Search

'Malvazija istarska' (Vitis vinifera L.) jedna je od najznačajnijih bijelih sorata u Hrvatskoj. Njezina kvaliteta prepoznata je kako u Hrvatskoj, tako i šire, stoga se domaći proizvođači sve češće odlučuju za ovu sortu. Razvojem tehnologije i sve većom potražnjom tržišta za pjenušavim vinima, raste i interes lokalnih proizvođača za proizvodnjom pjenušca od 'Malvazije istarske'. Mošt za proizvodnju baznoga vina za pjenušce po svom sastavu treba zadovoljavati svojstva kao što su niža pH vrijednost i koncentracija šećera, te viša ukupna kiselost s većim udjelom vinske kiseline, naspram jabučne. S obzirom na to da se 'Malvazija istarska' uzgaja pretežito u Istri, gdje je klima mediteranska, a najzastupljenije tlo crvenica, teško je zadovoljiti sva navedena svojstva potrebna za proizvodnju baznoga vina, posebice u suhim i vrućim godinama. Poznato je da sastav i dostupnost minerala iz tla ima značajan utjecaj na kemijski sastav mošta. Posebno je to važno za dostupnost kalija, za koji je dokazano da utječe na porast pH vrijednosti mošta i smanjuje koncentraciju ukupne kiselosti što ima nepovoljan utjecaj na kakvoću baznog vina. Također višak kalija često blokira usvajanje magnezija, te dolazi do njihovog nepovoljnog međuodnosa. Kako nedostatak vode tijekom vegetacije može usporiti i smanjiti dostupnost minerala, posebice magnezija bitnog za proces fotosinteze, a time i utjecati na kvalitetu baznoga vina, folijarna gnojidba jedan je od načina da se taj nedostata nadoknadi. Unatoč ovim važnim saznanjima mali broj autora se bavio istraživanjima utjecaja folijarne gnojidbe na sastav i kvalitetu baznoga vina u proizvodnji pjenušca. Stoga je cilj ovog istraživanja bio utvrditi utjecaj folijarne gnojidbe na količinu biogenih elemenata i suhu tvar u lišću vinove loze, te na svojstva mošta (ukupnu kiselost, organske kiseline, pH vrijednost, koncentraciju šećera) i baznoga vina (alkohol, ukupni suhi ekstrakt, pepeo, pH vrijednost, ukupnu kiselost, hlapljivu kiselost). Istraživanje je uključivalo četiri gnojidbena tretmana (T1, T2, T3 i T4) u tri repeticije. Pokus je bio postavljen po slučajnom bloknom rasporedu (RCBD) na sorti 'Malvazija istarska', podloga SO4, kroz dvije godine (2013. i 2014.). Tretmani su bili: T1 - NPK, T2 - NPK + Agromag (6 % MgO), T3 - NPK + Agromag + Fosforo (30 % P205) i T4 - NPK + Agromag + Fosforo + Bio Prot). Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na postojanje značajnog utjecaja gnojidbenih tretmana na količinu kalija, kalcija, magnezija, željeza, cinka i bakra u lišću 2013., te kalija 2014. godine. Najveći utjecaj na smanjenje kalija u obje godine istraživanja imao je tretman T2 odnosno tretman magnezijem. Pozitivan utjecaj folijarnih tretmana na koncentraciju šećera, pH vrijednost i ukupnu kiselost mošta zabilježen je u 2013. godini, te na pH vrijednost i koncentraciju šećere u 2014. godini. Viši udio vinske kiseline i najniži udio jabučne kiseline imali su tretmani T3 i T4 u obje godine. Istraživanjem je utvrđena pozitivna korelacija između suhe tvari s pH vrijednosti i prinosom, te kalija i kalcija s ukupnom kiselosti u sušnoj 2013. godini. U vlažnoj 2014. godini utvrđena je pozitivna korelacija ukupne kiselosti i kalija, te negativna ukupne kiselosti i magnezija, što dodatno upućuje da je međuodnos kalija i magnezija za vinovu lozu bitniji od njihovih apsolutnih količina. Iako nije utvrđen značajan utjecaj tretmana na kemijski sastav baznoga vina, iz dobivenih rezultata vidljiv je trend opadanja pH vrijednosti i rasta ukupne kiselosti 2013. godine, te trend rasta ukupnog suhog ekstrakta u obje godine. Iz dobivenih rezultata vidljivo je da postoji povoljan utjecaj gnojidbenih tretmana na svojstva mošta i baznoga vina, a kako su se u istraživanju koristile minimalne doze preporučene od proizvođača za pojedina folijarna gnojiva, ostaje mogućnost daljnjih istraživanja. Dobiveni rezultati mogli bi biti znanstveni temelj pri dizajniranju folijarnih gnojidbenih tretmana u vinogradima sličnih agroekoloških karakteristika, gdje se grožđe ciljano koristi za proizvodnju pjenušavog vina. 'Istrian Malvasia' (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most important white cultivars in Croatia. Its quality is recognized both in Croatia and throughout the world, which is the reason why domestic producers are increasingly opting for this cultivar. With the development of technology and an increase in the market demand for sparkling wines, there is also a growing interest of local producers in the production of sparkling wines from 'Istrian Malvasia'. In 2018., sparkling wine production accounts for an average of 7 % of global wine production and the volume of global exports accounted for 9 % of the total wine exported worldwide, representing 20 % of the total value of exported wine. That indicate sparkling wines are was increasingly produced in warmer and drier regions of the world, so it is difficult to achieve satisfactory parameters in the chemical composition of the base wine, which limits their production despite the adaptation of agricultural techniques and earlier harvest dates. The composition of must for the production of base wine for sparkling wine should satisfy components such as a lower pH value and sugar concentration, as well a higher content of total acidity with a higher proportion of tartaric acid, compared to malic acid. A high pH in the must is not desirable because it directly affects the wine by reducing the quality and stability of the color, negatively affecting the freshness and aging potential, and giving the wines an inharmonious taste. These negative effects are undesirable in the pro-duction of base wines for sparkling wine, because sparkling wines need freshness and a long aging potential. Preferably, base wines have a pH between 2,90 and 3,10. In base wine, a total acidity of 6,00 – 8,00 g/L is desirable, and this level is reduced by the precipitation of potassium bitartrates during must vinification. Since a high alcohol content in base wines is not desirable and an addi-tional 1,3 – 1,5 % vol. alcohol is formed during secondary fermentation, it is important that the sugar content in the must is not too high. The preferred alcohol content in the base wine is up to 11,5 %. vol. Given that 'Istrian Malvasia' is grown mainly in Istria, where the climate is Mediterranean, and the most common soil is red, it is difficult to satisfy all the mentioned components required for the production of base wine, especially during dry and hot years. It is known that the composition and availability of minerals from the soil have a significant influence on the chemical composition of the must. This is especially important for the availability of potassium, which has been proven to increase the pH value of the must and reduce the concentration of total acidity, which are unfavorable components for base wine. The idea of the possible positive effect of foliar fertilization with magnesium, phosphorus and amino acid-based biostimulants on the potassium decrease of leaves and, consequently, on the chemical composition of must arose from the knowledge of the strong antagonistic effect of potassium and magnesium. Potassium blocks the uptake and especially the translocation of magnesium in the plant much more than vice versa. Therefore, in soils with excess potassium or excessive application of potassium fertilizers, magnesium deficiency often occurs due to their antagonistic relationship and large K/Mg ratio. Foliar application of magnesium decreases the K/Mg ratio. Since the lack of water during growing season can slow down and reduce the availability of minerals, especially magnesium, which is essential for the photosynthesis process, and thus affect the quality of the base wine, foliar fertilization is one of the possibilities which can compensate for this lack. Also, foliar application of magnesium decreases the K/Mg ratio. Despite this important knowledge, a small number of authors have done research on the influence of foliar fertilization on the composition and quality of the base wine in the production of sparkling wines. Therefore, the aim of this research was to determine the influence of foliar treatments on the amount of plant nutrients and dry matter in the leaves, as well as on the properties of the must (total acidity, organic acids, pH value, sugar concentration) and base wine (alcohol, total dry extract, ash, pH value, total acidity, volatile acidity). The research included four fertilization treatments (T1, T2, T3 and T4) in three repetitions. The experiment was set up according to a randomized block arrangement (RCBD) on the cultivar 'Istrian Malvasia', rootstock SO4, for the duration of two years (2013 and 2014). The treatments were as follows: T1 - NPK, T2 - NPK + Agromag (6 % MgO), T3 - NPK + Agromag + Fosforo (30 % P205) and T4 - NPK + Agromag + Fosforo + Bio Prot). The obtained results indicate that there is a significant influence of fertilization treatments on the amount of potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper in the leaves in 2013, and potassium in 2014. Treatment T2, treatment with magnesium, had the greatest influence on the decrease of potassium in both years. A positive influence of foliar treatments on the sugar concentration, pH value and total acidity of must was recorded in 2013, and on pH value and sugars concentration in 2014. Treatments T3 and T4 had a highest proportion of tartaric acid and the lowest proportion of malic acid in both years. A positive correlation between dry matter with pH value and yield was established by this research, and potassium and calcium with total acidity in the dry year of 2013. In the wet year of 2014, a positive correlation of total acidity and potassium, and a negative correlation of total acidity and magnesium was determined, which additionally indicates that the relationship between potassium and magnesium is more important for grapevine than their absolute amounts. Although no significant influence of the treatment on the chemical composition of the base wine was determined, the obtained results show a trend of a decrease in pH values and an increase of total acidity in 2013, as well as a trend of growth of total dry extract in both years. From the obtained results, it is evident that there is a certain favorable influence of fertilization treatments on the components of the must and the base wine, and as minimum dosages recommended by the manufacturer for individual foliar fertilizers were used in the research, this leaves room for additional research. This approach to the application of foliar fertiliza-tion aimed at correcting the chemical composition of the must could reduce the need for corrective measures in the must and wine during the production process. The obtained results could be a scientific foundation for designing foliar fertilization treatments in vineyards with similar agroecological characteristics, where grapes are targeted for the production of sparkling wines.

Škrlet bijeli je hrvatska autohtona sorta vinove loze koja se danas najviše uzgaja na području Moslavine. Sadržaj knjige kroz devet poglavlja obuhvaća teme od povijesti uzgoja, podrijetla, ampelografskog opisa, gospodarske evaluacije sorte i uzgojnog područja preko postupka klonske selekcije i uspostave matičnih nasada za proizvodnju sadnog materijala, najznačajnijih tipova vina te trendova i budućih izazova u proizvodnji Škrleta. U knjizi se iznose rekonstrukcija povijesti uzgoja i hipoteze o podrijetlu i etimologiji imena, podaci o rasprostranjenosti, proizvodnim površinama i osnovnim karakteristikama vina temeljem službenih analiza i ocjenjivanja vina. Naveden je i pregled do sada provedenih znanstvenih istraživanja usmjerenih na različita pitanja vezana uz proizvodnju grožđa i vina. Glavni dio knjige donosi ampelografski opis sorte koji uz botanički opis obuhvaća i opise bioloških i gospodarskih svojstava, te kakvoće i enološkog potencijala. Uz ovo se opisuju i klimatske i pedološke prilike podregija Moslavina i Pokuplje, odnosno teroirre Škrleta koji omogućava očitovanje njegovog punog kvalitativnog potencijala i proizvodnju prepoznatljivih tipova vina. Iscrpno se opisuju relevantne bolesti vinove loze i metode njihove detekcije te postupak klonske (zdravstvene i genetičke) selekcije provođene tijekom 15 godina, a što je dovelo do priznavanja i registracije triju klonova Škrleta (kao prvih klonova neke hrvatske autohtone sorte). Detaljno je opisano i podizanje matičnih nasada klonova za proizvodnju kvalitetnog sadnog materijala koji je danas na tržištu. U završnom dijelu se navode praktična iskustva sa Škrletom u vinogradu i podrumu: uzgojni zahtjevi sorte, prikladna tehnologija proizvodnje u vinogradu te tehnologija prerade grožđa, njege i dozrijevanja pri proizvodnji različitih tipova vina. Knjiga sadrži i prikaz udruživanja proizvođača i njihovog djelovanja kroz različite vinske udruge, organizacije izložbi vina i drugih promotivnih aktivnosti vezanih uz Škrlet i područje Moslavine. U završnom poglavlju opisuju se trendovi i budući izazovi s kojima će se suočavati proizvođači u bližoj budućnosti te se daju preporuke za sljubljivanje različitih tipova vina ove sorte s jelima, poglavito onima iz Moslavine.

