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Leaf-associated fungi, the fungi that depend on leaves to sporulate, have a rich Cenozoic record, however their earlier diversity is poorly characterized. Here we describe Harristroma eboracense gen. et sp. nov., a Middle Jurassic leaf-associated fungus colonizing the leaf cuticle of Nilssonia tenuicaulis (cycadophyte). To place our newly described species into a picture of the diversification of Mesozoic fungi, we reassess fossils with leaf-associated stromata in the context of fungal molecular phylogeny. Being melanized, with radiate stromata, and on leaves, H. eboracense and other fossils from the Jurassic and earlier periods are probably related to filamentous Ascomycota in the superclass Leotiomyceta. Characters needed for further resolution of leaf-associated fungal biology and classification, such as the presence of an ostiole for spore discharge and appressoria for entry into leaf tissue first appear in the Mesozoic fossil record. Among Early Cretaceous fossils, Spataporthe taylorii represents the oldest unambiguous evidence of perithecial Sordariomycetes while Protographum luttrellii and Bleximothyrium ostiolatum are the oldest Dothideomycetes thyriothecia. Environmental observations show that broad leaved gymnosperms (especially cycadophytes) growing in warm temperate wet forests might have been the first environment for the radiation of Leotiomyceta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the sixth contribution in a series devoted to the phylogeny and taxonomy of powdery mildews. This part includes our third treatment of the species of the genus Erysiphe. It continues the previous contribution on the phylogenetic-taxonomic assessment of the species belonging to the “Microsphaera lineage.” Since this is a large lineage, we have split the treatment of the “Microsphaera lineage” into two parts. Phylogenetic trees based on rDNA are supplemented by sequences of additional markers (CAM, GAPDH, GS, RPB2, and TUB). The “Erysiphe trifoliorum complex” is a challenging group that belongs to the “Microsphaera lineage.” Adequate clarification of this complex will be possible when additional worldwide multilocus sequence analyses are performed. The new species Erysiphe acetosae, E. acmisponis, E. lathyrina, E. salmoniana, and E. santalicola are described, and the new combinations E. biuncinata and E. pavoniae are introduced. Specimens of several species have been sequenced for the first time, particularly North American species, such as Erysiphe caryae, E. ceanothi, E. juglandis-nigrae, and E. ravenelii. Erysiphe syringae is lectotypified and 15 species names are epitypified in order to provide ex-epitype reference sequences. For other species, non-ex-type reference sequences are proposed for phylogenetic-taxonomic purposes. Ex-type sequences for Erysiphe baptisiicola, E. sesbaniae, Microsphaera sydowiana, M. umbilici, and Oidium pavoniae have been retrieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the temperate mixed oak forests of Central Europe, outbreaks of insects such as the spongy moth, Lymantria dispar, can cause severe defoliation and insecticide is sometimes applied for their control. Parasitoids, mainly Hymenoptera and Diptera, are among the most diverse and important natural enemies of caterpillars in these forests. However, due to their cryptic lifestyle and taxonomic difficulties, we lack knowledge on the impact of insecticide applications on complex host‐parasitoid networks.In a large‐scale field experiment, we tested the effect of spraying the lepidopteran‐specific insecticide Mimic (tebufenozide) on the abundance and community composition of both adult and larval parasitoids. We combined morphological identification, DNA barcoding and metabarcoding to identify parasitoids adult or inside caterpillars, both sampled by canopy fogging during an outbreak and two subsequent years. We analysed the abundance of parasitoids, community composition and network specialisation using statistical methods that account for sample incompleteness in host‐parasitoid data.For adult parasitoid assemblages, we found strong annual effects on abundance, with highest numbers of adult parasitoids occurring in the outbreak year, as well as on annual changes in community composition, but no effect linked to insecticide application. However, the abundance and species number of immature parasitoids revealed negative effects of insecticide application, while community composition was only affected by annual variation.Coverage‐based network analyses showed a reduction of taxonomic network diversity and network specialisation associated with insecticide application in the first 2 years.Synthesis and applications: This real‐world experiment shows that parasitoid populations respond immediately to large‐scale outbreaks but only limited to local disturbances. Results indicate that this group of natural enemies exhibits high mobility, enabling them to track host populations across large spatial scales. However, our observation of reduced network specialisation after insecticide application is a warning signal that ecosystem function, and consequently natural pest control services, may be impaired by human interference at the local stand scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hibiscus is a charismatic genus of the Malvaceae family that is noted for its diversity, lacking identifiable characteristics for distinguishing its various species. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop authentication methods for genus delimitation and species delineation. The present study aims to discern the taxonomic relationships between the well-known, globally familiar, and economically important five Hibiscus species, namely: H. × rosa-sinensis, H. sabdariffa, H. schizopetalus, H. syriacus and H. tiliaceus based on traditional morphological and anatomical characteristics compared to the contemporary chemotaxonomy. In this context, the leaf-based methanolic extracts of the studied species were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC–MS) to estimate their secondary metabolites similarity. In addition, selected qualitative morphological and anatomical traits including leaf venation patterns, epidermal micromorphology, stomata types and trichomes diversity, petiole serial sectioning (outline, adaxial groove features, vasculature traces arrangement), and midrib characteristics of the studied species were investigated. The results of both chemotaxonomy and traditional taxonomy exhibited a remarkable agreement in the delineation of the five studied species. Specifically, the chemotaxonomy-based dendrogram separates the studied species into two main clusters with the H. sabdariffa as an outlier species in a single cluster and the remaining four species as another cluster with variant distances in its similarity indices. Similarly, the traditional morphological and anatomical characteristics revealed distinct traits for H. sabdariffa compared to the remaining four species. The findings of this study highlight the significance of integrating the structural features with phytochemicals profiling as a potential approach that could be harnessed for the delineation of the taxonomically challenging Hibiscus genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study assesses the phylogenetic position of certain Thai members of Gymnema, Gymnemopsis, and Sarcolobus in relation to other known Marsdenieae species. Fifteen accessions newly sequenced from Thailand were added to the dataset of the homologous sequences of 125 accessions of Marsdenieae downloaded from GenBank. In our molecular phylogeny, almost all the delimited major clades and their relationships are largely congruent with those revealed in previous studies. The monophyly of Gymnema (including the former Jasminanthes species) and that of Sarcolobus, as presently circumscribed, are confirmed. The new accessions of these two genera from Thailand are well grouped with the members of their respective genera. Our analyses provide the first molecular evidence for recognition of Gymnemopsis, a small Asian genus that has never been included in the previous phylogenetic studies, as a distinct genus. All elements of Gymnemopsis are retrieved as a well-supported monophyletic group that is strongly supported as sister to Lygisma, another small Asian genus that most closely resembles it in growth habit, color of latex, indumentum on plant parts, corona structure and follicle traits. Combined molecular phylogenetic, morphological and ecological data also support recognition of two new Sarcolobus species from Thailand, Sarcolobus busbanianus sp. nov. and S. flavus sp. nov. Similarities and differences between these new species and their close relative, S. carinatus, are discussed. In addition, this study also reveals the first record for Thailand of Gymnema lacei. Keys to the species of Gymnemopsis (for all members of the genus), Gymnema and Sarcolobus (for Thai members of these genera) are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ticks transmit pathogens of veterinary and public health importance. Understanding their diversity is critical as infestations lead to significant economic losses globally. To date, over 90 species across three families have been identified in South Africa. However, the taxonomy of most species has not been resolved due to morphological identification challenges. DNA barcoding through the Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) is therefore a valuable tool for species verifications for biodiversity assessments. This study conducted an analysis of South African tick COI barcodes on BOLD by verifying species on checklists, literature, and other sequence databases. The compiled list represented 97 species, including indigenous (59), endemics (27), introduced (2), invasives (1), and eight that could not be classified. Analyses indicated that 31 species (32%) from 11 genera have verified COI barcodes. These are distributed across all nine provinces with the Eastern Cape having the highest species diversity, followed by Limpopo, with KwaZulu-Natal having the least diversity. Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma, and Argas species had multiple barcode index numbers, suggesting cryptic diversity or unresolved taxonomy. We identified 21 species of veterinary or zoonotic importance from the Argasidae and Ixodidae families that should be prioritised for barcoding. Coordinating studies and defining barcoding targets is necessary to ensure that tick checklists are updated to support decision-making for the control of vector-borne diseases and alien invasives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new species of Sternoppia (Sternoppia) (Oribatida, Sternoppiidae)—S. (S.) venezuelaensissp. nov. and S. (S.) parareticulatasp. nov.—are described, based on materials collected from leaf litter in northern Venezuela. Sternoppia (Sternoppia) venezuelaensissp. nov. differs from the closely related species, S. (S.) sphaerodendron, by the morphology of the bothridial seta head, the length of the notogastral setae h2, h3, the presence of the notogastral seta c, number of the genital setae, and the distance between epimeral setae 3a. Sternoppia (Sternoppia) parareticulatasp. nov.differs from the closely related species, S. (S.) reticulata, by the body size, the morphology of the bothridial seta head, the location of the costulae, and the presence of the notogastral seta c. A new location and habitat for S. (S.) vicina are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species, Rhabdocarpais trispinosus Yao & Jin sp. nov. is described based on adults and deutonymphs from Yunan province, China. Four species, Parasitus brachychaetus Ma, P. clavasetosus Ma, P. simplendogynii Ma & Bai and P. wangdunqingi Ma, are transferred from the genus Parasitus to Rhabdocarpais based on the seta st1 of female forked distally, spurs on genu and tibia of leg II bilobed, the venter of the hypostome elevated forward and forming a protuberance in the male, and seta po stout and pilose distally. An identification key to the known species of Rhabdocarpais in China is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate species delimitation and phylogenetic reconstruction are vital to understand biodiversity assessments, conservation management, evolutionary patterns, evolutionary processes, and historical biogeography. The taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Neolissochilus (Cyprinidae) have a confusing history. We investigated the taxonomy and phylogeny of this group and related lineages using complete mitochondrial genome sequence data from 53 Cyprinidae