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This work employs a combination of density functional theory-infrared (IR), conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS), and molecular dynamic (MD) methods to investigate the impact of hydroxyl functional groups on CO2 capture within dicationic ionic liquids (DILs). The COSMO-RS reveals that hydroxyl groups in DILs reduce the macroscopic solubility of CO2 but improve the selectivity of CO2 over CO, H2, and CH4 gases. Quantum methods in the gas phase and MD simulations in the liquid phase were conducted to delve deeper into the underlying mechanisms. The IR spectrum analysis confirms red shifts in CO2's asymmetric stretching mode and blue shifts in the CR–HR bond of the dication, indicating CO2–DIL interactions and the weakening of the anion–cation interactions caused by the presence of CO2. The results show that the positioning of anions around hydroxyl groups and HR atoms in rings inhibits the proximity of CO2 molecules, causing the hydrogen atoms within methylene groups to accumulate CO2. van der Waals forces were found to dominate the interaction between ions and CO2. The addition of hydroxyl groups strengthens the electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds between dications and anions. The stronger interaction energy between ions in [C5(mim)2-(C2)2(OH)2][NTf2]2 limits the displacement of CO2 molecules within this DIL compared to [C5(mim)2-(C4)2][NTf2]2. Compared to [C5(mim)2-(C4)2][NTf2]2, [C5(mim)2-(C2)2(OH)2][NTf2]2 exhibits stronger ion–ion interactions, higher density, and reduced free volume, resulting in a reduction in CO2 capture. These results provide significant insights into the intermolecular interactions and vibrational properties of CO2 in DIL complexes, emphasizing their significance in developing efficient and sustainable strategies for CO2 capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The domain reversal dynamics of the pristine and 10 wt. % BiFeO3 nanoparticle-embedded P(VDF-TrFE) (polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) flexible ferroelectric membranes were investigated. A scaling relation of A∝fαE0β relevant to the domain reversal dynamics was eventually determined. The pristine P(VDF-TrFE) flexible membrane takes the form of A∝f0.04077E00.39748 in stage III of high electric fields. Nevertheless, for BiFeO3-embedded P(VDF-TrFE) [BFO/P(VDF-TrFE)] flexible membranes, the relations are developed as A∝f−0.3326E02.74911 in the low electric fields of stage I and as A∝f0.04309E01.04872 in stage III separately. The negative α indicates that more and more domain reversal lags behind the alternating periodic electric field in stage I. Instead, in stage III, the positive α indicates that most domain reversals can occur anytime whatever the alternating speed of electric fields is. Analogously, the positive β indicates that at any selected frequency, domains can flip at an external electric field. Abnormally, for the pristine P(VDF-TrFE) membrane, the scaling relation in the first E0 stage is broken, reflecting only dielectric contributions this time. The dynamic scaling data are significant for the micromechanism accomplishments of copolymers and for the designs of flexible electric devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate the structural, magnetic, and blood compatibility properties of Sr2+ substituted for Cu2+ in Cu 1−x Sr x Fe 2 O 4 (x = 0.0 to 1 with a 0.25 increment) nanoparticles synthesized via the sol-gel auto-combustion technique. Regardless of the substitution rate, the sol-gel auto-combustion method consistently yields powders with sizes ranging from 20 to 40 nm. The specific surface area of the produced powders is determined as 12 m2/g. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that CuFe 2 O 4 exhibits a singular phase; however, as the Sr2+ ion substitution increases, the emergence of various secondary phases becomes apparent, with their proportions increasing with the substitution rate. The magnetic characteristics of the synthesized powders exhibit variations in magnetization, correlating with the distribution of cations in the sublattice points. Coercivities are influenced by both anisotropy and secondary phases. Saturation magnetization decreases from 31.3 (CuFe 2 O 4) to 7.6 (SrFe 2 O 4) emu/g with Sr replacement. The lowest observed coercivity is 429.5 Oe in powders prepared with CuFe 2 O 4 composition, while the highest is measured at 583.8 Oe in nanopowders prepared with Cu 0.5 Sr 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 composition. Moreover, blood compatibility experiments indicate significantly low hemolysis ratios for Cu 1−x Sr x Fe 2 O 4 nanoparticles. Additionally, all examined samples exhibit an increase in Soret band intensity compared to the negative control test, suggesting potential biocompatibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electroless NiP coatings are well known for their excellent properties and vast area of applications. In the present investigation, electroless NiP coating is applied on AISI 420 substrate, which is used for manufacturing medical instruments. As blood is a strong electrolyte, the steel, when comes in contact with blood for a long time, tends to corrode very fast. The primary objective of this work is to enhance the corrosion resistivity of AISI 420 stainless steel by the application of electroless NiP coating. The corrosion resistance of coated steel was investigated using both potentiodynamic polarisation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in artificial blood plasma. Detailed microstructural investigation using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy has been done. Microhardness measurement has been performed. The SEM images revealed the coatings to be primarily amorphous and changed to crystalline when heat treated at 300°C for 2 h. Microhardness of the as-plated coating was 592 HV and increased to 677 HV after heat treatment. Corrosion rate decreased from 4.694 × 10−4 mm/year of bare steel to 4.104 × 10−5 mm/year for coated and heat-treated steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesoscopic photoacoustic imaging (PAI) enables label‐free visualization of vascular networks in tissues with high contrast and resolution. Segmenting these networks from 3D PAI data and interpreting their physiological and pathological significance is crucial yet challenging due to the time‐consuming and error‐prone nature of current methods. Deep learning offers a potential solution; however, supervised analysis frameworks typically require human‐annotated ground‐truth labels. To address this, an unsupervised image‐to‐image translation deep learning model is introduced, the Vessel Segmentation Generative Adversarial Network (VAN‐GAN). VAN‐GAN integrates synthetic blood vessel networks that closely resemble real‐life anatomy into its training process and learns to replicate the underlying physics of the PAI system in order to learn how to segment vasculature from 3D photoacoustic images. Applied to a diverse range of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo data, including patient‐derived breast cancer xenograft models and 3D clinical angiograms, VAN‐GAN demonstrates its capability to facilitate accurate and unbiased segmentation of 3D vascular networks. By leveraging synthetic data, VAN‐GAN reduces the reliance on manual labeling, thus lowering the barrier to entry for high‐quality blood vessel segmentation (F1 score: VAN‐GAN vs. U‐Net = 0.84 vs. 0.87) and enhancing preclinical and clinical research into vascular structure and function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Docetaxel is one of the most effective and safe chemotherapy drugs according to the World Health Organization, but its clinical use has been discontinued due to its various side effects. To reduce these side effects, the amount of docetaxel drug should be kept at the most effective level, it should be monitored in body fluids. Due to the limitations of traditional analytical methods used for this purpose, such as expensive and low sensitivity, labor-intensive and time-consuming complex preliminary preparation, efficient methods are required for the determination of the docetaxel level in the body. The increasing demand for the development of personalized therapy has recently spurred significant research into biosensors for the detection of drugs and other chemical compounds. In this study, an electrochemical-based portable nanobiosensor system was developed for the rapid, low-cost, and sensitive determination of docetaxel. In this context, mg-p(HEMA)-IMEO nanoparticles to be used as nanobiosensor bioactive layer was synthesized, characterized, and docetaxel determination conditions were optimized. According to the results obtained, the developed nanobiosensor system can detect docetaxel with a sensitivity of 2.22 mg/mL in a wide calibration range of 0.25-10 mg/mL, in only 15 min, in mixed media such as commercially available artificial blood serum and urine. determined. We concluded that the developed nanobiosensor system can be successfully used in routine drug monitoring as a low-cost biomedical device capable of direct, rapid, and specific drug determination within the scope of personalized treatment, providing point-of-care testing. HIGHLIGHTS: Therapeutic drug monitoring on-site has the potential to significantly save healthcare expenditures while also improving patient outcomes. Chromatography's applicability as a routine procedure is restricted by its lack of standardization, expensive