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How do age and the acquisition of independent walking relate to changes in infants' everyday experiences? We used a novel ecological momentary assessment (EMA) method to gather caregiver reports of infants' restraint, body position, and object holding via text messages sparsely sampled across multiple days of home life at 10, 11, 12, and 13 months of age. Using data from over 4,000 EMA samples from N = 62 infants recruited from across the United States and sampled longitudinally, we measured changes in the base rates of different activities in daily life. With age, infants spent more time unrestrained. With the onset of walking, infants spent less time sitting and prone and more time upright. Although rates of object holding did not change with age or walking ability, we found that infants who can walk hold objects more often in an upright position compared with nonwalkers. We discuss how accurately measuring changes in lived experiences serves to constrain theories about developmental mechanisms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Purpose: To investigate the nasal cycle (NC) during sleep in healthy individuals without nasal obstruction or obstructive sleep apnoea via a flexible wearable respiratory monitoring system in a continuous and real-time manner. Methods: NC during sleep was continuously measured in 30 healthy individuals (15 women, 15 men) via long-term sleep respiratory monitoring system, while sleep stage and body position were simultaneously recorded via polysomnography (PSG). The number of NC transitions and positional changes were documented each night. Additionally, time intervals between NC transitions and their closest positional changes during sleep were meticulously recorded to investigate potential correlations between them. Results: A total of 86.7% of the participants displayed the classic NC, with a mean duration of 6.43 ± 2.33 h. Nightly observations revealed an average occurrence of 2.19 ± 0.40 NC transitions, predominantly occurring during REM stage (68.4%), and 9.15 ± 7.77 postural changes. Analysis of the intervals between NC transitions and positional changes revealed an average absolute value of 27.72 ± 10.85 min, with a substantial 56.4% exceeding 30 min, indicating a non-obvious sequence order among them. Conclusion: NC can be measured in a continuous and real-time manner, the transitions occur mainly during the REM stage. However, we have not identified a clear correlation between NC transition and positional change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explored body‐scan postures suitable for people with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) tendency by developing and validating the Mindfulness Encouraging/Discouraging Reactions Scales (MERS/MDRS), using university students. In Study 1, we conducted a survey to collect typical positive and negative reactions during mindfulness exercises from 21 participants and created the preliminary items. In Study 2, 192 participants completed existing state/trait mindfulness scales and the preliminary MERS and MDRS after mindful breathing. Based on an item response model, we developed and validated MERS and MDRS. In Study 3, 19 participants were categorized into one of four groups: (a) combined, (b) hyperactive/impulsive, (c) inattentive, and (d) without ADHD tendencies. They performed body‐scan meditations with each of the counterbalanced postures (upright, slumped, leaning‐back sitting, and supine), and completed the questionnaires. The analysis showed that those with hyperactivity/impulsivity tendency found the body‐scan meditation a challenge with the slumped posture and easier to perform in the supine posture; the upright posture provided high and low MERS to the hyperactivity/impulsivity tendency group and combined group, respectively; and sleepiness correlated with MERS in the supine posture (r =.49) and the upright posture (r =.51). We identified helpful body scan postures for people with ADHD tendency, using MERS and MDRS, but it was noted that these scales were created solely based on intuitive impressions for beginners, and it is not recommended that the items included in them be aimed for or avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standard plain film medical radiographs often form a valuable line of evidence to identify individuals in large‐scale fatality events. While commonly available, chest radiographs present a challenge that their analysis is somewhat more involved and complex than radiographic records of other body regions. For example, chest radiographs concern subtler morphological varieties of smaller anatomical features across a larger number of skeletal elements in contrast to frontal sinus comparisons that concern a large, (often) single, highly variable void within one bone. This does not detract from or discount chest radiographs as useful identification aids, but it does demand additional prerequisite skills in radiographic interpretation to ensure valid conclusions are attained. When subjects deviate from standardized antemortem (AM) radiographic positions and/or the image quality decreases, the complexity of a chest radiograph comparison is elevated. Generally, the current body of forensic radiographic comparison literature infrequently addresses these more complex circumstances. In this paper, we use real‐world radiographic comparison reference images from a military DVI repatriation context to illustrate these factors and outline some procedures that enable these complexities to be easily recognized and appropriately addressed at case examination. A report for an exemplar case that concurrently highlights multiple factors is presented. For novices learning radiographic comparison methods, this case review saliently demonstrates: (1) why the AM reference radiograph(s) drive(s) the radiographic comparison procedure; (2) why care should be taken for correct positioning of the cervicothoracic junction in postmortem radiography of chest elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Non-invasive measurement of liver stiffness (LS), traditionally performed in the supine position, has been established to assess liver fibrosis. However, fibrosis degree is not the sole determinant of LS, necessitating the identification of relevant confounders. One often-overlooked factor is body posture, and it remains unclear whether normal daily postures interfere with LS irrespective of fibrosis. A prospective two-group comparison study was conducted to investigate the relationship between posture and LS. Methods Sixty-two adults participated, divided into two groups: patients with chronic liver disease and healthy controls. Both groups were assessed using transient elastography (TE) under the supine, seated, and standing postures. Randomization was applied to the order of the two upright postures. A two-way mixed ANOVA was conducted to assess the posture-dependence of LS and its variations between two groups. Results Results showed that posture differentially affected LS depending on the presence of liver fibrosis. In 31 healthy individuals (baseline LS range: 3.5–6.8 kPa), a transition from the supine (5.0 ± 1.0 kPa) to seated (5.7 ± 1.4 kPa; p = 0.036) or standing (6.2 ± 1.7 kPa; p = 0.002) positions increased LS, indicating liver stiffening. Conversely, in 31 patients with varying fibrosis stages (baseline LS range: 8.8–38.2 kPa), posture decreased LS from the supine (15.9 ± 7.3 kPa) to seated (13.8 ± 6.2 kPa; p

The purpose of this pilot study was to determine if body orientation, skin treatment, joint angle, and shoulder arch movements affect localized bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) measurement. Nowadays, there are various wearable and portable impedance measurement tools in different shapes and sizes. Therefore, the body position and orientation of the subject during measurement may be of great importance for the comparability of the results. Ultrasound machine was used to measure the thickness of the skin layers and then bioimpedance measurements were performed for ten young men (age=23 ± 5) at room temperature (22°C) for different body orientations, skin treatments, joint angle, and shoulder arch movements. The results were analyzed using statistical methods and graphical presentation using Python and MatLab. Our observations indicate that there is a significant difference between standing straight up, supine and sitting positions. The results show that there is a significant difference between the two skin treatments (alcohol vs tape stripping). Moreover, joint angle and shoulder arch movements also have an impact on the impedance data. Therefore, to be able to control these factors can potentially improve the quality and comparability of the measured impedance data.