species and one outgroup species. These analyses show that the monophyly of Neolissochilus and Tor is not supported. N. benasi might represent a new genus, and T. qiaojiensis should be moved into Neolissochilus. We estimated divergence times, evaluated the monophyly of this group, their relationship to other cyprinids, as well as the time course and geography of speciation. The results indicated that the family Cyprinidae likely diverged from other taxa during the Eocene (ca. 54.78 Mya), and species of various genera began to undergo massive diversification events during the Cenozoic Tertiary. The differentiation and diffusion of the family Cyprinidae might be attributed to the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau uplift events, one of the geological events marking the Cenozoic Tertiary period, which cut off genetic exchange between populations through geographic isolation, thus facilitating genetic divergence between populations and eventually leading to the formation of new species. In addition, the results of this study still need further improvement. The limitations are mainly due to the small sample size and the use of only mitochondrial data; therefore, it still needs to be further verified by combining nuclear genome data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe two new small-bodied species of South Asian Cnemaspis from Kanyakumari District of Tamil Nadu State, India. The two new species are sister taxa, forming a well-supported, previously unsampled clade of South Asian Cnemaspis that we name the kanyakumariensis clade. This new clade is recovered with weak support as the sister taxon to the goaensis clade. Both the new species together can be easily distinguished from all other peninsular Indian clades by a combination of non-overlapping morphological characters such as small size with snout to vent length < 40 mm, femoral pores only present in males, presence of spine-like tubercles on flanks, and condition of the subcaudals. They can also be distinguished from each other by several characters such as the number of dorsal tubercles around the body, short vs long spine-like tubercles on flank, and the arrangement of keeled subcaudal scales. They also differ by uncorrected pairwise sequence divergence of 10.2 and 2.9% for ND2 and 16S, respectively. This work reveals that even the low-elevation coastal hills of southern India have ancient, endemic lineages and require protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aegla is a genus of freshwater anomuran crabs encompassing 94 described species occurring in meridional South America. Brazil harbours the greatest diversity of species, mainly in its southern region, which becomes a priority area for Aegla conservation due to high species richness and phylogenetic diversity, elevated endemism and threats to the Atlantic Forest. Here, we assessed Aegla richness and distribution in this priority area and tested the hypothesis of crypticism in the region's species. Sampling sites were distributed inside and in the surroundings of five protected areas, covering the major distribution range of several species described for southern Brazil. We applied three species delimitation methods to COI mitochondrial gene data, coupled with phylogenetic and morphological analyses. By integrating species delimitation based on the COI data and traditional taxonomy, we uncovered a high proportion of hidden diversity among Aegla in our study area and identified ten known species besides impressive 17 new putative species. Of these, eight are possible new taxonomic units that do not conform to any known species, and nine are divided into three cryptic groups: Aegla jarai complex, Aegla franciscana complex and Aegla camargoi complex. Most of these species have a narrow spatial distribution, making them highly vulnerable to habitat degradation. Despite the real richness of the genus still being largely unknown, the high diversity revealed here makes our study area the richest known region regarding the number of Aegla species within its distribution, making this area even more worthy for conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating different lines of evidence is currently recognized as the most robust approach to investigating taxonomic questions, particularly those concerning cryptic diversity. In recent years, different sources of evidence have pointed to new cryptic taxa for bats, with the genus Hsunycteris being an excellent study group because of its large karyotypic variability and high genetic divergence revealed by the latest taxonomic and systematic reviews. This study tests the cryptic diversity hypothesis for the Hsunycteris thomasi complex through an integrative approach using species delimitation, phylogenetic analysis, chromosome painting, and linear morphometry. Our results suggest the existence of three lineages for H. thomasi that are morphologically indistinguishable, confirming the two previously described lineages in the literature and adding a third. We argue that the paraphyly in H. thomasi, as reported by previous studies, should be treated as independent species since they have unique evolutionary histories. Finally, we demonstrate that chromosomal and molecular methods are indispensable for recognizing and confirming groups that include cryptic species or species with confusing and controversial taxonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For two decades, DNA barcoding and, more recently, DNA metabarcoding have been used for molecular species identification and estimating biodiversity. Despite their growing use, few studies have systematically evaluated these methods. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of barcoding methods in identifying species and estimating biodiversity, by assessing their consistency with traditional morphological identification and evaluating how assignment consistency is influenced by taxonomic group, sequence similarity thresholds and geographic distance. We first analysed 951 insect specimens across three taxonomic groups: butterflies, bumblebees and parasitic wasps, using both morphological taxonomy and single‐specimen COI DNA barcoding. An additional 25,047 butterfly specimens were identified by COI DNA metabarcoding. Finally, we performed a systematic review of 99 studies to assess average consistency between insect species identity assigned via morphology and COI barcoding and to examine the distribution of research effort. Species assignment consistency was influenced by taxonomic group, sequence similarity thresholds and geographic distance. An average assignment consistency of 49% was found across taxonomic groups, with parasitic wasps displaying lower consistency due to taxonomic impediment. The number of missing matches doubled with a 100% sequence similarity threshold and COI intraspecific variation increased with geographic distance. Metabarcoding results aligned well with morphological biodiversity estimates and a strong positive correlation between sequence reads and species abundance was found. The systematic review revealed an 89% average consistency and also indicated taxonomic and geographic biases in research effort. Together, our findings demonstrate that while problems persist, barcoding approaches offer robust alternatives to traditional taxonomy for biodiversity assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient and accurate classification of DNA barcode data is crucial for large‐scale fungal biodiversity studies. However, existing methods are either computationally expensive or lack accuracy. Previous research has demonstrated the potential of deep learning in this domain, successfully training neural networks for biological sequence classification. We introduce the MycoAI Python package, featuring various deep learning models such as BERT and CNN tailored for fungal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequences. We explore different neural architecture designs and encoding methods to identify optimal models. By employing a multi‐head output architecture and multi‐level hierarchical label smoothing, MycoAI effectively generalizes across the taxonomic hierarchy. Using over 5 million labelled sequences from the UNITE database, we develop two models: MycoAI‐BERT and MycoAI‐CNN. While we emphasize the necessity of verifying classification results by AI models due to insufficient reference data, MycoAI still exhibits substantial potential. When benchmarked against existing classifiers such as DNABarcoder and RDP on two independent test sets with labels present in the training dataset, MycoAI models demonstrate high accuracy at the genus and higher taxonomic levels, with MycoAI‐CNN being the fastest and most accurate. In terms of efficiency, MycoAI models can classify over 300,000 sequences within 5 min. We publicly release the MycoAI models, enabling mycologists to classify their ITS barcode data efficiently. Additionally, MycoAI serves as a platform for developing further deep learning‐based classification methods. The source code for MycoAI is available under the MIT Licence at https://github.com/MycoAI/MycoAI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a diagnostic challenge in veterinary pathology involving a mandibular mass in a cow. The cow, raised on an organic milk farm in Italy, presented with a large mass in the right mandibular area. The mass was found to be composed of fibrosclerosing tissue with pyogranulomas containing colonies of coccobacilli. Bacterial identification revealed the presence of Mannheimia granulomatis, a gram-negative rod causing focal proliferative fibrogranulomatous panniculitis in cattle. The study highlights the importance of clinical examination, histological findings, and bacterial identification in diagnosing such lesions in animals. [Extracted from the article]

AbstractAdesmia is the most species-rich genus in the informal Adesmia clade and temperate South America Leguminosae. The pollen morphology, ultrasculpture, and ultrastructure of 25 species of Adesmia were studied using light, scanning, and electron transmission microscopy to explore micromorphological data informative to the taxonomy of the genus. Additionally, a principal component analysis was performed to elucidate patterns of quantitative data variation among species concerning the most recent molecular data. We provide novel data about the genus, a comprehensive description of the pollen grains and sexine ultrasculpture, and descriptions of the exine ultrastructure. Furthermore, we suggest delimiting two pollen types based on the size of equatorial and polar axis dimensions to help in future palynotaxonomic studies and character optimisation focusing on pollen traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The jumping spider Marpissa marina (Goyen, 1892) is endemic to Aotearoa New Zealand. In this paper, we redescribe the species. Marpissa marina was placed in the Northern Hemisphere genus Marpissa due to its subjective similarity to spiders in that genus. The original description lacked modern morphological diagnoses and useful illustrations. The description was based largely on the female, and therefore lacked the taxonomically important characters seen in the male pedipalp. Previous literature has suggested M. marina may be related to the Australian genus, Maratus Karsch, 1878. We applied an integrative taxonomic approach based on diagnostic morphological characters and molecular analysis for a more detailed species description and assignment into an appropriate genus. Morphological features indicate that M. marina belongs to Maratus. This is supported by phylogenetic analyses using DNA sequences from the nuclear gene Actin 5C and the mitochondrial gene 16S ribosomal RNA. We transfer Marpissa marina into the genus Maratus, as Maratus marinus (Goyen, 1892), new combination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As defining various taxonomic ranks, especially at and within a specific level, can often be difficult, we used an evolutionarily young group of Central Asian beetles, the genus Anoplistes, to examine the limits between species, subspecies and ecotype. The molecular data (COI genetic distance, haplotype network and species delimitation) and detailed morphology (using SEM) of taxa assigned to the rank of species, subspecies and ecotype were used to verify their taxonomic status and attempt to more precisely establish the boundaries between these concepts. The minimum threshold for the COI genetic distance between species was found to be approximately 3%, while at the threshold of 4%–5% the morphology left no doubt as to the species distinctiveness. The threshold of approximately 