equipment, lengthy turnaround times, and labor-intensive sample preparation. Overcoming these drawbacks, nanobiosensors provide an inexpensive, user-friendly, on-site analytical approach to fully explore the possibilities of therapeutic drug monitoring. In the graphical abstract, the nanobiosensor system for the docetaxel anticancer drug developed within the scope of the study is schematized. Nanoparticles with developed magnetic properties and modified specifically for docetaxel are used as a bioactive layer on the surface of the disposable surface imprinted electrode, and blood or urine samples taken from patients provide the amount of docetaxel in their content with potentiostat measurements, through this bioactive layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the complication of in‐stent restenosis that occurs with traditional stent treatments, this study proposes an innovative hybrid smart stent‐based medical system. This approach allows to overcome the limitations of existing bare metal or polymer‐based smart stents, which interfere with radio frequency signals, less deformability, or do not provide adequate radial support, respectively. The proposed hybrid stent, which uses a Co/Cr–polycaprolactone (PCL)–Co/Cr configuration connected by a unique dual inverted Y‐type connector for metal–polymer integration is integrated with a LC wireless pressure sensor fabricated through a semiconductor process. The fabricated hybrid stent made by laser machining and custom‐made 3D printing, offers excellent properties such as radial strength (0.125 N/mm) and flexibility (2 N mm2) and provides intravascular information to the outside through the integrated sensor without signal degradation. After basic experiments using a phantom, animal experiments are conducted by combining the fabricated sensor with artificial blood vessel, and the results measured by the external antenna system are consistent with the results of a commercial reference sensor. The proposed wireless sensor‐based smart stents and artificial blood vessels aim to gather diverse patient health data for integration with artificial intelligence, laying the groundwork for next‐generation medical innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn the process of the drug development, studies on the cytochrome P450 (CYP) profiles after its administration provided fundamental information regarding drug interactions with concomitantly administered drugs. Here, we evaluated the influence of the administration of H12-(ADP)-liposomes, a platelet substitute, on the mRNA and protein expression, and metabolic activity of CYPs, with focus on the CYP1A2, CYP2C11 and CYP3A2, in rat liver.At 24 h after administering saline or H12-(ADP)-liposomes (10 mg of lipids/kg), a quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analysis revealed that the mRNA and proteins expression of all of the target hepatic CYP isoforms were not different between the saline and H12-(ADP)-liposome groups. Furthermore, an ex vivo CYP metabolic activity assay showed that hepatic CYP metabolic activities in the H12-(ADP)-liposome group were comparable to the corresponding saline group. On the other hand, the area under the blood concentration-time curve for substitutes for CYP1A2 and CYP2C11 was higher in H12-(ADP)-liposome group than in saline group, but the degree of elevations was negligible levels.At a minimum, based on these results, we conclude that H12-(ADP)-liposomes have no quantitative and qualitative effect on the hepatic CYP isoforms, indicating that the drug interactions of H12-(ADP)-liposomes with CYP-metabolizing drugs would be negligible.In the process of the drug development, studies on the cytochrome P450 (CYP) profiles after its administration provided fundamental information regarding drug interactions with concomitantly administered drugs. Here, we evaluated the influence of the administration of H12-(ADP)-liposomes, a platelet substitute, on the mRNA and protein expression, and metabolic activity of CYPs, with focus on the CYP1A2, CYP2C11 and CYP3A2, in rat liver.At 24 h after administering saline or H12-(ADP)-liposomes (10 mg of lipids/kg), a quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analysis revealed that the mRNA and proteins expression of all of the target hepatic CYP isoforms were not different between the saline and H12-(ADP)-liposome groups. Furthermore, an ex vivo CYP metabolic activity assay showed that hepatic CYP metabolic activities in the H12-(ADP)-liposome group were comparable to the corresponding saline group. On the other hand, the area under the blood concentration-time curve for substitutes for CYP1A2 and CYP2C11 was higher in H12-(ADP)-liposome group than in saline group, but the degree of elevations was negligible levels.At a minimum, based on these results, we conclude that H12-(ADP)-liposomes have no quantitative and qualitative effect on the hepatic CYP isoforms, indicating that the drug interactions of H12-(ADP)-liposomes with CYP-metabolizing drugs would be negligible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel optical lactate biosensor is presented that utilizes a colorimetric interaction between H2O2 liberated by a binary enzymatic reaction and bis(neocuproine)copper(II) complex ([Cu(Nc)2]2+) known as CUPRAC (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity) reagent. In the first step, lactate oxidase (LOx) and pyruvate oxidase (POx) were separately immobilized on silanized magnetite nanoparticles (SiO2@Fe3O4 NPs), and thus, 2 mol of H2O2 was released per 1 mol of the substrate due to a sequential enzymatic reaction of the mixture of LOx-SiO2@Fe3O4 and POx-SiO2@Fe3O4 NPs with lactate and pyruvate, respectively. In the second step, the absorbance at 450 nm of the yellow-orange [Cu(Nc)2]+ complex formed through the color reaction of enzymatically produced H2O2 with [Cu(Nc)2]2+ was recorded. The results indicate that the developed colorimetric binary enzymatic biosensor exhibits a broad linear range of response between 0.5 and 50.0 µM for lactate under optimal conditions with a detection limit of 0.17 µM. The fabricated biosensor did not respond to other saccharides, while the positive interferences of certain reducing compounds such as dopamine, ascorbic acid, and uric acid were minimized through their oxidative removal with a pre-oxidant (NaBiO3) before enzymatic and colorimetric reactions. The fabricated optical biosensor was applied to various samples such as artificial blood, artificial/real sweat, and cow milk. The high recovery values (close to 100%) achieved for lactate-spiked samples indicate an acceptable accuracy of this colorimetric biosensor in the determination of lactate in real samples. Due to the increase in H2O2 production with the bienzymatic lactate sensor, the proposed method displays double-fold sensitivity relative to monoenzymatic biosensors and involves a neat color reaction with cupric-neocuproine having a clear stoichiometry as opposed to the rather indefinite stoichiometry of analogous redox dye methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the performance requirements and existing problems of nonwoven materials in different medical implants application, the application characteristics and research progress of nonwoven materials for medical implants in artificial heart valve, artificial cornea, hernia patch, artificial blood vessel, artificial joint and other fields were discussed. It is considered that through the development of new raw materials, the improvement of preparation technology, tissue engineering treatment and other methods, which can make the nonwoven material for medical implants have a broader development prospect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood scarcity is one of the main causes of healthcare disruptions worldwide, with blood shortages occurring at an alarming rate. Over the last decades, blood substitutes have aimed at reinforcing the supply of blood, with several products (e.g., hemoglobin (Hb)‐based oxygen (O2) carriers, perfluorocarbons (PFC)) achieving a limited degree of success. Regardless, there is still no widespread solution to this problem due to persistent challenges in product safety and scalability. In this Review, different advances are described in the field of blood substitution, particularly in the development of artificial red blood cells, otherwise known as engineered erythrocytes (EE). The different strategies are categorized into natural, synthetic, or hybrid approaches, and discuss their potential in terms of safety and scalability. Synthetic EEs are identified as the most powerful approach, and describe erythrocytes from a materials engineering perspective. Their biological structure and function are reviewed, as well as explore different methods of assembling a material‐based cell. Specifically, it is discussed how to recreate size, shape, and deformability through particle fabrication, and how to recreate the functional machinery through synthetic biology and nanotechnology. It is concluded by describing the versatile nature of synthetic erythrocytes in medicine and pharmaceuticals and propose specific directions for the field of erythrocyte engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of blood and artificial salivary contamination of different root-end filling materials on microleakage using a confocal laser scanning microscope and on marginal adaptation using a scanning electron microscope. Materials and Methods: Eighty noncarious single-rooted teeth with mature apices were taken. After retro-cavity preparation, they were randomly