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2. GEMAS: The geochemical mapping of agricultural and grazing land soils of Europe

Author

Vivo B. De, Albanese S., Lima A., Cicchella D., Dinelli E., Valera P., Reimann C., Birke M., and Demetriades A.

Subjects
Heavy metals, GEMAS project, grazing land, agricultural soil, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract

The GEMAS project started in 2008 with a joint field campaign of almost all geological surveys in Europe in cooperation with some external organizations. 2211 samples of agricultural soil and 2118 samples from land under permanent grass cover were collected from a large part of Europe over a total area of about 5 million sqkm. Analysis of 53 chemical elements were carried out and The initial results indicate that nature, geology and climate are the major driving forces for the mapped distribution of element patterns at the European scale. Once completed, this project will deliver good quality and comparable exposure data of metals in agricultural and grazing land soil.

Published
2013
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3. Bioavailable 87Sr/86Sr in European soils: A baseline for provenancing studies

Author

Albanese, S., Andersson, M., Baritz, R., Batista, M.J., Bel-lan, A., Birke, M., Cicchella, D., Demetriades, A., De Vivo, B., De Vos, W., Dinelli, E., Ďuriš, M., Dusza-Dobek, A., Eggen, O.A., Eklund, M., Ernstsen, V., Filzmoser, P., Flight, D.M.A, Forrester, S., Fuchs, M., Fügedi, U., Gilucis, A., Gregorauskiene, V., De Groot, W., Gulan, A., Halamić, J., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoffmann, R., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Janik, L., Jordan, G., Kaminari, M., Kirby, J., Kivisilla, J., Klos, V., Krone, F., Kwećko, F., Kuti, L., Lima, A., Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, D.P, Mann, A., Mackovych, D., Matschullat, J., McLaughlin, M., Malyuk, B.I, Maquil, R., Meuli, R.G., Mol, G., Negrel, P., Connor, O., Oorts, R.K, Ottesen, R.T., Pasieczna, A., Petersell, W., Pfleiderer, S.., Poňavič, M., Pramuka, S, Prazeres, C., Rauch, U., Radusinović, S., Reimann, C., Sadeghi, M., Salpeteur, I., Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A.J, Schoeters, I., Šefčik, P., Sellersjö, E., Skopljak, F., Slaninka, I., Soriano-Disla, J.M., Šorša, A., Srvkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Trendavilov, V., Valera, P., Verougstraete, V., Vidojević, D., Zissimos, A., Zomeni, Z., Hoogewerff, Jurian A., Reimann, Clemens, Ueckermann, Henriette, Frei, Robert, Frei, Karin M., van Aswegen, Thalita, Stirling, Claudine, Reid, Malcolm, Clayton, Aaron, and Ladenberger, Anna

Published
2019
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4. A note on random orthogonal polynomials on a compact interval

Author

Birke, M. and Dette, H.

Subjects
Mathematics - Probability, 60F15, 33C45, 44A60
Abstract

We consider a uniform distribution on the set $\mathcal{M}_k$ of moments of order $k \in \mathbb{N}$ corresponding to probability measures on the interval $[0,1]$. To each (random) vector of moments in $\mathcal{M}_{2n-1}$ we consider the corresponding uniquely determined monic (random) orthogonal polynomial of degree $n$ and study the asymptotic properties of its roots if $n \to \infty$., Comment: 14 pages

Published
2008

8. Identification of the co-existence of low total organic carbon contents and low pH values in agricultural soil in north-central Europe using hot spot analysis based on GEMAS project data

Author

Xu, Haofan, Demetriades, Alecos, Reimann, Clemens, Jimenez, Juan J., Filser, Juliane, Zhang, Chaosheng, Albanese, S., Andersson, M., Baritz, R., Batista, M. J., Bel-lan, A., Birke, M., Cicchella, D., De Vivo, B., De Vos, W., Dinelli, E., Duris, M., Dusza-Dobek, A., Eklund, M., Ernstsen, V, Filzmoser, P., Flem, B., Flight, D. M. A., Forrester, S., Fuchs, M., Fugedi, U., Gilucis, A., Gosar, M., Gregorauskiene, V, De Groot, W., Gulan, A., Halamic, J., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoffmann, R., Hoogewerff, J., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Janik, L., Jordan, G., Kirby, J., Klos, V, Krone, F., Kwecko, P., Kuti, L., Ladenberger, A., Lima, A., Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., McLaughlin, M., Malyuk, B., I, Maquil, R., Matschullat, J., Meuli, R. G., Mol, G., Negrel, P., O'Connor, P., Oorts, K., Pasieczna, A., Petersell, V, Pfleiderer, S., Ponavic, M., Prazeres, C., Rauch, U., Radusinovic, S., Sadeghi, M., Salpeteur, I, Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A., Schoeters, I, Sellersjo, E., Slaninka, I, Soriano-Disla, J. M., Sorsa, A., Svrkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Trendavilov, V, Valera, P., Verougstraete, V., Vidojevi, D., Zissimos, A., Zomeni, Z., Xu H., Demetriades A., Reimann C., Jimenez J.J., Filser J., Zhang C., GEMAS Project Team: Albanese S., Andersson M., Baritz R., Batista M.J., Bel-lan A., Birke M., Cicchella D., De Vivo B., De Vos W., Dinelli E., Ďuriš M., Dusza-Dobek A., Eklund M., Ernstsen V., Filzmoser P., Flem B., Flight D.M.A., Forrester S., Fuchs M., Fügedi U., Gilucis A., Gosar M., Gregorauskiene V., De Groot W., Gulan A., Halamić J., Haslinger E., Hayoz P., Hoffmann R., Hoogewerff J., Hrvatovic H., Husnjak S., Janik L., Jordan G., Kirby J., Klos V., Krone F., Kwecko P., Kuti L., Ladenberger A., Lima A., Locutura J., Lucivjansky P., Mann A., Mackovych D., McLaughlin M., Malyuk B.I., Maquil R., Matschullat J., Meuli R.G., Mol G., Négrel P., O'Connor P., Oorts K., Pasieczna A., Petersell V., Pfleiderer S., Poňavič M., Prazeres C., Rauch U., Radusinović S., Sadeghi M., Salpeteur I., Scanlon R., Schedl A., Scheib A., Schoeters I., Sellersjö E., Slaninka I., Soriano-Disla J.M., Šorša A., Svrkota R., Stafilov T., Tarvainen T., Trendavilov V., Valera P., Verougstraete V., Vidojević D., Zissimos A., Zomeni Z., Haofan, Xu, Alecos, Demetriade, Clemens, Reimann, Juan J, Jiménez, Juliane, Filser, Chaosheng, Zhang, Albanese, S., Andersson, M., Baritz, R., Batista, M. J., Bel-lan, A., Birke, M., Cicchella, D., De Vivo, B., De Vos, W., Dinelli, E., Ďuriš, M., Dusza-Dobek, A., Eklund, M., Ernstsen, V., Filzmoser, P., Flem, B., Flight, D. M. A., Forrester, S., Fuchs, M., Fügedi, U., Gilucis, A., Gosar, M., Gregorauskiene, V., De Groot, W., Gulan, A., Halamić, J., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoffmann, R., Hoogewerff, J., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Janik, L., Jordan, G., Kirby, J., Klos, V., Krone, F., Kwecko, P., Kuti, L., Ladenberger, A., Lima, A., Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., Mclaughlin, M., Malyuk, B. I., Maquil, R., Matschullat, J., Meuli, R. G., Mol, G., Négrel, P., O'Connor, P., Oorts, K., Pasieczna, A., Petersell, V., Pfleiderer, S., Poňavič, M., Prazeres, C., Rauch, U., Radusinović, S., Sadeghi, M., Salpeteur, I., Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A., Schoeters, I., Sellersjö, E., Slaninka, I., Soriano-Disla, J. M., Šorša, A., Svrkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Trendavilov, V., Valera, P., Verougstraete, V., Vidojević, D., Zissimos, A., and Zomeni, Z.

