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Given the increasing urban population and frenetic mobility, understanding how individuals perceive crowding at large-scale events is crucial for effective crowd management and safety. This study focuses on Tokyo Big Sight in Japan exhibitions to examine participants' perceptions of peak crowding times, locations, and local density, and compare them with the actual measurements. Our methodology integrated questionnaires with beacon tag data. The results showed that participants' perceptions of crowded times and locations aligned well with the actual (measured) crowding data, demonstrating that people can pick crowded moments and locations with better accuracy. However, when asked to select images that closely reflect crowding density conditions within the facility, the association was mostly relative (i.e., context-depending) and lacked absolute accuracy. Furthermore, perceptions of time tend to be biased towards exit times. This study underscores the necessity for event organizers and urban planners to account for the subjective and relative nature of individual crowding experiences, thereby emphasizing the need for adaptive management strategies that consider personal perceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proliferation of IoT using heterogeneous wireless technologies within the unlicensed spectrum has intensified cross-technology interference (CTI) in wireless local area networks (WLANs). As WLANs increasingly adopt time-triggered transmission methods to support real-time services, this interference affects throughput, packet loss, and latency. This paper presents a CTI-aware rate adaptation framework designed to mitigate interference in WLANs without direct coordination with heterogeneous wireless devices. The framework includes a CTI identification model and CTI-aware rate selection algorithms. Leveraging short-time Fourier transform, the identification model captures the time–frequency–power characteristics of CTI signals, enabling the estimation of the average power of various heterogeneous wireless technologies employed by interfering devices. The rate selection algorithms predict CTI occurrence times and adjust the transmission rate accordingly, enhancing the performance of existing explicit and implicit interference mitigation methods. Experimental results demonstrated that the lightweight CTI identification model accurately estimated the average power of each type with an error margin of ±1.414 dBm, achieving this in under 1 ms on the target hardware. Additionally, applying the proposed framework to explicit interference mitigation enhanced goodput by 20.67%, reduced packet error rate by 2.38%, and decreased the probability of packets exceeding 1 ms latency by 0.932% compared to conventional methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals prefer interpersonal distance; that is approaching beyond a certain amount of distance is perceived as unpleasant. The extensive research in this area spans from cross‐cultural psychology to applied sciences such as architecture. Although there is a large corpus of research on inter‐individual and cross‐cultural differences in preferred interpersonal distances, these preferences have—to our knowledge—yet to be analysed intra‐individually across time. Therefore, we conducted a pre‐registered experience‐sampling study in the field (N = 81 participants, 2 weeks, k = 3716 daily assessments) by assessing preferred distances and whether they were contingent on the number of people in close proximity (i.e., crowding). Furthermore, we used a Bluetooth scan to nonintrusively measure the number of people within 2 m. We found substantial variance in the preferred interpersonal distances, not only between participants but also within participants, suggesting large situation‐dependent state‐like aspects of this construct. Second, in addition to the expected age and gender effects (older and female participants preferred larger distances), the more people there were within 2 m (Bluetooth was the best measure for this), the smaller the preferred interpersonal distance to strangers. This observation indicates the potential presence of either an adaptation process (i.e., adapting to the situation) or a selection process (i.e., demonstrating a greater tolerance for crowding due to the self‐selection of the situation). It seems probable that research on the state aspects of preferred interpersonal distances will retain their significance in the future, given the ongoing process of urbanisation in numerous countries worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating road vehicles into broader Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems is an important step in the development of fully connected and smart transportation systems. This research explores the potential of using communication technologies that achieve a balance between low-power and long-range (LPLR) capabilities while remaining cost-effective, specifically Bluetooth Classic BR-EDR, Bluetooth LE, ZigBee, nRF24, and LoRa—for Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) and Vehicle-to-IoT (V2IoT) ecosystem interactions. During this research, several field tests were conducted employing different types of communication modules, across three distinct environments: an open-field inter-urban road, a forest inter-urban road, and an urban road. The modules were evaluated based on the communication range, messaging rate, error rate, and geographical data from GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) coordinates, using point-to-point communication between a roadside unit (RSU) and a moving vehicle equipped with an onboard unit (OBU). The results demonstrate the usability of these technologies for integrating vehicles into both public infrastructure (for V2I services) and private IoT systems, highlighting their potential for scalable, cost-effective deployment in smart transportation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planar inverted F antenna (PIFA) is one of the emerging technologies suited for various mobile applications. Though it is capable of covering a wide range of applications in wireless