Digitalizacija vinogradarske proizvodnje u posljednjih tridesetak godina doprinosi brzom razvoju novih tehnologija za praćenje proizvodnje, ali i prihvaćanju i usvajanju novih spoznaja vezanih uz varijabilnost vinograda i mogućnost iskorištavanja varijabilnosti za povećanje ekonomske učinkovitosti proizvodnje. Korištenjem bespilotnih letjelica opremljenih multispektralnim kamerama te analizom podataka putem vegetacijskih indeksa moguće je donositi kvalitetnije odluke za upravljanje vinogradarskom proizvodnjom, ali i maksimizirati učinke proizvodnje u agronomskom, enološkom i ekonomskom smislu. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi povezanost vegetacijskih indeksa (NDVI, NDRE, OSAVI) sa svojstvima vinove loze i grožđa kako bi se učinkovito identificirale dvije različite kvalitativne zone grožđa unutar istog vinograda, s ciljem selektivne berbe grožđa i povećanja prihoda od vinogradarske i vinarske proizvodnje. Istraživanje je provedeno tijekom 2019. i 2020. godine na području Zagrebačke županije na četiri različite lokacije i četiri različite površine vinograda manje od 1 ha (0,33 ha; 0,47 ha; 0,65 ha i 0,93 ha). U istraživanje su bile uključene dvije sorte vinove loze- 'Kraljevina' (Vitis vinifera L.) u vinogorju Zelina i 'Pinot crni' (Vitis vinifera L.) u vinogorju Plešivica- Okić. Podaci su prikupljani bespilotnom letjelicom opremljenom multispektralnom kamerom u tri različite fenofaze razvoja vinove loze te obrađeni i analizirani u ArcGIS programskom paketu. Provedeno je i ručno uzorkovanje i mjerenje sastavnica prinosa i kvalitativnih svojstava grožđa na unaprijed odabranim ciljanim trsovima. Podaci su analizirani postupcima deskriptivne, inferencijalne te multivarijatne statistike, kako bi se dobio najprediktivniji vegetacijski indeks za kvalitativno zoniranje vinograda na svakoj lokaciji i u obje godine. Metodom ankete i desk istraživanja prikupljeni su podaci za analizu ekonomske opravdanosti ulaganja u kvalitativno zoniranje i selektivnu berbu te su izrađene financijske analize investicije za dva moguća scenarija- samostalna i uslužna provedba kvalitativnog zoniranja. Rezultati istraživanja mogućnosti primjene vegetacijskih indeksa za kvalitativno zoniranje vinograda pokazali su kako su vegetacijski indeksi učinkovit alat za procjenu bujnosti i varijabilnosti u vinogradu te kako uspješno opisuju i povezuju sastavnice prinosa i kvalitativna svojstva grožđa s rezultatima spektralnih mjerenja. NDVI kao najviše korišten vegetacijski indeks u dosadašnjim istraživanjima i u se ovom istraživanju pokazao najprediktivnijim vegetacijskim indeksom za određivanje zona bujnosti i kvalitativno zoniranje vinograda. NDRE, iako vrlo skromno korišten u dosadašnjim istraživanjima za određivanje zona bujnosti i kvalitativno zoniranje vinograda u ovom istraživanju pokazao se dovoljno prediktivnim za praktične svrhe provedbe selektivne berbe u vegetacijskoj sezoni u kojoj se prikupljaju podaci. S obzirom na termin prikupljanja podataka za kvalitativno zoniranje putem vegetacijskih indeksa NDVI i NDRE, potrebno je višegodišnje praćenje određenog vinograda i analiza mogućih interakcija u samom vinogradu kako bi se definirao termin prikupljana podataka za učinkovito kvalitativno zoniranje i selektivnu berbu. OSAVI, kao najmanje korišten vegetacijski indeks u dosadašnjim istraživanjima i u ovom se istraživanju pokazao najmanje prediktivan, odnosno niti u jednom terminu prikupljanja podataka kao niti na jednoj lokaciji provedbe istraživanja, OSAVI nije bio najprediktivniji vegetacijski indeks za određivanje zona bujnosti i kvalitativno zoniranje vinograda. Primjena vegetacijskih indeksa kao osnove za kvalitativno zoniranje vinograda i selektivnu berbu grožđa u vinogradima do 1ha, s ciljem proizvodnje dva različita tipa „super premium“ vina od iste sorte grožđa i iz istog vinograda, može dovesti do povećanja financijske koristi za vinogradara. Dodatno, utvrđeno je da se korištenje usluge specijalizirane tvrtke za snimanje bespilotnom letjelicom i obradu i analizu prikupljenih podataka pokazuje financijski isplativijim rješenjem od ulaganja u opremu i samostalnog provođenja kvalitativnog zoniranja od strane vinogradara. The digitization of viticulture in the last thirty years contributes to the rapid development of new technologies for monitoring production and the acceptance and adoption of new knowledge about the variability of vineyards and the possibility of using variability to increase the economic efficiency of production. The uniform vineyard management can be justified by the simplicity of carrying out all vineyard operations as long as the winegrower is satisfied with the final grape quality. Identifying different quality zones based on variations within the vineyard can allow winegrowers to obtain higher revenues from grape growing and wine production. By using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) equipped with multispectral cameras and analysing the collected data using vegetation indices, it is possible to make better decisions for differentiated vineyard management, maximizing the agronomic, oenological and economic impact of viticulture production. The main objective of this study was to determine the most predictive vegetation index for grape quality zoning, among three different vegetation indices (NDVI, NDRE, and OSAVI) at three different grapevine growth stages, which can be efficiently used in commercial vineyards for selective harvesting and the production of different wine types. In addition, an economic analysis of the costs and revenues of implementing grape quality zoning and selective harvesting in small vineyards (up to 1 ha) was performed, along with the calculations of the potential revenue increases after selective harvesting and production of different wine types from the same grapevine variety and vineyard. The first chapter, Introduction, focuses on the problem description and presents the main aspects of quality zonal management and the main hypotheses and objectives of the study. The hypotheses that were established and tested in this study are: (1) there is a difference in the relationship between vegetative indices (NDVI, NDRE, OSAVI) and vigour at three different grapevine growth stages (GS) for two grapevine varieties; (2) there is a relationship between different vigour zones and vegetative, yield, and grape quality components; (3) there is economic justification for using vegetative indices for vineyard quality zonal management and selective harvesting in vineyards up to 1 ha. The second chapter Overview of the Previous Research focuses on related previous research on vineyard variability, precision viticulture, remote sensing, vegetation indices, vineyard quality zonal management and relevant studies on the economic efficiency of precision viticulture. The main reason for studying vineyard variability is its influence on grape yield and quality. Variability can be caused by various factors (natural factors, human actions, factors beyond control, etc.), but regardless of its source, monitoring and managing of variability has the goal of helping winegrowers to achieve the greatest possible efficiency in viticulture production. In order to monitor the different parameters and the related changes in the vineyard throughout the growing season, many new tools and technologies are being developed and used in viticulture. There are two main groups of technologies that are being used: data-intensive technologies and automated technologies, which are differentiated according to the main outcomes that result from the use of each technology. Data-intensive technologies, such as vigour and yield monitoring and mapping, soil condition mapping, and environmental data collection can improve understanding of the factors causing variability, but also require additional skills to use the technologies effectively and it is much more difficult to estimate economic efficiency. Much research has been done on the capabilities of UAVs. UAVs have been used to assess grape yield and quality, water stress, photosynthetic activity, disease, pest and weed incidence, but also to detect missing vines, estimate vine height, estimate damage caused by flooding and drought, etc. In the last twenty years, much research has been done with vegetation indices (mainly NDVI), and these spectral vegetation measurements have been used to describe vine and grape characteristics such as vigour, yield, grape quality, health status, etc. Previous research has shown that vegetation indices can be good predictive tools for vigour-based quality management zones and for assessing vineyard variability. Some of the most commonly used vegetation indices in viticulture are NDVI, NDRE, and OSAVI. The relationship between vigour zones and yield and grape quality components has been confirmed in many previous studies, which showed that high vigour zones delineated mainly with NDVI had higher yield per vine, lower sugar concentration, and higher total titratable acidity than vines from low or medium vigour zones. Selective harvesting is defined as the split-picking of grapes at harvest according to different yield/quality criteria with the aim of producing different products to take advantage of the observed variability in vineyard performance. In the economic analysis, the investment in the new technology must be considered in relation to the expected benefits for the winegrowers. The potential profitability of precision farming can only be evaluated in comparison to management without precision farming. The economic aspect of selective harvesting mainly refers to the differentiation of grapes from different quality zones with different future wine prices. The third chapter Materials and Methods focuses on all the information on how the research was conducted. The research was conducted in 2019 and 2020 in the area of Zagreb County in four different locations and on four different vineyard areas of less than 1 ha (0.33 ha, 0.47 ha, 0.65 ha and 0.93 ha). Two grapevine varieties were included in the study - 'Kraljevina' (Vitis vinifera L.) in the Zelina winegrowing region and 'Pinot noir' (Vitis vinifera L.) in the Plešivica winegrowing region. Using a UAV DJI Inspire 1 Pro equipped with a multispectral camera (Micasense RedEdge.MXTM, Seattle, WA, USA) multispectral images were acquired each year at the experimental sites at three different grapevine GS: berries beginning to soften, Brix starts increasing (GS 34); berries with intermediate Brix values (GS 36); and berries harvest-ripe (GS 38). After each flight, images were processed using ATLAS MicaSense app (MicaSense, Seattle, DC, USA), Pix4D software package (Pix4D, Lausanne, Switzerland) and ArcGIS software package (Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) (2012), ArcGIS Release 10.1, Redlands, CA, USA). Interpolated maps representing two vigour zones using NDVI, NDRE, or OSAVI were generated for each site and flight and used for subsequent statistical analyses. Manual sampling and measurements of yield and grape quality components were performed on pre-selected target vines. The number of target vines was determined according to the area of vineyard. Each target vine was assigned to a vigour zone (high or low) based on the two zones previously defined. In addition, for each map created, the percentage of vineyard area in low and high vigour zones was calculated to allow for economic efficiency calculations for grape quality zoning and selective harvesting based on the vegetation indices. The collected grape quality components were subjected to a clustering procedure at each site and in each year, with the K-means clustering procedure set for two clusters. In this way, two different grape quality clusters (clusters of better and inferior grape quality) were obtained and used for comparison with the target vine vigour zone structures (categorical variable) based on NDVI, NDRE, and OSAVI vigour maps at three different grapevine GSs. The target vines belonging to the low vigour zone (green in vigour maps) were characterised with better grape quality components, while the target vines belonging to the high vigour zone (red in vigour maps) were characterised with inferior grape quality components. The vegetative index whose classification structure of target vines vigour (categorical variable) most closely matched the cluster structure of determined grape quality was considered the most predictive. Using the survey method and secondary desk research, data were collected for the analysis of the economic efficiency of investment in quality zonal management and selective harvesting. Financial analyses of the investment for two scenarios: the winegrower performing quality zonal management himself and the winegrower as a user of a commercial service for quality zonal management. In the chapters Results and Discussion, all the research results are presented and discussed: interpolated maps for each site, each vegetation index, each GS and both years; results of the clustering procedure and of the overlap between two classification structures (vigour and grape quality) for the most predictive vegetation index, together with the descriptive statistical analysis and the results of testing the statistical significance of the differences between the two vigour zones based on the most predictive vegetation index. Finally, the results of the economic efficiency and financial analysis are presented. All costs (fixed and variable) and potential revenues from grape and wine production after selective harvesting were calculated. Investment analysis were prepared for all sites and two possible scenarios, profit or loss statements and relevant financial criteria for investment analysis were calculated (NPV, IRR, payback period, discounted payback period, mIRR). A two-year study on the possibility of using three different vegetation indices- NDVI, NDRE and OSAVI- for grape quality zoning has shown that they are effective tools for assessing vigour and variability in small vineyards in Zagreb County and that they can successfully describe yield and grape quality components and link them to the results of spectral measurements. However, there are differences in the effectiveness of estimating the relationship between vigour, yield, and grape quality components depending on the vegetation index used and the grapevine’s GS. The NDVI as the most commonly used vegetation index in previous studies, in this study also proved to be the most predictive for delineating vigour zones and grape quality zoning of vineyards. NDVI was the most predictive vegetation index four times (out of seven) and at all sites. In addition, the percentage of overlap of classification quality structures was 81%-93%, making it the most predictive vegetation index for quality zoning. Further research is needed to determine the ideal time period for UAV data acquisition depending on climatic conditions during the growing season. Although NDRE has been used very modestly in previous studies for delineating vigour zones and grape quality zoning of vineyards, it proved to be the most predictive vegetation index three times (out of seven) at three sites. At these sites, NDRE successfully delineated grape quality zones at later grapevine GSs, and the zones were statistically significant. It can be said that the use of NDRE for grape quality zoning of vineyards is sufficiently predictive for purposes such as selective harvesting in the growing season in which the data are collected. OSAVI, the least used vegetation index in previous studies, was also found to be the least predictive in this study for delineating vigour zones and grape quality zoning of vineyards. OSAVI was not the most predictive at any grapevine GS or any study site. These results are consistent with previous studies in which OSAVI was used primarily to estimate the nitrogen content in grapevines for targeted nitrogen fertiliser applications. The potential economic efficiency of grape quality zoning and selective harvesting was evident in this study. The potential sales revenue from the production of “super-premium” wines after selective harvest was 14% to 45% higher than the total revenue that could be generated from the production of “quality” wines at all sites. Considering that all the wineries are small, family-owned boutique wineries and the selling prices of their wines were above average, the important finding is that they can use high- and low-quality zones to produce two types of “superpremium” wines. In terms of investment, both grape quality zoning scenarios (A- the winegrower performs grape quality zoning himself, B- the winegrower uses a commercial service for grape quality zoning) resulted in potentially higher profits and the financial criteria suggested that this would be an investment that can bring higher profits in a very short payback period, despite the higher costs required to implement grape quality zoning and selective harvesting. Using a commercial service provider for grape quality zoning resulted in even higher potential profits and lower risks for the winegrower. It can be concluded that vegetation indices NDVI and NDRE are effective tools for vineyard quality zonal management and can enhance the economic efficiency of viticulture through selective harvesting and the production of two types of “super-premium” wines from small vineyard areas up to 1 ha. Further research could be considered for the use of OSAVI on images where row segmentation has already been done and where grapevine vegetation and soil data are already separated. In addition, the ideal UAV data acquisition period for grape quality zoning still needs to be studied.