Subjects
Pollution, Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Hot spot analysis, Hot spot analysi, media_common.quotation_subject, Hot spot (veterinary medicine), 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, GEMAS, chemistry.chemical_compound, Environmental Chemistry, European agricultural soil, TOC, pH, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, Total organic carbon, North central, business.industry, chemistry, Agriculture, Environmental chemistry, Carbon dioxide, Spatial ecology, Environmental science, Soil fertility, business
Abstract

Total organic carbon (TOC) contents in agricultural soil are presently receiving increased attention, not only because of their relationship to soil fertility, but also due to the sequestration of organic carbon in soil to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. In this research, the spatial patterns of TOC and its relationship with pH at the European scale were studied using hot spot analysis based on the agricultural soil results of the Geochemical Mapping of Agricultural Soil (GEMAS) project. The hot and cold spot maps revealed the overall spatial patterns showing a negative correlation between TOC contents and pH values in European agricultural soil. High TOC contents accompanying low pH values in the north-eastern part of Europe (e.g., Fennoscandia), and low TOC with high pH values in the southern part (e.g., Spain. Italy, Balkan countries). A special feature of co-existence of comparatively low TOC contents and low pH values in north-central Europe was also identified on hot and cold spot analysis maps. It has been found that these patterns are strongly related to the high concentration of SiO2 (quartz) in the coarse-textured glacial sediments in north-central Europe. The hot spot analysis was effective, therefore, in highlighting the spatial patterns of TOC in European agricultural soil and helpful to identify hidden patterns. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Published
2019
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15. Use of GEMAS data for risk assessment of cadmium in European agricultural and grazing land soil under the REACH Regulation

Author

Birke, M., Reimann, C., Oorts, K., Uwe, R., Alecos, D., Dinelli, E., Ladenberger, A., Halamić, J., Mateja, G., Jähne Klingberg, F., Andersson, M., Baritz, R., Batista, M. J., Bel Ian, A., Cicchella, D., De Vos, W., Duris, M., Dusza Dobek, A., Eggen, O. A., Eklund, M., Ernsten, V., Filzmoser, P., Flight, D. M. A., Forrester, S., Fügedi, U., Gilcucis, A., Gregorauskiene, V., De Groot, W., Gulan, A., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoogewerff, J., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Janik, L., Jordan, G., Kaminari, M., Kirby, J., Klos, V., Kwecko, P., Kuti, L., Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., Mclaughlin, M., Malyuk, B. I., Maquil, R., Meuli, R. G., Mol, G., Negrel, P., ’Connor, P. O, Ottesen, R. T., Pasnieczna, A., Petersell, V., Pfleiderer, S., Ponavi c, M., Prazeres, C., Radusinovic, S., Salpeteur, I., Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A., Schoeters, I., Sefcik, P., Sellersjo, E., Slaninka, I., Soriano Disla, J. M., Sorsa, A., Svrkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Tendavilov, V., Valera, P., Verougstraete, V., Vidojevic, D., Zomeni, Z., Zissimos, A., ALBANESE, STEFANO, DE VIVO, BENEDETTO, LIMA, ANNAMARIA, Birke, M., Reimann, C., Oorts, K., Uwe, R., Alecos, D., Dinelli, E., Ladenberger, A., Halamić, J., Mateja, G., Jähne Klingberg, F., Albanese, Stefano, Andersson, M., Baritz, R., Batista, M. J., Bel Ian, A., Cicchella, D., DE VIVO, Benedetto, De Vos, W., Duris, M., Dusza Dobek, A., Eggen, O. A., Eklund, M., Ernsten, V., Filzmoser, P., Flight, D. M. A., Forrester, S., Fügedi, U., Gilcucis, A., Gregorauskiene, V., De Groot, W., Gulan, A., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoogewerff, J., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Janik, L., Jordan, G., Kaminari, M., Kirby, J., Klos, V., Kwecko, P., Kuti, L., Lima, Annamaria, Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., Mclaughlin, M., Malyuk, B. I., Maquil, R., Meuli, R. G., Mol, G., Negrel, P., ’Connor, P. O, Ottesen, R. T., Pasnieczna, A., Petersell, V., Pfleiderer, S., Ponavi c, M., Prazeres, C., Radusinovic, S., Salpeteur, I., Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A., Schoeters, I., Sefcik, P., Sellersjo, E., Slaninka, I., Soriano Disla, J. M., Sorsa, A., Svrkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Tendavilov, V., Valera, P., Verougstraete, V., Vidojevic, D., Zomeni, Z., Zissimos, A., Birke, Manfred, Reimann, Clemen, Oorts, Koen, Rauch, Uwe, Demetriades, Aleco, Dinelli, Enrico, Ladenberger, Anna, Halamić, Josip, Gosar, Mateja, and Jähne-Klingberg, Fabian

Subjects
Pollution, agricultural soil, grazing land soil, risk assessment, REACH, cadmium, Soil test, media_common.quotation_subject, chemistry.chemical_element, 010501 environmental sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Agricultural soil, 01 natural sciences, Ecology and Environment, Geochemistry and Petrology, Grazing, Environmental Chemistry, Risk assessment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, Hydrology, Cadmium, business.industry, Forestry, Expert group, Chemistry, chemistry, Agriculture, Soil water, Earth Sciences, business, Grazing land soil
Abstract

Over 4000 soil samples were collected for the “Geochemical Mapping of Agricultural and Grazing Land Soil of Europe” (GEMAS) project carried out by the EuroGeoSurveys Geochemistry Expert Group. Cadmium concentrations are reported for the

Published
2016
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23. GEMAS: Cobalt, Cr, Cu and Ni distribution in agricultural and grazing land soil of Europe

Author

ALBANESE, STEFANO, LIMA, ANNAMARIA, DE VIVO, BENEDETTO, Sadeghi, M., Cicchella, D., Dinelli, E., Valera, P., Falconi, M., Demetriades, A., Andersson, M., Baritz, R., Batista, M. J., Bel lan, A., Birke, M., De Vos, W., Ďuriš, M., Dusza Dobek, A., Eggen, O. A., Eklund, M., Ernstsen, V., Filzmoser, P., Flight, D. M. A., Forrester, S., Fuchs, M., Fügedi, U., Gilucis, A., Gosar, M., Gregorauskiene, V., De Groot, W., Gulan, A., Halamić, J., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoffmann, R., Hoogewerff, J., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Janik, L., Jordan, G., Kaminari, M., Kirby, J., Klos, V., Krone, F., Kwecko, P., Kuti, L., Ladenberger, A., Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., Mclaughlin, M., Malyuk, B. I., Maquil, R., Meuli, R. G., Mol, G., Négrel, P., O'Connor, P., Oorts, K., Ottesen, R. T., Pasieczna, A., Petersell, V., Pfleiderer, S., Poňavič, M., Prazeres, C., Rauch, U., Radusinović, S., Reimann, C., Salpeteur, I., Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A., Schoeters, I., Sellersjö, E., Slaninka, I., Soriano Disla, J. M., Šorša, A., Svrkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Trendavilov, V., Verougstraete, V., Vidojević, D., Zomeni, Z., Albanese, Stefano, Sadeghi, M., Lima, Annamaria, Cicchella, D., Dinelli, E., Valera, P., Falconi, M., Demetriades, A., DE VIVO, Benedetto, Andersson, M., Baritz, R., Batista, M. J., Bel lan, A., Birke, M., De Vos, W., Ďuriš, M., Dusza Dobek, A., Eggen, O. A., Eklund, M., Ernstsen, V., Filzmoser, P., Flight, D. M. A., Forrester, S., Fuchs, M., Fügedi, U., Gilucis, A., Gosar, M., Gregorauskiene, V., De Groot, W., Gulan, A., Halamić, J., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoffmann, R., Hoogewerff, J., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Janik, L., Jordan, G., Kaminari, M., Kirby, J., Klos, V., Krone, F., Kwecko, P., Kuti, L., Ladenberger, A., Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., Mclaughlin, M., Malyuk, B. I., Maquil, R., Meuli, R. G., Mol, G., Négrel, P., O'Connor, P., Oorts, K., Ottesen, R. T., Pasieczna, A., Petersell, V., Pfleiderer, S., Poňavič, M., Prazeres, C., Rauch, U., Radusinović, S., Reimann, C., Salpeteur, I., Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A., Schoeters, I., Sellersjö, E., Slaninka, I., Soriano Disla, J. M., Šorša, A., Svrkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Trendavilov, V., Verougstraete, V., Vidojević, D., Zomeni, Z., Albanese, S., Lima, A., De Vivo, B., Batista, M.J., Bel-lan, A., Duris, M., Dusza-Dobek, A., Eggen, O.A., Flight, D.M.A., Fugedi, U., Halamic, J., Malyuk, B.I., Meuli, R.G., Negrel, P., Ottesen, R.T., Ponavic, M., Radusinovic, S., Sellersjo, E., Soriano-Disla, J.M., Sorsa, A., and Vidojevic, D.

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, Soil test, Metal, Mafic-ultramafic rocks, Soil guidelines, Earth science, European soil, Mineralogy, cobalt, crom, distribution, Ni, Cu, Ophiolite, Metals, Geochemistry and Petrology, Ultramafic rock, Grazing, Geochemical mapping, Economic Geology, Glacial period, Mafic, European soil Mafic–ultramafic rocks Metals Geochemical mapping Soil guidelines, Scale (map), Geology, Mafic-ultramafic rock
Abstract

In the framework of the GEMAS project, 2211 samples of agricultural soil (Ap, 0-20cm, regularly ploughed fields), and 2118 samples from land under permanent grass cover (Gr, 0-10cm, grazing land soil) were collected across almost the whole European continent, at a density of 1 sample site/2500km2, in accordance with a common sampling protocol.Among many other elements, the concentrations of Co, Cr, Cu and Ni in European soil were determined by ICP-MS after a hot aqua extraction, and WD-XRFS analytical methods, and their spatial distribution patterns generated by means of a GIS software.The presence of mafic and ultramafic rocks, ophiolite complexes and mineralisation, is widespread across the European continent, and seems to explain most of the variability of the elements studied in this paper. A large belt, north of the last glaciation maximum limit, is generally dominated by lower concentrations compared with central European and Mediterranean areas and to some areas in Northern Europe where higher Co, Cr, Cu and Ni values also occur.The application of the guideline value set for Cu and Ni by the EU Directive 86/278/EEC to the Ap soil samples of the GEMAS data set highlighted that at the continental scale the use of a unique reference interval is a tool of limited effectiveness; the lithological variation, occurring across a whole continent, generates changes in the geochemistry of soil, which cannot be accommodated by using a single reference interval even if it is very wide. The GEMAS data set should form the sound basis to set at the European scale the geochemical background reference intervals, at least, for regions sharing common lithological settings and a common geological history. •Geochemistry of Co, Cr, Cu and Ni•Mineral deposits in Europe with Co, Cr, Cu and Ni•Distribution of Co, Cr, Cu and Ni in European agricultural and grazing land soil•Comparison of aqua regia extractable and total element concentrations in soil•Comparison of Cu and Ni concentrations with European guideline values. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.