services, these antennas are designed for multi-band frequencies. To enhance its applications in the areas of wireless communication, an antenna is integrated with IoT (Internet of Things) devices. The compact size and low profile of the PIFA antenna is a notable feature, enhancing its suitability for integration into small devices. In this research paper, we proposed a Multi-Band Planar Inverted F-Shaped Antenna (PIFA) specifically designed for general close-range Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The proposed designed antenna produces an average gain of 2.62 dBi with a return loss of – 20 dB and its operating bandwidths are 2.40 – 2.45 GHz, 3.9 – 4.3 GHz, and 5 – 5.2 GHz covering Zigbee, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi frequency band applications. Its multi-band frequency response is obtained by inserting an L-shaped slots of various lengths on a radiating patch of PIFA antenna, allowing for precise tuning of operation frequencies. In the design of an antenna, the resonance frequencies for each band are controlled by manipulating the lengths of the corresponding slots. In addition to the desired frequency and gain, the paper evaluates key parameters including bandwidth, directivity, and radiation patterns with the help CST simulation environment and ensures accuracy in predicting the antenna's performance parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the replacement of manual processes and the way in which the possibility of human errors in plant care is eliminated. The benefits that the intelligent system brings are the reduction of human errors, the reduction of time for plant care such as watering the flowers, checking the humidity of the plants, moving them to a brighter place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hospital inpatient care relies on constant monitoring and reliable real-time data. Continuous improvement, adaptability, and state-of-the-art technologies are critical for ongoing efficiency, productivity, and readiness growth. When appropriately used, technologies, such as blockchain and IoT-enabled devices, can change the practice of medicine and ensure that it is performed based on correct assumptions and reliable data. The proposed electronic health record (EHR) can obtain context information from beacons, change the user interface of medical devices according to their location, and provide a more user-friendly interface for medical devices. The data generated, which are associated with the location of the beacons and devices, were stored in Hyperledger Fabric, a permissioned distributed ledger technology. Overall, by prompting and adjusting the user interface to context- and location-specific information while ensuring the immutability and value of the data, this solution targets a decrease in medical errors and an increase in the efficiency in healthcare inpatient care by improving user experience and ease of access to data for health professionals. Moreover, given auditing, accountability, and governance needs, it must ensure when, if, and by whom the data are accessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-automatic irrigation in greenhouses presents significant disadvantages, such as waste of water and loss of time, although they are highly widespread and low cost. Research highlights the importance of rationally managing and using water through information technologies to improve crop quality, recommending the use of automated irrigation systems, although challenges are faced in the proper integration of electronic devices in agricultural environments. For this reason, it is considered that the use of drip irrigation, the integration of embedded systems with Bluetooth connection, and mobile applications facilitates its use. This paper describes the design and implementation of a prototype mechatronic system to manage greenhouse irrigation, using an embedded system based on a microcontroller. In this case, temperature and humidity sensors are used that control a water pump, monitor environmental factors, and display data in the mobile application connected via Bluetooth, activating the water pump automatically. The results show that the prototype is functional, meets the stated objectives, and proposes improvements related to the range of Bluetooth communication and the implementation of a solar panel for use in areas without electricity supply. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2025-09-01-02 Full Text: PDF

With a history of over two centuries, ultra-wideband seems to be on the verge of influencing the IoT and revolutionizing how devices communicate with each other. Unlike other technologies, Ultra-Wideband does not seem to be the technology that will solve all the issues, but rather a niche technology that will have a high impact in a niche domain. The current article analyses the Ultra-Wideband technology from its debut in the mobile world, current applications, main players in the market both in terms of Ultra-Wideband ecosystems and producers, and how the trackers market looked before the Ultra-Wideband trackers went mainstream.

Abstract Mechanical switches have been the conventional way of controlling electrical energy in different electrical systems such as: lighting systems, socket systems, and circuit breakers, especially in domestic, hospital, and industrial applications. Mechanical switches often require physical access to control different electrical devices that are connected to the power sources. The work presented in this paper aimed at designing and simulating a multi-input based Exclusive-Or master switch system that remotely controls the lighting and socket systems using the wireless switching mechanisms of Global System for Mobile communication and Bluetooth. The system therefore limits physical interaction that require use of the single pole double throw and keypad mechanical switches that are however included to act as fall-back mechanism in control of electrical devices. Within the recommended electrical safety measures, the design can be streamlined and integrated to remotely control lighting systems and sockets alongside the conventional mechanical switches in the consumer control unit.