2% was accepted as adequate for a subspecies rank, whereas intraspecific variability among individuals of the same subspecies (including its ecotypes) ranged from 0% to 2%. A newly presented colour/elytral pattern form, possibly another ecotype of A. halodendri distributed in western Mongolia, exemplifies adaptation to different environmental conditions via ecological speciation. Our results provide support that ecotypes can form phylogenetically distinct clades. Based on the results of the haplotype network, it can be tentatively concluded that the sand ecotype was the incipient form from which further ecotypes and subspecies developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea bottom sampling of the Skerki Bank in the Strait of Sicily updates the census of marine molluscs inhabiting a biogeographically key sector of the Mediterranean Basin. One single dredge haul at 112-m depth yielded 110 molluscan species belonging to Gastropoda, Bivalvia, and Scaphopoda, of which 41 are new records for Tunisian jurisdictional waters, including three gastropod species new to science. Nearly all the species are shared with the fauna inhabiting the adjacent Italian waters, and most of them are reported also from Malta. We stress that sites characterized by a relevant species richness, diagnosed by hosting more than 100 species, inclusive of rare taxa, are important areas for conservation in need of adequate management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Craspedia G.Forst., a genus of tribe Gnaphalieae (Compositae/Asteraceae), is confined to Australia and New Zealand. Twelve species, including Craspedia blepharia Breitw. & Courtney, which we are describing here, are now recognised in New Zealand. Craspedia blepharia is known only from Garibaldi Ridge in Nelson/Tasman, South Island of New Zealand. It is a strong calcicole, confined to exposed, vertical surfaces of limestone cliffs and dolines and quartzose sandstone cliffs which receive calcium-rich seep-water. Its rosettes grow either individually or in dense clumps on cliff faces, thus allowing the plants to receive water from surface water flow. It is distinguished from other New Zealand Craspedia by its rosette leaves clad with a hispid adaxially very dense and abaxially sparse indumentum of very long (2.2–3 mm), usually curved, uniseriate, multiseptate, usually slightly brown or colourless, translucent trichomes that may have a very thin curly, flagellate tip, and leaf margins with a thin white rim formed by the flagellate tips of these long, curved trichomes. We are providing the formal taxonomic treatment together with illustrations and descriptions of its morphology, distribution, habitat, ecology, phenology, and etymology, as well as an assessment of its conservation status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tardigrade diversity and distribution are enigmatic in most parts of the globe, and only some European countries can boast of a relatively well-studied water bear fauna. However, even these suffer from the lack of genetic data, which would substantiate faunistic data and make biogeographic comparisons easier. Denmark has never been intensively and systematically researched in this regard, thus a citizen science sampling of cryptogams (mosses, liverworts, and lichens) was launched in spring 2023, aiming at a comprehensive biodiversity survey across this insular country. Nearly 700 samples were selected out of 8.000 sent to NHMD, based on the quality of samples, representativeness of various regions of Denmark, and the type of substrate to allow unravelling of potential ecological associations between tardigrades and cryptogams. Importantly, a large fraction of morphological identifications was backed up by DNA barcode data based on ITS-2 (1001 sequences), and in some cases also on COI (93 sequences) and ITS-1 (22 sequences) molecular markers, which are recognised DNA fragments used in species delimitation. We quadruple the number of known Danish limno-terrestrial tardigrade species (55 spp. reported in this paper vs. 14 spp. reported in literature so far, most of which were contentious due to the insufficient knowledge on tardigrade taxonomy), demonstrating the power of integrative taxonomy. No fewer than nine spp. are new to science. This is the first case where tardigrade fauna of an entire country is examined both from morphological and DNA barcoding data perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies suggest that race is no longer viewed as a biological category by most anthropologists in the United States, but less empirical work has been carried out in other countries. In this study, we engaged the Polish academic community in anthropology (biological and cultural) and biology by conducting surveys to assess how its members approach and conceptualize race in these disciplines. We surveyed participants (a total of 270 respondents) on their views on the existence of races (i.e. whether humans may be subdivided into biological races), whether race is a concept that is needed in science, what the term ‘race’ should symbolize, and whether the respondents were familiar with the term ‘social race’. The results demonstrate that although the view on the reality of races is still generally shared by the majority of the studied academic community, an awareness of the non‐existence of races in our species has emerged among a group of biological anthropologists. Both biologists and cultural anthropologists in Poland associated race mostly with a category of biological classification, while for biological anthropologists, race primarily symbolized a relic of the past. The article emphasizes the importance of becoming acquainted with the debate over race in academic discourse as well as the role of education in shaping attitudes towards race. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiversity exploration is incomplete, with a substantial gap between described and undiscovered species. Biases occur in these taxonomic descriptions, favoring easily observable and common species, leading to a skewed representation of ecological diversity, particularly in marine environments where deep‐sea life and smaller invertebrate groups remain underexplored. Here, we examine dynamics of taxonomic bias in describing marine biodiversity, emphasizing the relationship between the size of species and the timing of their formal description. Analyzing data from over 62 000 marine animal species across nine phyla, we find a significant inverse correlation: smaller species are consistently described more recently. This pattern persists across taxa and habitats, with fluctuations observed over time, including notable inflections coinciding with historical events and technological advancements. These results underscore the implications of taxonomic bias for ecological understanding and conservation efforts, emphasizing the importance of completing inventories of marine life, particularly focusing on small‐bodied, potentially threatened species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the classification, biology, and management of Drosophila species (Diptera: Drosophilidae) with a focus on entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) as a biocontrol strategy. Drosophila species, particularly Drosophila suzukii, and Drosophila melanogaster have emerged as significant pests in various agricultural systems, causing extensive damage to fruit crops. Understanding their taxonomic classification and biological traits is crucial for developing effective management strategies. This review delves into the life cycle, behavior, and ecological interactions of Drosophila species, highlighting the challenges posed by their rapid reproduction and adaptability. The review further explores the potential of EPF as an eco-friendly alternative to chemical pesticides. The mode of action of EPF against Drosophila species is examined, including spore adhesion, germination, and penetration of the insect cuticle, leading to host death. Factors influencing the efficacy of EPF, such as environmental conditions, fungal virulence, and host specificity, are discussed in detail. By synthesizing current research, this review aims to provide valuable insights into the application of EPF and to identify future research directions for enhancing the effectiveness of EPF-based control measures against Drosophila species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Two new species of Euathlus (Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich‐Königlichen Zoologisch‐Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 1875, 25, 125) from Argentina are described. Euathlus ameghinoi sp. n. and Euathlus ventus sp. n. are the first records for the Patagonian Steppe. Here we used mitochondrial DNA (cox1) to perform the first molecular phylogeny of some representatives of the genus. In addition, we present the first description of the sexual behaviour of the genus. Both molecular and cladistic morphological analysis showed the genus Euathlus as monophyletic, and new species were recovered as sister groups. New species show new morphological variations of typical characters for the genus (e.g. tibial apophyses and palpal organs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The Hemiphyllodactylus is a small gecko. Recently, many species belonging to the genus Hemiphyllodactylus have been discovered in the karst region. Therefore, we conducted a large scale of surveys and specimen collections in multiple karst areas of Yunnan Province. Three populations of Hemiphyllodactylus were found to be morphologically and molecularly distinct from known species, prompting us to describe them as three new species. Our study further illustrates the high diversity of Hemiphyllodactylus species within Yunnan Province. The karst landform in Yunnan Province, China, represents one of the most biodiverse regions for Hemiphyllodactylus. Previous research has revealed that the karst forests in this province host a greater diversity of Hemiphyllodactylus than previously acknowledged. However, substantial fundamental data essential for taxonomic and biogeographical studies are lacking. We conducted extensive surveys for Hemiphyllodactylus in the Yunnan Province that led to the discovery of three new species from Menglian Dai, Lahu, and Wa Autonomous County and Jinghong City based on morphological and genetic data. A phylogenetic reconstruction based on the ND2 gene (1038 bp) placed the three new species into clade 3 and clade 4 of Agung et al. The uncorrected genetic pairwise distance of the Menglian specimens were greater than 5.7%, and those of the Jinghong City specimens were greater than 5.2% and 8.5%, respectively. They could be distinguished from their congeners by body size, chin scales, internasal scales, ventral scales, dorsal scales, and the total number of femoral and precloacal pores. Furthermore, we update the distributional knowledge of the known species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mature splenic B‐cell lymphomas are an enigmatic group of lymphoid neoplasms that have long caused significant difficulty for the practicing pathologist due to overlapping diagnostic features among entities and the decreasing availability of splenic tissue for assessment. While some entities have highly characteristic and specific clinicopathological features (e.g. hairy cell leukaemia), others are substantially more difficult to recognise (e.g. splenic diffuse red pulp lymphoma). At the same time, classification systems have been evolving, resulting in multiple changes to the boundaries among these entities and even the existence of some entities in their own right. Moreover, unbiased multi‐omic interrogation (whole genome/transcriptome sequencing, methylome) of the splenic B‐cell lymphomas over the past decade has given us significant insights into the underling biology of these neoplasms. We present a clinicopathological perspective on the historical, current and future state of the diagnosis and classification of splenic B‐cell lymphomas integrating multi‐omic data and highlighting areas of focus for the field in order to continue to strive to improve patient outcomes through accurate diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Exploring biodiversity of Uruguayan vascular plants through DNA barcoding" published in Frontiers in Genetics on October 15, 2024, discusses the use of DNA barcoding to study the biodiversity of Uruguayan vascular plants. The study aims to address the decline in biodiversity in Uruguay by establishing a DNA barcode national network. By analyzing 171 sequences from four loci for 50 vascular plant species, the researchers identified suitable markers for plant DNA barcoding and contributed to the Uruguayan Barcode of Life Initiative. The study highlights the importance of creating a comprehensive public database for species identification and biodiversity research. [Extracted from the article]

