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Background Tumor hypoxia is associated with resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), nimorazole, an oxygen mimic, combined with radiotherapy (RT) enabled to improve loco-regional control (LRC) in some patients with hypoxic tumors but it is unknown whether this holds also for radio- chemotherapy (RCTx). Here, we investigated the impact of nimorazole combined with RCTx in HNSCC xenografts and explored molecular biomarkers for its targeted use. Methods Irradiations were performed with 30 fractions in 6 weeks combined with weekly cisplatin. Nimorazole was applied before each fraction, beginning with the first or after ten fractions. Effect of RCTx with or without addition of nimorazole was quantified as permanent local control after irradiation. For histological evaluation and targeted gene expression analysis, tumors were excised untreated or after ten fractions. Using quantitative image analysis, micromilieu parameters were determined. Results Nimorazole combined with RCTx significantly improved permanent local control in two tumor models, and showed a potential improvement in two additional models. In these four models, pimonidazole hypoxic volume (pHV) was significantly reduced after ten fractions of RCTx alone. Our results suggest that nimorazole combined with RCTx might improve TCR compared to RCTx alone if hypoxia is decreased during the course of RCTx but further experiments are warranted to verify this association. Differential gene expression analysis revealed 12 genes as potential for RCTx response. When evaluated in patients with HNSCC who were treated with primary RCTx, these genes were predictive for LRC. Conclusions Nimorazole combined with RCTx improved local tumor control in some but not in all HNSCC xeno-grafts. We identified prognostic biomarkers with the potential for translation to patients with HNSCC.

The cultivation of Coffee is an agricultural resource worldwide, particularly in tropical countries, providing a livelihood for 20-25 million small-scale farmers and experiencing a steady increase in demand on the global market. Remarkable increases in productivity have been observed in major producing countries such as Brazil, China, and Vietnam since 1961. This study examined the impact of cultivation regions on the loss of biodiversity per kilogram of Coffee beans and the ecological consequences of Coffee production in different regions. The study quantified the influence of Coffee cultivation on biodiversity using the countryside Species-Area-Relationship (SAR) model. The world was divided into various eco-regions, and vulnerability was assessed based on area, species diversity, and threat level. The ten largest Coffee-producing countries were investigated, with Mexico and Colombia exhibiting a higher potential species loss per kilogram of Coffee compared to other countries. Specifically, Mexico required a large area of 34.64 square meters per kilogram of Coffee, indicating inefficient Coffee cultivation. Colombia showed a significant impact on biodiversity due to cultivation in biologically valuable regions with high biodiversity. Furthermore, the impacts of different biomes on potential species loss were analysed. Three biomes were identified with a higher proportion of lost species per kilogram of Coffee: tropical and subtropical moist forests, tropical and subtropical dry forests, and tropical and subtropical coniferous forests. Three of Brazil's largest cultivation areas are located in biomes with lower potential species loss per kilogram of Coffee, indicating that it is possible to identify areas that yield high productivity while minimizing species loss. To reduce biodiversity loss in existing Coffee plantations, it is recommended to implement agroforestry systems with native plant species. These systems not only provide habitats for various taxa but also, Der Anbau von Kaffee ermöglicht weltweit und vor allem in tropischen Ländern 20-25 Millionen Kleinbauern den Lebensunterhalt, wobei die Nachfrage auf dem Weltmarkt stetig steigt. Entsprechend verzeichnen laut Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Hauptproduktionsländer wie Brasilien und Vietnam seit 1961 Produktivitätssteigerungen. Diese Studie untersuchte den Einfluss des Anbaulands auf den Biodiversitätsverlust pro Kilogramm Kaffeebohnen und die ökologischen Auswirkungen des Kaffeeanbaus auf die Biodiversität in verschiedenen Regionen. Der Einfluss des Kaffeeanbaus auf die Biodiversität wurde mithilfe des Land-Arten-Flächenverhältnis (SAR) Modells quantifiziert. Für eine differenzierte Analyse der Vulnerabilität wurde unter Berücksichtigung der Parameter «Fläche», «Artenvielfalt» und «Bedrohungsstufe» zwischen verschiedenen Ökoregionen unterschieden. Untersucht wurden die zehn grössten Kaffeeproduktionsländer, wobei Mexiko und Kolumbien einen höheren potenziellen Artenverlust pro Kilogramm Kaffee aufwiesen als andere Länder. Insbesondere Mexiko benötigte eine Fläche von 34.64 m2 pro Kilogramm Kaffee, dieser Wert liegt 20.43 m2 über dem durchschnittlichen Landverbrauch, dies deutet auf einen ineffizienten Kaffeeanbau hin. In Kolumbien wurde in Regionen, die eine grosse Biodiversität aufweisen, eine starke Veränderung der Biodiversität als Folge des Kaffeeanbaus festgestellt. Des Weiteren wurden die Auswirkungen verschiedener Biome auf den potenziellen Artenverlust analysiert. Dabei wurden drei Biome identifiziert, die einen höherer Anteil an verschwundenen Arten pro Kilogramm Kaffee aufwiesen: die tropischen und subtropischen feuchten Laubwälder, die tropischen und subtropischen trockenen Laubwälder sowie die tropischen und subtropischen Nadelwälder. Drei der grössten Anbaugebiete Brasiliens befinden sich jedoch in Biomen mit einem geringeren potenziellen Artenverlust pro Kilogramm Kaffee. Dies zeigt, dass es möglich ist, Anbaugebiete zu identifizieren, die hohe

Bush, George Walker, 1946–, 43d President of the United States (2001–9), b. New Haven, Conn. The eldest son of President George H. W. Bush, he was was raised in Texas and, like his father, attended Phillips Academy in Andover, Mass., and Yale, graduating in 1968. He subsequently earned a Harvard M.B.A. (1975) and worked in the oil and gas industry (1975–86). Bush helped manage his father's 1988 presidential campaign, then became managing partner (1989–94) of the Texas Rangers baseball team. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Shakespeare, William, 1564–1616, English dramatist and poet, b. Stratford-upon-Avon. He is widely considered the greatest playwright who ever lived. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Napoleon I (nəpō′lēən, Fr. näpôlāōN′), 1769–1821, emperor of the French, b. Ajaccio, Corsica, known as the Little Corporal. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Remote sensing data has great potential for wildfire detection and monitoring with enhanced spatial resolution and temporal coverage. Earth Observation satellites have been employed to systematically monitor fire activity over large regions in two ways: (i) to detect the location of actively burning spots (during the fire event), and (ii) to map the spatial extent of the burned scars (during or after the event). Active fire detection plays an important role in wildfire early warning systems. The open-access of Sentinel-2 multispectral data at 20-m resolution offers an opportunity to evaluate its complementary role to the coarse indication in the hotspots provided by MODIS-like polar-orbiting and GOES-like geostationary systems. In addition, accurate and timely mapping of burned areas is needed for damage assessment. Recent advances in deep learning (DL) provides the researcher with automatic, accurate, and bias-free large-scale mapping options for burned area mapping using uni-temporal multispectral imagery. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is to evaluate multispectral remote sensing data (in particular Sentinel-2) for wildfire detection, including active fire detection using a multi-criteria approach and burned area detection using DL models. For active fire detection, a multi-criteria approach based on the reflectance of B4, B11, and B12 of Sentinel-2 MSI data is developed for several representative fire-prone biomes to extract unambiguous active fire pixels. The adaptive thresholds for each biome are statistically determined from 11 million Sentinel-2 observations samples acquired over summertime (June 2019 to September 2019) across 14 regions or countries. The primary criterion is derived from 3 sigma prediction interval of OLS regression of observation samples for each biome. More specific criteria based on B11 and B12 are further introduced to reduce the omission errors (OE) and commission errors (CE). The multi-criteria approach proves to, Fjärranalysdata har stor potential för upptäckt och övervakning av skogsbränder med förbättrad rumslig upplösning och tidsmässig täckning. Jordobservationssatelliter har använts för att systematiskt övervaka brandaktivitet över stora regioner på två sätt: (i) för att upptäcka placeringen av aktivt brinnande fläckar (under brandhändelsen) och (ii) för att kartlägga den brända ärrens rumsliga omfattning ( under eller efter evenemanget). Aktiv branddetektering spelar en viktig roll i system för tidig varning för skogsbränder. Den öppna tillgången till Sentinel-2 multispektral data vid 20 m upplösning ger en möjlighet att