Objective To evaluate the precision and effectiveness of ultrasound-guided visualization for nasojejunal tube placement with the "R(right reclining)-S(shoulder)-A(abdominal)" 3-point positioning for critically ill patients. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on all critically ill patients who underwent nasojejunal tube placement in Department of Critical Medicine of a tertiary hospital in Chongqing from April 2022 to August 2023. According to the position of the catheter, they were divided into a control group and an observation group. The control group received ultrasound-guided nasojejunal tube insertion, while the observation group used the "R-S-A" 3-point positioning (the patient were placed in a right lateral position, the nurse stood at the right shoulder of the patient, and the ultrasound operator stood on the right side of the abdomen in the operating direction) for ultrasound-guided nasojejunal tube insertion. And, the control group had no specific requirements for positioning during the procedure. After propensity matching, the time and success rate of catheter insertion and incidence of complications were compared between the 2 groups. Results The time of catheter insertion was significantly shorter (36.2±10.3 vs 42.3±8.3 min), and the success rate of insertion was obviously higher (95.2% vs 66.7%) in the observation group when compared with the control group (P

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the impact of two different parameters (body position and distension medium) on the rectal sensory test in patients with functional constipation and provide data support for the development of standardized operating procedures in clinical practice. Methods Based on a single-center process of the rectal sensory test, 39 patients with functional constipation were recruited for rectal sensory test under different body positions and distension mediums. Results Among the items of the Constipation Scoring System, the score of frequency of bowel movements showed a negative correlation with the first constant sensation volume (r = -0.323, P = 0.045). Conversely, the score of painful evacuation effort showed a positive correlation with the desire to defecate volume (r = 0.343, P = 0.033). There was a statistically significant difference in the first constant sensation volume (when the distension medium was gas) measured in different body positions (left lateral position, sitting position, squatting position), and the data measured in the squatting position were significantly higher than those in left lateral position (P

Long-form audio recordings have had a transformational effect on the study of infant language acquisition by using mobile, unobtrusive devices to gather full-day, real-time data that can be automatically scored. How can we produce similar data in service of measuring infants' everyday motor behaviors, such as body position? The aim of the current study was to validate long-form recordings of infant position (supine, prone, sitting, upright, held by caregiver) based on machine learning classification of data from inertial sensors worn on infants' ankles and thighs. Using over 100 h of video recordings synchronized with inertial sensor data from infants in their homes, we demonstrate that body position classifications are sufficiently accurate to measure infant behavior. Moreover, classification remained accurate when predicting behavior later in the session when infants and caregivers were unsupervised and went about their normal activities, showing that the method can handle the challenge of measuring unconstrained, natural activity. Next, we show that the inertial sensing method has convergent validity by replicating age differences in body position found using other methods with full-day data captured from inertial sensors. We end the paper with a discussion of the novel opportunities that long-form motor recordings afford for understanding infant learning and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of two different parameters (body position and distension medium) on the rectal sensory test in patients with functional constipation and provide data support for the development of standardized operating procedures in clinical practice. Methods: Based on a single-center process of the rectal sensory test, 39 patients with functional constipation were recruited for rectal sensory test under different body positions and distension mediums. Results: Among the items of the Constipation Scoring System, the score of frequency of bowel movements showed a negative correlation with the first constant sensation volume (r = -0.323, P = 0.045). Conversely, the score of painful evacuation effort showed a positive correlation with the desire to defecate volume (r = 0.343, P = 0.033). There was a statistically significant difference in the first constant sensation volume (when the distension medium was gas) measured in different body positions (left lateral position, sitting position, squatting position), and the data measured in the squatting position were significantly higher than those in left lateral position (P < 0.05). In terms of research on distension medium, it was found that the first constant sensation volume measured in the squatting position (when the distension medium was water) was significantly lower than that of gas (P < 0.05). Conclusion: For patients with functional constipation, there are differences in the results of rectal sensory tests between body positions and distension mediums. When conducting multicenter studies, it is necessary to unify the standard operating procedure (SOP) for operational details to ensure consistency and reliability of the test results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adjusting trunk inclination from a semi-recumbent position to a supine-flat position or vice versa in patients with respiratory failure significantly affects numerous aspects of respiratory physiology including respiratory mechanics, oxygenation, end-expiratory lung volume, and ventilatory efficiency. Despite these observed effects, the current clinical evidence regarding this positioning manoeuvre is limited. This study undertakes a scoping review of patients with respiratory failure undergoing mechanical ventilation to assess the effect of trunk inclination on physiological lung parameters. Methods: The PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus databases were systematically searched from 2003 to 2023. Interventions: Changes in trunk inclination. Measurements: Four domains were evaluated in this study: 1) respiratory mechanics, 2) ventilation distribution, 3) oxygenation, and 4) ventilatory efficiency. Results: After searching the three databases and removing duplicates, 220 studies were screened. Of these, 37 were assessed in detail, and 13 were included in the final analysis, comprising 274 patients. All selected studies were experimental, and assessed respiratory mechanics, ventilation distribution, oxygenation, and ventilatory efficiency, primarily within 60 min post postural change. Conclusion: In patients with acute respiratory failure, transitioning from a supine to a semi-recumbent position leads to decreased respiratory system compliance and increased airway driving pressure. Additionally, C-ARDS patients experienced an improvement in ventilatory efficiency, which resulted in lower PaCO2 levels. Improvements in oxygenation were observed in a few patients and only in those who exhibited an increase in EELV upon moving to a semi-recumbent position. Therefore, the trunk inclination angle must be accurately reported in patients with respiratory failure under mechanical ventilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is generally accepted that hydrocephalus is a consequence of the disbalance between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secretion and absorption which should in turn lead to CSF pressure gradient development and ventricular enlargement. To test CSF pressure gradient role in hydrocephalus development, we experimentally caused CSF system impairment at two sites in cats. In the first group of animals, we caused Sylvian aqueduct obstruction and recorded CSF pressure changes pre and post obstruction at three measuring sites (lateral ventricle -LV, cortical-CSS and lumbar subarachnoid space -LSS) during 15 min periods and in different body positions over 360 degrees. In the second group of experiments, we caused cervical stenosis by epidural plastic semiring implantation and monitored CSF pressure changes pre and post stenosis implantation at two measuring sites (lateral ventricle and lumbar subarachnoid space) during 15 min periods in different body positions over 360 degrees. Both groups of experimental animals had similar CSF pressures before stenosis or obstruction at all measuring points in the horizontal position. During head-up verticalization, CSF pressures inside the cranium gradually became more subatmospheric with no significant difference between LV and CSS, as they are measured at the same hydrostatic level, while CSF pressure inside LSS became more positive, causing the development of a large hydrostatic gradient between the cranial and the spinal space. With cervical stenosis, CSF pressure inside the cranium is positive during head-up verticalization, while in cats with aqueductal obstruction CSF pressure inside the CSS remains negative, as it was during control period. Concomitantly, CSF pressure inside LV becomes less negative, thus creating a small hydrostatic gradient between LV and CSS. Since CSF pressure and gradient changes occur only by shifting body position from the horizontal plane, our results indicate that cervical stenosis in a head-up vertical position reduces blood perfusion of the whole brain, while aqueductal obstruction impairs only the perfusion of the local periventricular brain tissue. It seems that, for evolutionary important bipedal activity, free craniospinal communication and good spinal space compliance represent crucial biophysical parameters for adequate cerebral blood perfusion and prevention of pathophysiological changes leading to the development of hydrocephalus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primates face severe challenges from climate change, with warming expected to increase animals' thermoregulatory demands. Primates have limited long‐term options to cope with climate change, but possess a remarkable capacity for behavioral plasticity. This creates an urgency to better understand the behavioral mechanisms primates use to thermoregulate. While considerable information exists on primate behavioral thermoregulation, it is often scattered in the literature in a manner that is difficult to integrate. This review evaluates the status of the available literature on primate behavioral thermoregulation to facilitate future research. We surveyed peer‐reviewed publications on primate thermoregulation for N = 17 behaviors across four thermoregulatory categories: activity budgeting, microhabitat use, body positioning, and evaporative cooling. We recorded data on the primate taxa evaluated, support for a thermoregulatory function, thermal variable assessed, and naturalistic/manipulative study conditions. Behavioral thermoregulation was pervasive across primates, with N = 721 cases of thermoregulatory behaviors identified across N = 284 published studies. Most genera were known to utilize multiple behaviors (x¯ = 4.5 ± 3.1 behaviors/genera). Activity budgeting behaviors were the most commonly encountered category in the literature (54.5% of cases), while evaporative cooling behaviors were the least represented (6.9% of cases). Behavioral thermoregulation studies were underrepresented for certain taxonomic groups, including lemurs, lorises, galagos, and Central/South American primates, and there were large within‐taxa disparities in representation of genera. Support for a thermoregulatory function was consistently high across all behaviors, spanning both hot‐ and cold‐avoidance strategies. This review reveals asymmetries in the current literature and avenues for future research. Increased knowledge of the impact thermoregulatory behaviors have on biologically relevant outcomes is needed to better assess primate responses to warming environments and develop early indicators of thermal stress. Research Highlights: Primates are expected to fare poorly as the climate changes, but behavioral plasticity may provide a mechanism to cope with warming environments.Behavioral thermoregulation is widespread across primate taxa, and animals use many different behaviors to thermoregulate.Strepsirrhines, tarsiers, and Central and South American monkeys are underrepresented in the literature, as are evaporative cooling behaviors.Research is needed to address these deficiencies and prioritize development of behavioral indicators of heat stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to examine the appropriate body position and anatomical site for DUS through comparisons with maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP). Methods: Thirty healthy adults were included in the study. MIP was measured using a spirometer. DUS was performed in both the right and left intercostal spaces in both sitting and supine positions. The diaphragm thickness at functional residual volume (TDFRC) and total lung capacity (TDTLC) were measured, and the fractional change in diaphragm thickness (TF) was calculated under each condition. To assess interobserver reproducibility, DUS was performed by an experienced examiner and a novice examiner. Results: Among the DUS parameters, the TDFRC measured at the right intercostal space in the sitting position showed the strongest correlation with MIP (r = 0.68, p