assigned into two major groups (n = 40). They were contaminated with blood and artificial saliva, respectively. Each major group was divided randomly into four subgroups (n = 10) and filled as follows: Subgroup A, Biodentine; Subgroup B, bioactive bone cement; Subgroup C, Cention N; and Subgroup D, Bio-C Repair. The samples were sectioned transversely at 1 and 2 mm from the root apex and checked under a confocal laser scanning microscope for microleakage and under an scanning electron microscope for marginal adaptation. The average mean values were calculated. Independent samples t-tests, paired t-tests, and one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc tests were done to analyze the data. Results: All the tested materials showed marginal gaps and dye leakage. The Bio-C Repair group showed the least mean marginal gap and dye leakage values, followed by bioactive bone cement, Biodentine, and Cention N, respectively, in both blood and artificial saliva contamination. However, the mean marginal gaps and dye leakage between the major groups were statistically insignificant. Conclusion: In an overall comparison, Bio-C Repair was found to be superior in terms of marginal adaptation and sealing ability under the test conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineered stone silicosis (ESS), primarily caused by inhaling respirable crystalline silica, poses a significant occupational health risk globally. ESS has no effective treatment and presents a rapid progression from simple silicosis (SS) to progressive massive fibrosis (PMF), with respiratory failure and death. Despite the use of diagnostic methods like chest x‐rays and high‐resolution computed tomography, early detection of silicosis remains challenging. Since routine blood tests have shown promise in detecting inflammatory markers associated with the disease, this study aims to assess whether routine blood biomarkers, coupled with machine learning techniques, can effectively differentiate between healthy individuals, subjects with SS, and PMF. To this end, 107 men diagnosed with silicosis, ex‐workers in the engineered stone (ES) sector, and 22 healthy male volunteers as controls not exposed to ES dust were recruited. Twenty‐one primary biochemical markers derived from peripheral blood extraction were obtained retrospectively from clinical hospital records. Relief‐F features selection technique was applied, and the resulting subset of 11 biomarkers was used to build five machine learning models, demonstrating high performance with sensitivities and specificities in the best case greater than 82% and 89%, respectively. The percentage of lymphocytes, the angiotensin‐converting enzyme, and lactate dehydrogenase indexes were revealed, among others, as blood biomarkers with significant cumulative importance for the machine learning models. Our study reveals that these biomarkers could detect a chronic inflammatory status and potentially serve as a supportive tool for the diagnosis, monitoring, and early detection of the progression of silicosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxygen is necessary for life and plays a key pivotal in maintaining normal physiological functions and treat of diseases. Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) have been studied and developed as a replacement for red blood cells (RBCs) in oxygen transport due to their similar oxygen-carrying capacities. However, applications of HBOCs are hindered by vasoactivity, oxidative toxicity, and a relatively short circulatory half-life. With advancements in nanotechnology, Hb encapsulation, absorption, bioconjugation, entrapment, and attachment to nanomaterials have been used to prepare nanomaterial-related HBOCs to address these challenges and pend their application in several biomedical and therapeutic contexts. This review focuses on the progress of this class of nanomaterial-related HBOCs in the fields of hemorrhagic shock, ischemic stroke, cancer, and wound healing, and speculates on future research directions. The advancements in nanomaterial-related HBOCs are expected to lead significant breakthroughs in blood substitutes, enabling their widespread use in the treatment of clinical diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosquitoes are vectors of several deadly diseases that resulted in millions of deaths. The host preferences in each mosquito species are innately driven. The current study was conducted to examine the host blood preference of Aedes aegypti using an artificial blood feeder. Females of Ae. aegypti were offered blood of four different hosts including human (B+ ve), albino rat, cow and chicken to calculate the number of blood-fed females, oviposited eggs, number of emerged larvae, pupae and adults. The results of the study revealed that maximum number of females (34.67) fed on human blood. However, females exhibited minimum preference towards chicken blood (27.33). Similarly, maximum eggs (454.33) were laid by females which fed on human blood followed by those which took blood of albino rat (425.7). Likewise, maximum number of larvae emerged from eggs laid by females which fed albino rat (382.67) and human blood (368.33). Moreover, all the larvae belonging to different host blood successfully transformed into pupae. The results further revealed that maximum adults emerged from albino rat treatment (369.00) followed by human blood treatment (361.67). It is concluded that human and albino rat blood are valuable feeding sources for successful rearing of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in laboratory conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Biomimetic design of bioactive materials to restore, maintain or improve the function of tissue based on the understanding of anatomy on the function and structure of biological tissue is a research hotspot in the field of regenerative medicine at present. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the effect of mechanical properties, three-dimensional spatial structure, and biochemical activity of biomedical scaffolds on cell behavior and review the application of biomedical scaffolds in the field of tissue engineering. METHODS: The articles published in CNKI, Wanfang, Web of Science, and PubMed databases from January 2003 to April 2023 were searched by computer. The Chinese search terms were “extracellular matrix, tissue engineering, scaffolds, biomaterials, biomimetic structures, mechanical properties, three-dimensional structures, tendon-bone interface, osteochondral, neural conduits, artificial blood vessels”. English search terms were “extracellular matrix, tissue engineering, scaffolds, biomimetic structures, biomaterials, tendon bone interfaces, osteochondral, neural conduits, artificial blood vessels”. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Cells are in a complex and dynamic three-dimensional environment, so the extracellular matrix is the ultimate target of biomaterial simulation. The bionic structure of biomedical scaffolders needs to be similar to the real microenvironment, so that cells can stick to the wall, grow and migrate normally, and maintain their diverse physiological functions. Biomimetic design of extracellular matrix in terms of mechanical properties, threedimensional spatial structure, and biochemical properties of biomedical scaffolds can play a decisive role in tissue repair, thus affecting the final result of tissue repair. Biomimetic biomedical scaffolds have been widely used in tendon-bone interface, bone cartilage interface, nerve, vascular regeneration, and other fields, providing a promising new idea in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zika (ZIKV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) are arboviruses that cause infections in humans and can cause clinical complications, representing a worldwide public health problem. Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of these pathogens and Culex quinquefasciatus may be a potential ZIKV vector. This study aimed to evaluate fecundity, fertility, survival, longevity, and blood feeding activity in Ae. aegypti after exposure to ZIKV and CHIKV and, in Cx. quinquefasciatus exposed to ZIKV. Three colonies were evaluated: AeCamp (Ae. aegypti—field), RecL (Ae. aegypti—laboratory) and CqSLab (Cx. quinquefasciatus—laboratory). Seven to 10 days-old females from these colonies were exposed to artificial blood feeding with CHIKV or ZIKV. CHIKV caused reduction in fecundity and fertility in AeCamp and reduction in survival and fertility in RecL. ZIKV impacted survival in RecL, fertility in AeCamp and, fecundity and fertility in CqSLab. Both viruses had no effect on blood feeding activity. These results show that CHIKV produces a higher biological cost in Ae. aegypti, compared to ZIKV, and ZIKV differently alters the biological performance in colonies of Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus. These results provide a better understanding over the processes of virus-vector interaction and can shed light on the complexity of arbovirus transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the difficulty of simultaneously ensuring printability and controlling their mechanical properties, 3D printed hydrogels thus far have low modulus, far less than that of many biological tissues and organs. Therefore, their feasibility toward various biomimetic applications is currently limited. Herein, Direct‐Ink‐Writing (DIW) based 3D printable hydrogel ink with broadly adjustable mechanical properties is introduced. The salting‐out effect is utilized to effectively