Background: The adoption of sixth generation (6G) networks is expected to revolutionize various sectors like health care by providing unprecedented data transfer capabilities and reliability. This transition is particularly applicable to real-time health monitoring where the speed and consistency of data transmission matters. Objective: The article explores the integration of Arduino Bluetooth modules, specifically the Bluetooth HC-05 module, with 6G technologies for betterment in remote health monitoring systems. By merging the ultra-reliable, low-latency communication (URLLC) characteristics of 6G with the relatively cheap and user-friendly nature of Arduino platforms, a more intelligent health monitoring system could be established. Methodology: The article proposes Arduino sensor modules with a 6G-based real-time uplink to transmit high-resolution biometric data. The study also uses machine learning and edge computing methodologies to improve data processing for patient diagnosis. Factors such as power usage, scalability, and network integration are thoroughly explored to reach a holistic strategy. Results: The results suggest that the use of Arduino Bluetooth and 6G together can enable much better monitoring of many categories in health metrics to meet very different patient profiles. In this collaboration, we are also going to include the two main things that need everyone's attention, data privacy and security. Moreover, the utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) and edge computing led to improved diagnoses and quicker responses. Conclusions: The study demonstrates the promise of Arduino Bluetooth for future healthcare monitoring over 6G networks, and serves as a benchmark toward such ends. It paves the way for cheaper, more available, and innovative healthcare options in the era of the Internet of Things (IoT) and beyond, transforming patient treatment.

Background/Objectives: Remote monitoring (RM) cardiac implantable electronic devices for adults delivers improved patient outcomes. However, previously used bedside transmitters are not optimal due to deficient patient adherence. The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of RM regarding the connectivity of smartphone app-based solutions, adherence to scheduled automatic follow-ups, and prevalence of alert-based events. Methods: We evaluated the adult heart failure (HF) population with an implanted cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator (CRT-D) divided into two arms: with app-based RM (abRM) and without app-based RM (control). Results: A total of 81 patients (median age of 69.0) were included in our study. Sixty-five patients received a CRT-D with abRM functionality, and sixteen did not. Twelve patients had no smartphone, and two provided no consent, resulting in their transfer to the control group. Finally, the abRM arm consisted of 51 patients, while 30 patients were in the control group. The median period of follow-up lasted 12 months. Among abRM patients, 98.0% successfully transmitted their first scheduled follow-up, and 80.4% were continuously monitored. Alert-based events were mainly related to arrhythmic events and device functionality with significantly shorter median times to notification (1 day vs. 101 days; p < 0.0001) in the abRM group. Conclusions: Our study showed a high level of compliance with timely initial transmission and adherence to scheduled remote follow-ups. Patient enrollment eligibility was a major challenge due to the limited accessibility of smartphones in the population. App-based RM demonstrated an accurate notification of events and patient-initiated transmissions in emergencies, regardless of location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of traffic monitoring systems provides rich traffic data from multiple sensors. Fuzing the data has the potential to enhance the quality of travel time estimation. It also provides better spatial-temporal coverage in traffic observations. However, each sensor's unique data collection process results in fusion challenges with respect to the coverage and data quality differences between various sources. These factors determine the degree of confidence that should be considered when fuzing different types of data. To this end, this paper proposes an adaptive weight-based fusion technique (ABAFT) that considers data spatial coverage and quality or confidence as the factors constructing the weight. The proposed ABAFT was tested using different scenarios on synthetic GPS and Bluetooth MAC Scanners data from an urban arterial corridor. The results show that the ABAFT can increase the travel time estimation accuracy by over 10%, and reliability by over 8% compared to the single sensor estimators. It also outperforms the simple average and standard-error-based fusion by around 4%. ABAFT is easy to be implemented on multiple sources of information available to transport agencies for a single point of truth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless neural signal transmission is essential for both neuroscience research and neural disorder therapies. However, conventional wireless systems are often constrained by low sampling rates, limited channel counts, and their support of only a single transmission mode. Here, we developed a wireless bi-directional brain–computer interface system featuring dual transmission modes. This system supports both low-power Bluetooth transmission and high-sampling-rate Wi-Fi transmission, providing flexibility for various application scenarios. The Bluetooth mode, with a maximum sampling rate of 14.4 kS/s, is well suited for detecting low-frequency signals, as demonstrated by both in vitro recordings of signals from 10 to 50 Hz and in vivo recordings of 16-channel local field potentials in mice. More importantly, the Wi-Fi mode, offering a maximum sampling rate of 56.8 kS/s, is optimized for recording high-frequency signals. This capability was validated through in vitro recordings of signals from 500 to 2000 Hz and in vivo recordings of single-neuron spike firings with amplitudes reaching hundreds of microvolts and high signal-to-noise ratios. Additionally, the system incorporates a wireless stimulation function capable of delivering current pulses up to 2.55 mA, with adjustable