Different body positions can exert both positive and negative physiological effects on hemodynamics and respiration. This study aims to conduct a literature review and examine hemodynamic and respiratory alterations to different body positions. The study protocol was registered with the International Prospective Registry of Systematic Reviews (register no. CRD42021291464). Two independent reviewers evaluated the methodological quality of all included studies using the Down and Black checklist, while the quality of evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations approach. The overall effects of different body positions were reported from random effects meta-analysis. Three studies with low risk of bias and ten with high risk of bias met the eligibility criteria. The supine resulted in the highest cardiac output compared to the 70 deg head-up tilt, sitting, and standing positions (very low- to moderate-quality evidences) and the lowest systemic vascular resistance compared to the 70 deg head-up tilt and standing positions (moderate-quality evidence). Additionally, the supine was associated with the highest total respiratory resistance compared to the 70 deg head-up tilt, left lateral, and standing positions (very low-to moderate-quality evidence) and higher alveolar ventilation than the prone (low-quality evidence). The supine position has the most positive association with hemodynamic variables, resulting in the highest cardiac output and the lowest systemic vascular resistance. The upright positions (70 deg head-up tilt and standing positions) has the most positive association with the respiratory variables, resulting in the lowest total respiratory resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims Modifying the accuracy test for the diagonal and straight high smash skill from center (4) according to the body position of the Premier League volleyball players and extracting the grades and standard levels. To achieve the two objectives of the research: the descriptive approach with the survey method was adopted, because it agrees in solving the research problem. As for the research sample, it consisted Of the players in the Premier League for volleyball clubs for the 2023-2024 season, the researcher chose central players (4)(2) because their skill abilities are compatible with the skill of hitting the diagonal and straight smashes, and they numbered (90) players (6 players from each team), and then the researcher divided the selected sample. To a reconnaissance consisting of (6) players, and to modify the test, (84) players were selected, as well as to find the scientific foundations, grades, and standard levels. After that, he determined the high crushing test from the center (4) of the straight and the natural, and made adjustments related to the body position, as well as calculating the score, and then they conducted The two exploratory and main experiments, and then extracting the appropriate statistics and obtaining results through which the researcher drew several conclusions, including: The final modified form of the high crushing test was reached from position (4) according to the body position of the men’s volleyball Premier League players. The largest percentage of results appear within the good level, which indicates that the level of modification exists well in the sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue electrical impedance (or bioimpedance) is a quantity related to the passive, frequency-dependent electrical properties of a biological tissue and is a promising modality for continuous monitoring of relative bladder volume and bladder activity. In this study, the impact of body position [specifically 6° headdown tilt (HDT)] intended to induce fluid redistribution and, therefore, result in a change in the electrical resistance of the abdomen is evaluated. The abdomen resistance (10 kHz-100 kHz) of nine healthy young adults was measured before and after 240 min in a 6° HDT position. Over this period, the resistance increase was not statistically significant even though the average bladder volume increased by 506 mL. It was expected that the abdomen resistance would decrease with an increase in bladder volume over this period. The masking of the expected resistance decrease is attributed to the shift in the fluid from the legs/abdomen to the neck/chest caused by the HDT body position over this period. Overall, this suggests that methods to differentiate bladder volume changes from other types of fluid shifts in the body are needed for resistance-based monitoring under free-living conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies investigating the effect of trunk inclination on respiratory mechanics in mechanically ventilated patients with ARDS have reported postural differences in partition respiratory mechanics. Compared with more upright positions, the supine-flat position provided lower lung and chest wall elastance, allowing reduced driving pressures and end-inspiratory transpulmonary pressure. However, the effect of trunk inclination on respiratory mechanics in patients with obesity and ARDS is uncertain. Does the effect of change in posture on partition respiratory mechanics differ between patients with ARDS with and without obesity? In this single-center study, patients with ARDS with and without obesity were randomized into two 15-minute steps in which trunk inclination was changed from semi-recumbent (40° head up) to supine-flat (0°), or vice versa. At the end of each step partition respiratory mechanics, airway opening pressure and arterial blood gases were measured. Paired t test was used to examine respiratory mechanics and blood gas variables in each group. Forty consecutive patients were enrolled. Twenty were obese (BMI, 38.4 [34.5-42.3]), and 20 were non-obese (BMI, 26.6 [25.2-28.5]). In the patients with obesity, lung and chest wall elastance, driving pressure, inspiratory transpulmonary pressure, Pa co 2 , and ventilatory ratio were lower supine than semi-recumbent (P <.001). Airways resistance was greater supine (P =.006). In the patients without obesity, only chest wall elastance was lower in supine vs semi-recumbent (P <.001). In mechanically ventilated patients with ARDS and obesity, supine posture provided lower lung and chest wall elastance, and better CO 2 clearance, than the semi-recumbent posture. This study was registered with Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12623000794606). [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: Children with Down Syndrome (DS) have a high prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). We aimed to assess OSA prevalence in a single center cohort of children with DS, identify associated risk factors of obstructive respiratory events, and examine the influence of different sleep stages and body positions on respiratory events distribution. Methods: Single center retrospective study that included children with DS who underwent overnight polysomnogram (PSG). OSA severity was categorized by obstructive apnea–hypopnea index (OAHI) as mild (1.5–4.9 events/h), moderate (5–9.9 events/h), and severe (≥ 10 events/h). A logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between OSA-related risk factors in normal and abnormal OAHI category and in REM and Non-REM predominant AHI groups. Results: PSG data were available for 192 children with a median age of 5 years (IQR 7). OSA prevalence was 82.3% (27.1% mild, 19.8% moderate, and 35.4% severe). A logistic regression model identified BMI and being an African American as significant predictors for OAHI severity. In children with OSA, the median OAHI was 7.6 and obstructive respiratory events were more common in REM sleep and in the supine position. The median REM OAHI was 20 events/h (IQR: 24.4), whereas the median Non-REM OAHI was 5.2 events/h (IQR: 12.6 p < 0.0001). Similarly, supine OAHI was 11.6 (IQR: 19.3) and off supine OAHI was 6.6 (IQR: 11.6, p = 0.0004). Age was a significant predictor (p = 0.012) for Non-REM predominant OSA which was present in 15.2% of children with OSA. Conclusion: Children with DS have a high prevalence of OSA. Higher BMI and being an African American were significant associated risk factors for higher OAHI. Obstructive respiratory events in children with DS occur predominantly in REM sleep and in the supine position. Non-REM predominant distribution of respiratory events was noted in older children with DS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to: modify the accuracy test of the diagonal and straight high smash skill from position (4) according to the body position of the Premier League volleyball players and extract grades and standard levels. To achieve the two objectives of the research: the descriptive approach with the survey method was adopted, because it agrees in solving the research problem. The research sample consisted of players in the Premier League for volleyball clubs for the 2023-2024 season, as the researcher chose central players (4)(2) because their skill abilities are compatible with the skill of hitting the Qatari and straight sweeps, and they numbered (90) players, (6) players from each team, and then The researcher divided the selected sample into a survey consisting of (6) players. To modify the test, (84) players were selected, as well as to find scientific foundations, grades, and standard levels. Then he determined the high crushing multiplication test from the center (4) of the rectum and the intestine and made adjustments for the body position as well as calculating the score. Then they conducted the two exploratory and main experiments and then extracted the appropriate statistics and obtained the results through which the researcher drew several conclusions, including: The figure was reached. The modified final of the high smash test from position (4) according to the body position of the men’s volleyball Premier League players. The largest percentage of results appear within the good level, which indicates that the level of modification exists well in the sample.