Published
2015
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29. Bioavailable 87Sr/86Sr in European soils: A baseline for provenancing studies

Author

Hoogewerff, Jurian A., primary, Reimann, Clemens, additional, Ueckermann, Henriette, additional, Frei, Robert, additional, Frei, Karin M., additional, van Aswegen, Thalita, additional, Stirling, Claudine, additional, Reid, Malcolm, additional, Clayton, Aaron, additional, Ladenberger, Anna, additional, Albanese, S., additional, Andersson, M., additional, Baritz, R., additional, Batista, M.J., additional, Bel-lan, A., additional, Birke, M., additional, Cicchella, D., additional, Demetriades, A., additional, De Vivo, B., additional, De Vos, W., additional, Dinelli, E., additional, Ďuriš, M., additional, Dusza-Dobek, A., additional, Eggen, O.A., additional, Eklund, M., additional, Ernstsen, V., additional, Filzmoser, P., additional, Flight, D.M.A, additional, Forrester, S., additional, Fuchs, M., additional, Fügedi, U., additional, Gilucis, A., additional, Gregorauskiene, V., additional, De Groot, W., additional, Gulan, A., additional, Halamić, J., additional, Haslinger, E., additional, Hayoz, P., additional, Hoffmann, R., additional, Hrvatovic, H., additional, Husnjak, S., additional, Janik, L., additional, Jordan, G., additional, Kaminari, M., additional, Kirby, J., additional, Kivisilla, J., additional, Klos, V., additional, Krone, F., additional, Kwećko, F., additional, Kuti, L., additional, Lima, A., additional, Locutura, J., additional, Lucivjansky, D.P, additional, Mann, A., additional, Mackovych, D., additional, Matschullat, J., additional, McLaughlin, M., additional, Malyuk, B.I, additional, Maquil, R., additional, Meuli, R.G., additional, Mol, G., additional, Negrel, P., additional, Connor, O., additional, Oorts, R.K, additional, Ottesen, R.T., additional, Pasieczna, A., additional, Petersell, W., additional, Pfleiderer, S.., additional, Poňavič, M., additional, Pramuka, S, additional, Prazeres, C., additional, Rauch, U., additional, Radusinović, S., additional, Reimann, C., additional, Sadeghi, M., additional, Salpeteur, I., additional, Scanlon, R., additional, Schedl, A., additional, Scheib, A.J, additional, Schoeters, I., additional, Šefčik, P., additional, Sellersjö, E., additional, Skopljak, F., additional, Slaninka, I., additional, Soriano-Disla, J.M., additional, Šorša, A., additional, Srvkota, R., additional, Stafilov, T., additional, Tarvainen, T., additional, Trendavilov, V., additional, Valera, P., additional, Verougstraete, V., additional, Vidojević, D., additional, Zissimos, A., additional, and Zomeni, Z., additional

Published
2019
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33. GEMAS: Cadmium distribution and its sources in agricultural and grazing land soil of Europe - Original data versus clr-transformed data

Author

BIRKE M., REIMANN C, RAUCH U., LADENBERGER A., DEMETRIADES A., JÄHNEKLINGBERG F., OORTS K, GOSAR M., DINELLI D., HALAMIĆ J., ALBANESE S., ANDERSSON M., BARITZ R., BATISTA M. J., BEL-IAN A., CICCHELLA D., DE VIVO B., DE VOS W., ĎURIŠ M., DUSZA-DOBEK A., EGGEN O. A., EKLUND M., ERNSTEN V., FILZMOSER, FLIGHT D. M. A., FORRESTER S., FÜGEDI U., GILCUCIS A., GREGORAUSKIENE V., DE GROOT W., GULAN A., HASLINGER E., HAYOZ P., HOOGEWERFF J., HRVATOVIC H., HUSNJAK S., JANIK L., JORDAN G., KAMINARI M., KIRBY J., KLOS V., KWEĆKO P., KUTI L., LIMA A., LOCUTURA J., LUCIVJANSKY P., MANN A., MACKOVYCH D., MCLAUGHLIN M., MALYUK B. I., MAQUIL R., MEULI R. G., MOL G., NÉGREL P., O’CONNOR P., OTTESEN R. T., PASNIECZNA A., PETERSELL V., PFLEIDERER S., POŇAVIČ M., PRAZERES C., RADUSINOVIĆ S., SALPETEUR I., SADEGHI M., SCANLON R., SCHEDL A., SCHEIB A., SCHOETERS I., ŠEFČIK P., SELLERSJÖ E., SLANINKA I., SORIANO-DISLA J. M., ŠORŠA A., SVRKOTA R., STAFILOV T., TARVAINEN T., TENDAVILOV V., VALERA P., VEROUGSTRAETE V., VIDOJEVIĆ D., ZOMENI Z., ZISSIMOS A., Birke, Manfred, Reimann, Clemen, Rauch, Uwe, Ladenberger, Anna, Demetriades, Aleco, Jähne-Klingberg, Fabian, Oorts, Koen, Gosar, Mateja, Dinelli, Enrico, Halamić, Josip, Birke, M., Reimann, C, Rauch, U., Ladenberger, A., Demetriades, A., Jähneklingberg, F., Oorts, K, Gosar, M., Dinelli, D., Halamić, J., Albanese, S., Andersson, M., Baritz, R., Batista, M. J., BEL-IAN, A., Cicchella, D., DE VIVO, B., DE VOS, W., Ďuriš, M., DUSZA-DOBEK, A., Eggen, O. A., Eklund, M., Ernsten, V., Filzmoser, Flight, D. M. A., Forrester, S., Fügedi, U., Gilcucis, A., Gregorauskiene, V., DE GROOT, W., Gulan, A., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoogewerff, J., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Janik, L., Jordan, G., Kaminari, M., Kirby, J., Klos, V., Kwećko, P., Kuti, L., Lima, A., Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., Mclaughlin, M., Malyuk, B. I., Maquil, R., Meuli, R. G., Mol, G., Négrel, P., O’Connor, P., Ottesen, R. T., Pasnieczna, A., Petersell, V., Pfleiderer, S., Poňavič, M., Prazeres, C., Radusinović, S., Salpeteur, I., Sadeghi, M., Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A., Schoeters, I., Šefčik, P., Sellersjö, E., Slaninka, I., SORIANO-DISLA, J. M., Šorša, A., Svrkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Tendavilov, V., Valera, P., Verougstraete, V., Vidojević, D., Zomeni, Z., and Zissimos, A.

Subjects
Cadmium, Agricultural soil, Compositional data analysis, PCA, Continental-scale geochemical mapping, Europe, Soil test, Weathering, 010501 environmental sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Compositional data analysi, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geochemistry and Petrology, Grazing, Aqua regia, Glacial period, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, business.industry, Anomaly (natural sciences), chemistry, Agriculture, Economic Geology, Quaternary, business, Geology
Abstract

Over 4000 agricultural and grazing land soil samples were collected for the “Geochemical Mapping of Agricultural and Grazing Land Soil of Europe” (GEMAS) project carried out by the EuroGeoSurveys Geochemistry Expert Group. The samples were collected in 33 European countries, covering 5.6 million km 2 at a density of 1 sample site per 2500 km 2 . All samples were analysed by ICP-MS following an aqua regia extraction. The European median Cd concentration is 0.182 mg/kg in agricultural soil and 0.197 mg/kg in grazing land soil (including eastern Ukraine). The Cd map demonstrates the existence of two different geochemical background regimes in northern and southern Europe, separated by the southern limit of the Quaternary glaciation. Cadmium shows two times higher background concentrations in the older and more weathered southern European soil than in northern European soil. The spatial distribution patterns of Cd in the collected soil samples are mainly governed by geology (parent material and mineralisation), as well as weathering, soil formation and climate since the last glaciation period. Locally, in several areas, the natural anomaly pattern is overprinted by anthropogenic emissions from former mining, ore processing and related metal industries. Some Cd anomalies can be attributed to urbanisation and the use of fertilisers. A comparison of the raw data Cd concentration map with its clr-transformed counterpart and selected single element ratio maps demonstrates that substantial additional information about sources and processes governing the distribution of Cd in agricultural soil at the European scale can be obtained. Results of a PCA, carried out following the classical approach (standardised) versus a PCA based on the statistically acceptable approach, using clr-transformed data, are quite comparable.