pulse width and polarity. Overall, this dual-mode system provides an efficient and flexible solution for both neural recording and stimulation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Photoplethysmography is a non-invasive physical method used for measurement and monitoring of arterial blood flow in the subject's body with application of light. Pulse oximetry is the modification of photoplethysmography enriched with monitoring blood oxygen saturation. Acquisition of pulse oximetry data can be achieved using two types of pulse oximeters: transmission or reflectance. Both methods require the use of physical light sources and a receiver, set in specific positions. This results in different construction of devices and may lead to diverse ways of calculating the blood saturation values. One of these ways uses second-degree polynomial made from three constants and a variable calculated with ratio of red- to infrared-based variables. We used this method to develop the wireless pulse oximeter paired with the dedicated mobile application. The device acquired 400 samples per second and calculated oxygen saturation level and heart rate, as well as provided data for photoplethysmography curve. In this system data are transferred in real time to the application, which displays the saturation values and presents photoplethysmography curve for last several heartbeats. Calculation of the values was checked with a commercial pulse oximeter and the results were mostly similar, with the difference in SpO2 not greater than one percentage point and the difference in heart rate not greater than five beats per minute. The design of the pulse oximeter allows further miniaturization. Mobile application is intuitive for user and does not need any training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robots are important in preventing hazards. This paper presents the construction and testing of a mobile robot equipped with a sensor-based glove for firefighting and rescue operations. The main idea is based on the ability to control the mobile robot through the movement of a gloved hand. The glove circuit is connected to the robot circuit through Bluetooth. The MPU6050 gyroscope sensor detects the movement of a gloved hand and sends the direction of the hand’s inclination to the microcontroller, which in turn uses this information to direct the mobile robot’ movement in the desired direction. Experiments were conducted to test the mobile robot and its control system. Results showed that the robot prototype works effectively with satisfactory response to the intended direction of robot movement. An increase in safety level and a reduction in firefighting risks were also observed. The proposed robot can assist effectively in rescue operations, creating opportunities for future improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest planning involves estimating the biomass of species present in the area. Two fundamental parameters are diameter and height through which it is possible to indirectly estimate of biomass present. Digitalisation of forestry operations, such as forest planning, is crucial and should be affordable and easy-to-use digital applications and open-source devices. A digital progressive web application (PWA) was designed to record measurements. The app was connected via bluetoot to an open-source IoT digital forestry caliper prototyped by modifying a commercial tree caliper. An economic analysis was carried out considering all costs necessary for the development and operation of the app on smartphones and the preparation of electronic means for creation of the digital caliper. A comparison was made between costs of detecting tree diameters through application of the technology developed compared to costs calculated by applying the use of a dendrometric caliper (three technological levels were considered: L1, L2 and L3). The PWA allowed for easy data entry and viewing, maps and tree densities. The open-source digital caliper showed accuracy and precision comparable with similar commercial devices (1.5% ± 0.9% and 0.0% ± 0.9%, respectively). Total time per operator was lower using the digital caliper. From an economic perspective, application of the digital technology was more sustainable than the traditional system. Use of the digital caliper in combination with the web application optimizes detection time of a single tree, and therefore decreases overall cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem addressed is the temperature monitoring of a craft beer brewing equipment and the corresponding use of cooling or heating systems, adding support for querying the temperature of the system through voice commands with the help of the intelligent assistant Alexa, developed by Amazon. This work allows you to remotely monitor the temperature, because its control is essential to obtain quality results. Which reduces human errors and errors due to equipment malfunction. The incorporation of voice command through the Alexa smart assistant allows the person in charge to monitor the temperature, be doing another task or even be able to hire people with a physical disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's society, keeping our gardens attractive is complex, especially if you need more time to care for them. This can cause the plant to wilt if it is not watered occasionally to keep the soil moist. In summer, this problem tends to get worse because the temperature tends to rise and reach high degrees. The objective is to design an automatic and manual irrigation system with a humidity detector through hardware programming and free software to solve this. The necessary components will be identified and selected, humidity thresholds will be established, and the adoption of technologies such as internet of things (IoT), Arduino, and humidity sensors will be promoted to solve the problem in automated irrigation systems. The technical specifications of the components are described, and the circuit design is presented. A programming algorithm will be developed to control the frequency and duration of irrigation, as well as the state of the water pump. Implementing the automated system will allow precise water supply control, contributing to the healthy growth of plants and crops