lower the gelation temperature of hydrogel inks with a wide range of modulus (0.193–1.072 MPa), making them all 3D printable. As a proof of concept, multi‐layered synthetic blood vessels that mimic the mechanical properties of biological blood vessels are printed, and their practicability toward surgical training is demonstrated. The versatility and simplicity of this technique make it highly promising for use in various 3D‐printed hydrogel biomaterials applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personal protective clothing is designed to safeguard medical personnel from highly infectious diseases. However, it often compromises comfort, especially when worn outdoors during epidemics like the global COVID‐19 outbreak. This can lead to discomfort and even heatstroke. To tackle this issue, radiative cooling is incorporated into personal protective clothing by integrating hierarchically porous poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‐HFP) membranes into the fabric. These membranes possess a remarkable solar reflection rate of 96.9% and a strong mid‐infrared emittance of 95.2%. In practical scenarios, when exposed to clear sunny weather at midday, wearing radiative cooling personal protective clothing has the potential to reduce the temperature by 4.7 °C compared to commercially available personal protective clothing. Moreover, the lamination of porous PVDF‐HFP membranes enhances the protective capacity by increasing the synthetic blood penetration pressure from 7 to 20 kPa. The manufacturing process is straightforward, cost‐effective, and aligns with industry standards, making it suitable for large‐scale implementation in epidemic prevention and control. This technology offers comfortable protection while minimizing the risk of heatstroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appropriate needle manipulation to avoid abrupt deformation of fragile vessels is a critical determinant of the success of microvascular anastomosis. However, no study has yet evaluated the area changes in surgical objects using surgical videos. The present study therefore aimed to develop a deep learning-based semantic segmentation algorithm to assess the area change of vessels during microvascular anastomosis for objective surgical skill assessment with regard to the "respect for tissue." The semantic segmentation algorithm was trained based on a ResNet-50 network using microvascular end-to-side anastomosis training videos with artificial blood vessels. Using the created model, video parameters during a single stitch completion task, including the coefficient of variation of vessel area (CV-VA), relative change in vessel area per unit time (ΔVA), and the number of tissue deformation errors (TDE), as defined by a ΔVA threshold, were compared between expert and novice surgeons. A high validation accuracy (99.1%) and Intersection over Union (0.93) were obtained for the auto-segmentation model. During the single-stitch task, the expert surgeons displayed lower values of CV-VA (p < 0.05) and ΔVA (p < 0.05). Additionally, experts committed significantly fewer TDEs than novices (p < 0.05), and completed the task in a shorter time (p < 0.01). Receiver operating curve analyses indicated relatively strong discriminative capabilities for each video parameter and task completion time, while the combined use of the task completion time and video parameters demonstrated complete discriminative power between experts and novices. In conclusion, the assessment of changes in the vessel area during microvascular anastomosis using a deep learning-based semantic segmentation algorithm is presented as a novel concept for evaluating microsurgical performance. This will be useful in future computer-aided devices to enhance surgical education and patient safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas embolism is a medical condition that occurs when gas bubbles are present in veins or arteries, decreasing blood flow and potentially reducing oxygen delivery to vital organs, such as the brain. Although usually reported as rare, gas embolism can lead to severe neurological damage or death. However, presently, only limited understanding exists regarding the microscale processes leading to the formation, persistence, movement, and resolution of gas emboli, as modulated by microvasculature geometrical features and blood properties. Because gas embolism is initially a physico-chemical-only process, with biological responses starting later, the opportunity exists to fully study the genesis and evolution of gas emboli using in vitro microfluidic networks mimicking small regions of microvasculature. The microfluidics networks used in this study, which aim to mimic microvasculature geometry, comprise linear channels with T-, or Y-junction air inlets, with 20, 40, and 60 μm widths (arterial or venous), and a 30 μm width honeycombed network (arterial) with three bifurcation angles (30°, 60°, and 90°). Synthetic blood, equivalent to 46% haematocrit concentrations, and water were used to study the modulation of gas embolism-like events by liquid viscosity. Our study shows that (i) longer bubbles with lower velocity occur in narrower channels, e.g., with 20 μm width; (ii) the resistance of air bubbles to the flow increases with the higher haematocrit concentration; and lastly (iii) the propensity of gas embolism-like events in honeycomb architectures increases for more acute, e.g., 30°, bifurcation angles. A dimensionless analysis using Euler, Weber, and capillary numbers demarcated the conditions conducive to gas embolism. This work suggests that in vitro experimentation using microfluidic devices with microvascular tissue-like structures could assist medical guidelines and management in preventing and mitigating the effects of gas embolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent rapid improvement of machine learning techniques had a large impact on the way seismological data can be processed. During the last years several machine learning algorithms determining seismic onset times have been published facilitating the automatic picking of large data sets. Here we apply the deep neural network PhaseNet to a network of over 900 permanent and temporal broad-band stations that were deployed as part of the AlpArray research initiative in the Greater Alpine Region (GAR) during 2016–2020. We selected 384 well distributed earthquakes with M L ≥ 2.5 for our study and developed a purely data-driven pre-inversion pick selection method to consistently remove outliers from the automatic pick catalogue. This allows us to include observations throughout the crustal triplication zone resulting in 39 599 P and 13 188 S observations. Using the established VELEST and the recently developed McMC codes we invert for the 1-D P - and S -wave velocity structure including station correction terms while simultaneously relocating the events. As a result we present two separate models differing in the maximum included observation distance and therefore their suggested usage. The model AlpsLocPS is based on arrivals from ≤130 km and therefore should be used to consistently (re)locate seismicity based on P and S observations. The model GAR1D_PS includes the entire observable distance range of up to 1000 km and for the first time provides consistent P - and S -phase synthetic traveltimes for the entire Alpine orogen. Comparing our relocated seismicity with hypocentral parameters from other studies in the area we quantify the absolute horizontal and vertical accuracy of event locations as ≈2.0 and ≈6.0 km, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA), a field of forensic science, there has been active discussion on the estimation of the area of origin of impact spatter. However, there is no established methodology to quantitatively analyze the area of origin of a swing cast-off pattern. To quantitatively analyze the methodology of previous research on estimation of area of origin, a device for generating uniform swing cast-off patterns was produced. Using artificial blood, 10 swing cast-off patterns were generated on porous paper; in each, 10 blood drops were selected for the calculation of the impact angle. Hemospat software was used for individual bloodstain analysis, and an open source code was used for estimation of area of origin. Under the same conditions, an additional 10 swing cast-off patterns were generated, and quantitative analysis was performed using trigonometric functions and an adjustment formula that minimized errors in calculating the impact angle. The adjustment formula was corrected to calculate the impact angle for the bloodstains on the porous surface. As uncertainty decreases, the error increases, and the point at which both uncertainty and error can be minimized is calculated as 75%. The existing formula included the trajectory in the estimated likelihood range in 75% of samples. When the adjustment formula was applied, the accuracy was improved, with the trajectory included in the area with a 90% likelihood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Hemangioendothelioma is an uncommon neoplasm that affects both humans and animals. Its clinical course is unclear. This report describes the first case of hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma in a dog. The clinical and microscopic characteristics of this neoplasm overlap with those described in humans; therefore, this report can be informative as a spontaneous animal model but, at the same time, also useful for veterinary progress in diagnostic orientation and therapeutic treatment. A 