It is generally accepted that hydrocephalus is a consequence of the disbalance between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secretion and absorption which should in turn lead to CSF pressure gradient development and ventricular enlargement. To test CSF pressure gradient role in hydrocephalus development, we experimentally caused CSF system impairment at two sites in cats. In the first group of animals, we caused Sylvian aqueduct obstruction and recorded CSF pressure changes pre and post obstruction at three measuring sites (lateral ventricle -LV, cortical-CSS and lumbar subarachnoid space -LSS) during 15 min periods and in different body positions over 360 degrees. In the second group of experiments, we caused cervical stenosis by epidural plastic semiring implantation and monitored CSF pressure changes pre and post stenosis implantation at two measuring sites (lateral ventricle and lumbar subarachnoid space) during 15 min periods in different body positions over 360 degrees. Both groups of experimental animals had similar CSF pressures before stenosis or obstruction at all measuring points in the horizontal position. During head-up verticalization, CSF pressures inside the cranium gradually became more subatmospheric with no significant difference between LV and CSS, as they are measured at the same hydrostatic level, while CSF pressure inside LSS became more positive, causing the development of a large hydrostatic gradient between the cranial and the spinal space. With cervical stenosis, CSF pressure inside the cranium is positive during head-up verticalization, while in cats with aqueductal obstruction CSF pressure inside the CSS remains negative, as it was during control period. Concomitantly, CSF pressure inside LV becomes less negative, thus creating a small hydrostatic gradient between LV and CSS. Since CSF pressure and gradient changes occur only by shifting body position from the horizontal plane, our results indicate that cervical stenosis in a head-up vertical position reduces blood perfusion of the whole brain, while aqueductal obstruction impairs only the perfusion of the local periventricular brain tissue. It seems that, for evolutionary important bipedal activity, free craniospinal communication and good spinal space compliance represent crucial biophysical parameters for adequate cerebral blood perfusion and prevention of pathophysiological changes leading to the development of hydrocephalus.