Vinogradarstvo je poljoprivredna djelatnost pod izravnim utjecajem vremenskih i klimatskih prilika pa je vrlo osjetljiva na klimatske promjene. Glavni cilj bio je istražiti utjecaj vremenskih i klimatskih uvjeta na vinovu lozu i kemijski sastav grožđa te koji su parametri u vinogradarskoj proizvodnji već zahvaćeni klimatskim promjenama. Praćenjem četiri pokusna kultivara vinove loze: Graševina, Chardonnay, Plavac mali i Merlot analiziran je utjecaj vremenskih uvjeta na nastupe pojedinih fenofaza (pupanje, cvatnja, šara i berba) vinove loze i kakvoću grožđa. Odabrano je 57 pokusnih vinograda smještenih unutar granica 12 vinogradarskih podregija Hrvatske, a istraživanje je provedeno tijekom dvije uzastopne proizvodne vinske godine (2017. i 2018.). Na ukupno 208 uzoraka (104 uzorka u svakoj od analiziranih godina) analizirane su glavne uvometrijske karakteristike navedenih kultivara (dužina, širina i masa grozda te masa bobice). Na svježim uzorcima grožđa provedene su osnovne kemijske analize (sadržaj šećera, ukupne kiseline i pH vrijednost), a na uzorku bobica podjednakog sadržaja i zrelosti provedena je analiza aromatskog (bijeli kultivari) i polifenolnog (crni kultivari) sastava grožđa. Za sve izmjerene i utvrđene vrijednosti provedena je statistička analiza. Sa 79 meteoroloških postaja DHMZ-a korišteni su i obrađeni podaci minimalne, maksimalne i srednje dnevne temperature zraka za izračune srednje temperature zraka u vegetacijskom razdoblju (engl. Average growing season temperature ; GST, °C), Winklerovog indeksa (engl. Growing degree-days; GDD, °C), Huglinovog indeksa (HI, °C) i indeksa hladnih noći (CI, °C). Određeni su trendovi agroklimatskih indeksa za razdoblje 1961.–2018. Prostorne raspodjele agroklimatskih indeksa prikazane su s finom horizontalnom razlučivosti od 1 km. Nedostajući dnevni meteorološki podaci na nekoj postaji interpolirani su pomoću dnevnih podataka susjednih postaja. Karte četiriju agroklimatskih indeksa u razdoblju 1989.–2018. i usporedba s referentnim klimatskim razdobljem 1961.–1990. pokazale su povećanje promatranih indeksa u posljednjih 30 godina. To potvrđuje činjenicu da su područja uzgoja vinove loze u Hrvatskoj raspoređena unutar četiri vinogradarske zone (B, C I, C II i C III). Linearni trendovi promatranih fenofaza vinove loze ukazuju na njihov sve raniji početak, osim fenofaze šare te su oni izraženiji u kontinentalnom dijelu Hrvatske. Opaženi porast temperature zraka u Hrvatskoj posljednjih 30 godina utječe na skraćivanje razdoblja dozrijevanja grožđa od šare do berbe promatranih kultivara vinove loze, povećanje sadržaja šećera i smanjenje ukupne kiseline u moštu kultivara Graševine i Chardonnaya. Prikazani rezultati povećanja agroklimatskih indeksa pokazali su nužnost revidiranja svih vinogradarskih zona u Hrvatskoj što je već potaknulo daljnja istraživanja za izradu nove regionalizacije vinogradarskih područja Hrvatske. Viticulture is an agricultural activity directly influenced by weather and climate conditions, and is therefore very sensitive to climate change. The objective of the research was to investigate the impact of weather and climatic conditions on the vine and the chemical composition of the grapes, and to determine which parameters in viticulture production are already affected by climate change. The influence of weather conditions on the occurrence of individual phenophases (budding, flowering, pattern and harvest) of grapevine and grape quality was analysed by monitoring four experimental grape cultivars: Graševina, Chardonnay, Plavac mali and Merlot. Graševina, as the most represented vine cultivar in Croatia, covers 25 % of total vineyards, while Plavac mali, as the third cultivar in terms of total representation, i.e., as the most represented red cultivar, covers 8 % of the total vineyards in Croatia. Cultivars Chardonnay and Merlot are taken as examples of international varieties that are represented in all wine-growing regions of Croatia due to their pronounced ecological adaptability. In addition, Merlot in fourth place with 5 % and Chardonnay in sixth place with 4 % of the total area planted, are among the 20 leading grape varieties by planted area. 57 experimental vineyards located within the borders of 12 wine-growing sub-regions of Croatia were selected, and the research was conducted during two consecutive wine production years (2017 and 2018). The main criterion for selecting the location of the research, apart from the assortment in the vineyard, was that the locations are situated as close as possible to the meteorological station from which the data for determining agroclimatic indices were processed.The main uvometric characteristics of these cultivars (length, width and weight of grapes and weight of berries) were analysed on a total of 208 samples (104 samples in each of the analysed years). Basic chemical analyses were performed on fresh grape samples (sugar content, total acids and pH value), and on the sample of berries of equal content and maturity, the analysis of aromatic (white varieties) and polyphenolic (red varieties) composition of grapes were performed. Statistical analysis was performed for all measured and determined values. For four experimental cultivars, for the period 2001-2018, i.e. 2007-2018, an earlier start of the harvest and a higher sugar content are shown, except for the Merlot cultivar at the Blato location, where the harvest is later and the sugar content is lower. On the long-term series of phenological data of the DHMZ in the period 1961-2018 on the cultivars Graševina and Plavac mali at the locations Daruvar and Križevci, i.e. Hvar and Orebić, the earlier beginning of budding, flowering and harvesting is noticed, and the beginning of ripening (pattern) is late. Considering that the phenophase of the pattern begins mainly in August, when the air temperature values are extremely high and there is a lack of precipitation, it can be concluded that this is the reason for the delay of this phenophase. Nevertheless, the harvest is earlier for both cultivars, which is more visible on the continent. Minimum, maximum and mean daily air temperature data were used and processed from 79 DHMZ meteorological stations for calculations of average growing season temperature (GST, °C), Winkler index (Growing degree-days; GDD, °C units), Huglin heliothermal index (HI, °C units) and the cool night index (CI, °C). Trends in agroclimatic indices for the period 1961–2018 have been determined. Spatial distributions of agroclimatic indices are presented with a fine horizontal resolution of 1 km. Missing daily meteorological data at a station are interpolated using the daily data of neighbouring stations. Maps of four agroclimatic indices in the period 1989-2018 and comparison with the reference climate period 1961–1990 showed an increase in the observed indices in the last 30 years. This confirms the fact that the areas of vine cultivation in Croatia are distributed within four wine-growing zones (B, C I, C II and C III) according to Winkler index. The linear trends of the observed phenophases of the vine give an earlier and earlier beginning, except for the phenophase of the pattern, and they are more pronounced in the continental part of Croatia. The observed increase in air temperature in Croatia over the last 30 years has shortened the period of grape ripening from pattern to harvest of observed grape cultivars, increased sugar content and reduced total acidity in the must of Graševina and Chardonnay cultivars. According to the division of the Huglin index (HI) in the vegetation period from the beginning of April to the end of September in the wine-growing zones of Croatia in the periods 1961–1990 and 1989–2018, results indicate that northern and central geographical regions belong to the predominantly temperate, while other wine-growing areas belong to the moderately warm area for grapevine cultivation. In addition, comparing the obtained mean HI values between the two mentioned periods, they show its increase from approximately 200 to 300 °C in the recent period. A comparison of the uvometric data of these two harvests showed that the average values of mass, width and length of the cluster, the mean mass of one berry and the number of berries per bunch in 2018 are significantly greater than in 2017. In the 2018 harvest, the mean values of mass, length and width of the cluster, the mass of one berry and the number of berries per cluster were greater than the values of the variables in the 2017 harvest. The reason for this can be related to the extremely hot and very dry summer of 2017 (in most of the mid-Adriatic even extremely dry) and the cold and rainy (in the mid-Adriatic even extremely rainy) September. The presented results of the increase in agroclimatic indices have shown the need to revise all wine-growing zones in Croatia, which has already prompted further research to develop a new regionalization of Croatian wine-growing areas. Due to the increase in air temperature, continental Croatia has become suitable for planting wine cultivars that need more heat, and in the future there will be the possibility of raising vineyards of early grape cultivars in mountainous Croatia. However, if such a positive trend in air temperature continues, the cultivation of our most widespread cultivar Graševina and its quality wine production will become questionable in the future.