5-year-old spayed female Breton dog was referred for a thyroid nodule. A total body CT scan evidenced multifocal hepatic nodules. Cytological liver samples were hemodiluted and non-diagnostic. Following a thyroidectomy, the histology was consistent with a follicular-compact thyroid carcinoma. On laparoscopy, most hepatic lobes had multifocal dark-red nodules that were biopsied for histology. Microscopically, the hepatic parenchyma in the nodules was substituted by blood channels lined by bland spindle cells but adjacent to epithelioid neoplastic cells, single or in clusters, embedded in a moderate amount of edematous collagen matrix. These cells had optically empty cytoplasmic space, occasionally containing erythrocytes (microlumina). Spindle and epithelioid cells expressed membranous-to-cytoplasmic CD31 and FVIII-RA consistent with endothelial origin. Based on morphology and immunolabelling, a hemangioendothelioma with epithelioid differentiation was diagnosed. Lesions in the liver were initially stable, showing progression with time. The dog was alive with no systemic clinical signs 36 months after laparoscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Blood services manage the increasingly tight balance between the supply and demand of blood products, and their role in health research is expanding. This review explores the themes that may define the future of blood banking. Materials and Methods: We reviewed the PubMed database for articles on emerging/new blood‐derived products and the utilization of blood donors in health research. Results: In high‐income countries (HICs), blood services may consider offering these products: whole blood, cold‐stored platelets, synthetic blood components, convalescent plasma, lyophilized plasma and cryopreserved/lyophilized platelets. Many low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) aim to establish a pool of volunteer, non‐remunerated blood donors and wean themselves off family replacement donors; and many HICs are relaxing the deferral criteria targeting racial and sexual minorities. Blood services in HICs could achieve plasma self‐sufficiency by building plasma‐dedicated centres, in collaboration with the private sector. Lastly, blood services should expand their involvement in health research by establishing donor cohorts, conducting serosurveys, studying non‐infectious diseases and participating in clinical trials. Conclusion: This article provides a vision of the future for blood services. The introduction of some of these changes will be slower in LMICs, where addressing key operational challenges will likely be prioritized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bibliometrics can trace general research trends in a particular field. Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS), as a group of rare genetic diseases, seriously affect the quality of life of patients and their families. Scholars have devoted themselves to studying MPS's pathogenesis and treatment modalities and have published many papers. Therefore, we conducted a bibliometric and visual study of the top 100 most highly cited articles to provide researchers with an indication of the current state of research and potential directions in the field. Methods: The Web of Science Core Collection was searched for articles on MPS from 1 January 1900, to 8 November 2023, and the top 100 most cited articles were screened. The title, year of publication, institution, country, and first author of the articles were extracted and statistically analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2007. Keyword co-occurrence and collaborative networks were analyzed using VOSviewer 1.6.16. Results: A total of 9,273 articles were retrieved, and the top 100 most cited articles were filtered out. The articles were cited 18,790 times, with an annual average of 188 citations (122--507). Forty-two journals published these articles, with Molecular Genetics and Metabolism and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States being the most published journal (N = 8), followed by Pediatrics (N = 7), Blood (N = 6). The United States (N = 68), the UK (N = 25), and Germany (N = 20) were the top contributing countries. The Royal Manchester Children's Hospital (N = 20) and the University of North Carolina (N = 18) were the most contributing institutions. Muenzer J was the most prolific author (N = 14). Conclusion: We conducted a bibliometric and visual analysis of the top 100 cited articles in MPS. This study identifies the most influential articles currently available in the field of MPS, which provides a good basis for a better understanding of the disease and informs future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) has become a standard of care for severe cardiogenic shock, refractory cardiac arrest and related impending multiorgan failure. The widespread clinical use of this complex temporary circulatory support modality is still contrasted by a lack of formal scientific evidence in the current literature. This might at least in part be attributable to VA ECMO related complications, which may significantly impact on clinical outcome. In order to limit adverse effects of VA ECMO as much as possible an indepth understanding of the complex physiology during extracorporeally supported cardiogenic shock states is critically important. This review covers all relevant physiological aspects of VA ECMO interacting with the human body in detail. This, to provide a solid basis for health care professionals involved in the daily management of patients supported with VA ECMO and suffering from cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest and impending multiorgan failure for the best possible care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thyroid nodule (TN) patients in China are subject to overdiagnosis and overtreatment. The implementation of existing technologies such as thyroid ultrasonography has indeed contributed to the improved diagnostic accuracy of TNs. However, a significant issue persists, where many patients undergo unnecessary biopsies, and patients with malignant thyroid nodules (MTNs) are advised to undergo surgery therapy. Methods: This study included a total of 293 patients diagnosed with TNs. Differential methylation haplotype blocks (MHBs) in blood leukocytes between MTNs and benign thyroid nodules (BTNs) were detected using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS). Subsequently, an artificial intelligence blood leukocyte DNA methylation (BLDM) model was designed to optimize the management and treatment of patients with TNs for more effective outcomes. Results: The DNA methylation profiles of peripheral blood leukocytes exhibited distinctions between MTNs and BTNs. The BLDM model we developed for diagnosing TNs achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.858 in the validation cohort and 0.863 in the independent test cohort. Its specificity reached 90.91% and 88.68% in the validation and independent test cohorts, respectively, outperforming the specificity of ultrasonography (43.64% in the validation cohort and 47.17% in the independent test cohort), albeit with a slightly lower sensitivity (83.33% in the validation cohort and 82.86% in the independent test cohort) compared to ultrasonography (97.62% in the validation cohort and 100.00% in the independent test cohort). The BLDM model could correctly identify 89.83% patients whose nodules were suspected malignant by ultrasonography but finally histological benign. In micronodules, the model displayed higher specificity (93.33% in the validation cohort and 92.00% in the independent test cohort) and accuracy (88.24% in the validation cohort and 87.50% in the independent test cohort) for diagnosing TNs. This performance surpassed the specificity and accuracy observed with ultrasonography. A TN diagnostic and treatment framework that prioritizes patients is provided, with fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy performed only on patients with indications of MTNs in both BLDM and ultrasonography results, thus avoiding unnecessary biopsies. Conclusions: This is the first study to demonstrate the potential of non-invasive blood leukocytes in diagnosing TNs, thereby making TN diagnosis and treatment more efficient in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The erythrocruorin of Lumbricus terrestris (LtEc) is a relatively large macromolecular assembly that consists of at least four different hemoglobin subunits (A, B, C, and D) and four linker subunits (L1, L2, L3, and L4). The complexity and stability of this large structure make LtEc an attractive hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier that could potentially be used as a substitute for donated red blood cells. However, the sequences of the LtEc subunit sequences must be determined before a scalable recombinant expression platform can be developed. The goal of this study was to sequence the L. terrestris genome to identify the complete sequences of the LtEc subunit genes. Our results revealed multiple homologous genes for each subunit (e.g., two homologous A globin genes; A1 and A2), with the exception of the L4 linker. Some of the homologous genes encoded identical peptide sequences (C1 and C2, L1a and L1b), while cDNA and mass spectrometry experiments revealed that some of the homologs are not expressed (e.g., A2). In contrast, multiple sequences for the B, D, L2, and L4 subunits were detected in LtEc samples. These observations reveal novel degeneracy in LtEc and other annelids, along with some new revisions