Published
2017

34. Bioavailable 87Sr/86Sr in European soils:A baseline for provenancing studies

Author

Hoogewerff, Jurian A., Reimann, Clemens, Ueckermann, Enriette, Frei, Robert, Frei, Karin M., van Aswegen, Thalita, Stirling, Claudine, Reid, Malcolm, Clayton, Aaron, Ladenberger, Anna, Albanese, S., Andersson, M., Baritz, R., Batista, M. J., Bel-Ian, A., Birke, M., Cicchella, D., Demetriades, A., De Vivo, B., De Vos, W., Dinelli, E., Duris, M., Dusza-Dobek, A., Eggen, O. A., Eklund, M., Ernstsen, V., Filzmoser, P., Flight, D. M. A., Forrester, S., Fuchs, M., Fugedi, U., Gilucis, A., Gregorauskiene, V, De Groot, W., Gulan, A., Halamic, J., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoffmann, R., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Janik, L., Jordan, G., Kaminari, M., Kirby, J., Kivisilla, J., Klos, V, Krone, F., Kwecko, F., Kuti, L., Lima, A., Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, D. P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., Matschullat, J., McLaughlin, M., Malyuk, B., I, Maquil, R., Meuli, R. G., Mol, G., Negrel, P., Connor, O., Oorts, R. K., Ottesen, R. T., Pasieczna, A., Petersell, W., Ponavic, M., Pramuka, S., Prazeres, C., Rauch, U., Radusinovic, S., Reimann, C., Sadeghi, M., Salpeteur, I, Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A. J., Schoeters, I, Sefcik, P., Sellersjo, E., Skopijak, F., Slaninka, I, Soriano-Disla, J. M., Sorsa, A., Srvkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Trendavilov, V, Valera, P., Verougstraete, V., Vidojevic, D., Zissimos, A., Zomeni, Z., Hoogewerff, Jurian A., Reimann, Clemens, Ueckermann, Enriette, Frei, Robert, Frei, Karin M., van Aswegen, Thalita, Stirling, Claudine, Reid, Malcolm, Clayton, Aaron, Ladenberger, Anna, Albanese, S., Andersson, M., Baritz, R., Batista, M. J., Bel-Ian, A., Birke, M., Cicchella, D., Demetriades, A., De Vivo, B., De Vos, W., Dinelli, E., Duris, M., Dusza-Dobek, A., Eggen, O. A., Eklund, M., Ernstsen, V., Filzmoser, P., Flight, D. M. A., Forrester, S., Fuchs, M., Fugedi, U., Gilucis, A., Gregorauskiene, V, De Groot, W., Gulan, A., Halamic, J., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoffmann, R., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Janik, L., Jordan, G., Kaminari, M., Kirby, J., Kivisilla, J., Klos, V, Krone, F., Kwecko, F., Kuti, L., Lima, A., Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, D. P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., Matschullat, J., McLaughlin, M., Malyuk, B., I, Maquil, R., Meuli, R. G., Mol, G., Negrel, P., Connor, O., Oorts, R. K., Ottesen, R. T., Pasieczna, A., Petersell, W., Ponavic, M., Pramuka, S., Prazeres, C., Rauch, U., Radusinovic, S., Reimann, C., Sadeghi, M., Salpeteur, I, Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A. J., Schoeters, I, Sefcik, P., Sellersjo, E., Skopijak, F., Slaninka, I, Soriano-Disla, J. M., Sorsa, A., Srvkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Trendavilov, V, Valera, P., Verougstraete, V., Vidojevic, D., Zissimos, A., and Zomeni, Z.

Published
2019

35. Mapping geochemical patterns at regional to continental scales using composite samples to reduce the analytical costs

Author

CICCHELLA D., BIRKE M., DEMETRIADES A., YAO W., XIE X., LIMA, ANNAMARIA, DE VIVO, BENEDETTO, Cicchella, D., Lima, Annamaria, Birke, M., Demetriades, A., Yao, W., Xie, X., and DE VIVO, Benedetto

Subjects
Hydrology, Topsoil, Compositing (democracy), Geochemistry and Petrology, Composite number, Environmental science, Economic Geology, Soil science, Subsoil
Abstract

The use of composite samples to reduce the time and cost of chemical analysis is discussed. It is shown when composite samples can be used without affecting predefined project objectives. Furthermore, it is also demonstrated when they should not be used, and also how much information is lost due to their use. The study presents a comparison of data concentrations of some major (Al 2 O 3 , CaO, Fe 2 O 3 , K 2 O, P 2 O 5 , TiO 2 ) and trace elements (Cd, Co, Cr, La, Rb, Sr, Th, Tl, U, Zn) in European topsoil and subsoil produced by FOREGS (Forum of European Geological Surveys) and two other data sets derived by compositing the five individual samples in each 160 × 160 km cell of the Global Terrestrial Network (GTN); the first by physically compositing the samples, and analysing the composites, and the second by artificially compositing the samples in each GTN cell. The three soil databases were compared statistically and spatially to quantify the significance of the differences. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that composite samples can be used effectively to show broad continental-scale element distribution patterns; their use may not be effective if the goal is to highlight local geochemical anomalies. It is concluded that compositing samples for continental-scale surveys is a time- and cost-effective procedure, especially for reducing the costs for chemical analysis.

Published
2013
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42. Natural radioactive elements U, Th and K in European soil

Author

CICCHELLA D., BIRKE M., DE VOS W., DINELLI E., O’CONNOR P. J., SALPETEUR I., TARVAINEN T., ALBANESE, STEFANO, DE VIVO, BENEDETTO, LIMA, ANNAMARIA, Reimann C., Birke M., Demetriades A., Filzmoser P. and O’Connor P., Cicchella, D., Albanese, Stefano, Birke, M., DE VIVO, Benedetto, DE VOS, W., Dinelli, E., Lima, Annamaria, O’Connor, P. J., Salpeteur, I., and Tarvainen, T.

Subjects
Natural radioactive elements, agricultural soils, GEMAS project
Abstract

This paper describes and discusses data on baseline levels the concentration of U, Th and K in agricultural and grazing land soils across Europe. In total, 2218 samples of agricultural soil and 2127 samples of grazing land soil were collected with an average sampling density of 1 site per 2500 km2 (a grid of 50 x 50 km) over an area of 5.6 million km2 across Europe. The uranium concentrations over the survey area vary from

Published
2014

43. GEMAS: Spatial distribution of the pH of European agricultural and grazing land soils

Author

Fabian C., Reimann C., Fabian K., Birke M., Baritz R., Haslinger E., Albanese S., Andersson M., Batista M. J., Bel lan A., Cicchella D., Demetriades A., De Vivo B., De Vos W., Duriš M., Dusza Dobek A., Eggen O. A., Eklund M., Ernstsen V., Filzmoser P., Flight D. M. A., Forrester S., Fuchs M., Fügedi U., Gilucis A., Gosar M., Gregorauskiene V., De Groot W., Gulan A., Halamić J., Hayoz P., Hoffmann R., Hoogewerff J., Hrvatovic H., Husnjak S., Janik L., Jordan G., Kaminari M., Kirby J., Kivisilla J., Klos V., Krone F., Kwećko P., Kuti L., Ladenberger A., Lima A., Locutura J., Lucivjansky D. P., Mann A., Mackovych D., McLaughlin M., Malyuk B. I., Maquil R., Meuli R. G., Mol G., Negrel P., O'Connor P., Oorts R. K., Ottesen R. T., Pasieczna A., Petersel, W., Pfleiderer S., Poňavič M., Pramuka S., Prazeres C., Rauch U., Radusinović S., Salpeteur I., Scanlon R., Schedl A., Scheib A. J., Schoeters I., Šefčik P., Sellersjö E., Skopljak F., Slaninka I., Šorša A., Srvkota R., Stafilov T., Tarvainen T., Trendavilov V., Valera P., Verougstraete V., Vidojević D., Zissimos A., Zomeni Z., DINELLI, ENRICO, Fabian C., Reimann C., Fabian K., Birke M., Baritz R., Haslinger E., Albanese S., Andersson M., Batista M.J., Bel-lan A., Cicchella D., Demetriades A., De Vivo B., De Vos W., Dinelli E., Duriš M., Dusza-Dobek A., Eggen O.A., Eklund M., Ernstsen V., Filzmoser P., Flight D.M.A., Forrester S., Fuchs M., Fügedi U., Gilucis A., Gosar M., Gregorauskiene V., De Groot W., Gulan A., Halamić J., Hayoz P., Hoffmann R., Hoogewerff J., Hrvatovic H., Husnjak S., Janik L., Jordan G., Kaminari M., Kirby J., Kivisilla J., Klos V., Krone F., Kwećko P., Kuti L., Ladenberger A., Lima A., Locutura J., Lucivjansky D.P., Mann A., Mackovych D., McLaughlin M., Malyuk B.I., Maquil R., Meuli R.G., Mol G., Negrel P., O'Connor P., Oorts R.K., Ottesen R.T., Pasieczna A., Petersel, W., Pfleiderer S., Poňavič M., Pramuka S., Prazeres C., Rauch U., Radusinović S., Salpeteur I., Scanlon R., Schedl A., Scheib A.J., Schoeters I., Šefčik P., Sellersjö E., Skopljak F., Slaninka I., Šorša A., Srvkota R., Stafilov T., Tarvainen T., Trendavilov V., Valera P., Verougstraete V., Vidojević D., Zissimos A., Zomeni Z., Fabian, C., Reimann, C., Fabian, K., Birke, M., Baritz, R., Haslinger, E., Albanese, Stefano, Andersson, M., Batista, M. J., BEL LAN, A., Cicchella, D., Demetriades, D., DE VIVO, Benedetto, DE VOS, W., Dinelli, E., Duriš, M., DUSZA DOBEK, A., Eggen, O. A., Eklund, M., Ernstsen, V., Filzmoser, P., Flight, D. M. A., Forrester, S., Fuchs, M., Fugedi, U., Gilucis, A., Gosar, M., Gregorauskiene, V., DE GROOT, W., Gulan, A., Halamic, J., Hayoz, P., Hoffmann, R., Hoogewerff, J., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Janik, L., Jordan, G., Kaminari, M., Kirby, J., Kivisilla, J., Klos, V., Krone, F., Kwecko, P., Kuti, L., Ladenberger, A., Lima, Annamaria, Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, D. P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., Mclaughlin, M., Malyuk, B. I., Maquil, R., Meuli, R. G., Mol, G., Negrel, P., O’Connor, P., Oorts, R. K., Ottesen, R. T., Pasieczna, A., Petersell, W., Pfleiderer, S., Ponavic, M., Pramuka, S., Prazeres, C., Rauch, U., Radusinovic, S., Salpeteur, I., Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A. J., Schoeters, I., Šefcik, P., Sellersjo, E., Skopljak, F., Slaninka, I., Šorša, A., Srvkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Trendavilov, V., Valera, P., Verougstraete, V., Vidojevic, D., Zissimos, A., and Zomeni, Z.