Objective: To evaluate laryngeal penetration and aspiration in upright and side-lying positions in children with unilateral vocal cord paralysis (VCP) who underwent modified barium swallow study (MBSS). Methods: A retrospective chart review (Pro00089051) of pediatric patients who were diagnosed with unilateral VCP and underwent MBSS was performed. Patients were identified using diagnostic code for VCP and based on diagnosis via flexible laryngoscopy. Once identified, MBSS notes were reviewed for data regarding laryngeal penetration, tracheal aspiration, and body position during the exam. Information was collected on the various consistencies of liquids used. The order of positioning was recorded in patients who had undergone both positions during the study. Data was analyzed using chi-square analysis. Results: 811 patients had undergone MBSS between 2011 and 2014. Of these, 90 patients were isolated with unilateral VCP, and of those 90 patients, 23 (26%) had undergone MBSS in both side-lying and upright positions. When all 90 patients were evaluated, there was no difference in penetration or aspiration noted in the side-lying or upright position with thin liquids. Importantly, among the 23 (26%) patients that had been studied in both positions, there were no significant differences in penetration or aspiration relating to body position with any consistency. Conclusion: Rates of penetration and aspiration were not associated with body position in patients who had undergone MBSS at our institution. However, due to an incomplete data set and a small sample size of those who underwent MBSS in both positions, these results should be further explored in prospective studies.

Background: Otoacoustic Emission (OAE) is frequently recorded in various body positions for infants. However, little is available about whether these deviations will produce non-pathological effects on the clinical results. The current study assessed body position's effect on infants' inner ear function. Methods: Sixty normally hearing infants participated in an analytical cross-sectional study. Distortion-product OAEs (DPOAEs) were measured in the supine, side-lying, and upright positions. The DPOAE amplitude and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were recorded across the 1500 to 6000 Hz range. Results: The mean DPOAE amplitude and SNR values were significantly greater in the upright position than supine and side-lying positions (p < 0.05). These differences were more pronounced in the 3000 to 6000 Hz range. The effects of gender and ear asymmetry on DPOAEs were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that the upright position could be regarded as the best position for assessing DPOAEs in infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To verify whether the time spent in prone, supine, or seated positions differed between term and preterm infants; and to determine whether a single verbal guidance session for parents changed the time spent in different positions, and, consequently, the motor development scores, after one month in preterm infants. Methods: Sixty-one infants from a full-term and preterm group from Brazil were included. Motor development was assessed by the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) and the parents registered the time spent in each position on a 24-hour schedule. A month after verbal guidance, a second assessment was performed only on the preterm infants. Results: The positioning times awake determined for the fullterm and preterm parents were similar. Preterm infants spent more time in the prone sleeping position (2.1 vs. 0.8 h; p=0.037) than full-term infants. The AIMS percentile scores did not differ significantly between the groups. For preterm infants, the time spent in all positions did not change during the second assessment (n=18). Conclusions: The fact that some parents position their infants in the prone posture during sleeping periods reinforce the importance of parental education approaches for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) prevention during the first months of life. The verbal guidance provided to parents of preterm infants did not influence the AIMS percentile and time spent in various positions but increased preterm parents’ confidence in placing their infants in a prone position to play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The start in swimming is a crucial phase of a race, where improvements in performance can be made. Twenty-four elite swimmers race pace starts were recorded from five above and below water 50 Hz video cameras. Body position at toe off was calculated from the recordings and consisted of the two-dimensional mass centre position at toe off, and the arm, trunk, front leg and rear leg angles.Horizontal, vertical and resultant velocity of the mass centre at toe off, time to 5 m, 10 m and 15 m were also determined. Whilst time to 5 m (starting performance) differed by 0.17 s between genders, body position at toe off showed no significant differences. The difference in start performance was mainly due to a difference in horizontal velocity at toe off. The relationship between arm angle and start performance warrants further investigation as there was a range of techniques adopted but no clear link to performance. The trunk angle at toe off was correlated to starting performance for both males and females. This study demonstrates that the body position at toe off is no different between genders but is a critical determinant of starting performance for both males and females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate laryngeal penetration and aspiration in upright and side-lying positions in children with unilateral vocal cord paralysis (VCP) who underwent modified barium swallow study (MBSS). Methods: A retrospective chart review (Pro00089051) of pediatric patients who were diagnosed with unilateral VCP and underwent MBSS was performed. Patients were identified using diagnostic code for VCP and based on diagnosis via flexible laryngoscopy. Once identified, MBSS notes were reviewed for data regarding laryngeal penetration, tracheal aspiration, and body position during the exam. Information was collected on the various consistencies of liquids used. The order of positioning was recorded in patients who had undergone both positions during the study. Data was analyzed using chi-square analysis. Results: 811 patients had undergone MBSS between 2011 and 2014. Of these, 90 patients were isolated with unilateral VCP, and of those 90 patients, 23 (26%) had undergone MBSS in both side-lying and upright positions. When all 90 patients were evaluated, there was no difference in penetration or aspiration noted in the side-lying or upright position with thin liquids. Importantly, among the 23 (26%) patients that had been studied in both positions, there were no significant differences in penetration or aspiration relating to body position with any consistency. Conclusion: Rates of penetration and aspiration were not associated with body position in patients who had undergone MBSS at our institution. However, due to an incomplete data set and a small sample size of those who underwent MBSS in both positions, these results should be further explored in prospective studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue electrical impedance (or bioimpedance) is a quantity related to the passive, frequency-dependent electrical properties of a biological tissue and is a promising modality for continuous monitoring of relative bladder volume and bladder activity. In this study, the impact of body position [specifically 6° head-down tilt (HDT)] intended to induce fluid redistribution and, therefore, result in a change in the electrical resistance of the abdomen is evaluated. The abdomen resistance (10 kHz–100 kHz) of nine healthy young adults was measured before and after 240 min in a 6° HDT position. Over this period, the resistance increase was not statistically significant even though the average bladder volume increased by 506 mL. It was expected that the abdomen resistance would decrease with an increase in bladder volume over this period. The masking of the expected resistance decrease is attributed to the shift in the fluid from the legs/abdomen to the neck/chest caused by the HDT body position over this period. Overall, this suggests that methods to differentiate bladder volume changes from other types of fluid shifts in the body are needed for resistance-based monitoring under free-living conditions.