in green areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the performance at signalized intersections can be achieved through different management styles or sensor technologies. It is crucial that we measure the real-time impact of these variables on intersection performance. This study introduces a Bluetooth-based real-time performance measurement system applicable to all signalized intersections. Additionally, the developed method serves as a feedback tool for adaptive intersection management systems, providing valuable data input for performance optimization. The method developed in the study is applied at the Refik Cesur Intersection in the Polatlı district of Ankara where delay values are calculated based on traffic flows and data from Bluetooth sensors positioned at strategic locations. Initially, the intersection operated under a fixed-time signaling system, followed by a fully adaptive signaling system the next day. The performance of these two systems is compared using the Bluetooth-based application. The results show that the average delay per vehicle per day is 58.1 seconds/vehicle for the fixed-time system and 45.3 seconds/vehicle for the adaptive system. To validate the Bluetooth-based performance measurement system, the intersection is modeled and simulated using Aimsun Simulation Software Next 20.0.4. The simulation results confirm the findings of the Bluetooth-based analysis, demonstrating the effectiveness of the adaptive signaling system in reducing delays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a history of over two centuries, ultra-wideband seems to be on the verge of influencing the IoT and revolutionizing how devices communicate with each other. Unlike other technologies, Ultra-Wideband does not seem to be the technology that will solve all the issues, but rather a niche technology that will have a high impact in a niche domain. The current article analyses the Ultra-Wideband technology from its debut in the mobile world, current applications, main players in the market both in terms of Ultra-Wideband ecosystems and producers, and how the trackers market looked before the Ultra-Wideband trackers went mainstream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Our primary research objective was to assess the population uptake and contact tracer utilisation of the Bluetooth function of the New Zealand Covid Tracer App (NZCTA) throughout the pandemic. Methods: We adopted a retrospective cohort study design using all diagnosed COVID-19 community cases from December 12, 2020 to February 16, 2022. Results: At its height, more than 60% of the eligible population had the Bluetooth function of NZCTA activated. However, only an estimated 2.2% of the population was able to fully participate. Cases managed by the national case investigation service were 17 times (aRR 17.54, 95%CI: 13.02-23.90) and 9 times (aRR 9.27, 95%CI: 6.91, 12.76) more likely to generate a Bluetooth token than cases managed by local public health units during the Delta and Omicron periods, respectively. Conclusions: The Bluetooth functionality of the NZCTA likely had a low impact on the pandemic response in NZ despite its exceptionally high levels of public uptake. The primary reason for the lack of impact was the low utilisation by contact tracers. Implications for public health: The results highlight the need for greater consultation and collaboration with the public health sector during the development and implementation of digital contact tracing tools.

Active components such as active inductors and active capacitors have been used to replace their passive counterparts, especially in radio frequency modules. Besides saving colossal silicon area, active inductors are power saviors, tuneable, and provide large inductance ranges. This paper presents the evaluation and performance of a low noise amplifier (LNA) implemented using only active components. The active inductor has a high inductance tunability range from 848 nH to 1660 nH, resulting in a frequency range from 1.85 GHz to 3.02 GHz. The active inductor's quality factor is 11, with a maximum power dissipation of 208.1 µW from a 0.5 V DC power supply. The LNA provides a voltage gain of 8.76 dB with a noise figure of 8.21 dB while consuming 779.16 µW from a 0.85 V supply. The achieved frequency range is commonly used for various wireless communication applications, including Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.

From Bluetooth 5.1, a direction finding function has been added that allows the receiver to measure the angle of arrival (AoA) of the wireless signal from the sender. In this letter, we propose a method for detecting pedestrians and their movement direction passing between Bluetooth devices equipped with direction finding functions. As a result of the evaluation, pedestrians could be detected with higher accuracy (F‐score 0.929) by combining received signal strength indicator and AoA than when using each alone. In addition, the accuracy rate for estimating the movement direction using AoA was 0.704. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulse Detonation Engine has been a point of interest in the propulsion industry for some time and the interest has been rising due to its better output and results. But any system can perform its task efficiently based on the efficiency of its control system. In this paper we have presented a comparative study between multiple control systems- one based on Bluetooth technology, the other based on infrared sensor technology and one based on wired electrical system. For the wireless system, the signal received from either of the media is passed to the various sensors and systems connected through an Arduino board that further controls the solenoid valves and ignition system. Primarily, a control system circuit is developed using Arduino board and different sensors to connect the fuel supply and ignition system. In the next stage, Bluetooth sensors are connected using an android app and then an infrared sensor based system is integrated with the Arduino to control the engine and the performance of the two systems are compared. Whereas for wired system, every sub system is controlled through optical wires including the solenoid valves, the injection system and the sensors.