Subjects
Hydrology, Soil test, Spatial distribution, Pollution, Agricultural soil, Grazing soil, GEMAS, chemistry.chemical_compound, soil pH, GEochemical Mapping, chemistry, Geochemistry and Petrology, Soil pH, Soil water, Grazing, Environmental Chemistry, Carbonate, Environmental science, Precipitation, Glacial period, grazing land soil, pH value, Grazing land soil, geochemistry
Abstract

During 2008 the GEochemical Mapping of Agricultural Soils (GEMAS) project collected 2108 agricultural (ploughed soil, Ap horizon, 0–20 cm) and 2023 grazing land soil samples (Gr, 0–10 cm) evenly spread over 33 European countries and covering an area of 5.6 million km2. The pH of all samples was determined by one single laboratory applying a 0.01 M CaCl2 extraction, and following a strict quality-control procedure. The resulting pH-value distributions for European Ap and Gr soil are both bimodal. Broad acidic modes, with pH between 4 and 6, and sharp alkaline modes, with pH between 7 and 8 due to the Ca2+ buffer system, are clearly separated. The European median pH is 5.8 for the GEMAS Ap soil samples and 5.5 for the GEMAS Gr soil samples. According to the pH distribution maps, Europe is separated into two main zones: northern Europe with generally lower pH values (Ap: 5.2, Gr: 4.8), dominated by acidic soils occurring in Fennoscandia, and southern Europe with higher pH values (Ap: 6.3, Gr: 5.9), dominated by carbonate rich soils. The separation line coincides with the southern border of the sediments of the last glaciation. The dominant factors controlling pH at the European scale are thus geology (crystalline bedrock) in combination with climate (temperature and precipitation). The GEMAS pH maps mainly reflect the natural site conditions on the European scale, whilst anthropogenic impact is hardly detectable. The GEMAS results provide a unique set of homogenous and spatially representative soil pH data for the continent. The data set defines a dependable continental-scale background, and offers the possibility to calibrate studies on more detailed scales.

Published
2014

44. Arsenic in agricultural and grazing land soils of Europe

Author

Tarvainen T., Albanese S., Birke M., Poňavič M., Reimann C., the GEMAS Project Team M. Andersson, A. Arnoldussen, R. Baritz, M. J. Batista, A. Bel lan, D. Cicchella, A. Demetriades, B. De Vivo, W. De Vos, M. Duris, A. Dusza Dobek, O. A. Eggen, M. Eklund, V. Ernstsen, P. Filzmoser, T. E. Finne, D. Flight, S. Forrester, M. Fuchs, U. Fugedi, A. Gilucis, M. Gosar, V. Gregorauskiene, A. Gulan, J. Halamic, E. Haslinger, P. Hayoz, G. Hobiger, R. Hoffmann, J. Hoogewerff, H. Hrvatovic, S. Husnjak, L. Janik, C. C. Johnson, G. Jordan, J. Kirby, J. Kivisilla, V. Klos, F. Krone, P. Kwecko, L. Kuti, A. Ladenberger, A. Lima, J. Locutura, P. Lucivjansky, D. Mackovych, B. I. Malyuk, R. Maquil, M. J. McLaughlin, R. G. Meuli, N. Miosic, G. Mol, P. Négrel, P. O’Connor, K. Oorts, R. T. Ottesen, A. Pasieczna, V. Petersell, S. Pfleiderer, C. Prazeres, U. Rauch, Salpeteur, A. Schedl, A. Scheib, I. Schoeters, P. Sefcik, E. Sellersjö, F. Skopljak, I. Slaninka, A. Šorša, R. Srvkota, T. Stafilov, V. Trendavilov, P. Valera, V. Verougstraete, D. Vidojevic, A. M. Zissimos, Z. Zomeni, DINELLI, ENRICO, Tarvainen, T., Albanese, Stefano, Birke, M., Po??avi??, M., Reimann, C., GEMAS Project, Team, Cicchella, D., DE VIVO, Benedetto, Dinelli, E., Lima, Annamaria, Valera, P., Tarvainen T., Albanese S., Birke M., Poňavič M., Reimann C., and the GEMAS Project Team M. Andersson, A. Arnoldussen, R. Baritz, M.J. Batista, A. Bel-lan, D. Cicchella, A. Demetriade, B. De Vivo, E. Dinelli, W. De Vo, M. Duri, A. Dusza-Dobek, O.A. Eggen, M. Eklund, V. Ernstsen, P. Filzmoser, T.E. Finne, D. Flight, S. Forrester, M. Fuch, U. Fugedi, A. Giluci, M. Gosar, V. Gregorauskiene, A. Gulan, J. Halamic, E. Haslinger, P. Hayoz, G. Hobiger, R. Hoffmann, J. Hoogewerff, H. Hrvatovic, S. Husnjak, L. Janik, C.C. Johnson, G. Jordan, J. Kirby, J. Kivisilla, V. Klo, F. Krone, P. Kwecko, L. Kuti, A. Ladenberger, A. Lima, J. Locutura, P. Lucivjansky, D. Mackovych, B.I. Malyuk, R. Maquil, M.J. McLaughlin, R.G. Meuli, N. Miosic, G. Mol, P. Négrel, P. O’Connor, K. Oort, R.T. Ottesen, A. Pasieczna, V. Petersell, S. Pfleiderer, C. Prazere, U. Rauch, Salpeteur, A. Schedl, A. Scheib, I. Schoeter, P. Sefcik, E. Sellersjö, F. Skopljak, I. Slaninka, A. Šorša, R. Srvkota, T. Stafilov, V. Trendavilov, P. Valera, V. Verougstraete, D. Vidojevic, A.M. Zissimo, and Z. Zomeni

Subjects
arsenic, agricultural and grazing land soils, Europe, EGS GEMAS Project, Soil test, genetic structures, Fluorescence spectrometry, chemistry.chemical_element, Agricultural soil, GEMAS, Arsenic, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geochemistry and Petrology, Grazing, Environmental Chemistry, Aqua regia, Glacial period, Hydrology, Background value, Pollution, Grazing soil, Geochemistry, chemistry, Environmental chemistry, Soil water, Environmental science, Inductively coupled plasma
Abstract

Arsenic concentrations are reported for the

Published
2013
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45. The geochemistry of Niobium and the distribution and relative mobility in agricultural soils of Europe