Abstract Background Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy has profound effects in obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS). Current therapy initiation focuses on upper airway patency rather than the assessment of altered respiratory mechanics due to increased extrapulmonary mechanical load. Methods We aimed to examine the viability of intra-breath oscillometry in optimizing CPAP therapy for OHS. We performed intra-breath oscillometry at 10 Hz in the sitting and supine positions, followed by measurements at increasing CPAP levels (none-5-10-15-20 cmH2O) in awake OHS patients. We plotted intra-breath resistance and reactance (Xrs) values against flow (V’) and volume (V) to identify tidal expiratory flow limitation (tEFL). Results Thirty-five patients (65.7% male) completed the study. We found a characteristic looping of the Xrs vs V’ plot in all patients in the supine position revealing tEFL: Xrs fell with decreasing flow at end-expiration. Intra-breath variables representing expiratory decrease of Xrs became more negative in the supine position [end-expiratory Xrs (mean ± SD): -1.9 ± 1.8 cmH2O·s·L− 1 sitting vs. -4.2 ± 2.2 cmH2O·s·L− 1 supine; difference between end-expiratory and end-inspiratory Xrs: -1.3 ± 1.7 cmH2O·s·L− 1 sitting vs. -3.6 ± 2.0 cmH2O·s·L− 1 supine, p

Abstract Background Trunk inclination from semirecumbent head-upright to supine-flat positioning reduces driving pressure and increases respiratory system compliance in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). These effects are associated with an improved ventilatory ratio and reduction in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2). However, these physiological effects have not been completely studied, and their mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of a change in trunk inclination from semirecumbent (45°) to supine-flat (10°) on physiological dead space and ventilation distribution in different lung regions. Results Twenty-two ARDS patients on pressure-controlled ventilation underwent three 60-min steps in which trunk inclination was changed from 45° (baseline) to 10° (intervention) and back to 45° (control) in the last step. Tunk inclination from a semirecumbent (45°) to a supine-flat (10°) position resulted in a higher tidal volume [371 (± 76) vs. 433 (± 84) mL (P

Abstract Background Body positions affect swallowing and gastroesophageal reflux. Swallowing impairment is one of the main causes of aspiration pneumonia. To prevent pneumonia, evaluation of body positions on gastroesophageal reflux recommended 30 degrees or higher semi‐recumbent positions. The geniohypoid muscle and tongue play central roles in swallowing. However, the effects of body positions on contracting rates in the geniohyoid muscle and tongue pressure are unclear. Moreover, correlations between geniohyoid muscle contracting rates and subjective swallowing difficulties are unclear. Aims This study aimed to identify the proper body positions on contracting rates in the geniohyoid muscle, tongue pressure, and subjective swallowing difficulties. Materials & Methods Twenty healthy adults swallowed 15‐ or 50 ml of water at 90 degrees sitting, 60‐ and 30 degrees semi‐recumbent, and 0 degrees supine positions. We scored the subjective swallowing difficulties and measured the tongue pressure and the number of swallows. An ultrasound evaluated the geniohyoid muscle size and contracting rates. Results At sitting and 60 degrees semi‐recumbent positions, the geniohyoid muscle showed greter contracting rates than at 30 degrees semi‐recumbent and supine postions (P

Objective To explore the therapeutic effect and nursing experience of patients with respiratory failure in ICU after prone ventilation. Methods From January 2020 to January 2021, 4 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and 1 patient with atelectasis admitted to the Intensive Care Unit were retrospectively analyzed. The effect of prone ventilation was studied, and the nursing experience was summarized. Results After the treatment with prone ventilation, the blood oxygen saturation of 4 patients increased from 85%～93% to 95%～99%, and the sputum was effectively aspirated. CT examination of 1 patient with atelectasis showed significant improvement in lung inflammation. Conclusion The application of prone ventilation in patients with ARDS and atelectasis in ICU can significantly improve the pulmonary ventilation function, promote the effective discharge of pulmonary secretions, increase the functional residual capacity, thus improve the cardiorespiratory fitness and promoting the recovery of patients. (目的 探讨ICU呼吸衰竭患者进行俯卧位通气后的治疗效果及护理经验。方法 回顾性分析2020年1月—2021年1月收治的采用俯卧位通气治疗的急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)4例和肺不张患者1例的临床资料, 总结护理经验。结果 经俯卧位通气治疗, 本组患者血氧饱和度明显提高, 痰液有效排出, 痰液性质改善, 其中肺不张患者的肺部炎症明显好转。结论 俯卧位通气干预联合专业护理能明显改善患者肺部通气功能, 促进肺部分泌物有效排出, 增加功能残气量, 从而减轻心肺负荷, 有利于疾病恢复。)

Background Preterm babies are born before completion of 37 weeks of gestational. Compared to term neonates, preterm babies are difficult to adjust to extra uterine life and 15 million babies (11%) born before 37 weeks of gestation. Purpose This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate evidence concerning the efficacy of body position on gastric residual volume among preterm infants. Methods We conducted a systematic search of studies trials published in PubMed, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Clinical Key, Cochrane Library, and Google scholar. Two authors independently appraised the selected randomized control trials for evaluating the effectiveness of body position on gastric emptying. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted based on the Cochrane risk bias assessment tool using Revman 5.3 software. Results On assessment this systematic review and meta-analysis comprised 289 preterm infants from the included 7 trials, with the sample size ranging from 20–63. The gestational age ranged from 28–37 weeks, with an average gestational age of 31.7 weeks. The age of the participants postnatal ranged from 6.6 days to 33.4 days, with an average age of 18±6 days. The weight of the participants during data collection ranged from 1,272–2,683 g, with an average of 1,795 g. Conclusion This systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that right lateral and prone position lesser gastric residual volume in comparison to preterm infants placed in supine and left lateral position.