utvärdera dess kompletterande roll i förhållande till den grova indikationen i hotspots som tillhandahålls av MODIS-liknande polaromloppsbanesystem och GOES-liknande geostationära system. Dessutom krävs en korrekt och snabb kartläggning av brända områden för skadebedömning. Senaste framstegen inom deep learning (DL) ger forskaren automatiska, exakta och förspänningsfria storskaliga kartläggningsalternativ för kartläggning av bränt område med unitemporal multispektral bild. Därför är syftet med denna avhandling att utvärdera multispektral fjärranalysdata (särskilt Sentinel- 2) för att upptäcka skogsbränder, inklusive aktiv branddetektering med hjälp av ett multikriterietillvägagångssätt och detektering av bränt område med DL-modeller. För aktiv branddetektering utvecklas en multikriteriemetod baserad på reflektionen av B4, B11 och B12 i Stentinel-2 MSI data för flera representativa brandbenägna biom för att få fram otvetydiga pixlar för aktiv brand. De adaptiva tröskelvärdena för varje biom bestäms statistiskt från 11 miljoner Sentinel-2 observationsprover som förvärvats under sommaren (juni 2019 till september 2019) i 14 regioner eller länder. Det primära kriteriet härleds från 3-sigma-prediktionsintervallet för OLS-regression av observationsprover för varje biom. Mer specifika kriterier baserade på B11 och B12 införs vidare för att minska utelämningsf, QC 20210525

Lincoln, Abraham (lĭng′kən), 1809–65, 16th President of the United States (1861–65). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Jefferson, Thomas, 1743–1826, 3d President of the United States (1801–9), author of the Declaration of Independence, and apostle of agrarian democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Clinton, Bill (William Jefferson Clinton), 1946–, 42d President of the United States (1993–2001), b. Hope, Ark. His father died before he was born, and he was originally named William Jefferson Blythe 4th, but after his mother remarried, he assumed the surname of his stepfather. After graduating from Georgetown Univ. (1968), attending the Univ. of Oxford as a Rhodes scholar (1968–70), and receiving a law degree from Yale Univ. (1973), Clinton returned to his home state, where he was a lawyer and (1974–76) law professor. In 1974 he was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives. Two years later, he was elected Arkansas's attorney general, and in 1978 he won the Arkansas governorship, becoming the nation's youngest governor. Defeated for reelection in 1980, he regained the governorship in 1982 and retained it in two subsequent elections. Generally regarded as a moderate Democrat, he headed the centrist Democratic Leadership Council from 1990 to 1991. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Washington, George, 1732–99, 1st President of the United States (1789–97), commander in chief of the Continental army in the American Revolution, called the Father of His Country. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich (stä′lĭn, Rus. vĭsəryô′nəvĭch stä′lyĭn), 1879–1953, Soviet Communist leader and head of the USSR from the death of V. I. Lenin (1924) until his own death, b. Gori, Georgia. His real name was Dzhugashvili (also spelled Dzugashvili or Djugashvili); he adopted the name Stalin (man of steel) about 1913. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Rousseau, Jean Jacques (zhäN zhäk rōōsō′), 1712–78, Swiss-French philosopher, author, political theorist, and composer. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Roosevelt, Theodore, 1858–1919, 26th President of the United States (1901–9), b. New York City. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (dĕl′ənō rō′zəvĕlt), 1882–1945, 32d President of the United States (1933–45), b. Hyde Park, N.Y. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

У навчальному посібнику розглядаються основні питання біогеографії: біоми суші, флористичне, фауністичне і біотичне районування суші; районування Світового океану; питання ареології (хорології). Посібник призначений для студентів спеціальності 101 «Екологія», а також для викладачів біології, географії, екології., The schoolbook covers the main issues of biogeography: land biomes, floristic, faunistic and biotic land zoning; zoning of the oceans; issues of areology (chorology). The manual is intended for students of specialty 101 «Ecology», as well as for teachers of biology, geography, ecology., В учебном пособии рассматриваются основные вопросы биогеографии: биомы суши, флористическое, фаунистическое и биотическое районирования суши; районирование Мирового океана; вопрос ареологии (хорологии). Пособие предназначено для студентов специальности 101 «Экология», а также для преподавателей биологии, географии, экологии.