Abstract Background Guidelines recommended remote monitoring (RM) in managing patients with Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices. In recent years, smart device (phone or tablet) monitoring‐based RM (SM‐RM) was introduced. This study aims to systematically review SM‐RM versus bedside monitor RM (BM‐RM) using radiofrequency in terms of compliance, connectivity, and episode transmission time. Methods We conducted a systematic review, searching three international databases from inception until July 2023 for studies comparing SM‐RM (intervention group) versus BM‐RM (control group). Results Two matched studies (21 978 patients) were retrieved (SM‐RM arm: 9642 patients, BM‐RM arm: 12 336 patients). There is significantly higher compliance among SM‐RM patients compared with BM‐RM patients in both pacemaker and defibrillator patients. Manyam et al. found that more SM‐RM patients than BM‐RM patients transmitted at least once (98.1% vs. 94.3%, p

Traditional methods of watering plants based on timers have been shown to be wasteful when compared to sensor based watering. While sensor based irrigation systems do exist, current implementations are both costly and needlessly complex. Our goal was to design an irrigation sensor system is cheap, easy to implement, and saves more water than traditional watering systems. Our approach was to create a sensor node network that is both reliable and cost effective when installing it. With this approach we were able to create a dependable tree like sensor network that could read moisture data from soil and have it visualized in an Android application. In regards to our Android application, we were able to implement features such as sensor calibration in order to obtain accurate readings. Our tree like network was also able to be consistent in being able to send data packets back and forth with each sensor having a reach of up to 100 meters and being able to have a total of 3125 radio modules in use. In conclusion we were able to create a reliable and cost effective irrigation system that could be used for both farms and home gardens. We were able to meet our initial goals which were to create an user friendly application that could be used to read and visualize data as well creating a sensor network that is low-power and is low cost.  Advisor: Professor Sitao Huang, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

Smart-locks have become increasingly popular for access to homes and businesses in many countries, because of their ease of use and adaptability. These locks offer a simple and secure alternative to traditional key-based entry, making them an attractive choice for both residential and commercial properties. Nevertheless, it is essential to acknowledge the potential security threats that come with any new technology. The security of smart-locks is particularly critical, as a breach could result in unauthorized entry. Since the smart-locks can connect, there are different ways to check if vulnerabilities can be found easily or on the contrary, if the security level is high. Two of the main ways of checking the security level of this kind of IoT device are the information that can be obtained from the Android application and the security level of the Bluetooth connection. Many vulnerabilities can be found in the Android smart lock management application. This application is very useful to perform all the configurations with such a lock, but if it is not properly implemented and secured, it can provide clues for malicious users to perform unauthorized access to the system. Another security factor is the Bluetooth connection. This ensures that only authorized users have access to the property. In this work, we have analyzed the security level of different parts of smart-locks. In particular, we have analyzed the security of the applications for the most important smart-locks on the market. This study reveals relevant information such as whether the application is obfuscated or not, the encryption algorithm for the Bluetooth connection, or relevant URLs that applications use to connect to the cloud. The security of the Bluetooth connection between the smartphone application and two selected smart-locks was also analyzed. It was demonstrated that if no encryption is used for the Bluetooth connection, the smart-lock is not secure, but if AES encryption is used, the security level is high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical energy has become a basic necessity today. As the population increases, the amount of electricity demand is also increasing. Therefore, many innovations are needed to meet these needs. One of the innovations in energy harvesting systems is the use of piezoelectricity. This research aims to create a piezoelectric-based running track prototype to produce environmentally friendly electrical energy. The arrangement of piezoelectric sensors used in this research is a parallel circuit. The research method used is the Research and Development method. The test results on the physical activities of walking, running, and jumping show that the prototype system that has been made has worked well and produces a fairly stable electric voltage even though it is still in a small amount. the difference in activity and body weight that presses the prototype produces different electric voltages. For walking activity, the prototype is able to produce a maximum voltage output of 0.83V, running activity has a maximum output of 5.83V and the maximum voltage output of jumping activity is 7.88V. The use of energy is done by storing the energy obtained from the piezoelectric in the battery, which can later be monitored directly by the voltage sensor, bluetooth module, HC-05, and RTC module the data will be sent to the cell phone so that the piezoelectric output voltage can be recorded and monitored. The electrical energy output generated by the piezoelectric is able to charge the battery and switch on the LED light at 2.5 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the wireless communication modules used for monitoring photovoltaic systems-ZigBee, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GSM and LoRa. The aim is to compare the