Author

SCHEIB A. J., FLIGHT D. M. A., BIRKE M., TARVAINEN T., LOCUTURA J., GEMAS PROJECT TEAM […, S. ALBANESE, M. ANDERSSON, A. ARNOLDUSSEN, R. BARITZ, M. J. BATISTA, A. BELLAN, D. CICCHELLA, A. DEMETRIADES, B. DE VIVO, W. DE VOS, M. DURIS, A. DUSZA DOBEK, O. A. EGGEN, M. EKLUND, V. ERNSTSEN, P. FILZMOSER, T. E. FINNE, S. FORRESTER, M. FUCHS, U. FUGEDI, A. GILUCIS, M. GOSAR, V. GREGORAUSKIENE, A. GULAN, J. HALAMIZ, E. HASLINGER, P. HAYOZ, R. HOFFMANN, J. HOOGEWERFF, H. HRVATOVIC, S. HUSNJAK, L. JANIK, G. JORDAN, J. KIRBY, J. KIVISILLA, V. KLOS, F. KRONE, P. KWECKO, L. KUTI, A. LADENBERGER, A. LIMA, P. LUCIVJANSKY, D. MACKOVYCH, B. I. MALYUK, R. MAQUIL, M. MCLAUGHLIN, R. G. MEULI, N. MIOSIC, G. MOL, P. NÉGREL, P. O'CONNOR, K. OORTS, R. T. OTTESEN, A. PASIECZNA, V. PETERSELL, PFLEIDERER, S., M. POHAVIC, C. PRAZERES, U. RAUCH, C. REIMANN, H. REITNER, I. SALPETEUR, A. SCHEDL, I. SCHOETERS, P. SEFCIK, E. SELLERSJÖ, F. SKOPLJAK, I. SLANINKA, A. ŠORŠA, R. SRVKOTA, T. STAFILOV, V. TRENDAVILOV, P. VALERA, V. VEROUGSTRAETE, D. VIDOJEVIC, A. ZISSIMOS, Z. ZOMENI, DINELLI, ENRICO, Scheib, J., Flight, D., Birke, M., Tarvainen, T., Locutura, J., Gemas, Team, Albanese, Stefano, Cicchella, D., DE VIVO, Benedetto, Lima, Annamaria, Valera, P., SCHEIB A.J., FLIGHT D.M.A., BIRKE M., TARVAINEN T., LOCUTURA J., GEMAS PROJECT TEAM […, S. ALBANESE, M. ANDERSSON, A. ARNOLDUSSEN, R. BARITZ, M.J. BATISTA, A. BELLAN, D. CICCHELLA, A. DEMETRIADES, E. DINELLI, B. DE VIVO, W. DE VOS, M. DURIS, A. DUSZA-DOBEK, O.A. EGGEN, M. EKLUND, V. ERNSTSEN, P. FILZMOSER, T.E. FINNE, S. FORRESTER, M. FUCHS, U. FUGEDI, A. GILUCIS, M. GOSAR, V. GREGORAUSKIENE, A. GULAN, J. HALAMIZ, E. HASLINGER, P. HAYOZ, R. HOFFMANN, J. HOOGEWERFF, H. HRVATOVIC, S. HUSNJAK, L. JANIK, G. JORDAN, J. KIRBY, J. KIVISILLA, V. KLOS, F. KRONE, P. KWECKO, L. KUTI, A. LADENBERGER, A. LIMA, P. LUCIVJANSKY, D. MACKOVYCH, B.I. MALYUK, R. MAQUIL, M. MCLAUGHLIN, R.G. MEULI, N. MIOSIC, G. MOL, P. NÉGREL, P. O'CONNOR, K. OORTS, R. T. OTTESEN, A. PASIECZNA, V. PETERSELL, PFLEIDERER, S., M. POHAVIC, C. PRAZERES, U. RAUCH, C. REIMANN, H. REITNER, I. SALPETEUR, A. SCHEDL, I. SCHOETERS, P. SEFCIK, E. SELLERSJÖ, F. SKOPLJAK, I. SLANINKA, A. ŠORŠA, R. SRVKOTA, T. STAFILOV, V. TRENDAVILOV, P. VALERA, V. VEROUGSTRAETE, D. VIDOJEVIC, A. ZISSIMOS, Z. ZOMENI, and …]

Subjects
baseline studies, clastic sediments, sampling, geochemical surveys, XRF, Niobium, Geochemistry, Fluorescence spectrometry, chemistry.chemical_element, metals, Agricultural soil, GEMAS, chemistry.chemical_compound, X-ray fluorescence spectra, Geochemistry and Petrology, Loess, Grazing, Aqua regia, chemical composition, mapping, mobilization, soils, General Environmental Science, agriculture, geochemical methods, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, sample preparation, geochemical mapping, aqua regia, extractability, sediments, land use, General Chemistry, Karst, Extractability, loess, residual soils, Volcanic rock, chemistry, Soil water, till, Geochemical mapping, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, niobium, Europa, GEMAS project, Geology, soil surveys, spectra surveys
Abstract

The Geochemical Mapping of Agricultural and Grazing Land Soil (GEMAS) project provides soil geochemical data for over 50 elements at a density of 1 sample per 2500 km2 across the European continent. Median baseline total concentrations of niobium (Nb) determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry in the 95% of Nb in soils can be considered ‘immobile’. All anomalous soil concentrations can be related to geogenic processes. Many of the elevated Nb concentrations are underlain by Hercynian granitic intrusions and alkaline volcanic rocks. High Nb levels also correspond to the occurrence of residual soils over karst areas of southeast Europe and, to some extent, loess deposits of central and Eastern Europe. Lowest Nb concentrations are found in soils developed on most recent glacial sediments of northern Europe. Comparison of the aqua regia extractable concentrations of Nb in both sample types collected within, British Geological Survey, Reino Unido, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Alemania, Geological Survey of Finland, Finlandia, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, España

Published
2012
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46. Lead and lead isotopes in agricultural soils of Europe: the continental perspective

Author

REIMANN C., FLEM B., FABIAN K., BIRKE M., LADENBERGER A., NÉGREL P., DEMETRIADES A., HOOGEWERFF J., GEMAS Project Team: […, S. ALBANESE, M. ANDERSSON, A. ARNOLDUSSEN, R. BARITZ, M. J. BATISTA, A. BELLAN, M. BIRKE, D. CICCHELLA, A. DEMETRIADES, B. DE VIVO, W. DE VOS, M. DURIS, A. DUSZA DOBEK, O. A. EGGEN, M. EKLUND, V. ERNSTSEN, P. FILZMOSER, T. E. FINNE, D. FLIGHT, S. FORRESTER, M. FUCHS, U. FUGEDI, A. GILUCIS, M. GOSAR, V. GREGORAUSKIENE, A. GULAN, J. HALAMIZ, E. HASLINGER, P. HAYOZ, R. HOFFMANN, J. HOOGEWERFF, H. HRVATOVIC, S. HUSNJAK, L. JANIK, G. JORDAN, J. KIRBY, J. KIVISILLA, V. KLOS, F. KRONE, P. KWECKO, L. KUTI, A. LADENBERGER, A. LIMA, J. LOCUTURA, P. LUCIVJANSKY, D. MACKOVYCH, B. I. MALYUK, R. MAQUIL, M. MCLAUGHLIN, R. G. MEULI, N. MIOSIC, G. MOL, P. NÉGREL, P. O'CONNOR, K. OORTS, R. T. OTTESEN, A. PASIECZNA, V. PETERSELL, PFLEIDERER, S., M. POHAVIC, C. PRAZERES, U. RAUCH, C. REIMANN, H. REITNER, I. SALPETEUR, A. SCHEDL, A. SCHEIB, I. SCHOETERS, P. SEFCIK, E. SELLERSJÖ, F. SKOPLJAK, I. SLANINKA, A. ŠORŠA, R. SRVKOTA, T. STAFILOV, T. TARVAINEN, V. TRENDAVILOV, P. VALERA, V. VEROUGSTRAETE, D. VIDOJEVIC, A. ZISSIMOS, Z. ZOMENI, DINELLI, ENRICO, Reimann, C., Flem, B., Fabian, K., Birke, M., Ladenberger, A., Negel, P., Demetriades, A., Hogewerff, J., GEMAS Team, Project, Albanese, Stefano, Cicchella, D., DE VIVO, Benedetto, Dinelli, E., Lima, Annamaria, Valera, P., Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), Geological Survey of Norway, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Geological Survey of Sweden, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration (IGME), IGME, REIMANN C., FLEM B., FABIAN K., BIRKE M., LADENBERGER A., NÉGREL P., DEMETRIADES A., HOOGEWERFF J., GEMAS Project Team: […, S. ALBANESE, M. ANDERSSON, A. ARNOLDUSSEN, R. BARITZ, M.J. BATISTA, A. BELLAN, M. BIRKE, D. CICCHELLA, A. DEMETRIADES, E. DINELLI, B. DE VIVO, W. DE VOS, M. DURIS, A. DUSZA-DOBEK, O.A. EGGEN, M. EKLUND, V. ERNSTSEN, P. FILZMOSER, T.E. FINNE, D. FLIGHT, S. FORRESTER, M. FUCHS, U. FUGEDI, A. GILUCIS, M. GOSAR, V. GREGORAUSKIENE, A. GULAN, J. HALAMIZ, E. HASLINGER, P. HAYOZ, R. HOFFMANN, J. HOOGEWERFF, H. HRVATOVIC, S. HUSNJAK, L. JANIK, G. JORDAN, J. KIRBY, J. KIVISILLA, V. KLOS, F. KRONE, P. KWECKO, L. KUTI, A. LADENBERGER, A. LIMA, J. LOCUTURA, P. LUCIVJANSKY, D. MACKOVYCH, B.I. MALYUK, R. MAQUIL, M. MCLAUGHLIN, R.G. MEULI, N. MIOSIC, G. MOL, P. NÉGREL, P. O'CONNOR, K. OORTS, R. T. OTTESEN, A. PASIECZNA, V. PETERSELL, PFLEIDERER, S., M. POHAVIC, C. PRAZERES, U. RAUCH, C. REIMANN, H. REITNER, I. SALPETEUR, A. SCHEDL, A. SCHEIB, I. SCHOETERS, P. SEFCIK, E. SELLERSJÖ, F. SKOPLJAK, I. SLANINKA, A. ŠORŠA, R. SRVKOTA, T. STAFILOV, T. TARVAINEN, V. TRENDAVILOV, P. VALERA, V. VEROUGSTRAETE, D. VIDOJEVIC, A. ZISSIMOS, Z. ZOMENI, and …]

