore assemblages in Europe, thereby promoting trophic complexity and the potential to restore functioning and self-regulating ecosystems. This article is part of the theme issue 'Ecological novelty and planetary stewardship: biodiversity dynamics in a transforming biosphere'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 171-day long experimental trial was undertaken to study intricate physiological response of rohu (Labeo rohita) under stress caused by high stocking density in In-pond raceways system (IPRS). Fingerlings of rohu (initial body weight: 250 ± 1.20 g) were cultured at three different stocking densities; low density (LD) (2.27 kg/m3), medium density (MD) (3.79 kg/m3) and high density (HD) (5.30 kg/m3) in raceways of IPRS production system. Each treatment was in triplicate. Fish growth exhibited a decline in HD treatment statistically as its average weight gain/fish/day was 4.21 g as compared to MD (4.82 g) and LD (4.74 g). Nutritional profile of rohu indicated by the content of crude protein, fatty acids, and profile of amino acids was up to the set dietary benchmarks. Survival rate of fish in all the treatment groups was greater than 99%. The elevated cortisol levels observed in the HD treatment in contrast to the other treatments suggested the presence of stress. The levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were also higher in HD as compared to other treatments. However, there were no difference in the level of MDA between the three treatments. Activity of amylase, protease was significantly different in treatment whereas the difference in lipase activity was found to be insignificant. It can be concluded that medium stocking density i.e. 3.79 kg/m3 outperformed the high density (5.30 kg/m3) in different aspects of this study. Nevertheless, additional research is imperative to ascertain whether any intermediate stocking density between medium (3.79 kg/m3) and high (5.30 kg/m3) such as 4 kg/m3, 4.5 kg/m3, or 5 kg/m3, could potentially serve as suitable options for rohu. It is also suggested that brood stock of rohu should be genetically improved to obtain stress resilient fingerlings which will perform better at high stocking density at large scale production level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Limited studies are available on vitamin D supplementation in dogs. This study evaluates the effect of a commercial vitamin D3 supplement on serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D as well as selected biochemical and hematological parameters in healthy dogs. Eight intact male adult dogs with a mean body weight of 20 kg from mixed breeds were included in the study. After adaptation period, dogs received vitamin D3 supplement at the dose of 50 IU/kg body weight per day. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 14, 28 and 42 of supplementation. Food was used for analysis of vitamin D3 content. Results: Significant increase in serum level of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 was detected since day 14 of supplementation. Changes in serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 concentration during time showed an upward significance (p < 0.05). Vitamin D3 content of the food was 2900 IU/kg dry matter. Changes in serum phosphorus levels were upward significant. No dog showed calcium or phosphorus levels above the highest reference level. Liver and kidney parameters remained in the reference range during the experiment. A gradual significant increase was observed in hemoglobin and hematocrit which was started from day 14. Vitamin D3 supplementation had no significant effect on neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes percent during the study. Conclusions: Vitamin D3 supplementation at 50 IU/kg BW daily, increases serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D in healthy dogs fed with a diet containing proper amount of this vitamin. It also increases hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in a time dependent manner without inducing adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Weight loss and lifestyle interventions are the mainstay of treatment in pediatric NAFLD. There are gaps in the literature on the objective improvement in BMI to meaningfully impact NAFLD in children. Aim. To determine the decrease in BMI associated with a significant decline in ALT and other metabolic parameters. Methods. Retrospective chart review of pediatric patients with the diagnosis of NAFLD. Data were collected at the baseline and 6 and 12 months. A linear regression model was used to assess the percent change in BMI predictive of change in ALT and other metabolic parameters. Results. 281 charts were included. 71% of patients who had up to a 2.5% loss in BMI at 6 months had a decrease in ALT of up to 10 U/L compared to 43% patients who did not have a decrease in BMI up to 2.5% loss at the same time period (P = 0.01). The linear regression model showed that 6-month and 12-month percent changes in BMI are predictive of 6-month and 12-month ALT changes (P = 0.01 and 0.02), respectively. ALT normalization was achieved on 12% of patients with a ≥2.5% decrease in BMI at 6 months compared to 1% of patients that had no decrease of ≥2.5% decrease in BMI at 6 months (P = 0.01). The mean BMI Z-score decline was 0.18 (P = 0.001) in the group with a ≥2.5% decrease in BMI at 6 months. Conclusions. BMI loss of up to 2.5% and the mean BMI Z-score 0.18 are associated with a significant decrease in ALT of up to 10 U/L. BMI percent change at 6 months and 12 months is predictive of changes in ALT. These results should help guide providers in clinical practice set objective goals for the management of children with NAFLD resulting from obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The mechanism of steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis impairment in men with type 2 diabetes remains unclear. We aimed to explore the local changes of steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis in the testis of db/db mice. Research Design and Methods. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing analysis in the testis of db/db and C57BL/6J mice. The differentially expressed genes were then confirmed by real-time PCR. The histopathological characteristics of testis in db/db mice and C57BL/6J control were also performed. Results. The 20-week-old db/db mice had significantly higher blood glucose and body weight (both p < 0.001). The serum testosterone levels (4.4 ± 0.8 vs. 9.8 ± 0.7 ng/ml, p = 0.001) and weight of the testis (0.16 ± 0.01 vs. 0.24 ± 0.01 g, p < 0.001) were significantly lower in db/db mice than that in C57BL/6J controls. db/db mice had a lower cross-sectional area of seminiferous tubules and thickness of the cell layer (both p < 0.05). The numbers of Sertoli cells and Leydig cells decreased in db/db mice (both p < 0.01). Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis showed that compared with the control group, the percentage of spermatogonia was significantly higher in the db/db mouse (p < 0.001), while the proportions of spermatocytes, round and elongating spermatids, and sperms were all lower in the db/db mouse (p all < 0.001). The most differentially expressed genes were found in round spermatids (n = 86), which were not found in spermatogonia, spermatocyte, and sperm. Igfbp5 was the most significantly decreased gene in Leydig cells of the db/db mouse, while the expression of Cd74, H2-Aa, and H2-Eb1 was elevated. Ccl7 and Ptgds were the most significantly increased and decreased genes in Sertoli cells of the db/db mouse. Conclusions. The present study indicates spermiogenesis and steroidogenesis defects in db/db mice. The mechanism of steroidogenesis impairment in the testis of db/db mice deserves further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Diabetes in the 21st century presents one of the greatest burdens of disease on the global population. Digitally mediated interventions have become imperative in alleviating this disease epidemic. We aimed to systematically review randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on different health technologies for preventing Type 2 diabetes mellitus, and their efficacy in decreasing diabetes risk-related outcomes in at-risk patients in comparison to standard care. Methods: Five electronic databases were searched between October 2021 and December 2022. Studies including digital health technology interventions used for preventing diabetes development by reducing diabetes risk-related outcomes in at-risk adults (⩾18 years) were identified. Data on glycemic levels, incidence of T2DM, weight, and intervention descriptions were extracted, and the risk of bias (ROB) was assessed. Results: Nine studies met the inclusion criteria and 5 studies (56%) achieved clinically significant outcomes in at least one of the following: decreased weight (22%), glycemic levels (22%), or incidence of T2DM (11%). Two of the 3 (67%) computer-based interventions effectively reduced the HbA1c levels and mean weight of their study population, and 3 of 6 (50%) mobile based interventions (text messages, mobile app, and telehealth) decreased the incidence of T2DM and HbA1c levels. Four studies each had an overall low ROB and one had a high ROB due to attrition. Conclusion: Preliminary evidence identified in our review demonstrated that health technologies for diabetes prevention are effective for improving diabetes risk-related outcomes. Future research into digital technology protocol and studies of longer duration and more diverse populations are needed for clinical feasibility. Plain Language Summary: Role of Digital technology in Diabetes prevention In the 21st century, diabetes has become a major health challenge globally. To address this, we conducted a systematic review, looking at studies that used digital interventions to prevent Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and how effective they are compared to standard care. In this study, we searched electronic databases from October 2021 to December 2022 and identified 9 studies that met our criteria. These studies focused on adults aged 18 and above who were at risk of developing diabetes. We looked at outcomes like glucose concentrations, T2DM incidence, and weight, and assessed the risk of bias in each study. The results showed that more than half of the studies showed significant outcomes. For instance, some interventions led to decreased weight, lower glucose concentrations, or reduced incidence of T2DM. Computer-based interventions and mobile-based interventions (including text messages, mobile apps, and telehealth) were particularly effective in improving these outcomes. In conclusion, our review suggests that digital health technologies can be effective in preventing diabetes and improving related outcomes. However, we note that more research is needed, especially looking at diverse populations and longer study durations, to confirm the clinical feasibility of these digital interventions for diabetes prevention. This is a promising step forward in using technology to tackle the growing diabetes epidemic, offering new ways to support individuals at risk and improve their health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Body image dissatisfaction is a significant concern among men, influencing appearance evaluation, eating behaviors, and muscle dysmorphia psychopathology. However, research on these correlations is notably deficient in men, largely because body image concerns are unevenly distributed between genders. Therefore, this study aims to assess the various dimensions of concerns about body image in men and explore their associations with characteristics such as sexual orientation. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 251 adult men from fitness centers in the Veneto Region, Italy. Participants completed self-report questionnaires, including the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), the Appearance Schemas Inventory-Revised (ASI-R), and the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI). Body weight perception and dissatisfaction were evaluated using a Figure Rating Scale (FRS) with 12 male biometric silhouettes. Results: Participants were divided into three subgroups based on the experienced levels of body weight dissatisfaction: those who rated a smaller body (BWsmaller), those who rated a larger body (BWlarger) more highly relative to their own estimated body size, and those who reported implicit neutrality with their current weight (BWneu). BWsmaller participants reported higher levels of eating-related concern, while BWlarger participants exhibited higher levels of muscle dysmorphia. Additionally, the BWlarger group showed the highest degree of quantitative perceptual underestimation of their body weight. Sexual orientation was found to have an impact on body weight dissatisfaction, with bisexual men more likely to desire an increase in weight and gay men more likely to desire a decrease. Conclusions: Body weight dissatisfaction significantly impacts appearance evaluation, eating behaviors, and muscle dysmorphia psychopathology in males. Tailored interventions that consider individual differences can support the well-being of men. The study provides useful insight into male body image issues, warranting further exploration to inform effective interventions and promote positive body image and mental health in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the therapeutic potential of chemogenetics, the method lacks comprehensive preclinical validation, hindering its progression to human clinical trials. We aimed to validate a robust but simple in vivo efficacy assay in rats which could support chemogenetic drug discovery by providing a quick, simple and reliable animal model. Key methodological parameters such as adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype, actuator drug, dose, and application routes were investigated by measuring the food-intake-reducing effect of chemogenetic inhibition of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) by hM4D(Gi) designer receptor stimulation. Subcutaneous deschloroclozapine in rats transfected with AAV9 resulted in a substantial reduction of food-intake, comparable to the efficacy of exenatide. We estimated that the effect of deschloroclozapine lasts 1–3 h post-administration. AAV5, oral administration of deschloroclozapine, and clozapine-N-oxide were also effective but with slightly less potency. The strongest effect on food-intake occurred within the first 30 min after re-feeding, suggesting this as the optimal experimental endpoint. This study demonstrates that general chemogenetic silencing of the LH can be utilized as an optimal, fast and reliable in vivo experimental model for conducting preclinical proof-of-concept studies in order to validate the in vivo effectiveness of novel chemogenetic treatments. We also hypothesize based on our results that universal LH silencing with existing and human translatable genetic neuroengineering techniques might be a viable strategy to affect food intake and influence obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There may be an association between obesity and periodontitis, yet no studies have investigated the correlation between the new obesity indicator, the weight-adjusted-waist Index (WWI), and periodontitis. Objective: This study aims to investigate the association between the novel obesity index, weight-adjusted-waist index, and periodontitis. Subjects and methods: WWI was utilized to assess obesity, through measuring waist circumference (WC) and body weight. We analyzed cross-sectional NHANES data from 2009 to 2014 (1) using multivariate logistic regression to explore WWI's association with moderate/severe periodontitis; (2) conducting subgroup analyses and interaction tests; and (3) fitting smoothed curves to the age-stratified logistic regression model. Results: The study involved 11,256 individuals, with 48.55% having moderate/severe periodontitis. Upon adjusting for all relevant variables, a significant correlation between WWI and moderate/severe periodontitis was observed (OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.01–1.17). Compared to the lowest quartile of WWI, there was a significant increase in the likelihood of moderate/severe periodontitis in Quartile 2 (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.06–1.39) and Quartile 3 (OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.07–1.42). Subgroup analyses for gender, age, education, smoking, and diabetes highlighted a positive association between WWI and moderate/severe periodontitis in all subgroups, except for the diabetic population and individuals aged 65 years and older. Conclusion: The analysis revealed a positive correlation between WWI, a novel obesity index, and moderate/severe periodontitis prevalence through diverse modeling approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Simple Summary: The first 16 weeks of life for a laying hen is the pullet phase. Experiences and management during this phase are critical for the long-term success of a hen, but few studies have evaluated pullet management in cage-free systems. This study evaluated the effects of two density or space allotments and two pullet strains in cage-free systems. Bird condition, physiology, immunology, and production parameters were evaluated. Stocking density only affected the size of one immune organ, the bursa of Fabricius. The relative bursal weight was higher in the low-density group. The feed conversion rate was improved in the low-density group for both strains. The brown strain had decreased uniformity and worse tail and total feather coverage at the high-stocking density. The white strain had improved uniformity and worse tail and total feather coverage at the low-stocking density. The majority of parameters evaluated