Although new data and methodologies are gaining prominence in the field of taxonomy, the vast majority of terrestrial isopod species are still described solely based on morphology. The genus Benthana was recently revised and currently comprises 30 species found in South America. However, the broad geographic distribution of some species, coupled with the presence of few diagnostic characters, raises doubts about the validity of the described species. This study aimed to test the applicability of DNA Barcoding to assess the congruence between morphological and molecular identification of Benthana species. We analyzed 72 individuals belonging to 13 species from the scientific collection of the UFRGS Crustacean Laboratory. We obtained 24 sequences from ten Benthana species. The molecular phylogenies demonstrated that Benthana forms a paraphyletic group. Even at the species level, paraphyletic taxa were observed. Species delimitation methods revealed the presence of eight molecular entities within Benthana. Regarding genetic distances, we observed low intra-specific distances and significantly high inter-specific distances. Our results show that molecular analysis does not support the current taxonomy of Benthana. Therefore, a reassessment of the genus systematics based on integrative taxonomy is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The pathogen of Pantoea stewartii (Ps) is the causal agent of bacterial disease in corn and various graminaceous plants. Ps has two subspecies, Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartia (Pss) and Pantoea stewartii subsp. indologenes (Psi). This study presents two complete genomes of Ps strains including ATCC 8199 isolated from maize and PSCN1 causing bacterial wilt in sugarcane. The two bacterial genomes information will be helpful for taxonomy analysis in this genus Pantoea at whole-genome levels and accurately discriminated the two subspecies of Pss and Psi. Data description: The reference strain ATCC 8199 isolated from maize was purchased from Beijing Biobw Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (China) and the strain of PSCN1 was isolated from sugarcane cultivar YZ08-1095 in Zhanjiang, Guangdong province of China. Two complete genomes were sequenced using Illumina Hiseq (second-generation) and Oxford Nanopore (third-generation) platforms. The genome of the strain ATCC 8199 comprised of 4.78 Mb with an average GC content of 54.03%, along with five plasmids, encoding a total of 4,846 gene with an average gene length of 827 bp. The genome of PSCN1 comprised of 5.03 Mb with an average GC content of 53.78%, along with two plasmids, encoding a total of 4,725 gene with an average gene length of 913 bp. The bacterial pan-genome analysis highlighted the strain ATCC 8199 was clustered into a subgroup with a Pss strain CCUG 26,359 from USA, while the strain PSCN1 was clustered into another subgroup with a Ps strain NRRLB-133 from USA. These findings will serve as a useful resource for further analyses of the evolution of Ps strains and corresponding disease epidemiology worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The taxonomy of the Egyptian species of digger wasps of the genus Pseudoscolia Radoszkowski, 1876 (Crabronidae: Philanthinae) was reviewed. Six species were recorded: Pseudoscolia dewitzi (Kohl, 1889), P. efflatouni (Mochi, 1939), P. pharaonum (Kohl, 1898), P. sinaitica (Mochi, 1939), P. soikae (Mochi, 1939), and P. spinulicollis (Mochi, 1939). Pseudoscolia berlandi (de Beaumont, 1949) was treated as a doubtful record in the present study until otherwise confirmed. The hitherto unknown male of P. efflatouni was described and illustrated. The male P. spinulicollis was also recorded for the second time after being first described by Pulawski (1964). A key to the Egyptian species was provided. Illustrations to all important characters of species under study were also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conopomorpha sinensis (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), commonly known as the litchi fruit borer, is a devastating pest of litchi, leading to substantial economic losses in fruit production. The present study was incepted to supplement updated information on biology, morphometrics, integrative taxonomy, and phylogenetic analysis of C. sinensis. The duration of developmental stages such as egg, larval, pre-pupal, pupal, male and female adult lasts for 3.45 ± 1.13, 11.10 ± 2.52, 2.05 ± 0.51, 5.85 ± 0.88, 5.55 ± 1.00, and 9.00 ± 1.12 days, respectively. The average fecundity was 33.10 ± 6.84 eggs/female. The head capsule width for five larval instars was 0.11 ± 0.01, 0.18 ± 0.02, 0.34 ± 0.01, 0.58 ± 0.04, and 0.64 ± 0.06 mm, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed distinct species-groups formed by C. sinensis with other fruit borer species considered (C. cramerella , C. litchiella Bradley, and Thaumatotibia batrachopa (Meyrick)). Understanding the life cycle of C. sinensis and its correct identification is crucial for targeted pest control strategies. Traditional and molecular taxonomy assist in rapid and accurate species identification and understanding of the evolutionary relationships among Conopomorpha species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In highly specialised phytophagous insects, important insights on phylogeny of the involved insect group can be often inferred from the evolutionary history of their host plants, and vice-versa, as in the case for a new, peculiar species of pollen beetles, recently discovered in Central China (Hubei Province). This new species is described herein as Teucriogethes huangae Liu & Audisio, sp. nov., and information on its ecology and systematic position is provided. The new species, associated as larvae with a strongly isolated member of the genus Teucrium L. (Lamiaceae), T. ornatum Hemsl., exhibiting a problematic taxonomic position, represents in turn an isolated and morphologically rather aberrant taxon in its lineage, probably the largest in size (2.2–2.8 mm), and the first endemic representative of its