Traminac mirisni je aromatična sorta prepoznatljiva mirisa i okusa. U proizvodnji vina, bistrenje mošta od velike je važnosti, jer se uklanjaju nečistoće koje kasnije djeluju negativno na vino. Istraživanje provedeno u berbi grožđa 2021. godine u podrumima „Misnih vina d.o.o.“ usporedbom bistrenja mošta sorte traminac flotacijom i hladnim taloženjem mošta, pokazalo je niz prednosti flotacije mošta. Takav mošt u kratkom vremenu je spreman za pokretanje fermentacije selekcioniranim kvascima, manje je izložen oksidaciji, a također se doziranjem želatine postiže željena bistroća mošta. Flotacijom mošta se ugradnjom inertnog plina dušika u mošt nečistoće podižu na vrh posude (mošta), dok se hladnim taloženjem mošta nečistoće talože na dnu posude (mošta). Aromatic wine Traminac is a scentful variety with a recognizable aroma and taste. In wine production, must clarification is of a big importance since it removes impurities that later negatively affect the wine. A survey conducted during 2021 grape harvest in the cellars of a company “Misna vina d.o.o.” showed numerous advantages of must clarification with flotation by comparing the clarification of Traminac must by flotation and by cold settling. Such must, in a short period of time, is ready for fermentation with selected yeasts, is less exposed to oxidation, and desired must clarity is achieved by dosing gelatin. In the process ofmust clarification by flotation, the impurities are raised to the top of the vessel (of must) by incorporating inert nitrogen gas into must, while they are deposited at the bottom of the vessel (of must) when clarifying must by cold settling.

Cilj rada bio je istražiti i opisati način prerade i vinifikacije grožđa, s posebnim naglaskom na dinamiku fermentacije vina. U radu se predstavlja detaljan prikaz dinamike fermentacije vina s osvrtom na dinamiku fermentacije vina Graševina 2019. Odabirom određenog soja kvasca utječemo na dinamiku fermentacije, fizikalno – kemijska svojstva vina, te tako i na kvalitetu budućeg vina The aim of this study was to research and describe the processing and vinification of grapes, with special reference on wine fermentation dynamics. The paper presents a detailed overview of wine fermentation dynamics, with review of fermentation dynamics of wine Italian Riesling (vintage 2019.). Choosing a certain selected pure yeast influences the fermentation dynamics, the physical and chemical properties of the wine, and the quality of the wine.

Sorte korištene u proizvodnji vinjaka vrhunske kvalitete, određene su specifičnim karakteristikama: visoka ukupna kiselost, nizak sadržaj šećera i nizak pH. U kategoriju navedenih sorata može se svrstati nekoliko hrvatskih autohtonih sorata, kojima pripadaju 'Kraljevina' i 'Ranfol'. Posjedovanjem navedenih karakteristika, može ih se nazvati potencijalno prikladnim sortama za proizvodnju rakija od vina, osobito vinjaka. Cilj ovog rada je evaluacija karakteristika vinskih destilata od sorata 'Kraljevina' i 'Ranfol' i procjena njihove prikladnosti za proizvodnju rakija od vina i vinjaka u klimatsko-pedološkim uvjetima SZ Hrvatske. Berba i alkoholna fermentacija su provedeni na vinogradarsko-vinarskom pokušalištu „Jazbina“, a destilacija u laboratoriju Zavoda za vinogradarstvo i vinarstvo Agronomskog fakulteta u 2017. godini. Provedena je analiza kemijskog sastava vina, analiza kemijskog sastava srednjeg toka sirovih destilata i određivanje hlapivih spojeva metodom plinske kromatografije. Prema osnovnim fizikalno- kemijskim parametrima određenim u srednjem toku destilata od navedenih sorata, zaključak je kako sorte 'Kraljevina' i 'Ranfol' sadrže potrebne karakteristike koje ih čine prikladnim za proizvodnju vinjaka. Zadani cilj te dobiveni rezultati su vrlo bitni i prijeko potrebni za poticanje šire uporabe navedenih sorata za ovu namjenu. The grapevine varieties used in the production of high quality brandy, are determined by specific characteristics: high total acidity, low sugar content and low pH. Several Croatian autochthonous varieties, like 'Kraljevina' and 'Ranfol', can be classified in the mentioned category. These varieties can be called potentially suitable for the production of wine brandies. The main aim of this research is to evaluate the characteristics of wine distillates obtained by ‘Kraljevina’ and ‘Ranfol’ varieties and to estimate their suitability for the production of wine brandies in climatic and pedological conditions in NW of the Republic of Croatia. Harvest and alcohol fermentation were carried out on the experimental vineyard called "Jazbina", and distillation in the laboratory of the Institute for Viticulture and Oenology of the Faculty of Agriculture in 2017. The analysis of the chemical composition of the wine, the analysis of the chemical composition of ‘the heart’ of crude distillates and the determination of the volatile compounds by gas chromatographic method, was performed. Conclusion is that the varieties 'Kraljevina' and 'Ranfol' contain the necessary characteristics that make them suitable for the production of wine brandies, according to the basic physico-chemical parameters determined in ‘the heart’ of the mentioned distillates. The given goal and obtained results have great importance to encourage the widespread use of these varieties for this purpose.

Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 215 ispitanika s ciljem utvrđivanja ponašanja potrošača u kupnji vina te važnosti koje potrošači pridaju pojedinim obilježjima vina. Nadalje cilj rada bio je utvrditi stupanj potrošačkog etnocentrizma te utjecaj istog na vrednovanje obilježja vina s obzirom na zemlju podrijetla. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da najveći broj ispitanika kupuje vino 2-3 puta mjesečno, podjednako kupuju crna i bijela vina. Ispitanici najčešće kupuje domaća vina, a najbitnija obilježja prilikom kupnje su cijena, dostupnost, regija podrijetla i proizvođač vina. Ispitanici imaju pozitivnije stavove i mišljenje o hrvatskim vinima u odnosu na talijanska i makedonska vina.Najveći udio ispitanika ima srednji stupanj potrošačkog etnocentrizma. The study was conducted on a sample of 215 respondents with the aim of determining consumers behavior in wine purchase and the importance of particular wine characteristics. Furthermore, the goal of the research was to determine degree of consumer ethnocentrism and their influence on the evaluation of certain wine characteristics with respect to the country of origin. Results showed that the largest number of respondents buy wine 2-3 times a month, equally white and red wines. Respodents mostly buy domestic wines, while the most important characteristics are the price, availability, region of origin and wine producer. Respondents generally have more positive attitudes and opinion about Croatian wines compared to Italian and Macedonian. The highest share of respondents have an medium level of consumer ethnocentrism.

Syrah kao sorta u Hrvatskim vinogradima je pojavljuje tek u novije vrijeme, iako je u svijetu poznata i priznata sorta, od nje se očekuje da postigne najbolje rezultate. Kvaliteta vina ovisi o mnogim čimbenicima, ali klimatski uvjeti su najvažniji indikator krajnjeg proizvoda. Klimatske prilike se razlikuju od godine do godine što kontrolira i utječe na kvalitetu samog grožđa te vina kao njegovog proizvoda. Istraživanje u trajanju od četiri godine provelo se na uzorcima kultivara Syrah na proizvodnim površinama Vinogorja Kutjevo, Veleučilišta u Požegi, tijekom 2011.-2014. godine. Nakon prikupljenih rezultata i analiza uspostavilo se kako je godina 2012. svojim klimatskim uvjetima bila najpovoljnija za proizvodnju vina Syrah. Najveće količine prosječnih sunčanih sati i temperatura u vremenu vegetacije uvjetovalo je time što je grožđe te godine akumuliralo najveće količine šećera što je rezultiralo najvećom postotkom alkohola u vinu u usporedbi na ostale godine. vino te godine najbolje je organoleptički ocijenjeno. Godina 2014. je svojim svojstvima bila nepovoljna s prekomjernim oborinama, malim količinama sunčanih sati i niskim temperaturama uvjetovala je time što je grožđe te godine akumuliralo najmanje količine šećera što je rezultiralo niskim postotkom alkohola u vinu. Vino 2014.berbe je najslabije ocijenjeno. Syrah as a variety in Croatian vineyards has appeared only recently, although it is known and recognized in the world, it is expected to achieve the best results. Wine quality depends on many factors, but climatic conditions are the most important end product indicator. Climatic conditions vary from year to year, which controls and effect the quality of grape and wine as its product. A four-year study was conducted on Syrah cultivars on the production areas of the Kutjevo vineyard, owned by the Polytechnic of Požega, during 2011- 2014. years. After collected results and analysis, it was established that 2012 was the most favorable for Syrah's properties. The highest amount of average sunshine hours, the temperature during the vegetation period, caused that the grapes of that year accumulated the highest amounts of sugar, resulting in the highest percentage of alcohol in wine compared to other years. The vintage year 2012 after the wine analysis gave the best results with respect to the vintage date, the wine of that year achieved the highest rating by the organoleptic commission. Vintage year 2014 was adverse to its properties; overcrowding, small amounts of sunshine and low temperatures caused the grapes of that year to accumulate the least amount of sugar, resulting in a low percentage of alcohol in wine after chemical analysis and a relatively low rating by the Organoleptic Evaluation Commission.

Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je ispitati utjecaj baze jakog alkohola na kvalitetu višnjevca. Domaći višnjevac u Slavoniji se proizvodi od sorte oblačinska višnja. Proizvodnja višnjevca se odvijala u staklenim posudama zapremine 5 L. Za proizvodnju tog višnjevca bilo nam je potrebno: višnje, baza jakog alkohola, šećer. Od alkohola su se koristile rakije komovica i šljivovica. Nakon što je proizvod proizveden, vršila se degustacija i ocjenjivanje, koje je pokazalo da je višnjevac sa bazom od šljivove rakije postigao bolje rezultate nego višnjevac sa komovom rakijom. The aim of this final work is to examine the infuluence of the strong alcohol on the cherry liquers quality. The liquer is home made in a jar capacity 5L. For us to make that liquer we need: charrys, sugar and alcohol. We used 2 types of alcohol : komovica and šljivovica. After we made the liquer we tasted and rated the liquers. This has shown us that the liquer whit the alcohol šljivovica got better results.

Cilj ovog završnog rada je pobliže upoznati tehnologiju proizvodnje likera, te usporediti senzorna svojstva likera od rogača i kadulje. Istraživanje se odvijalo u vinogradarskom podrumu Veleučilišta u Požegi, gdje se pripremala bazna rakija vinovica, te u laboratoriju Veleučilišta, gdje su se spravljali macerati. Finalno istraživanje se odvijalo u učionici, gdje smo obavili degustaciju likera i odradili ocjenjivanje po DLG metodi. The aim of this final work is to introduce the technology of liqueur production more closely, and to compare the sensory properties of liqueurs from rowan and sage. The research was held in the vineyard cellar of the Polytechnic of Požega where the base wine brandy was prepared, and at the laboratory of the Polytechnic where macerates were prepared, and the final research was in the classroom of the Polytechnic where were performed the liqueur tasting and the evaluating by the DLG method.