to its previously published peptide sequences. [Display omitted] • A draft (partial) sequence of the earthworm genome was obtained. • Multiple copies of LtEc genes were discovered, including previously unknown sequences. • Use of NGS and LC-MS to quantify gene expression. • Degeneracy of the subunit sequences was confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel Synthetic Opioids (NSO) are frequently found in postmortem (PM) and human performance (HP) forensic toxicology casework, resulting in impairment and fatal overdoses. Developing a broad NSO method benefits public health, as it can be used to identify trends in potent opioid use to develop risk management programs. This project aimed to design a comprehensive, rapid and routine method for the selective analysis of over 250 novel synthetic opioids in blood and urine. This method rapidly extracted 150 µL of blood or urine via protein precipitation followed by size-exclusion filtration, evaporation and reconstitution. Separation and data acquisition were achieved on a 12 min LC–MS-MS method using an F5 column. Data processing was expedited with a custom built-in query created in-house that automated processing and enhanced quality assurance. Validation according to ASB/ANSI Standard 036 was performed and applicability of the method was assessed using proficiency test and authentic casework samples. Assessed in blood and urine qualitatively were 261 unique analytes including fentanyl analogs (fentalogs), nitazenes and other miscellaneous synthetic opioids. As 59 isomeric target analytes were placed into groups due to co-elution, there were 202 distinct acquired targets or target - groups. To demonstrate applicability, 27 proficiency test blood samples received over an approximate 4-year period were analyzed with 126 expected results assessed comprising 25 unique target analytes. Additionally, 617 fatal accidental overdoses within San Francisco in 2022 were retroactively analyzed by this method with almost 10% of cases containing a new NSO substance(s). Such trends and NSO substances were previously unknown in this community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review presents the results of the blood substitute development based on perfluororganic compounds (PFC). The limitations of PFC due to which their further development was suspended are described. The presented data allows us to imagine a possible way to create optimal drugs based on PFC. Chemically inactive perfluorocomponents should be used — perfluorinated hydrocarbons and tertiary perfluorinated amines. However, in order to emulsify and stabilize the emulsion, other types of effective and chemically indifferent surfactants that do not interact with oxygen and other components of the drug are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of studies of the chemical composition, crystal structure, lattice parameters, microstructure, the valence state of the europium ion (at 300 K), electrical resistivity, and differential thermopower (6–400 K) of samples in the Eu(Cu1 − xAgx)2Si2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) substitutional solid solutions. A transition of the europium ion from the valence-stable state of Eu2+ in EuAg2Si2 to the state of intermediate (homogeneous) valence (IV) of the europium ion in EuCu2Si2 with an effective valence ϑeff = 2.41 (300 K) has been initiated by a successive replacement of silver atoms by copper atoms. With appropriate sample compositions, the transition passes through a Kondo-type state. The research subject is the patterns of transformations (when the composition of the sample changes), the electronic state, and, accordingly, the electronic transport properties. The simultaneous coexistence of europium ions in different electronic states is assumed. The substitutional solid solution Eu(Cu1 − xAgx)2Si2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) exhibits properties related to the competition between the state of the Kondo system, intermediate valence (IV), and magnetic ordering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entomological research studies on mosquito vector biology, vector competence, insecticide resistance, dispersal, and survival (using mark-release-recapture techniques) often rely on laboratory-reared mosquito colonies to produce large numbers of consistently reared, aged, and sized mosquitoes. We developed a low-cost blood feeding apparatus that supports temperatures consistent with warm blooded animals, using commonly available materials found in low resource environments. We compare our system ("Caserotek") to Hemotek and glass/membrane feeding methods. Two experiments were conducted with Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus 1762) and one with Anopheles darlingi (Root 1926) (Diptera: Culicidae); 3 replicates were conducted for each experiment. Aedes aegypti female mosquitoes were provided chicken blood once per week for 30 min (Experiment #1) for 14 days or 1 hour (Experiment #2) for 21 days. Anopheles darlingi were fed once for 1 hour (Experiment #3). Blood-feeding rates, survival rates, and egg production were calculated across replicates. Caserotek had a significantly higher 30-min engorgement rate (91.1%) than Hemotek (47.7%), and the glass feeder (29.3%) whereas for 1-hour feeding, Hemotek had a significantly lower engorgement rate than either of the other two devices (78% versus 91%). Thirty-day survival was similar among the feeding devices, ranging from 86% to 99%. Mean egg production was highest for the Caserotek feeder (32 eggs per female) compared to the glass feeder and Hemotek device (21-22 eggs per female). Our new artificial feeding system had significantly higher blood feeding rates than for more expensive artificial systems and was equivalent to other fitness parameters. Caserotek only requires the ability to boil water to maintain blood temperatures using a Styrofoam liner. It can be easily scaled up to large production facilities and used under austere conditions.

Monitoring blood glucose levels in diabetic patients is vital, pressing the need for sensitive and affordable glucose sensors. Electrochemical sensing, gaining prominence due to drawbacks of enzymatic and optical methods, has been a major research focus. Here, we explore mesoporous Santa Barbara Amorphous-15 (SBA-15) supported bimetallic copper nickel oxide for electrochemical glucose estimation. Rigorous characterisation via XRD, BET, and XPS confirmed metal oxide integration into the SBA-15, and the retention of the framework was validated by XRD, SEM, and TEM analyses. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies revealed sensor versatility across the 10 to 900 μM range with a commendable lower detection limit of 1.19 μM. Furthermore, the optimized 30Cu–20Ni/SBA-15/Triton/GCE sensor exhibited exceptional stability and negligible interference from common interfering species such as sucrose, fructose, uric acid, and ascorbic acid. In addition, the practical utility was tested by employing artificial blood serum and urine samples. The sensor's outstanding attributes, including cost-effectiveness and clinical suitability, present promising advancements in electrochemical glucose detection, opening new avenues in electrochemical sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superhydrophobic TiO2/BC nanocomposites with reversibly wettability surfaces were fabricated by a simple self-anchoring method on the natural bacterial cellulose (BC) fibers. Under UV light irradiation, the organosilicon-modified TiO2/BC surfaces (M-TiO2/BC) exhibited a surface transition from superhydrophobic (water contact angle of 158° ± 1°, sliding angle of 3°) to superhydrophilic (water contact angle of 10° ± 1°) within only 20 min. Besides pure water, for different kinds of liquid including milk, orange juice, synthetic blood, and seawater, M-TiO2/BC exhibited excellent self-clean performance. The XRD, SEM, TEM, FTIR, TGA, BET and XPS analyses were employed to characterize the morphological features and surface chemistry of the M-TiO2/BC films enclosed by different amounts of TiO2 nanoparticles with the average size of 2.85 nm. Furthermore, the effect of deposition time and Ti precursor concentration on the superhydrophobicity was carefully compared and analyzed. Interestingly, the UV light source with the maximal peak at ~ 365 nm (UVA) exhibited better performance of reversible switching than the light source with the maximal peak at ~ 245 nm (UVC). After three successive recycles, the M-TiO2/BC films remained stable for the UV–thermal induced reversible wettability. The simple and self-anchored synthesis of TiO2/BC hierarchical structures is believed to be helpful for the further expansion of multifunctional soft materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoporosis is a major public health threat with significant physical, psychosocial, and financial consequences. The calcaneus bone has been used as a measurement site for risk prediction of osteoporosis by noninvasive quantitative ultrasound (QUS). By adding optical contrast to QUS, our previous studies indicate that a combination of photoacoustic (PA) and QUS, that is, PAQUS, provides a novel opportunity to assess the health of human calcaneus. Calibration of the PAQUS system is crucial to realize quantitative and repeatable measurements of the calcaneus. Therefore, a phantom which simulates the optical, ultrasound, and architectural properties of the human calcaneus, for PAQUS system calibration, is required. Additionally, a controllable phantom offers researchers