Introduction: Positional changes in intracranial pressure (ICP) have been described in humans when measured over minutes or hours in a static posture, with ICP higher when lying supine than when sitting or standing upright. However, humans are often ambulant with frequent changes in position self-generated by active movement. Research question: We explored how ICP changes during movement between body positions. Material and methods: Sixty-two patients undergoing clinical ICP monitoring were recruited. Patients were relatively well, ambulatory and of mixed age, body habitus and pathology. We instructed patients to move back and forth between sitting and standing or lying and sitting positions at 20 s intervals after an initial 60s at rest. We simultaneously measured body position kinematics from inertial measurement units and ICP from an intraparenchymal probe at 100 Hz. Results: ICP increased transiently during movements beyond the level expected by body position alone. The amplitude of the increase varied between participants but was on average ∼5 mmHg during sit-to-stand, stand-to-sit and sit-to-lie movements and 10.8 mmHg [95%CI: 9.3,12.4] during lie-to-sit movements. The amplitude increased slightly with age, was greater in males, and increased with median 24-h ICP. For lie-to-sit and sit-to-lie movements, higher BMI was associated with greater mid-movement increase (β = 0.99 [0.78,1.20]; β = 0.49 [0.34,0.64], respectively). Discussion and conclusion: ICP increases during movement between body positions. The amplitude of the increase in ICP varies with type of movement, age, sex, and BMI. This could be a marker of disturbed ICP dynamics and may be particularly relevant for patients with CSF-diverting shunts in situ.

Background: Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy has profound effects in obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS). Current therapy initiation focuses on upper airway patency rather than the assessment of altered respiratory mechanics due to increased extrapulmonary mechanical load. Methods: We aimed to examine the viability of intra-breath oscillometry in optimizing CPAP therapy for OHS. We performed intra-breath oscillometry at 10 Hz in the sitting and supine positions, followed by measurements at increasing CPAP levels (none-5-10-15-20 cmH2O) in awake OHS patients. We plotted intra-breath resistance and reactance (Xrs) values against flow (V') and volume (V) to identify tidal expiratory flow limitation (tEFL). Results: Thirty-five patients (65.7% male) completed the study. We found a characteristic looping of the Xrs vs V' plot in all patients in the supine position revealing tEFL: Xrs fell with decreasing flow at end-expiration. Intra-breath variables representing expiratory decrease of Xrs became more negative in the supine position [end-expiratory Xrs (mean ± SD): -1.9 ± 1.8 cmH2O·s·L− 1 sitting vs. -4.2 ± 2.2 cmH2O·s·L− 1 supine; difference between end-expiratory and end-inspiratory Xrs: -1.3 ± 1.7 cmH2O·s·L− 1 sitting vs. -3.6 ± 2.0 cmH2O·s·L− 1 supine, p < 0.001]. Increasing CPAP altered expiratory Xrs values and loop areas, suggesting diminished tEFL (p < 0.001). 'Optimal CPAP' value (able to cease tEFL) was 14.8 ± 4.1 cmH2O in our cohort, close to the long-term support average of 13.01(± 2.97) cmH2O but not correlated. We found no correlation between forced spirometry values, patient characteristics, apnea-hypopnea index and intra-breath oscillometry variables. Conclusions: tEFL, worsened by the supine position, can be diminished by stepwise CPAP application in most patients. Intra-breath oscillometry is a viable method to detect tEFL during CPAP initiation in OHS patients and tEFL is a possible target for optimizing therapy in OHS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Trunk inclination from semirecumbent head-upright to supine-flat positioning reduces driving pressure and increases respiratory system compliance in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). These effects are associated with an improved ventilatory ratio and reduction in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2). However, these physiological effects have not been completely studied, and their mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of a change in trunk inclination from semirecumbent (45°) to supine-flat (10°) on physiological dead space and ventilation distribution in different lung regions. Results: Twenty-two ARDS patients on pressure-controlled ventilation underwent three 60-min steps in which trunk inclination was changed from 45° (baseline) to 10° (intervention) and back to 45° (control) in the last step. Tunk inclination from a semirecumbent (45°) to a supine-flat (10°) position resulted in a higher tidal volume [371 (± 76) vs. 433 (± 84) mL (P < 0.001)] and respiratory system compliance [34 (± 10) to 41 (± 12) mL/cmH2O (P < 0.001)]. The CO2 exhaled per minute improved from 191 mL/min (± 34) to 227 mL/min (± 38) (P < 0.001). Accordingly, Bohr's dead space ratio decreased from 0.49 (± 0.07) to 0.41 (± 0.06) (p < 0.001), and PaCO2 decreased from 43 (± 5) to 36 (± 4) mmHg (p < 0.001). In addition, the impedance ratio, which divides the ventilation activity of the ventral region by the dorsal region ventilation activity in tidal images, dropped from 1.27 (0.83–1.78) to 0.86 (0.51–1.33) (p < 0.001). These results, calculated from functional EIT images, indicated further ventilation activity in the dorsal lung regions. These effects rapidly reversed once the patient was repositioned at 45°. Conclusions: A change in trunk inclination from a semirecumbent (45 degrees) to a supine-flat position (10 degrees) improved Bohr's dead space ratio and reduced PaCO2 in patients with ARDS. This effect is associated with an increase in tidal volume and respiratory system compliance, along with further favourable impedance ventilation distribution toward the dorsal lung regions. This study highlights the importance of considering trunk inclination as a modifiable determinant of physiological parameters. The angle of trunk inclination is essential information that must be reported in ARDS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fenglei Wang, Zhiying Yu, Shasha Xue, Yunxiao Wang, Lin Li, Dabo Wang, Ling Wang Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Ling Wang, Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Shinan District, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 18661806679, Email tsingtaowl@hotmail.comPurpose: To investigate the differences in parameters related to angle configuration and lens position in patients with cortical age-related cataract by ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) in different body positions.Methods: Prospective study with 55 patients with cortical age-related cataract proposed for phacoemulsification, examined using a Compact Touch STS UBM (Quantel Medical, France). UBM bag/balloon technology was applied to measure the central anterior chamber depth (ACD) and lens vault (LV) in horizontal and vertical orientation in sitting and supine positions, angle opening distance (AOD500), trabecular iris angle (TIA) and iris lens angle (ILA) in four quadrants: superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal.Results: We found no significant difference in ACD between sitting and supine positions (p = 0.053); LV was significantly greater in the supine position (p < 0.001); AOD500 in superior and inferior quadrants were significantly longer in the sitting position (p = 0.001; p < 0.001); TIA in superior and inferior quadrants was significantly greater in the sitting position (p < 0.001; p < 0.001), and TIAmax-min was significantly smaller in the sitting position (p = 0.001); ILA in temporal quadrant was significantly larger in the sitting position (p = 0.015) and ILAmax-min was significantly smaller in the sitting position (p < 0.001).Conclusion: The anterior chamber angle was narrower and the lens was positioned more anteriorly in the supine than in the sitting position in cortical age-related cataract. Different positions may affect the angle configuration and the relative space of lens through different directions of mechanics and modes of action.Keywords: angle configuration, body position, ultrasound biomicroscopy, cortical age-related cataract

How can researchers best measure infants motor experiences in the home? Body position-whether infants are held, supine, prone, sitting, or upright-is an important developmental experience. However, the standard way of measuring infant body position, video recording by an experimenter in the home, can only capture short instances, may bias measurements, and conflicts with physical distancing guidelines resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we introduce and validate an alternative method that uses machine learning algorithms to classify infants body position from a set of wearable inertial sensors. A laboratory study of 15 infants demonstrated that the method was sufficiently accurate to measure individual differences in the time that infants spent in each body position. Two case studies showed the feasibility of applying this method to testing infants in the home using a contactless equipment drop-off procedure.