Uz veliki broj sorata vinove loze (Vitis vinifera L.), danas se sve veća pažnja posvećuje mogućnosti uzgoja sortata međuvrsnih hibrida s otpornošću na gljivične bolesti i abiotske stresove. Sorte međuvrsnih hibrida nastale su križanjem sorata vinove loze (Vitis vinifera L.) i nekih drugih vrsta roda Vitis. Uz međuvrsne hibride često se veže i prisutnost nekih nepoželjnih aroma (najčešće se navode tzv. foxy ili strawberry-like arome) podrijetlom od aromatskih spojeva identificiranih u najstarijim generacijama međuvrsnih hibrida. Zato se pri evaluaciji ovih sorata njihovom aromatskom profilu pridaje velika važnost. Istraživanje je provedeno na 11 sorata. Analizirane sorte pripadaju međuvrsnim križancima nastalim u oplemenjivačkim programima u Mađarskoj, Njemačkoj i Srbiji: „Bačka“, „Bianca“, „Johanniter“, „Kozmopolita“, „Lisa“, „Merzling“, „Orion“, „Phoenix“, „Sirius“, „Solaris“ i „Staufer“. U ovom istraživanju provedena je analiza sastava i koncetracije aromatskih spojeva lociranih u kožici grožđa. Putem vezanog sustava plinska kromatografija-spektrometrija masa (GC-MS) određen je aromatski profil sorata. With great number of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) varietes, ever increasing attention today is given to possibility of growing interspecies hybrids varietes with resistance on fungal diseases and abiotic stresses. Interspecies hybrid varietes are created by crossing with varietes of European grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) and some other species of Vitis genus. Interspecies hybrids are often associated with presence of some unwanted aromas (e.g. foxy and strawberry-like aromas) that have originated from the oldest generations of interspecific hybrid varietes. Thats why when these varietes aromatic profile is evaluated it is of great importance whether are unwanted aromas present. Research was done on 11 varietes. Analysed varietes belong to group of interspecies hybrids that were created in breeding programms in Hungary, Germany and Serbia: „Bačka“, „Bianca“, „Johanniter“, „Kozmopolita“, „Lisa“, „Merzling“, „Orion“, „Phoenix“, „Sirius“, „Solaris“ i „Staufer“. Analysis of content and concentration of aromatic compounds that are located in grape skin was done in this research. Aroma profile of varietes were determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

Kraljevina, autohtoni kultivar Prigorja na područje Svetog Ivana Zeline. ima dugu tradiciju uzgoja, međutim uočena je velika varijabilnost biotipova unutar populacije. Upravo zbog sve većeg interesa za uzgojem Kraljevine kao i nepostojanje matičnih (selekcioniranih) nasada upućivali su na potrebu klonske selekcije. U postupku selekcije klonova uz osnovne pokazatelje rodnosti i kvalitete grožđa potrebno je istražiti i razinu varijabilnosti klonskih kandidata u sintezi pojedinih grupa kemijskih spojeva (hlapivi aromatski spojevi, polifenolni spojevi, aminokiseline, pojedinačne organske kiseline) koji sudjeluju u formiranju senzornih svojstava vina te definiraju njegovu kvalitetu. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi osnovni kemijski sastav te udio pojedinačnih organskih kiselina, aminokiselina i aromatskih spojeva u moštu i vinima klonskih kandidata kultivara Kraljevine kao i utjecaj soja kvasca na osnovni kemijski sastav, te udio pojedinačnih organskih kiselina, aminokiselina i aromatskih spojeva, te sastav polifenolnih spojeva u vinima klonskih kandidata kultivara Kraljevine. Uz to cilj je bio i definirati senzorna svojstva vina klonskih kandidata kultivara Kraljevina. Dvogodišnje istraživanje 9 klonskih kandidata (VV-438, VV-406,VV-479,VV-486,VV-483,VV-423,VV-360, VV-434,VV-482) provedeno je u moštu i vinu dobivenom od grožđa iz pokusnih vinograda smještenih u Svetom Ivanu Zelini. Tretmani u istraživanju bili su tretman A: vinifikacija korištenjem komercijalnog soja kvasca Anchor VIN13, i tretman B: vinifikacija korištenjem komercijalnog soja kvasca Uvaferm Affinity. Kemijska analiza mošta i vina obuhvatila je određivanje koncentracije šećera refraktometrijski, ukupnu kiselost titracijskom metodom prema O.I.V.-u, pH vrijednost te određivanje pojedinačnih organskih kiselina te aminokiselina tekućinskom kromatografijom visoke djelotvornosti (HPLC). U uzorcima vina provedena je osnovna fizikalno-kemijska analiza vina prema metodama O.I.V., pojedinačni polifenoli analizirani su primjenom tekućinske kromatografije visoke djelotvornosti (HPLC) dok se određivanje kvalitativnog i kvantitativnog udjela tvari arome provelo primjenom instrumentalne metode plinske kromatografije (GC). Vina su senzorno ocijenjena metodom 100 bodova. Dobiveni rezultati istraživanja ukazali su na značajnu različitost ispitivanih klonskih kandidata pri čemu je klonski kandidat VV-360 u obje godine istraživanja imao najveću koncentraciju nakupljenog šećera kao i koncentraciju pojedinačnih aminokiselina dok se kao klonski kandidat sa najmanjim potencijalom nakupljanja šećera ali i najvećom ukupnom kiselošću nametnuo klonski kandidat VV-479. Po aminokiselinskom profilu 9 istraživanih klonskih kandidata možemo svrstati u tri grupe i to VV-360 u kojem je dominantna aminokiselina arginin, VV-434 u kojoj dominira glutaminska kiselina te preostalih sedam u kojima se aminokiselinski profil nije značajno razlikovao. Prema koncentracijama pojedinačnih organskih kiselina u grupi klonskih kandidata sa višim sadržajem vinske kiseline možemo izdvojiti VV-483, VV-482 i VV-423 dok se višim sadržajem jabučne kiseline nametnuo klonski kandidat VV-434 koji je zajedno sa klonskim kandidatima VV-479 i VV-486 u obje godine imao i niži pH. Rezultati polifenolnog profila ispitivanih klonskih kandidata također su se značajno razlikovali pri čemu je klonski kandidat VV-479 imao najviše hidroksicimetnih kiselina, VV-438 hidroksibenzojevih kiselina, a klonski kandidat VV-360 izdvojio se većim koncentracijama ukupnih flavanola. Aromatski profil dobivenih vina razlikovao se kako između ispitivanih klonskih kandidata tako i korištenog soja kvasca. Kao najzastupljeniji monoterpen izdvojo se linalol kojega je najviše utvrđeno kod klonskog kandidata VV-438. Po vrijednostima C13-norizoprenoida izdvojio se klonski kandidat VV479 dok je najviše viših alkohola imalo vino od klonskog kandidata VV-486. Pri tome je kod svih klonskih kandidata utvrđen i značajan utjecaj ispitivanih sojeva kvasaca pri čemu je soj Anchor VIN13 utjecao na veću koncentraciju norizoprenoida i monoterpena dok je Uvaferm Affinity stvorio više estera i viših alkohola. Dobiveni rezultati utjecali su i na senzornu ocjenu analiziranih vina pri čemu su se izdvojila vina od klonskih kandidata VV482 i VV-438 oba dobivena primjenom soja kvasca Anchor VIN13. Kraljevina is an autochthonous grapevine cultivar whose name is closely linked to the area of St. Ivana Zelina. In this area cultivar Kraljevina has a long tradition, however, was observed large variability biotypes within the population. Because of the increasing interest in the cultivation of Kraljevina as well as the lack of selected plantation pointed to the need for the implementation of clonal selection. In the process of selection of clones with basic indicators of fertility and quality of grapes is necessary to investigate the level of variability of clonal candidates in the synthesis of certain groups of chemical compounds (volatile aromatic compounds, polyphenolic compounds, amino acids, individual organic acids) which participate in the formation of the sensory properties of wine and define its quality. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition and content of individual organic acids, amino acids and aromatic compounds in must and wine of clonal candidates cv Kraljevina and the impact of yeast strain on the chemical composition and content of individual organic acids, amino acids and aromatic compounds in wines of Kraljevina clonal candidates. In addition, the aim was to define the sensory characteristics of wines made from clonal candidates cv Kraljevina. In the chapter Overview of previous research data about cultivar Kraljevina and its general characteristic are noted as well as previous research conected with ampelographic description and basic chemical analysis of Kraljevina must and wine. Also the importance of clonal selection and resent achivments conected with this scientifical topic are listed as well as the results dealing with positive clonal selection. Published data about aromatic compounds in must and wine as well as their concentrations, pointed out the influence of wine technology, yeast selection and cultivar as well as selected clone. Stronge difference in the amount of individual chemical compounds from the group of monoterpens and C13 norisoprenoids is defined between Chardonnay selected clones as well as in clones of Kerner, Traminer, Rhine risling. Subchapter about polyphenols is dealing with a large and diverse group of chemical compounds that can strongly influence wine quality. So, determination of possible variability between cultivars and also clonal candidat in the accumulation of this group of compounds is important, the statement that is confirmed with large amount of published scientifical research dealing with this topic. Research wines of different clonal candidates have shown that it can significantly vary in intensity and color tonality as well as in concentration of individual polyphenols. Phenolic composition, antioxidant activity and color diversity was investigated in Concord grape clones from Brazil while in the wines obtained from seven clones Monastrell significant differences in the mineral composition, organic acids and color intensity was noticed. In the chapter Material and methods the course of research and data processing is presented. The two-year study of clonal candidates cv Kraljevina (Vitis vinifera L.) was carried out in the must and wine made from grapes grown in experimental vineyards located in Sveti Ivan Zelina, specifically at the position Puščak and position Krčina. Individual bunches of selected mass positive selection within the "Clonal selection of grapevine, cv. The Kraljevina ", are propagated and planted in both locations. This study was conducted on 9 clonal candidates cv Kraljevina (VV-438, VV-406, VV-479, VV-486, VV-483, VV -423, VV-360, VV-434, VV-482) which are separated due to a sufficient number of vines from which a minimal amount of grapes needed for good mikrovinifikacijskog process of alcoholic fermentation was secured. Grape harvest of each clonal candidate was done by hand, at the time of full maturity. The grapes were harvested in plastic boxes with capacity of 20 kg. After crushing the grapes must was settled for 24 h after which the precipitate was separated and clear must was poured in the four vessels, volume of 10 L per each clone candidate (a total of 36 pots). The alcoholic fermentation was carried out using two different commercial yeast strains, Anchor VIN13 and Uvaferm Affinity. During the alcoholic fermentation degradation of sugar and temperature was regularly monitored. After completion of the alcoholic fermentation samples were taken for analysis of wine and the wine was kept in basement conditions until the time of sensory evaluation that was carried out 6 months after the completion of alcoholic fermentation. Chemical analysis of must involves determining the concentration of sugar, total acidity, the pH value and the determination of individual organic acids and amino acids. In all must samples also the value of free amino acids (FAN) and the concentration of total polyphenols was determined. In wine samples basic chemical analysis was carried on (%vol alcohol, reducing sugar, total extract, total acidity, pH, volatile acidity, ash), as well as organic acid the amino-acids and individual polyphenols and aroma compounds concentrations were done using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC). The concentration of total phenolics and free amino acids in the wine was determined by spectrophotometry. All wines were evaluated by organoleptic method of 100 points. In the chapter Results, the main results obtained in the experiment are listed. Research results indicated a significant difference of tested clonal candidates where the clone candidate VV-360 in both years had the highest concentration of accumulated sugar and concentration of individual amino acids. On the contrary the clone candidate VV -479 had the lowest potential for accumulation of sugar but the highest total acidity. According to amino acid profile 9 investigated clonal candidates can be divided into three groups; VV-360 in which the dominant amino acid was arginine, VV-434 dominated by glutamate and the remaining seven in which the amino acid profile was not significantly different. Results of polyphenol profile singled out clone candidate VV-479 who had the most hydroxycinnamic acid, while clone candidat VV-438 was rich in hydroxybenzoic acid and clone candidate VV-360 had the higher concentrations of total flavanols. According to organic acid profile in the group of clonal candidates with a higher content of tartaric acid we can pointed out VV - 483, VV - 482 and VV - 423 while a higher content of malic acid imposed clone candidate VV - 434 which together with the cloning candidate VV - 479 and VV 486, in both year, had a lower pH. Aromatic profile of wines differed as between examined clonal candidates as between used yeast strains. As the most abundant monoterpene was isolated linalool with the highest concentrations noted in clonal candidate VV-438. Higher values of C13-norizoprenoid pointed out clone candidate VV479 while the highest amount of higher alcohols had wine from clonal candidate VV-486. In all clonal candidates significant effect of tested yeast strains was established, in which the strain Anchor VIN13 affect the higher concentration of norizoprenoids and monoterpenes while Uvaferm Affinity created more esters and higher alcohols. Sensory evaluation of the analyzed wines singled out clonal candidates VV-482 and VV-438 both obtained using a yeast strain Anchor VIN13. As previous research comprised mainly of biological characteristics of Kraljevina variety this results strongly contribute to expanding knowledge about the composition of individual organic acids, amino acid, aroma and polyphenol compounds and the potential of isolated clonal candidates cv Kraljevina. For the first time the impact of yeast strains used was defined as well as their influence in the formation of the organoleptic properties of the investigated clonal candidates. The research results achived will also in the future have strong impac in the further evaluation of isolated clonal candidates with the ultimate goal of selection - gaining the first clones of this cultivar. So at the end we can conclude that 9 clonal candidates used in this research distinguished between them primarly according to the possibility of accumulating sugar and individual organic acids but also in the aromatic and polyphenol compounds synthesis. In the future this data together with the confirmation of strong yeast strain impact can assure to the wine producer an easier decision what clone as well as yeast strain to use.