a versatile framework for developing versatile structures, allowing more controlled assessment of how varying bone structures cause defined alterations in PA and QUS signals. In this work, we present the first semi‐anthropomorphic calcaneus phantom for PAQUS. The phantom was developed based on nano computed‐tomography (nano‐CT) and stereolithography 3D printing, aiming to maximize accuracy in the approximation of both trabecular and cortical bone microstructures. Compared with the original digital input calcaneus model from a human cadaveric donor, the printed model achieved accuracies of 71.15% in total structure and 87.21% in bone volume fraction. Inorganic materials including synthetic blood, mineral oil, intralipid, and agar gel were used to model the substitutes of bone marrow and soft tissue, filling and covering the calcaneus phantom. The ultrasound and optical properties of this phantom were measured, and the results were consistent with those measured by a commercialized device and from previous in vivo studies. In addition, a short‐term stability test was conducted for this phantom, demonstrating that the optical and ultrasound properties of the phantom were stable without significant variation over 1 month. This semi‐anthropomorphic calcaneus phantom shows structural, ultrasound, and optical properties similar to those from a human calcaneus in vivo and, thereby, can serve as an effective source for equipment calibration and the comprehensive study of human patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uranium, regarded as an important element in nuclear fission energy schemes, is harmful to public health owing to its high toxicity and radioactivity. Herein, a novel fluorescent probe (SC4A@Tb3+) was developed using a one-step liquid-phase method with 4-sulfocalix[4]arene (SC4A) and rare earth–metal ions (Tb3+) as precursors to realize the accurate monitoring of uranyl ion (UO22+) detection. Based on the dynamic quenching mechanism, the SC4A@Tb3+ fluorescence quenching sensor for UO22+ detection was in the linear range of 0–0.36 µM, with a detection limit of 20 µg·L−1, and successfully quantified UO22+ in water and human serum samples. These results suggest that SC4A@Tb3+ is a potential sensing material for UO22+ detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The diameter of the ostial and proximal left main coronary artery can be greater than 5.0 mm. However, the diameters of the mostly available coronary drug-eluting stents (DESs) are ≤ 4.0 mm. Whether high-pressure dilatation can increase the diameter of stents from 4.0 to 5.0 mm and whether post-dilatation leads to longitudinal stent deformation (LSD) of 4.0-mm-diameter stents have rarely been studied. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate LSD and stent malapposition of six types of commercially available 4.0-mm-diameter stents in China in a 5.0-mm-diameter artificial blood vessel model by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in vitro. Methods: The left main coronary artery was simulated by a truncated cone-shaped silicone tube. The internal diameters were 4.0 mm at one end of the silicone tube and 5.0 mm at the other end. Six different types of coronary stents widely used in China were selected for this study. Each stent was respectively implanted into the simulated blood vessel and dilated to a diameter of 4.2 mm according to the stent-balloon pressure compliance table. The stents were subjected to post-dilatation with a 5.0 × 15-mm noncompliant balloon. The LSD ratio of the longitudinal axis of each stent and stent malapposition were measured through OCT, and any fractures of the stents were determined. Results: None of the six types of stents fractured following post-dilatation. The longitudinal axes of the BuMA and Excrossal stents were slightly shortened, while the other stents were elongated after high-pressure post-dilatation. All stents expanded to a diameter of 5.0 mm without incomplete stent apposition, except for the Nano Plus stent, which remained malapposed after high-pressure post-dilatation. Conclusion: All 4.0-mm-diameter stents can be expanded to a diameter of 5.0 mm by noncompliant balloon post-dilatation without stent strut fracture. Most stents were found to be well apposed after high-pressure post-dilatation. However, LSD was observed after post-balloon dilatation. Stent malapposition might be positively correlated with the percentage change in stent length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although numerous non-metallic pentazolate (cyclo-N5−) salts have been synthesized and investigated, no cyclo-N5− salt containing cage-like cations has been reported to date. To identify how cage-like cations impact the structures and properties of cyclo-N5− salts, we synthesized and examined two cyclo-N5− salts (C10H18N6 and C6H14N12) based on cage-like cations. Furthermore, the structures and performances of these cyclo-N5− salts were compared. The results suggest that the cyclo-N5− salts based on cage-like cations possess good insensitivity (IS > 40 N, FS > 360 J), which provides a good idea for developing new energetic salts with low sensitivity. Furthermore, we compared C6H14N12 with chain-like cationic pentazolate salt based on a similar structure and reported that C6H14N12 demonstrated improved density and detonation performance. This result indicates that selecting cage-like cations as antagonistic ions to cyclo-N5− anions may be an improved choice compared to chain-like cations having similar structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrospun scaffolds play important roles in the fields of regenerative medicine and vascular tissue engineering. The aim of the research described here was to develop a vascular scaffold that mimics the structural and functional properties of natural vascular scaffolding. The mechanical properties of artificial vascular tissue represent a key issue for successful transplantation in small diameter engineering blood vessels. We blended silk fibroin (SF) and fibrin to fabricate a composite scaffold using electrospinning to overcome the shortcomings of fibrin with respect to its mechanical properties. Subsequently, we then carefully investigated the morphological, mechanical properties, hydrophilicity, hemocompatibility, degradation, cytocompatibility and biocompatibility of the SF/fibrin (0:100), SF/fibrin (15:85), SF/fibrin (25:75), and SF/fibrin (35:65) scaffolds. Based on these in vitro results, we implanted SF/fibrin (25:75) vascular scaffold subcutaneously and analyzed its in vivo degradation and histocompatibility. The fiber structure of the SF/fibrin hybrid scaffold was smooth and uniform, and its fiber diameters were relatively small. Compared with the fibrin scaffold, the SF/fibrin scaffold clearly displayed increased mechanical strength, but the hydrophilicity weakened correspondingly. All of the SF/fibrin scaffolds showed excellent blood compatibility and appropriate biodegradation rates. The SF/fibrin (25:75) scaffold increased the proliferation and adhesion of MSCs. The results of animal experiments confirmed that the degradation of the SF/fibrin (25:75) scaffold was faster than that of the SF scaffold and effectively promoted tissue regeneration and cell infiltration. All in all, the SF/fibrin (25:75) electrospun scaffold displayed balanced and controllable biomechanical properties, degradability, and good cell compatibility. Thus, this scaffold proved to be an ideal candidate material for artificial blood vessels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a crucial biomarker for early cancer diagnosis and progress of cancer metastasis. However, the extremely rare CTCs with large amounts of background leukocytes seriously restricte the purity of enriched CTCs. Herein, genetically engineered cell membrane‐coated magnetic nanoparticles with following properties are constructed: I) The leukocyte membrane camouflaged nanoparticles, which could significantly reduce nonspecific binding of homologous leukocytes and achieve high‐purity isolation of CTCs, are prepared by simple one‐step extrusion and II) the cellular membrane stably expressing single‐chain variable fragment (scFv) of anti‐epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody could ensure the recognition of EGFR‐positive CTCs. The binding affinity of the resulting nanoparticles toward extracellular EGFR protein improved more than 100‐fold compared with natural cell membrane‐coated nanoparticles. Furthermore, compared with commercial immunomagnetic nanoparticles, the functional nanoparticles achieved a greater capture efficiency in artificial blood samples and the cell purity increased from 64.8% to 93.5%. Consequently, the authors successfully isolate high pure CTCs from 6 out of 6 cancer patients using engineered cell membrane‐coated nanoparticles. This platform exhibits a promising potential for CTC detection in clinical samples, offering an innovative method for cancer diagnosis and prognosis evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lean-burn engines are gaining attention for their lower CO2 emissions, higher thermal efficiency, and improved fuel economy compared to traditional combustion engines. However, they present some difficulty for reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx) because of residual oxygen. To address this difficulty, NOx storage reduction (NSR) system, which combines noble metals and NOx adsorbents, is developed as a viable approach. But it requires cyclic operation, which adversely affects fuel efficiency. A novel approach