main features, advantages and disadvantages of each of these technologies. The analysis identifies the need for reliability, low power consumption and secure data transmission in the design of the systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fields of indoor localization and positioning have seen extensive research in recent years. Their scientific soundness is of great importance, as information about an entity's location in indoor environments can lead to innovative services and products. Various techniques and frameworks have been proposed, some of which are already in practical use. This article emphasizes the value of indoor localization data and proposes the adoption of a new virtual field known as the 'Transactional Area Network' (TAN). By presenting a custom yet simple real-time, peer-to-peer (and therefore decentralized) software implementation that provides positioning information to users via their smart devices, this article demonstrates the potential value of TAN. Finally, it explores how TAN can increase the adoption rate of indoor positioning applications, enhance interactions between people in nearby locations and therefore amplify data generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Personal Audio Devices (PAD) are almost essential to access smartphones and tablets anywhere. Regular and prolonged noise exposure can cause gradual, irreversible damage to the sensory cells and other structures, leading to a permanent threshold shift (permanent hearing loss). The present study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and pattern of using Personal Audio Devices (PAD) and health problems related to them among medical undergraduates of a medical college in Maharashtra. Methodology: The present cross-sectional study was conducted amongst 413 respondents from June to July 2022. Data was collected using a pre-structured self-administered questionnaire presented in the format of Google Form (Online). Results: Most of the participants i.e. 176 (42.5%) were using Bluetooth devices for listening. The majority of the participants 148 (35.9%) had been using audio devices for the last 2-4 years. We found that 228 (55.3%) never used AD while driving. The study revealed that 132 (32%) students had started to have some difficulty in hearing, while 36 (8.7%) had pain, 34 (8.3%) had an itchy ear and 21 (5.1%) had mild deafness. Conclusion: Most of the participants were unaware of the safe use of audio devices and Students had already started experiencing ear-related problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is mainly focusing on building an automated home for a small family in low cost budget. The Internet of things has gained much popularity due to easy connection establishment between electrical appliances, which makes our lives easy and helps in many ways such as reducing power consumption by automating devices, providing security. This product is mainly designed for bachelors who live by themselves. This study suggests a low-cost smart home automation solution that uses Bluetooth to control using an Android-based application, devices may be controlled remotely via an Arduino Uno microcontroller, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and many sensors, including an LDR, an LM-35 temperature sensor, and a smoke sensor. And a keypad- based security has been provided to open the door. The proposed system can help us to efficiently control home appliances using Bluetooth and android application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present day innovation is advancing now a days.To the faster the process that will help the people using current advancements. This paper depicts the development of an economical, easy to use, and secure home robotization process in view of Android. The venture is executed with the voice assistance of Arduino Bluetooth board. What's more, the home devices are connected with a 4 channel hand-off module. The remote association is made for correspondence between the Arduino Bluetooth and the Android telephone. In this undertaking one needs to be conservative and Control of a quantifiable scope of gadgets with few upgrades to its tasks. To forestall unapproved clients from getting to the hardware at home, secret key assurance is required. In this administrative work one high level component is added that is the successful use of EEPROM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

River bodies have been polluted indiscriminately by being subjected to waste generated by industries and human beings. Apart from the soluble waste, there is a lot of insoluble waste which creates a layer on the river body that not only affects the quality of water but also prevents the sun rays from moving down the river bed; this seriously affects the aquatic life within the river—considering the above factor we have designed and fabricated a remote controlled machine which can collect the floating waste from the river bodies. The machine is controlled with the help of a Bluetooth module. This Bluetooth module [1] controls the DC motors on the machine and helps the machine to move and make various movements. The machine includes a garbage tray that accumulates the garbage collected. The Indian government has assumed care of river cleaning and has invested a significant amount of money in projects such as "Namami Gange" as well as other cities such as Ahmadabad and Varanasi. Taking this into account, this machine was created to clean the surface of river water. The project's major goal is to reduce the amount of manpower and time required to clean the river. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a four-element compact Multi-Input Multi-Output antenna with enhanced isolation for applications with three bands. The four-port antenna elements have hook-shape multiband monopole elements with 50 Ω microstrip feed lines and are placed such that they are perpendicular to one another to enhance the act of the MIMO system. Simulation and measurement consequences demonstrate that the antenna operates at a consistent gain and radiation patterns at the major frequency bands of 2.11−2.47 GHz, 3.14−3.54 GHz, and 5.15−5.85 GHz with S11 < −10 dB. To verify the claimed MIMO antenna performance, data in the format of radiation patterns, peak gain (4.9, 5.2, 5.8 dB), diversity gain (DG) (9.95, 9.92, 9.92 dB), envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) (0.005, 0.003, 0.002), TRAC, channel capacity and MEG ratio are retrieved. These specifications of the suggested antenna make it a suitable candidate for WiMAX, Bluetooth, and WLAN uses. Additionally, the suggested antenna outperformed current work by providing a superior balance of size, bandwidth, and several performance characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, microwave filtering technologies have known great advancement and wide employment in wireless communication systems, necessitating the development of miniaturization techniques to respect the size limitation in wireless communication devices and reduce the cost, in order to satisfy the consumer and be more competitive. Accordingly, the design of a microwave filter is chosen based on its electrical performance, size, and manufacturing price. Therefore, it is necessary to make a good compromise between the mentioned criteria to satisfy the industrial requirements. This paper proposes a small and inexpensive bandpass filter (BPF), where the proposed structure is carefully constructed over a low-price FR4 Epoxy substrate with a full dimension of (17.6 × 9 × 1.6) mm3. The proposed filter offers good electrical performance in terms of reflection coefficient (S11), insertion loss (S21), Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), and selectivity. A filter prototype is fabricated and tested to affirm the simulation results. Consequently, the measured results show a good agreement with the simulation, proving the suitability of the proposed filter for different wireless applications, including WLAN, Bluetooth, ZigBee, RFID, and ISM bands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless time synchronization is one of the most important services in a wireless sensor network (WSN). Inertial measurement units (IMUs) are often used in these WSNs in healthcare-related treatments. We present a low-power, wirelessly synchronized multi-IMU platform. The proposed approach synchronously captures packets from different IMUs and transmits the data over Bluetooth low energy (BLE) to a central data capturing unit (DCU). The contribution of this letter is, rather than focussing on the highest possible accuracy, to provide a low-power accurate enough solution for use in a multi-IMU WSN. We examine key factors affecting synchronization accuracy and elaborate on the implementation challenges. An accuracy of sub $1~\mathrm {\mu }\text{s}$ can be achieved with the approach using 74.8 $\text{J}\mathrm {\mathbf {h^{-1}}}$ of energy, while a power-optimized implementation is presented with an accuracy of $200~\mathrm {\mu }\text{s}$ and an energy consumption of only 198 mJ $\mathrm {\mathbf {h^{-1}}}$. This approach suits the required accuracy and low-power requirements for a multi-IMU system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indoor location services often use Bluetooth low energy (BLE) devices for their low energy consumption and easy implementation. Applications like device monitoring, ranging, and asset tracking utilize the received signal strength (RSS) of the BLE signal to estimate the proximity of a device from the receiver. However, in multipath environments, RSS-based solutions may not provide an accurate estimation. In such environments, receivers with antenna arrays are used to calculate the difference in time of flight (ToF) and therefore calculate the direction of arrival (DoA) of the Bluetooth signal. Other techniques like triangulation have also been used, such as having multiple transmitters or receivers as a network of sensors. To find a lost item, devices like Tile© use an onboard beeper to notify users of their presence. In this paper, we present a system that uses a single-measurement device and describe the method of measurement to estimate the location of a BLE device using RSS. A BLE device is configured as an Eddystone beacon for periodic transmission of advertising packets with RSS information. We developed a smartphone application to read RSS information from the beacon, designed an algorithm to estimate the DoA, and used the phone's internal sensors to evaluate the DoA with respect to true north. The proposed measurement method allows for asset tracking by iterative measurements that provide the direction of the beacon and take the user closer at every step. The receiver application is easily deployable on a smartphone, and the algorithm provides direction of the beacon within a 30° range, as suggested by the provided results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless short-range communication has become widespread in the modern era, partly due to the advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT) and smart technology. This technology is now utilized in various sectors, including lighting, medical, and industrial applications. This article aims to examine the historical, present, and forthcoming advancements in wireless short-range communication. Additionally, the review will analyze the modifications made to communication protocols, such as Bluetooth, RFID and NFC, in order to better accommodate modern applications. Batteryless technology, particularly batteryless NFC, is an emerging development in short-range wireless communication that combines power and data transmission into a single carrier. This modification will significantly influence the trajectory of short-range communication and its applications. The foundation of most low-power, short-range communication applications relies on an ultra-low-power microcontroller. Therefore, this study will encompass an analysis of ultra-low-power microcontrollers and an investigation into the potential limitations they might encounter in the future. In addition to offering a thorough examination of current Wireless short-range communication, this article will also attempt to forecast future patterns and identify possible obstacles that future research may address. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]