Okratoksin A je sekundarni metabolit nekih gljivica roda Aspergillus (A. ochraceus (K. Wilhem) i A. Carbonarius (T. Bainier) i Penicillium (P. Verrucosum (B. Peyronel)) toksičan za ljude i životinje. Posljedice prisutnosti ovog mikotoksina u ishrani ljudi i životinja su brojne i idu od pada imuniteta, bubrežnih problema pa do sumnje u kancerogenost. Zbog izrazito toksičnog djelovanja na ljude i životinje koncentracija okratoksina A u hrani i krmivima zakonski je ograničena u većini zemalja svijeta. Kontaminaciji ovim mikotoksinom najizloženije su žitarice, ali i kava, kakao, svinjske prerađevine, pivo i crno vino. Najčešći uzročnik kontaminacije vina okratoksinom su gljivice roda Aspergillus. Gljivice koje proizvode okratoksin A najčešće nisu u mogućnosti prodrijeti u bobicu grožđa, već se zadržavaju oko peteljke. Prilikom primarne prerade grožđa, tijekom muljanja , micelij gljivice kolonizira bobicu i ispušta okratoksin u mošt. Upravo zbog razlike u procesu prerade vina, tj. dužem trajanju kontakta bobice s moštom; rizik kontaminacije okratoksinom A je znatno veći u crnim vinima nego u bijelim. Sva dosadašnja istraživanja pokazala su da su vina južnih, toplijih krajeva bitno izloženija riziku kontaminacije. U Europi kontaminacija crnih vina mediteranskog područja često je zabilježena dok je okratoksin u vinima sjevernijih dijelova, poput Bordeauxa, Trentina ili Slavonije, rijetko pronađen. U ovom radu iznesen je pregled istraživanja o kontaminaciji crnih vina okratoksinom A te mjerama prevencije i dekontaminacije. Ochratoxin A is a secondary metabolite of certain fungus of the genusAspergillus (A. achraceus and A. carbonarius) and Penicillium (P. verrucosum) which is toxic for humans and animals. The consequences of the presence of mycotoxins in human and animal nutrition are numerous and they can result in low immune system, kidney problems and carcinogenicity. Due to the extremely toxic effects on humans and animals, concentration of ochratoxin A in food and fodder is legally restricted in most countries across the world.Grains, as well as coffee, cocoa, pork products, beer and red wine are most exposed to contamination of this myctoxin. The most common cause of contamination of wine ochratoxin are fungus of the genus Aspergillus. Fungus that produce ochratoxin A usually are not able to penetrate the grapes, but keep an eye stalks. When the primary processing of grapes during crushing, spawn fungus colonizes berry and ochratoxin released in the must. Because of differences in the processing of wine, ie. The longer the duration of contact with the berries must; the risk of contamination by ochratoxin A was significantly higher in red wine than in white. Previous investigations have shown that wine southern, warmer, essential parts of the exposed risk of contamination. In Europe, contamination of red wines of the Mediterranean area is often recorded while ochratoxin in the north of wines, such as Bordeaux, Trentino or Slavonia, rarely found. This paper present the results of the research of contamination of red wine, prevention measures and decontamination.

Cilj ovog istraživanja je bilo ustanoviti na koji način folijarna primjena različitih oblika dušičnog gnojiva može utjecati na kemijski sastav grožđa Graševina. Pokus je postavljen 2013. godine na sorti Graševina, na pokušalištu Jazbina. Korištena su četiri gnojidbena tretmana, od kojih su tri folijarno primjenjeni, Drin, urea i amonij nitrat, dok je NPK tretman primijenjen kao redovita gnojidba u tlo. Udio dušika mijenjao se u fazi pred cvatnju i fazi bobice veličine graška gdje je tretman ureom imao najviše vrijednosti i značajno se razlikovao od ostalih tretmana. Folijarna gnojidba nije utjecala na sadržaj šećera i ukupnih kiselina. Folijarna gnojidba također nije utjecala na prinos i masu grozda, kao ni na sadržaj ukupnog amino dušika. The main objective of this research was to determine in which way foliar application of nitrogen can affect the chemical composition of Italian Riesling grapes. The experiment was set up in 2013 on the Italian Riesling cultivar, at Jazbina experimental station. Four different fertilizing treatments were used, three of which were applied foliarilly (Drin, urea and ammonium nitrate), while NPK treatment was applied as a regular fertilizer to the soil. The content of nitrogen in leaves was changed before the bloom phase and in the pea-size phase, where the urea treatment affected the highest values and significantly diversed from other treatments. Foliar fertilization did not affect the amount of sugar or total acidity in grapes, neither did it affect the yield and weight of the grapes. It also did not affect the amount of total amino nitrogen in grapes.

Zadatak rada bio je utvrditi utjecaj različitih tehnoloških postupaka u proizvodnji vina Muškat žuti berbe 2015. Pri proizvodnji vina provodio se postupak maceracije te su se koristila tri različita kvasca: autohtoni, SIHA Cryarome i Anchor Exotics. Uzorci vina ispitivani su fizikalno kemijskim analizama u nastavnom objektu Veleučilišta u Požegi te organoleptički metodom 100 bodova. Uzorke je ocjenjivalo 7 članova te su macerirano vino s autohtonim i vino sa SIHA Cryarome kvascem ocjenjena kao vrhunska, dok je vino s Anchor Exotics kvascem ocjenjeno kao kvalitetno. Istraživanje je pokazalo da su različiti postupci različito djelovali na kvalitetu određenih parametara vina. The task of work is to estabish influence of different tehnological procedures in production Muscat wine, 2015. In wine production itʹs used procedure of maceration and three different yeasts: indigenous yeast, SIHA Cryarome and Anchor Exotics. Physical and cemical testing is provided on wine samples in teaching facility "Veleučilićte u Požegi". Samples were evaluated by 7 members. Macerated wine with indigenous yeast and wine with SIHA Cryarome yeast were gradaed as top wines, while wine with Anchor Exotics yeast is graded as quality wine. The research has shown that different procedures act differently on certain quality parameters of wine.

Zadatak ovog završnog rada bio je ukazati na štetnost glodavaca u vinogradima, odrediti njihovu brojnost i prikazati rezultate suzbijanja rodenticidima. Problem je što mali broj proizvođača obraća pozornost na štetnost glodavaca u svojim nasadima, iako im mogu nanijeti ozbiljne štete i smanjiti urod. Glodavci štete nanose uglavnom glodanjem korijena loze, ali rade štetu i na nadzemnim djelovima vinove loze pa čak i na grožđu. Kroz ovo istraživanje na pokusnim površinama u vinogradu cilj je ustanoviti aktivnost glodavaca, njihovu reakciju na rodenticide i djelotvornost rodenticida. Bitno je i upozoriti na otrovnost rodenticida te ukazati na oprez prilikom rukovanja istim. The aim of this thesis was to point out the harmful effects of rodents in the vineyards, to determine their number and display the results of rodenticide usage. The problem is that a small number of manufacturers pay attention on the harmful effects of rodents in their plantations, although they can cause serious damage and reduce yields. Rodents do damage mainly with malling the roots of vines, but also do damage to the aboveground parts of the vine and even the grapes. Through this research on experimental areas in the vineyard the aim was to detect the rodent activity, their reaction to rodenticides and effectiveness of rodenticides. It is important to draw attention to the toxicity od rodenticides and indicate caution when handling the same.

Kvalitetu vina u značajnoj mjeri definira polifenolni sastav vina. Na sastav polifenola vina utječe sorta grožđa, primijenjena tehnologija prerade, maceracija te uvjeti tijekom dozrijevanja vina. Polifenoli definiraju boju, trpkoću, gorčinu i strukturu vina. Ovisno o primijenjenim uvjetima tijekom maceracije dolazi do različite ektrakcije polifenolnih spojeva u vino. Parametri koji utječu na sastav polifenola su trajanje maceracije, temperatura, kisik, SO2 te vrsta ili način maceracije.U ovom radu će se analizirati sastav polifenola vina Plavac mali i Babić u dvije verzije maceracije. Primjenjene su otvorena maceracija u inoxu i maceracija u drvenim bačvama (vinification integrale). Cilj rada je definirati kako su različiti uvjeti maceracije utjecali na sastav polifenola vina nakon 8 mjeseci dozrijevanja u korištenim barrique bačvama. Koncentracije polifenola bile su kod jedne i druge sorte povišene kod integralne metode vinifikacije. Wine quality is significantly defined by the polyphenolic composition of the wine. The wine polyphenolic content is affected by grape variety, technology of wine production, maceration techniques, conditions during ageing. Polyphenols determine the color, astringency, bitternes and wine structure. Depending on maceration conditions different kinds and amounts of polyphenols are extracted into the wine. Paramters which affect polyphenol content are maceration duration, temperature, oxygen, SO2 and the type of maceration. In this dissertation polyphenol content of Plavac mali and Babić will be analysed with two different maceration techniques. The open type of maceration in stainless steel was used and maceration in wooden barrels (vinification integrale). The aim of this dissertation was to define how different types of maceration affect polyphenol content, after it aged for 8 months in used barrique barrels. The concentrations of polyphenols were at both varietys higher at the vinification integrale.

Individualna klonska selekcija vinove loze je postupak kojim se iz populacije pojedine sorte nastoje izdvojiti genotipovi (klonovi) kod kojih je došlo do mutacija koje su rezultirale pozitivnim promjenama nekih od gospodarski važnih karakteristika. Izdvajanje klonova provodi se na temelju višegodišnjeg ispitivanja klonskih linija u ujednačenim uvjetima pokusnog nasada. Graševina je najvažnija sorta vinove loze u Hrvatskoj kod koje je postupak klonske selekcije započeo 2004. godine, a 2007. godine podignuti su pokusni nasadi za provođenje individualne klonske selekcije tj. ispitivanje najvažnijih gospodarskih karakteristika klonskih linija. Cilj ovog rada je provesti analizu rezultata četverogodišnjeg ispitivanja klonskih kandidata sorte Graševina i izdvojiti one kod kojih su potvrđene pozitivne promjene određenih gospodarski važnih svojstava s ciljem pokretanja postupka registracije klonova ove sorte. U ovom radu praćenjem klonova došli smo do rezultat koji pokazuju da postoji značajna unutar sortna varijabilnost i da na osnovu nje možemo izdvojiti nekoliko klonova koji su nam bitni po svojim gospodarskim karakteristikama. Gospodarske karakteristike kojima smo se vodili su prinos, sadržaj kiselina i sadržaj šećera te prosječna masa grozda. Individual clonal selection of grapevine is the process by which the population of certain varieties tend to isolate genotypes (clones) in which there has been a mutation that resulted in positive changes in some of the economically important characteristics. Isolation of clones is carried out on the basis of many years of testing clonal lines in equal conditions experimental plantation. Graševina is the most important grape variety in Croatia, where the clonal selection process started in 2004 and 2007 have been raised guinea plantations enforcement individual clonal selection. Examination of the most important economic characteristics of clonal lines. The aim of this paper is an analysis of results four tests clonal candidates varieties Graševine and allocate those in which they confirmed the positive changes of certain economically important characteristics in order to initiate the registration process clones of this variety. In this paper following the clones we have reached a result that shows that there is considerable variability within varieties and based on it we can extract several clones that are important to us for their economic characteristics. Economic characteristics which we are led by yield, acidity and sugar content and average weight of the bunch.