Background: Body positions affect swallowing and gastroesophageal reflux. Swallowing impairment is one of the main causes of aspiration pneumonia. To prevent pneumonia, evaluation of body positions on gastroesophageal reflux recommended 30 degrees or higher semi‐recumbent positions. The geniohypoid muscle and tongue play central roles in swallowing. However, the effects of body positions on contracting rates in the geniohyoid muscle and tongue pressure are unclear. Moreover, correlations between geniohyoid muscle contracting rates and subjective swallowing difficulties are unclear. Aims: This study aimed to identify the proper body positions on contracting rates in the geniohyoid muscle, tongue pressure, and subjective swallowing difficulties. Materials & Methods: Twenty healthy adults swallowed 15‐ or 50 ml of water at 90 degrees sitting, 60‐ and 30 degrees semi‐recumbent, and 0 degrees supine positions. We scored the subjective swallowing difficulties and measured the tongue pressure and the number of swallows. An ultrasound evaluated the geniohyoid muscle size and contracting rates. Results: At sitting and 60 degrees semi‐recumbent positions, the geniohyoid muscle showed greter contracting rates than at 30 degrees semi‐recumbent and supine postions (P < 0.05), which resulted in easier swalloiwng. Greater tongue pressure was weakly correlated with fewer swallows (r = ‐0.339, P = 0.002), whereas the body positions did not affect. Conclusion: Considering swallowing and gastroesophageal reflux together, a trunk angle of 60 degrees or more might be beneficial for reducing the risk of aspiration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Head rotation is an effective positional therapy for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, not all OSA patients benefit from head rotation. This study aimed to explore the clinical phenotype of OSA patients who can benefit from head rotation. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of 184 consecutive OSA patients who underwent polysomnography. Head rotation in supine position was determined by high-quality video recording. According to the changes in apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) after head rotation, OSA patients were divided into two groups: patients with response to head rotation(HR) and patients without response to head rotation(NHR). Demographic factors and overnight polysomnography were analyzed. Results: Compared with NHR group, HR group showed significantly lower AHI (51.8 vs 31.5, p < 0.01), time spent with oxygen saturation below 90%(5.3% vs 0.51%, p < 0.01), and higher lowest oxygen saturation(80% vs 86%, p < 0.05). Logistic regression showed that AHI was an independent factor to predict the decrease of AHI in head rotation (OR 0.985, 95% CI 0.970–0.979, p < 0.05). Among mild to moderate group (AHI < 30/h), severe group (30/h ≤ AHI < 60/h), and extremely severe group (AHI ≥ 60/h), the percentage decrease of AHI in head rotation was 18.5%, 9.5%, and 2.6%, respectively. Surprisingly, the percentage decrease of AHI of 6 responders in mild to moderate group was more than 50%. Conclusion: OSA patients who respond well to head rotation have less severe disease, and patients with mild to moderate OSA are more likely to improve and benefit from this position. Our research provides potential strategies and insights into the individual treatment of OSA patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Preterm babies are born before completion of 37 weeks of gestational. Compared to term neonates, preterm babies are difficult to adjust to extra uterine life and 15 million babies (11%) born before 37 weeks of gestation. Purpose: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate evidence concerning the efficacy of body position on gastric residual volume among preterm infants. Methods: We conducted a systematic search of studies trials published in PubMed, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Clinical Key, Cochrane Library, and Google scholar. Two authors independently appraised the selected randomized control trials for evaluating the effectiveness of body position on gastric emptying. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted based on the Cochrane risk bias assessment tool using Revman 5.3 software. Results: On assessment this systematic review and metaanalysis comprised 289 preterm infants from the included 7 trials, with the sample size ranging from 20–63. The gestational age ranged from 28–37 weeks, with an average gestational age of 31.7 weeks. The age of the participants postnatal ranged from 6.6 days to 33.4 days, with an average age of 18±6 days. The weight of the participants during data collection ranged from 1,272–2,683 g, with an average of 1,795 g. Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that right lateral and prone position lesser gastric residual volume in comparison to preterm infants placed in supine and left lateral position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between the perpetrator’s sex, victim’s position and slashing location as well as anthropometric parameters on distance and space required for slashing, to provide the theoretical basis for the judgment of whether the crime scene was consistent with the criminal activity space.MethodsThe kinematics data of 12 male and 12 female subjects slashing the neck of standing and supine mannequins as well as the chest of the standing mannequins with a kitchen knife were obtained by using a 3D motion capture system. The relationship between the perpetrator’s sex-victim’s position, the perpetrator’s sex-slashing location, and anthropometric parameters and the distance and space required for the slashing were analyzed by two-factor repeated measures ANOVA and Pearson correlation analysis respectively.ResultsCompared with slashing the neck of supine mannequins, the distance （L） and normalized L （l） of slashing the neck of standing mannequins were greater, while vertical distance （LVR） and normalized LVR （lVR） of the knife side were smaller. Compared with slashing the neck of standing mannequins, the L and l slashing the chest of standing mannequins were greater, while LVR and lVR were smaller. Horizontal distance （LHR） and normalized LHR （lHR） of the knife side in males were greater than that in females. Height and arm length were positively correlated with L, LHR, and LVR when striking the standing mannequins.ConclusionWhen slashing the neck of supine or standing victims, the slashing distance is shorter and the slashing height is greater. Furthermore, the distance and space required for slashing are correlate with anthropometric parameters.

This paper reviewed the study of Fire-dragon moxibustion therapy and nursing of shoulder-hand syndrome after stroke. The mechanism and operation method of Fire-dragon moxibustion therapy, as well as nursing cooperation, were summarized, in order to provide reference for clinical treatment and nursing practice. (本文总结中风后肩手综合征的火龙罐治疗及护理进展, 归纳了中风后肩手综合征的火龙罐治疗的作用机制、操作方法以及护理要点, 以期为火龙罐治疗肩手综合征的临床护理提供参考。)