proposed in this work is electric field-assisted lean NOx reduction, which applies an electric field to the NSR catalyst during lean conditions. This innovation uses surplus vehicle electricity for exhaust purification, enhances hydrogen transfer, and improves NOx reduction, even at low temperatures. Tests with a 3 wt% Pt–16 wt% BaO/CeO2 catalyst demonstrate markedly higher NOx conversion to N2 (13.1% vs. 2.9% without an electric field). This process is effective with extended electric field exposure, doubling the conversion rate. Electric field-assisted lean NOx reduction, by improving NSR technology, can enhance NOx conversion efficiency, reduce emissions, and optimize fuel efficiency in lean-burn engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition metal Mn ions are highly promising cathode dopant materials. Due to the introduction of Mn ions, as lithium ions are deintercalated, Mn2+ will be transformed into Mn3+. This situation will lead to a severe Jahn-Teller effect, causing significant local lattice distortion and greatly reducing electrochemical stability. This article utilizes first-principles calculations to investigate the doping of Mg, Co, and V to weaken Jahn-Teller effect in LiMn0.5Fe0.5PO4 cathode. The oxidation-reduction processes of three doped models were analyzed, and the electronic structure and charge transfer amount between the Mn ion and the O ion were calculated for each. It was found that, when Mg ions are doped into the crystal, Mn ions will stabilize as Mn2+, thereby weakening the Jahn-Teller effect. However, the addition of V and Co will not alter the Jahn-Teller effect. The differential charge density and partial density of states (PDOS) were also calculated. It was found that only the doping of Mg ions can enable the material to achieve the lowest energy and the smallest volume change rate, which attribute to weaken the Jahn-Teller effect. Only doping with V and Co ions can achieve the highest lithium removal voltage, increasing the average lithium removal voltage from 4.22 to 4.42 V. Mechanical performance calculations show that the structures with two types of doped Mg ion are prone to shear deformation and cannot improve the ductility of the material. Additionally, it was found that the migration barrier of the three doped models was reduced to varying degrees, which is beneficial for the transition of lithium ions. Moreover, the diffusion coefficient of lithium ions also increased by 1–4 orders of magnitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small-dimeter blood vessels (<6 mm) are required in coronary bypass and peripheral bypass surgery to circumvent blocked arteries. However, they have poor patency rates due to thrombus formation, intimal hyperplasia at the distal anastomosis, and compliance mismatch between the native artery and the graft. This review covers the state-of-the-art technologies for improving graft patency with a focus on reducing compliance mismatch between the prosthesis and the native artery. The focus of this article is on biomimetic design strategies to match the compliance over a wide pressure range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use high-resolution zoom-in simulations to study the fueling of central galaxies by filamentary and diffuse accretion at redshifts, z ≳ 2. The parent haloes were chosen with similar total masses, log (M vir/M⊙) ∼ 11.75 ± 0.05, at z  = 6, 4, and 2, in high/low overdensity environments. We analyse the kinematic and thermodynamic properties of circumgalactic medium (CGM) within few virial radii, R vir, and down to the central galaxy. Using a hybrid d-web/entropy method we mapped the gaseous filaments, and separated inflows from outflows. We find that (1) The CGM is multiphase and not in thermodynamic or dynamic equilibrium; (2) filamentary and diffuse accretion rates and densities decrease with lower redshifts, and inflow velocities decrease from |$200-300\, {\rm {km\, s}^{-1}}$| by a factor of 2; (3) temperature within the filaments increases inside R vir, faster at lower redshifts; (4) filaments show a complex structure along their spines: a core radial flow surrounded by a lower density envelope. The cores exhibit elevated densities and lower temperature, with no obvious metallicity gradient in the cross sections. Filaments also tend to separate into different infall velocity regions and split density cores, thus producing a spaghetti-type flow; (6) inside the inner |$\sim 30\, h^{-1}$|  kpc, filaments develop the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability which ablates and dissolves them, and triggers turbulence along the filaments, clearly delineating their spines; (7) finally, the galactic outflows affect mostly the inner ∼0.5 R vir ∼ 100 h −1 kpc of the CGM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study aims to evaluate precisely influence of temperature on the acoustical and physical properties of blood mimicking fluid (BMF) phantom made of polymer material. Materials & methods: Propylene glycol (PG) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were fabricated to create artificial blood phantom. Acoustic (speed and attenuation) and physical properties (density and viscosity) of BMF were tested at specific temperatures of range 22 °C, 25 °C, 35 °C, 36 °C, and 37 °C using ultrasound signals. Results: At center frequency of 5 MHz, pulse-echo allows to acoustical (speed and attenuation) and physical (density and viscosity) values to be linearly decreased with increasing of temperature. The difference in values of speed, attenuation, density, and viscosity was nuance (±0.01, ±0.001, ±0.005, and ±0.151), respectively. Conclusions: Temperature test of range 22Co-37C° have nuance influence (±0.01, ±0.001, ±0.005, and ±0.151) on acoustical and physical properties when BMF phantom of special material of PG and PEG was used. This nuance influence may be taken in account in quality assurance of ultrasound imaging system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, published in the Journal of Neurological Surgery, discusses the importance of mastering skull base anatomy and surgical maneuvers in order to ensure safe surgeries. The authors describe the Live Cadaver Model, a training model that combines realistic human anatomy with life-like conditions. The model is prepared by cannulating major vessels in the neck section and flushing them with normal saline, connecting the vessels to artificial blood reservoirs, and introducing clear liquid to simulate cerebrospinal fluid. The model allows for practicing skull base approaches and surgical maneuvers under realistic conditions. [Extracted from the article]

The La2O3 catalyst exhibits good performance in OCM reactions for its promising C2 selectivity and yield. Previous studies have affirmed that the formation of carbonates in La2O3 impedes the catalyst's activity as a result of poisoning from CO2 exposure. In this study, a series of Na2WO4-impregnated La2O3 catalysts were synthesized to investigate the poisoning-resistant effect. The bulk phase and kinetics of the catalysts were analyzed in reactors employed with in situ XRD-MS and online MS, focusing on the CO2 adsorption on La2O3 and the phase transition process to La2O2CO3 in temperature zone correlated to OCM light-off. In situ XRD analysis revealed that, with Na2WO4 doped, CO2 exposure at elevated temperatures formed La2O2CO3 in tetragonal crystal phases, exhibiting distinctive differences from the hexagonal phase carbonates in undoped commercial La2O3. The ability to develop tetragonal or monoclinic La2O2CO3 was suggested as a descriptor to assess the sensitivity of La2O3 catalysts to CO2 adsorption, a tunable characteristic found in this study through varying Na2WO4 doping levels. Coupled XRD-MS analysis of CO2 adsorption uptake and phase change further confirmed a positive dependence between the resistivity of La2O3 catalyst to CO2 adsorption and its low-temperature C2 selectivity. The results extended the previous CO2 poisoning effect from multiple perspectives, offering a novel modification approach for enhancing the low-temperature performance of La2O3 catalysts in OCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple and ultrasensitive sandwich-type electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensor has been developed using porous three-dimensional gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) iron(Fe)–zinc(Zn) metal–organic frameworks (Au NPs–FeZn–MOFs@luminol) as high-efficiency ECL signal probes with Fe single-atom catalysts (SACs) (Fe–N–C SACs) as potentially advanced coreaction accelerators and dissolved oxygen as a coreaction agent to realize an H2O2-free amplification method for detecting carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The cathodic ECL of luminol, which was usually negligible, increased first. Because the Fe–N–C SACs exhibited an outstanding catalytic performance and a unique electronic structure, different reactive oxygen species (ROS) were generated via the oxygen reduction reaction. ROS oxidized the luminol anions to luminol anion radicals, preventing the time-consuming luminol electrochemical oxidation. Furthermore, the luminol anion radicals generated in situ reacted with ROS to produce potent cathodic ECL emissions. The immunosensor exhibited favorable analytical accuracy (detection range: 0.1 pg mL−1 – 80 ng mL−1), and its detection limit for serum samples was 0.031 pg mL−1 (S/N = 3). Consequently, the proposed strategy offers a new approach for early screening of CEA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]