had strain and age main and/or interaction effects only. Ultimately, cage-free pullets had limited negative effects at the high and low-stocking densities used. Management choices during the pullet phase can affect behavior, welfare, and health later in life, but few studies have evaluated the pullet phase, particularly in extensive housing systems. This study was a 2 × 2 factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two strains and two stocking densities. The Lohmann LB-Lite and Lohmann LSL-Lite were housed on the floor at high-stocking density (619–670 cm2/bird) and low-stocking density (1249–1352 cm2/bird), which changed with age from 2 to 16 weeks of age (WOA). Bird-based measures of appearance, blood parameters, organ measurements, and production values were evaluated. Stocking density alone affected (p < 0.05) only relative bursal weight (% of body weight)—3.32% in the low-density versus 3.08% in the high-density group. High-stocking density was correlated with decreased uniformity (high—89.33 ± 0.24%; low—90.41 ± 0.24; p < 0.02) and worse feather coverage in the brown strain. High-stocking density was correlated with greater uniformity (High—90.39 ± 0.24%; Low—88.47 ± 0.24%; p < 0.001) and better feather coverage in the white strain. This study's feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved by 0.07 in the low-stocking density for both strains. The remaining parameters were affected by strain and age only. Thus, while stocking density effects vary slightly depending on the strain used, cage-free pullets had limited negative effects at both the high and low-stocking densities tested in this study; there were few to no changes in the numerous bird-based welfare parameters tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study aims to describe the factors associated with poor mobilization in patients undergoing autologous peripheral blood stem cell harvest. Poor mobilization was observed in 30.5% of the patients included in the investigation. While older age, myelotoxic agents, and low platelet counts were associated with poor mobilization in patients with hematologic diseases, a history of radiation therapy to the spine and pelvic region was associated with mobilization failure in patients with non-hematologic diseases. In patients who received plerixafor, 14.2% suffered from mobilization failure, with differences in hemoglobin, platelet counts, and mobilization regimens noted between the poor and good mobilization groups. Identifying potential risk factors for poor mobilization in specific groups of patients will aid in planning therapy and ensuring successful transplantation in those requiring hematopoietic stem cell transplants. Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) is an important therapeutic measure for both hematologic and non-hematologic diseases. For PBSCT to be successful, sufficient CD34+ cells need to be mobilized and harvested. Although risk factors associated with poor mobilization in patients with hematologic diseases have been reported, studies of patients with non-hematologic diseases and those receiving plerixafor are rare. To identify factors associated with poor mobilization, data from autologous PBSC harvest (PBSCH) in 491 patients were retrospectively collected and analyzed. A multivariate analysis revealed that in patients with a hematologic disease, an age older than 60 years (odds ratio [OR] 1.655, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.049–2.611, p = 0.008), the use of myelotoxic agents (OR 4.384, 95% CI 2.681–7.168, p < 0.001), and a low platelet count (OR 2.106, 95% CI 1.205–3.682, p = 0.009) were associated with poor mobilization. In patients with non-hematologic diseases, a history of radiation on the pelvis/spine was the sole associated factor (OR 12.200, 95% CI 1.934–76.956, p = 0.008). Among the group of patients who received plerixafor, poor mobilization was observed in 19 patients (19/134, 14.2%) and a difference in the mobilization regimen was noted among the good mobilization group. These results show that the risk factors for poor mobilization in patients with non-hematologic diseases and those receiving plerixafor differ from those in patients with hematologic diseases; as such, non-hematologic patients require special consideration to enable successful PBSCH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excess body weight (EBW) increases the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) and is linked to lower colonoscopy compliance. Here, we extensively analyzed 981 metagenome samples from multiple cohorts to pinpoint the specific microbial signatures and their potential capability distinguishing EBW patients with CRC. The gut microbiome displayed considerable variations between EBW and lean CRC. We identify 44 and 37 distinct multi-kingdom microbial species differentiating CRC and controls in EBW and lean populations, respectively. Unique bacterial-fungal associations are also observed between EBW-CRC and lean-CRC. Our analysis revealed specific microbial functions in EBW-CRC, including D-Arginine and D-ornithine metabolism, and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. The best-performing classifier for EBW-CRC, comprising 12 bacterial and three fungal species, achieved an AUROC of 0.90, which was robustly validated across three independent cohorts (AUROC = 0.96, 0.94, and 0.80). Pathogenic microbial species, Anaerobutyricum hallii, Clostridioides difficile and Fusobacterium nucleatum, are EBW-CRC specific signatures. This work unearths the specific multi-kingdom microbial signatures for EBW-CRC and lean CRC, which may contribute to precision diagnosis and treatment of CRC. Metagenomic analysis reveals distinctive multi-kingdom species, functional signatures and bacteria-fungi interactions pattern between excess body weight CRC and lean CRC in gut microbiome, which contribute to precision medicine of CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]