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Background: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureushas emerged as one of the most important nosocomial pathogens. It invokes a tremendous financial burden and enhanced morbidity and mortality due to difficult to treat systemic infections.Aim of this study was to determine antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Materials and Methods: Different clinical specimens were collected and processed for routine culture and antibiotic sensitivity test by standard microbiology techniques. Results: Out of 1173 samples received for microbiological examination, 100 were found to be S. aureus with 19% cases were Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Fourteen MRSA were found from inpatient and 5 were from outpatient. MRSA was found higher in female than male and maximum number (31.5%) was found in age group 0-10 years. Staphylococcus aureus was 100% sensitive to Vancomycin followed by Amikacin (90%), Gentamycin (83%), and tetracycline (81%). On urine isolates Nitrofurantoin(91.6%) was drug of choice. All the isolates were resistant to Penicillin G. In case of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus showed 100% sensitive to Vancomycin followed by Amikacin (84.2%), Tetracycline (63.1%), Ciprofloxacin (42%) and Gentamycin (36.8%). Among urine isolates Nitrofutantoin showed 87.5% sensitive followed by Norfloxacin (75%). Conclusion: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus was found 19% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates. It was most common in females, hospitalized patients and young age group. Vancomycin seems to be drug of choice followed by Amikacin. It would be helpful to formulating and monitoring the antibiotic policy and ensure proper empiric treatment. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v4i7.10297 Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2014) Vol. 4, 548-551

Globally, antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from neonatal sepsis is increasing. In this cross-sectional study conducted at a medical college teaching hospital in Nepal, we assessed the antibiotic resistance levels in bacteria cultured from neonates with sepsis and their in-hospital treatment outcomes. We extracted data of neonates with sepsis admitted for in-patient care from June 2018 to December 2019 by reviewing hospital records of the neonatal intensive care unit and microbiology department. A total of 308 neonates with sepsis were admitted of which, blood bacterial culture antibiotic sensitivity reports were available for 298 neonates. Twenty neonates (7%) had bacteriologic culture-confirmed neonatal sepsis. The most common bacterial species isolated were Staphylococcus aureus (8), followed by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (5). Most of these bacteria were resistant to at least one first-line antibiotic used to manage neonatal sepsis. Overall, there were 7 (2%) deaths among the 308 neonates (none of them from the bacterial culture-positive group), and 53 (17%) neonates had left the hospital against medical advice (LAMA). Improving hospital procedures to isolate bacteria in neonates with sepsis, undertaking measures to prevent the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and addressing LAMA's reasons are urgently needed.

Introduction: Lower respiratory tract infection is a common infection and accounts for a greater burden of disease worldwide. It is a great challenge to the clinician and still more, with increasing antimicrobial resistance. Its empirical treatment may vary according to the type of causative organisms. The objective of this study is to identify the pathogenic microorganisms and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern from sputum sample., Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital from February 2015 to January 2016. Ethical approval was taken from institutional review committee prior to the study with reference no. 0051/2014/15. Data on culture and sensitivity of isolates from sputum samples were collected from the records of the hospital. Sample collection, processing, identification of microorganisms and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. All the data were tabulated in an Excel sheet and analyzed using SPSS version 20., Results: Out of 2318 samples, 694 (29.93%) sputum samples at 95% confidence interval (737.21- 650.79) were reported as culture positive. Klebsiella was the most common isolate followed by Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and others. Imipenem and vancomycin showed the most sensitivity towards gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria respectively., Conclusions: Proper diagnosis, identification of causative agents and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern are important steps to limit the irrational use of antimicrobials. Prescribing antimicrobials empirically in the case of suspected lower respiratory tract infection is difficult.

Fifty serum samples from patients with amoebic liver abscess and 50 from subjects who had not suffered from the disease (25 from patients with other, chiefly parasitic, infections and 25 from healthy blood donors, staff or students) were tested for circulating amoebic antigen by counter-current immuno-electrophoresis (CIEP). Amoebic antigen was detected in 38 sera (76%) from cases of amoebic liver abscess, but in none of the other sera. Although CIEP is only moderately sensitive, the high specificity suggests that this simple test may be useful in the diagnosis of amoebic liver abscess.