Marshall, John, 1755–1835, American jurist, 4th chief justice of the United States (1801–35), b. Virginia. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Luther, Martin, 1483–1546, German leader of the Protestant Reformation, b. Eisleben, Saxony, of a family of small, but free, landholders. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Livingston, family of American statesmen, diplomats, and jurists. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Leonardo da Vinci (də vĭn′chē, Ital. lāōnär′dō dä vēn′chē), 1452–1519, Italian painter, sculptor, architect, musician, engineer, and scientist, b. near Vinci, a hill village in Tuscany. The versatility and creative power of Leonardo mark him as a supreme example of Renaissance genius. He depicted in his drawings, with scientific precision and consummate artistry, subjects ranging from flying machines to caricatures; he also executed intricate anatomical studies of people, animals, and plants. The richness and originality of intellect expressed in his notebooks reveal one of the greatest minds of all time. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (lĕn′ĭn, Rus. vlədyē′mĭr ĭlyēch′ lyĕ′nĭn), 1870–1924, Russian revolutionary, the founder of Bolshevism and the major force behind the Revolution of Oct., 1917. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Lee, Robert Edward, 1807–70, general in chief of the Confederate armies in the American Civil War, b. Jan. 19, 1807, at Stratford, Westmoreland co., Va.; son of Henry (Light-Horse Harry) Lee. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Knox, John, 1514?–1572, Scottish religious reformer, founder of Scottish Presbyterianism. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Kennedy, John Fitzgerald, 1917–63, 35th President of the United States (1961–63), b. Brookline, Mass.; son of Joseph P. Kennedy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Kant, Immanuel (ĭmän′ōōĕl känt), 1724–1804, German metaphysician, one of the greatest figures in philosophy, b. Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Joyce, James, 1882–1941, Irish novelist. Perhaps the most influential and significant novelist of the 20th cent., Joyce was a master of the English language, exploiting all of its resources. His novel Ulysses, which is among the great works of world literature, utilizes many radical literary techniques and forms. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Johnson, Andrew, 1808–75, 17th President of the United States (1865–69), b. Raleigh, N.C. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Jesus or Jesus Christ (jē′zəs krīst, jē′zəz), 1st-century Jewish teacher and prophet in whom Christians have traditionally seen the Messiah [Heb.,=annointed one, whence Christ from the Greek] and whom they have characterized as Son of God and as Word or Wisdom of God incarnate. Muslims acknowledge him as a prophet, and Hindus as an avatar (see avatara). He was born just before the death of King Herod the Great (37 B.C.–4 B.C.) and was crucified after a brief public ministry during Pontius Pilate's term as prefect of Judaea (A.D. 26–36). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

James I, 1566–1625, king of England (1603–25) and, as James VI, of Scotland (1567–1625). James's reign witnessed the beginnings of English colonization in North America (Jamestown was founded in 1607) and the plantation of Scottish settlers in Ulster. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Adams, John, 1735–1826, 2d President of the United States (1797–1801), b. Quincy (then in Braintree), Mass., grad. Harvard, 1755. John Adams and his wife, Abigail Adams, founded one of the most distinguished families of the United States; their son, John Quincy Adams, was also President. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Innocent III, b. 1160 or 1161, d. 1216, pope (1198–1216), an Italian, b. Anagni, named Lotario di Segni; successor of Celestine III. Innocent III was succeeded by Honorius III. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Hoover, Herbert Clark, 1874–1964, 31st President of the United States (1929–33), b. West Branch, Iowa. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Homer, principal figure of ancient Greek literature; the first European poet. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]