Kraljevina, autohtona sorta zelinskog vinogorja poznata je kao stara sorta regije Prigorja. Unutar populacije tog kultivara primijećena je unutarsortna varijabilnost što je razlog pokrenutog projekta klonske selekcije Kraljevine. Cilj projekta je izdvojiti klonske kandidate sa pozitivnim karakteristikama koje će imati gospodarski značaj. Višegodišnjim istraživanjem i analizama prinosa i kvalitete namjerava se odabrati određeni broj klonova, koji će uzastopno pokazivati pozitivna svojstva, te na kraju biti priznati i registrirani klonovi ove sorte. Ovo istraživanje obuhvaća sve analize i rezultate prikupljene u 2014. godini. Analize su provedene na 9 klonskih kandidata, u pokusnom nasad na području Nespeša u okolici grada Sveti Ivan Zelina. Mjerena su najvažnija svojstva prinos, mehanički sastav grožđa i kemijski sastav mošta. Utvrđene su značajne razlike između klonskih kandidata, čime je potvrđena opravdanost same selekcije, ali i istaknut visoki potencijal određenih klonskih kandidata. Kraljevina is known as an old grape variety of Prigorje region. A variability among the population of Kraljevina has been noticed, which is why the project of clonal selection of Kraljevina has been initiated. The aim of the project is to single out clonal candidates with positive characteristics which will make a significant contribution to the economy. After a years-long and analyses of yield and quality, a certain number od clones that are supposed to consecutively show positive characteristics and, in the end, became renowned and registered clones of this variety are going to be selected. This research study is comprised of all analyses made and results collected in 2014. Analyses have been conducted on nine clonal candidates in an experimental wineyardofNespešareanearbythetownof Sveti Ivan Zelina. Onlythe most importanttraits – yield, mechanicalcomposition of grapes andchemicalcompositionofmust - havebeenmeasured. It has been found that the clonal candidates differ significantly from one another, which both confirmed the validity of selection and pointed out the high potential of certain clonal candidates.

Grk je autohtona sorta vinove loze značajna danas za vinogradarsto Lumbarde i okolnog područja na otoku Korčule. Jedna je od rijetkih sorata vinove loze s funkcionalno ženskim cvijetom, što kod uzgoja ove sorte uzrokuje određene teškoće vezane uz oplodnju i razvoj bobica u grozdu. Sorta je specifična po pojavi malih, besjemenih bobica (lokalni naziv „pasoline”) koje se u grozdu nalaze zajedno sa znatno većim bobicama koje sadrže sjemenke. Udio pojedininog tipa bobica unutar grozda vrlo je varijabilan. Ovim istraživanjem nastojalo se utvrditi koji su uzroci pojave besjemenih bobica kod sorte Grk vezani uz građu i razvitak muškog i ženskog gametofita, utvrditi utjecaj različitih sorata oprašivača na broj sjemenih bobica u grozdu te utvrditi varijacije kvalitete grožđa i vina uzrokovane različitim udijelima besjemenih bobica (pasolina). Analizom muškog gametofita utvrđeno je nepostojanje pora za klijanje na sporodermi peludi sorte Grk. Iz toga razloga pelud ove sorte je sterilna iako se razvoj gameta odvija normalno te zrelo peludno zrno sadrži dvije spermalne i jednu vegetativnu jezgru. Utvrđena je pravilna građa sjemenog zametka te prisutnost pojedinačnih stanica ženskog gametofita u zrelom stadiju. Embriji unutar sjemenoga zametka nastavljaju normalan razvoj kroz sve stadije razvoja ili dolazi do propadanja sjemenih zametaka. Proces propadanja započinje kod neoplođenih bobica veličine 4 mm. Analiza utjecaja oprašivača na broj sjemenih bobica pokazuje da su najbolji oprašivači bili sorte Pošip (27,68% sjemenih bobica u grozdu) i Plavac mali (26,95% sjemenih bobica u grozdu) dok je najlošiji oprašivač sorta Chardonnay (9,73% sjemenih bobica u grozdu). Analizom kvalitete mošta utvrđeno je da velike sjemene bobice sadrže signifikantno veći sadržaj šećera u moštu i pH vrijednost mošta dok male besjemene bobice imaju signifikantno veći sadržaj kiselina. Organoleptičkom analizom vina nije utvrđena signifikantna razlika između varijanata vina od 80% malih besjemenih bobica u grozdu i one sa 80% sjemenih bobica u grozdu. Signifikantnih razlika nije bilo niti u parametrima osnovne kemijske analize vina osim kod sadržaja pepela u korist vina sa podjednakim udjelom velikih sjemenih bobica i besjemenih bobica (pasolina). U vinu dobivenom od 80% pasolina utvrđeno je signifikantno najviše kafeinske, kumarinske i ferulinske kiseline te procijanidina B1 i resveratrola. Grk is a native grapevine variety important for viticulture of the Lumbarda area on the island of Korčula. It is one of the rare grape varieties with functionally female flower, which causes certain difficulties in grape production associated with poor fertilization and the development of the berry. Each cluster of this variety contains small, seedless berries (local name pasoline) and large berries that contain seeds. The share of berries type within the cluster is highly variable. This study attempts to identify the causes of poor seedless berries development trough the analysis of structure and development of male and female gametophyte, to determine the effect of different pollinator varieties on the number of seeded berries in the cluster and to determine the impact of seedless berry share on quality of grapes and wine. Lack of germination pores on pollen sporoderma was found in the analysis. For this reason, the pollen of this variety is sterile, although the development of gametes takes place normally and mature pollen grain contains two sperms and a vegetative nucleus. The structure of the ovule and the presence of individual cells of the female gametophyte in the mature stage were regular. Embryos inside the ovule develop normally through all the developmental stages, otherwise decay of the ovule takes place. The process of the ovule decay begins in unfertilized berries which are 4 mm in size. The decline of ovules caused by two processes: parthenocarpy and stenospermocarpy. Parthenocarpy occurs in berries in which there has been no fertilization. The stenospermocarpy occurs with berries where there has been a process of fertilization but cessation of ovul growth and its degeneration was caused by unknown physiological factors within the plant. In embrio sac of certain berries whose stigmas in the opening flower remained covered with flower cap, there was deternin existence of the zygote in the phase of intensive elongation. Ther was also obvious that both sinergide look identical and non-degenerate, indicating that there was no penetration of the pollen tubes and no proper fertilization proces occured. This fact potentially leads to a hypothesis that in vines can reach process of apomixis. The analysis of the impact of pollinator variety on the number of seeded berries shows that the best pollinators were the following varieties: Pošip (27.68% seeded berries in a cluster) and Plavac mali (26.95% seeded berries in a cluster). The worst pollinator variety was Chardonnay (9.73% seeded berries in a cluster). The analysis of the must quality determined that the large seeded berries contain significantly higher sugar content and pH value while the small seedless berries have significantly higher acid content. A significant difference between varieties of wine made from 80% of small seedless berries in the cluster and those made of 80% of the seeded berries in the cluster was not found in the organoleptic analysis. A significant difference was not determined even in the basic chemical composition of the wine except for ash content in the wine with equal share of large seeded berries and seedless berries. Significantly the largest content of caffeic, coumaric and ferulic acid, procyanidin B1 and resveratrol was found in the wine made from 80% seedless berries.

Cilj ovog istraživanja je ustanoviti kako primjena živog ektomikoriznog micelija na korijen vinove loze (podloga Vitis berlandieri x Vitis riparia SO4), utječe na mehanički i kemijski sastav grožđa sorte Cabernet sauvignon, berbe 2014. Cjepivo je aplicirano na 40 trsova 2013. godine na Vinogradarsko – vinarskom pokušalištu u Jazbini. Temeljem dobivenih rezultata utvrđeno je da je mikoriza pozitivno utjecala na prinos po trsu, masu grozda i bobice. Također, udio mesa u varijanti mikorize manji je u odnosu na kontrolu, a veći udio kožice i peteljke. Prateći kemijske parametre uočen je povećan sadržaj šećera i ukupne kiselosti te fenolnog sastava, dok je koncentracija antocijana smanjena u mikorizi s obzirom na kontrolu. The focus of this research was to establish how the use of living ectomycorrhizal mycelium on the root of the vine (rootstock Vitis berlandieri x Vitis riparia SO4 ) affects on the mechanical and chemical composition of the grape cultivar Cabernet sauvignon from the harvest of year 2014. The vaccine was applied to 40 vines in the Winegrowing and winemaking experimental station in Jazbina in the year of 2013. From the given results it is established that mycorrhizae positively influences yield per vine as well as the mass of the cluster and the berries. In the addition, the share of meat in the variation where mycorrhizae was used is lower when compared to the control group, and the shares of the membrane and petiole are higher. By observing chemical parameters higher levels of sugar and acidity, as well as fenol composition, were observed, while the concentraction of the anthocyanins was lower in the mycorrhizae then in the control group.

Kožica bobice grožđa sadrži veliku količinu različitih polifenolnih spojeva, a posebice flavonoida. Kako bi se izdvojili polifenolni spojevi iz kožice grožđa, u svrhu provedbe analize ili komercijalne proizvodnje, potrebno je provesti ekstrakciju koja je vrlo složena. U ovom radu istraženi su utjecaji temperature, pH, količine dodanih enzima i vremena trajanja ekstrakcije na djelotvornost enzimski potpomognute ekstrakcije (EAE) uz primjenu enzimskih pripravaka, Lallzyme EX-V i Lallzyme HC, sa ciljem optimizacije procesa ekstrakcije polifenolnih spojeva. Optimalni uvjeti za ekstrakciju su dobiveni upotrebom enzimskog pripravka Lallzyme EX-V, pri temperaturi od 45 °C, vremenskom periodu od 3 h, pH 2,0 i masenom udjelu dodanih enzima od 10,52 mg/g. The grape berries skins contain very large amount of different polyphenols, especially flavonoids. In order to separate polyphenols from grape skins, to carry out laboratory analyses or commercial production, it is needed to conduct very complex extraction. In this research certain factors such as temperature, pH, enzyme dosage and time of extraction have been investigated, in order to optimize extraction process of polyphenols using two observed enzymes, Lallzyme EX-V and Lallzyme HC. Optimal conditions were achieved using enzyme preparation Lallzyme EX-V, at the temperature of 45 °C, time of 3 h, pH 2.0 and enzyme dosage of 10.52 mg/g.