Subjects
Lead, Lead isotopes, Agricultural soils of Europe, Soil test, Range (biology), Earth science, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Pb contamination, Mineralogy, edad, 010501 environmental sciences, lead isotope, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Agricultural soil, isótopo, GEMAS, Lead (geology), agricultura, Geochemistry and Petrology, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Environmental Chemistry, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, lead, Isotope, business.industry, plomo, Pollution, Europe, Mineral exploration, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, contaminación atmosférica, Soil water, business, Europa, Geology
Abstract

Lead isotopes are widely used for age dating, for tracking sources of melts, sediments, Pb products, food and animals and for studying atmospheric Pb contamination. For the first time, a map of a Pb isotope landscape at the continental-scale is presented. Agricultural soil samples (Ap-horizon, 0–20 cm) collected at an average density of 1 site/2500 km2 were analysed for Pb concentration and Pb isotopes (206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb). Lead concentrations vary from 1.6 to 1309 mg/kg, with a median of 16 mg/kg. Isotopic ratios of 206Pb/207Pb range from 1.116 to 1.727 with a median of 1.202. The new data define the soil geochemical Pb background for European agricultural soil, providing crucial information for geological, environmental and forensic sciences, public health, environmental policy and mineral exploration. The European continental-scale patterns of Pb concentrations and Pb isotopes show a high variability dominated by geology and influenced by climate. Lead concentration anomalies mark most of the known mineralised areas throughout Europe. Some local Pb anomalies have a distinct anthropogenic origin, Geological Survey of Norway, Noruega, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Alemania, Geological Survey of Sweden, Suecia, Service Métrologie Monitoring Analyse, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, Francia, Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Grecia, Oritain Global Ltd, Nueva Zelanda

Published
2011
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47. The concept of compositional data analysis in practice--total major element concentrations in agricultural and grazing land soils of Europe

Author

Reimann C., Filzmoser P., Fabian K., Hron K., Birke M., Demetriades A., Ladenberger A., Albanese S., Andersson M., Arnoldussen A., Baritz R., Batista M. J., Bel lan A., Cicchella D., De Vivo B., De Vos W., Duris M., Dusza Dobek A., Eggen O. A., Eklund M., Ernstsen V., Finne T. E., Flight D., Forrester S., Fuchs M., Fugedi U., Gilucis A., Gosar M., Gregorauskiene V., Gulan A., Halamic J., Haslinger E., Hayoz P., Hobiger G., Hoffmann R., Hoogewerff J., Hrvatovic H., Husnjak S., Janik L., Johnson C. C., Jordan G., Kirby J., Kivisilla J., Klos V., Krone F., Kwecko P., Kuti L., Lima A., Locutura J., Lucivjansky P., Mackovych D., Malyuk B. I., Maquil R., McLaughlin M. J., Meuli R. G., Miosic N., Mol G., Négrel P., O'Connor P., Oorts K., Ottesen R. T, Pasieczna A., Petersell V., Pfleiderer S., Ponavic M., Prazeres C., Rauch U., Salpeteur I., Schedl A., Scheib A., Schoeters I., Sefcik P., Sellersjö E., Skopljak F., Slaninka I., Šorša A., Srvkota R., Stafilov T., Tarvainen T., Trendavilov V., Valera P., Verougstraete V., Vidojevic D., Zissimos A. M., Zomeni Z., DINELLI, ENRICO, Reimann, C., Filzmoser, P., Fabian, K., Hron, K., Birke, M., Demetriades, A., Dinelli, E., Ledenberger, A., GEMAS Project, Team, Albanese, Stefano, Cicchella, D., DE VIVO, Benedetto, Lima, Annamaria, Valera, P., Reimann C., Filzmoser P., Fabian K., Hron K., Birke M., Demetriades A., Dinelli E., Ladenberger A., Albanese S., Andersson M., Arnoldussen A., Baritz R., Batista M.J., Bel-lan A., Cicchella D., De Vivo B., De Vos W., Duris M., Dusza-Dobek A., Eggen O.A., Eklund M., Ernstsen V., Finne T.E., Flight D., Forrester S., Fuchs M., Fugedi U., Gilucis A., Gosar M., Gregorauskiene V., Gulan A., Halamic J., Haslinger E., Hayoz P., Hobiger G., Hoffmann R., Hoogewerff J., Hrvatovic H., Husnjak S., Janik L., Johnson C.C., Jordan G., Kirby J., Kivisilla J., Klos V., Krone F., Kwecko P., Kuti L., Lima A., Locutura J., Lucivjansky P., Mackovych D., Malyuk B.I., Maquil R., McLaughlin M.J., Meuli R.G., Miosic N., Mol G., Négrel P., O'Connor P., Oorts K., Ottesen R.T, Pasieczna A., Petersell V., Pfleiderer S., Ponavic M., Prazeres C., Rauch U., Salpeteur I., Schedl A., Scheib A., Schoeters I., Sefcik P., Sellersjö E., Skopljak F., Slaninka I., Šorša A., Srvkota R., Stafilov T., Tarvainen T., Trendavilov V., Valera P., Verougstraete V., Vidojevic D., Zissimos A.M., and Zomeni Z.

Subjects
Environmental Engineering, Multivariate analysis, XRF, Agricultural soil, Major elements, Europe, Geochemistry, Compositional data, Scandinavian and Nordic Countries, Stability (probability), Data type, Major element, Soil, Statistics, Environmental Chemistry, Soil Pollutants, Waste Management and Disposal, Mathematics, geochemistry, Measure (data warehouse), Compositional data, Agricultural Soils, Grazing soils, agricultural soil, major elements, Agriculture, Pollution, compositional data, Trace Elements, Euclidean distance, Variable (computer science), Exploratory data analysis, Multivariate Analysis, Europa, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract

Applied geochemistry and environmental sciences invariably deal with compositional data. Classically, the original or log-transformed absolute element concentrations are studied. However, compositional data do not vary independently, and a concentration based approach to data analysis can lead to faulty conclusions. For this reason a better statistical approach was introduced in the 1980s, exclusively based on relative information. Because the difference between the two methods should be most pronounced in large-scale, and therefore highly variable, datasets, here a new dataset of agricultural soils, covering all of Europe (5.6 million km2) at an average sampling density of 1 site/2500 km2, is used to demonstrate and compare both approaches. Absolute element concentrations are certainly of interest in a variety of applications and can be provided in tabulations or concentration maps. Maps for the opened data (ratios to other elements) provide more specific additional information. For compositional data XY plots for raw or log-transformed data should only be used with care in an exploratory data analysis (EDA) sense, to detect unusual data behaviour, candidate subgroups of samples, or to compare pre-defined groups of samples. Correlation analysis and the Euclidean distance are not mathematically meaningful concepts for this data type. Element relationships have to be investigated via a stability measure of the (log-)ratios of elements. Logratios are also the key ingredient for an appropriate multivariate analysis of compositional data, Geological Survey of Norway, Noruega, Institute for Statistics and Probability Theory, Vienna University of Technology, Austria, Department of Mathematical Analysis and Applications of Mathematics, Palacký University, República Checa, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Alemania, Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Grecia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Bologna, Italia, Geological Survey of Sweden, Suecia

Published
2011

49. GEMAS: PREDICTION OF SOLID-SOLUTION PHASE PARTITIONING COEFFICIENTS (K-d) FOR OXOANIONS AND BORIC ACID IN SOILS USING MID-INFRARED DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY

Author

Janik, L. J., Forrester, S. T., Soriano Disla, J. M., Kirby, J. K., Mclaughlin, M. J., Reimann, C., ALBANESE, STEFANO, Andersson, M., Baritz, R., Batista, M. J., Bel lan, A., Birke, M., Cicchella, D., Demetriades, A., DE VIVO, BENEDETTO, De Vos, W., Dinelli, E., duriš, M., Dusza Dobek, A., Eggen, O. A., Eklund, M., Ernstsen, V., Filzmoser, P., Flight, D. M. A., Fuchs, M., Fügedi, U., Gilucis, A., Gosar, M., Gregorauskiene, V., De Groot, W., Gulan, A., Halamic, J., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoffmann, R., Hoogewerff, J., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Jordan, G., Kaminari, M., Klos, V., Krone, F., Kwecko, P., Kuti, L., Ladenberger, A., LIMA, ANNAMARIA, Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., Malyuk, B. I., Maquil, R., Meuli, R. G., Mol, G., Negrel, P., O’Connor, P., Oorts, K., Ottesen, R. T., Pasieczna, A., Petersell, W., Pfleiderer, S., Ponnavic, M., Prazeres, C., Rauch, U., Radusinovic, S., Sadeghi, M., Salpeteur, I., Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A. J., Schoeters, I., Sellersj€o, E., Slaninka, I., Šorša, A., Srvkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Trendavilov, V., Valera, P., Verougstraete, V., Vidojevic, D., Zomeni, Z., Janik, L. J., Forrester, S. T., Soriano Disla, J. M., Kirby, J. K., Mclaughlin, M. J., Reimann, C., Albanese, Stefano, Andersson, M., Baritz, R., Batista, M. J., Bel lan, A., Birke, M., Cicchella, D., Demetriades, A., DE VIVO, Benedetto, De Vos, W., Dinelli, E., duriš, M., Dusza Dobek, A., Eggen, O. A., Eklund, M., Ernstsen, V., Filzmoser, P., Flight, D. M. A., Fuchs, M., Fügedi, U., Gilucis, A., Gosar, M., Gregorauskiene, V., De Groot, W., Gulan, A., Halamic, J., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoffmann, R., Hoogewerff, J., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Jordan, G., Kaminari, M., Klos, V., Krone, F., Kwecko, P., Kuti, L., Ladenberger, A., Lima, Annamaria, Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., Malyuk, B. I., Maquil, R., Meuli, R. G., Mol, G., Negrel, P., O’Connor, P., Oorts, K., Ottesen, R. T., Pasieczna, A., Petersell, W., Pfleiderer, S., Ponnavic, M., Prazeres, C., Rauch, U., Radusinovic, S., Sadeghi, M., Salpeteur, I., Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A. J., Schoeters, I., Sellersj€o, E., Slaninka, I., Šorša, A., Srvkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Trendavilov, V., Valera, P., Verougstraete, V., Vidojevic, D., and Zomeni, Z.

Subjects
Anions, Soil, Solid-solution partitioning coefficients (K-d), Metal, metalloid, Anions Metal/metalloid Solid-solution partitioning coefficients (Kd) Mid-infrared spectroscopy Partial least squares regression Soil, Mid-infrared spectroscopy, Partial least squares regression
Abstract

The authors' aim was to develop rapid and inexpensive regression models for the prediction of partitioning coefficients (K-d), defined as the ratio of the total or surface-bound metal/metalloid concentration of the solid phase to the total concentration in the solution phase. Values of K-d were measured for boric acid (B[OH](3)(0)) and selected added soluble oxoanions: molybdate (MoO42-), antimonate (Sb[OH](6-)), selenate (SeO42-), tellurate (TeO42-) and vanadate (VO43-). Models were developed using approximately 500 spectrally representative soils of the Geochemical Mapping of Agricultural Soils of Europe (GEMAS) program. These calibration soils represented the major properties of the entire 4813 soils of the GEMAS project. Multiple linear regression (MLR) from soil properties, partial least-squares regression (PLSR) using mid-infrared diffuse reflectance Fourier-transformed (DRIFT) spectra, and models using DRIFT spectra plus analytical pH values (DRIFT+pH), were compared with predicted log Kd+1 values. Apart from selenate (R-2=0.43), the DRIFT+pH calibrations resulted in marginally better models to predict log Kd+1 values (R-2=0.62-0.79), compared with those from PSLR-DRIFT (R-2=0.61-0.72) and MLR (R-2=0.54-0.79). The DRIFT+pH calibrations were applied to the prediction of log Kd+1 values in the remaining 4313 soils. An example map of predicted log Kd+1 values for added soluble MoO42- in soils across Europe is presented. The DRIFT+pH PLSR models provided a rapid and inexpensive tool to assess the risk of mobility and potential availability of boric acid and selected oxoanions in European soils. For these models to be used in the prediction of log Kd+1 values in soils globally, additional research will be needed to determine if soil variability is accounted on the calibration. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;9999:1-12. (c) 2014 SETAC

Published
2015
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50. Geochemical fingerprinting and source discrimination of agricultural soils at continental scale

Author

Négrel, P., Sadeghi, M., Ladenberger, A., Reimann, C., Birke, M., Albanese, S., Andersson, M., Baritz, R., Batista, M. J., Bel lan, A., Cicchella, D., Demetriades, A., De Vivo, B., De Vos, W., Duriš, M., Dusza Dobek, A., Eggen, O. A., Eklund, M., Ernstsen, V., Filzmoser, P., Flight, D. M. A., Forrester, S., Fuchs, M., Fügedi, U., Gilucis, A., Gosar, M., Gregorauskiene, V., De Groot, W., Gulan, A., Halamic, J., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoffmann, R., Hoogewerff, J., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Janik, L., Jordan, G., Kaminari, M., Kirby, J., Kivisilla, J., Klos, V., Krone, F., Kwecko, P., Kuti, L., Lima, A., Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, D. P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., Mclaughlin, M., Malyuk, B. I., Maquil, R., Meuli, R. G., Mol, G., O'Connor, P., Oorts, R. K., Ottesen, R. T., Pasieczna, A., Petersell, W., Pfleiderer, S., Ponavic, M., Pramuka, S., Prazeres, C., Rauch, U., Radusinovic, S., Salpeteur, I., Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A. J., Schoeters, I., Šefcik, P., Sellersjö, E., Skopljak, F., Slaninka, I., Šorša, A., Srvkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Trendavilov, V., Valera, P., Verougstraete, V., Vidojevic, D., Zissimos, A., Z. , Zomeni, DINELLI, ENRICO, Négrel, P., Sadeghi, M., Ladenberger, A., Reimann, C., Birke, M., Albanese, S., Andersson, M., Baritz, R., Batista, M.J., Bel-lan, A., Cicchella, D., Demetriades, A., De Vivo, B., De Vos, W., Dinelli, E., Duriš, M., Dusza-Dobek, A., Eggen, O.A., Eklund, M., Ernstsen, V., Filzmoser, P., Flight, D.M.A., Forrester, S., Fuchs, M., Fügedi, U., Gilucis, A., Gosar, M., Gregorauskiene, V., De Groot, W., Gulan, A., Halamic, J., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoffmann, R., Hoogewerff, J., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Janik, L., Jordan, G., Kaminari, M., Kirby, J., Kivisilla, J., Klos, V., Krone, F., Kwecko, P., Kuti, L., Lima, A., Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, D.P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., Mclaughlin, M., Malyuk, B.I., Maquil, R., Meuli, R.G., Mol, G., O'Connor, P., Oorts, R.K., Ottesen, R.T., Pasieczna, A., Petersell, W., Pfleiderer, S., Ponavic, M., Pramuka, S., Prazeres, C., Rauch, U., Radusinovic, S., Salpeteur, I., Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A.J., Schoeters, I., Šefcik, P., Sellersjö, E., Skopljak, F., Slaninka, I., Šorša, A., Srvkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Trendavilov, V., Valera, P., Verougstraete, V., Vidojevic, D., Zissimos, A., Z., Zomeni., Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Geological Survey of Sweden, sgu, Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), Geological Survey of Norway, and Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR)

Subjects
Soil map, genetic structures, Soil test, Weathering, Parent material, Mineralogy, Sediment, Geology, 15. Life on land, Soil type, Agricultural soil, Upper continental crust UCC, Geochemistry, Geochemistry and Petrology, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Soil water, Chemical composition
Abstract

International audience; 2108 agricultural soil samples (Ap-horizon, 0–20 cm) were collected in Europe (33 countries, area 5.6 million km2) as part of the recently completed GEMAS (GEochemical Mapping of Agricultural and grazing land Soil) soil mapping project. GEMAS soil data have been used to provide a general view of element origin and mobility with a main focus on source parent material (and source rocks) at the continental scale, either by reference to average crustal abundances or to normalized patterns of element mobility during weathering processes. The survey area covers a large territory with diverse types of soil parent materials, with distinct geological history and a wide range of climate zones, and landscapes.To normalize the chemical composition of European agricultural soil, mean values and standard deviation of the selected elements have been compared to model compositions of the upper continental crust (UCC) and mean European river suspended sediment. Some elements are enriched relative to the UCC (Al, P, Pb, Zr,) whereas others, such as Mg, Na and Sr are depleted. The concept of the UCC extended normalization pattern has been applied to selected elements. The mean values of Rb, K, Y, Ti, Al, Si, Zr, Ce and Fe are very similar to the values from the UCC model, even when standard deviations indicate slight enrichment or depletion. Zirconium has the best fit to the UCC model using both mean value and standard deviation. Lead and Cr are enriched in European soil when compared to the UCC model, but their standard deviation values span a large, particularly towards very low values, which can be interpreted as a lithological effect.GEMAS soil data have been normalized to Al and Na, taking into account the main lithologies of the UCC, in order to discriminate provenance sources. Additionally, sodium normalization highlights variations related to the soluble and insoluble behavior of some elements (e.g., K, Rb versus Ti, Al, Si, V, Y, Zr, Ba, and La, respectively), their reactivity (e.g, Fe, Mn, Zn) and association with carbonates (e.g., Ca and Sr). Maps of Europe showing the spatial distribution of normalized compositions and element ratios reveal difficulties with the use of classical element ratios because of the large lithological differences in compositions of soil parent material. The ratio maps and color composite images extracted from the GEMAS data can help to discriminate the main lithologies in Europe at the regional scale but need to be used with caution due to the complexity of superimposed processes responsible for the soil chemical composition.

Published
2015
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