Plavac mali gospodarski je najvažnija, najrasprostranjenija i najpoznatija crna sorta vinove loze u Hrvatskoj. Potomak je Dobričića i Crljenka kaštelanskog (Maletić i sur, 2004.), čija je popularnost u „Novom Svijetu“ pridonijela i popularnosti Plavca izvan granica Hrvatske. Međutim, ono zbog čega se svrstava među sorte ponajboljih proizvodnih značajki su redovita i sigurna rodnost, mala osjetljivost prema bolestima i štetnicima, mali uzgojni zahtjevi i prikladnost za škrta i suha tla. Tipična je južna sorta, rasprostranjena gotovo isključivo u vinogradarskoj podregiji Srednja i Južna Dalmacija. U Sjevernoj Dalmaciji ga nalazimo tek sporadično, u okolici Primoštena i zadarskom zaleđu, dok je u Dalmatinskoj Zagori nešto češći (Vrgorac). Na poluotoku Pelješcu, te otocima Hvaru, Braču, Visu i Korčuli mnogi su vinogradi, poglavito na toplijim položajima, monosortni. U većoj mjeri ga nalazimo još u Kaštelima, Konavlima te makarskom primorju. Izvan Hrvatske u proizvodnim nasadima može se pronaći jedino u Makedoniji. Kasnog je dozrijevanja, pa zahtijeva položaje vrhunskih klimatskih i edafskih karakteristika, a na takvima obično daje jaka (redovito iznad 13,5 vol.% alkohola) i intenzivno obojena crna vina, zamjetne astrigentnosti. U tim okolinskim uvjetima, grožđe ove sorte i u redovitoj berbi ima 10 – 30 % prosušenih bobica, tzv. suhica, koje doprinose kakvoći i intenzitetu mirisa. Aroma takvih vina se može opisati kao bogata, kompleksna i intenzivna, a mnogi će osjetiti dominirajuće mirise suhih šljiva, prezrelih kupina, trešanja, te drugog zrelog i prezrelog voća. Na okusu su izvanredno puna i bogata, moćna, vrlo postojana i s dugim "završetkom". Ove karakteristike se u pravilu dobivaju na povišenim, prema moru i jugo – jugozapadu okrenutim položajima, koja između ostalog karakterizira i dodatna insolacija – refleksija sunčevih zraka od morske površine. Najviše ih je na poluotoku Pelješcu (Dingač, Postup), te otocima Hvaru (Ivan Dolac, Sv. Nedjelja), Braču (Bol), te Korčuli i Visu. Vina s takvih položaja postižu izvrsne cijene na tržištu, redovito ih nalazimo u vrhunskoj kategoriji, dugog su potencijala starenja, te pripadaju redu ponajboljih crnih vina južnih vinogorja uopće. Plavac mali se tradicionalno koristio i za proizvodnju prošeka, a na čuvenim položajima bilo je uspjelih pokušaja dobivanja i kasnih i izbornih berbi dužim ostavljanjem grožđa na trsu, pa se može reći i da je jedna od najpogodnijih sorti za proizvodnju desertnih vina. Vinogradi Plavca malog na ravnim terenima, dubokim i plodnim tlima, te naročito pri intenzivnom uzgoju i visokim prinosima, rezultiraju mnogo nižom kakvoćom. Vina iz takvih nasada su obično srednje jaka, slabije obojena, često neskladna zbog stršeće trpkoće. Plavac mali vrlo je bogat i polifenolima, tvarima kojima se u posljednje vrijeme pridaje velika pozornost zbog njihova povoljnog utjecaja na zdravlje. Neki od njih su snažni antioksidansi i “hvatači” slobodnih radikala, pa su vrlo važni u prevenciji kardiovaskularnih i nekih kancerogenih bolesti. Najviše su zastupljeni u kožici i sjemenkama crnih sorti, odakle vinifikacijom prelaze u vino. Posljednjih godina provode se mnoga istraživanja kojima je cilj povećati znanja o Plavcu malom i proširiti mogućnosti njegova iskorištenja, kao što su klonska selekcija i poboljšanje tehnologije uzgoja i vinifikacije.

Na znanstveno-nastavnom pokušalištu Jazbina od 2014. godine počela je proizvodnja novog vina „Fulir“, kao mješavine aromatičnih (Sauvignon bijeli, Muškat bijeli, Muškat žuti) i aromatski neutralnih sorata (Rizvanac, Pinot bijeli i Pinot sivi). Dobiveni mošt od navedenih sorata podijeljen je u tri djela i stavljen na fermentaciju u inoks-tankove gdje je provedena kontrolirana fermentacija na temperaturama 16°C, 18°C, 20°C kako bi se utvrdio utjecaj različitih temperatura fermentacije na aromatski profil i senzorna svojstva vina. Pomoću plinske kromatografije određene su arome u vinima nakon fermentacije i nakon godinu dana dozrijevanja u boci te su vina dodatno senzorno ocijenjena metodom usporedbe. Vino pri temperaturi 16°C imalo je najviše koncentracije ukupnih sortnih aroma, dok je najviše koncentracije fermentacijskih aroma imalo vino fermentirano na 18°C, a temperatura od 20°C imala je najniže koncentracije ukupnih aromatskih spojeva. Obzirom na kapacitet dozrijevanja vino fermentirano na 16°C pokazalo je najbolje rezultate u očuvanju sortnih aroma, dok su fermentacijske arome najviše očuvane kod vina fermentiranog na 18°C. Senzornom analizom najboljim je ukupnim dojmom i najintenzivnijim mirisom ocijenjeno vino s temperaturom fermentacije od 16°C, najboljim okusom fermentiralo je na 18°C, dok je vino kod kojeg se fermentacija odvijala na temperaturi od 20°C ocijenjen najlošijim u svim kategorijama. In 2014 on the scientific and teaching experimantal property „Jazbina“ in 2014 began production of the new wine „Fulir“ as a mixture of aromatic (Sauvignon blanc, Muscat blanc, Muscat à petit grain) and neutral aromatic varieties (Mùller-Thurgau, Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gris). Grapes from the mentioned varieties were collected and divided into three parts and placed into stainless steel fermetation tanks where controlled fermentation was carried out on the three different temperatures 16°C, 18°C i 20°C to determine the impact of the wine fermentation temperature on aroma profile and sensory properties. Aromas in the wines were determined by gas chromatography after fermentation and after one year maturation in the bottle, the wines were also sensory evaluated using the method of comparison. According to the chemichal analysis, the wine at the fermentation temperature at 16°C had the highest levels of the varietal aromas, while the wine at the fermentation temperature of 18°C had the highest levels of fermentation aromas and the wine at the fermentation temperature 20°C had the lowest concentration of total aromas. Regarding the aging potential, the wine at the fermentation temperature at 16°C showed the best results in preservation of varietal aromas, while the wine at the fermentation temperature at 18°C maintained the highest concentrations of fermentation aromas. According to the sensory analysis, wine at the fermentation temperature of 16°C had the most intense fragrance and the best overall impression, while wine at the fermentation temperature of 18°C was the best in the taste category and wine at the fermentation temperature of 20°C was rated worst in all the categories.

Vinova loza višegodišnja je kultura koja se razmnožava vegetativno i trenutno na svijetu postoji nekoliko tisuća sorata. Sorta 'Kleščec bijeli' (Vitis vinifera L.) se uzgaja na ograničenim površinama na samo nekoliko lokacija među ostalim i u okolici Križevaca. U prošlosti je 'Kleščec bijeli' bio zapostavljen i pogrešno poistovjećivan s njemačkom sortom Knipperle to jest Ortlieber. Nedavno je otkriveno da je 'Kleščec bijeli' jedinstvenog genotipa i nova hrvatska autohtona sorta (Pejić i sur., 2013.) te je pokrenut projekt njezine revitalizacije, odnosno zdravstvene i genetičke selekcije klonskih kandidata. Dugogodišnjim vegetativnim razmnožavanjem unutar sorata vinove loze može doći do pojave spontanih mutacija koje ostaju fiksirane unutar genoma (Meneghetti i sur., 2012.). Odabir trsova koji svojim karakteristikama odstupaju od prosjeka sorte okosnica je klonske selekcije koja u kombinaciji s odabirom bezvirusnih trsova osigurava provjereni i sortno čisti sadni materijal. Cilj ovog rada je provesti analizu unutarsortne varijabilnosti bezvirusnih klonskih kandidata sorte 'Kleščec bijeli' koji su korišteni kao izvorni trsovi za podizanje matičnog nasada sorte. U istraživanju su korišteni mladi listovi 20 klonskih kandidata sorte 'Kleščec bijeli' čija je DNA izolirana nakon liofilizacije koristeći PeqGold Plant kit (Peqlab GmbH, Njemačka). Nakon toga napravljena je AFLP analiza sa 4 kombinacije početnica (Vos i sur. 1995.). Nakon PCR reakcija fragmenti su elektroforetski razdvojeni ABI 3130 genetičkim analizatorom i veličine fragmenata očitane su pomoću GeneMapper 4.0 softverskog paketa (AppliedBiosystems, SAD). Iz dobivenih veličina fragmenta napravljena je binarna matrica, izračunat "Simple Matching" koeficijent sličnosti i utvrđena razina unutarsortne varijabilnosti sorte 'Kleščec bijeli'. Grapevine is a perennial crop that is propagated vegetatively and currently there exists several thousands of varieties in the world. The variety ‘Kleščec bijeli’ (Vitis vinifera L.) is grown on limited areas in only several locations, among others around Križevci. In the past, ‘Kleščec bijeli’ has been neglected and considered to be a synonym with the German variety ‘Knipperle’ which is also known as ‘Ortlieber’. It was recently discovered that the variety ‘Kleščec bijeli’ is a unique genotype and can be considered as a new Croatian autochthonous variety (Pejić et al., 2013.) and a project was initiated to revitalize the variety using sanitary and genetic selection of clonal candidates. After many years of vegetative propagation within the grape varieties spontaneous mutations may occur and due to the nature of propagation they remain fixed in the genome (Meneghetti et al., 2012.). Selecting the vines whose characteristics deviate from the average of the variety is the backbone of clonal selection, which combined with the selection of virus-free vines provides verified and varietal purity of planting material. The aim of this study is to analyze the intravarietal variability of the clonal candidates of ‘Kleščec bijeli’, which are free from economically important viruses, and were used as mother vines for a mother block of the variety. In this study young leaves of 20 virus-free clonal candidates of ‘Kleščec bijeli’ were used. DNA was isolated after freeze-drying using the PeqGold Plant kit (Peqlab GmbH, Germany). AFLP analysis was performed using 4 primer combinations (Vos et al. 1995.). After the PCR reaction, fragments were separated electrophoretically using an ABI 3130 genetic analyzer and the fragment sizes were determined using a GeneMapper 4.0 software package (AppliedBiosystems, USA). Resulting fragment sizes were used for the construction of a binary matrix which was used for the calculation of a "Simple Matching" similarity coefficient which was used to evaluate the intravarietal variability of ‘Kleščec bijeli’.

Moslavac je autohtona sorta vinove loze koja se uzgaja na području kontinentalne Hrvatske. S klonskom selekcijom ove sorte započelo se 2010. godine, dok su klonski kandidati (odabrani u postupku pozitivne masovne selekcije) ove sorte posađeni 2012. godine na području Međimurja (Sv. Urban) od kada se na njima provode daljnja istraživanja. Istraživanje je provedeno u 2015. godini na 32 klonska kandidata pri čemu je utvrđena znatna razlika kod najvažnijih gospodarskih karakteristika kao što su: prinos, broj grozdova po trsu, prosječna masa grozda, mehanički sastav, te u osnovnim pokazateljima kakvoće mošta (sadržaj šećera, ukupna kiselost i pH-vrijednost). Rezultati istraživanja trebali bi doprinijeti u izdvajanju klonskih kandidata u daljnjem postupku individualne klonske selekcije. Moslavac (Furmint) is a croatian native grape variety grown in the area of continental Croatia. The proces of clonal selection of this variety began in 2010. The clone candidates of this variety, selected in the positive mass selection, have been planted in 2012 in Međimurje on the location of Sv. Urban for further researches. The survey was conducted in 2015 on 32 clonal candidates which reveal a significant difference in the most important economic characteristics such as grape yield, uvometric research, composition of grapes and berries and must quality (sugar content, total acidity and pH values). The results from this research should contribute to the separation of clonal candidates in the further process of the individual clonal selection.