genus in the whole Eastern Palaearctic. An updating of the taxonomic assessment of members of Teucriogethes and on possible evolutionary relationships with their larval host plants, based on an integrative taxonomy approach, is finally presented. A key to identification of all known species is also introduced. ZooBank: Pollen beetles of the genus Teucriogethes (Meligethinae) are strictly associated with the flowers of germanders, Teucrium (Lamiaceae). We analysed and described a new species, Teucriogethes huangae , recently discovered in Central China, associated as larvae with a strongly isolated member of Teucrium , T. ornatum. The new species occupies an isolated position inside Teucriogethes revealed by combining both morphological and molecular analyses, as well as bionomical data. This paper provides a significant contribution to many important evolutionary and taxonomical aspects of Teucriogethes. (Image credit: Meike Liu, Simone Sabatelli and Paolo Audisio.) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cycas is the second-largest genus of cycads in Australia and the sole cycad genus in Papua New Guinea. In contrast to the other Australian cycads, which are mainly pollinated by weevils of the Tranes group of Molytinae, the Australian Cycas species are pollinated by tiny weevils belonging to the subfamily Cossoninae but representing an unnamed genus. This study evaluates the taxonomic status of these weevils by combining morphological examination with molecular phylogenetic analyses and species delineation based on mitochondrial DNA. The results reveal that the Cycas -pollinating weevils in Australia comprise only one species, here described as Zimmiodes australis gen. et sp. nov. with another species in Papua New Guinea, described as Zimmiodes papuanus sp. nov. The phylogenetic analyses and morphological comparison reveal that Zimmiodes belongs in the tribe Pentarthrini of Cossoninae and that the related Tychiodes group includes not only Tychiodes Wollaston, Tychiosoma Wollaston and Nanoplaxes Heller but also Tyrpetes Heller and is also assignable to Pentarthrini. The conspecificity of Zimmiodes weevils from all Australian Cycas species sampled suggests the likely taxonomic oversplitting of the Australian Cycas species and thus provides new insights into the taxonomy of the Australian cycads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The threatened springsnail subgenus Alzoniella (Navarriella) in the Iberian Peninsula has been suggested to be an old and relict lineage of the family Hydrobiidae. The subgenus is represented by two morphological species, both endemic to the Pyrenees and their southern foothills. We conducted phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial and nuclear gene fragments of topotypes and other populations, four molecular species delimitation methods, and morphological examinations to clarify the uncertain systematic position of the subgenus within the family, assess its species diversity, and understand the population genetic structure of the two geographically restricted species. Our phylogenetic results revealed that Alzoniella (Navarriella) is distantly related to all other species of Alzoniella , even belonging to an independent subfamily-level clade, for which we introduce the new genus Navarriella and the new subfamily Navarriellinae subfam. nov. Molecular methods and geometric morphometric analysis of shell shape identified a single species in the new genus. The significant phylogenetic distance from other hydrobiid taxa, narrow distribution, and limited gene flow among its populations (estimated from mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences) highlight Navarriella as an isolated lineage within the family that requires urgent conservation attention. Furthermore, our results cast a new light on the northern Iberian Mountains as a dispersal barrier for ancient spring lineages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assignation of old type specimens is important for nomenclatural stability, but when it comes to ancient specimens, the use of certain techniques is sometimes not appropriate, due to the condition or age of the specimen. In this study, the supposedly polymorphic and monotypic genus Callirhinus Blanchard was analysed with geometric morphometric techniques and photographs of the pronotum, with the purpose of identifying the locality of the old type specimen (19th century) and to test a priori defined hypothetical species by cumulation of evidence within an integrative taxonomic protocol using geometric morphometry, complemented by morphology and geographical discontinuity. Five morphotypes were defined a priori, and principal component, canonical variates analysis, and distances tests for the assignment of the type specimen based on canonical scores and Procrustes distances between means of groups were carried out. Statistical significance was found in four axes validating the species hypotheses, discovering that the type specimen belongs to the morphotype from Jalisco state. Additionally, a taxonomic treatment, the description of four new species, C. choperi Ramírez-Ponce & Zaragoza sp. nov. , C. nandu Ramírez-Ponce & Zaragoza sp. nov. , C. huiinis Ramírez-Ponce & Zaragoza sp. nov. , and C. veeme Ramírez-Ponce & Zaragoza sp. nov. , keys for the species determination, new distributional records, and a map are provided. The present work demonstrates that Geometric Morphometry is an adequate analytical tool that supports taxonomic identification at low cost and without damaging historical specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New Guinea is the largest tropical island in the world and hosts immense endemic biodiversity. However, our understanding of how the gradual emergence of the terrestrial ecosystems of the island over the last 40 Myr has generated this biological richness is hampered by poorly documented species diversity and distributions. Here, we address both these issues through an integrative taxonomy and biogeographical approach using Hylophorbus , a New Guinea-endemic genus of frogs with 12 recognized species. We delimited candidate species by integrating mitochondrial DNA, nuclear DNA, and bioacoustics, then investigated their evolutionary history. Our results suggest that the current taxonomy of the genus misses true species diversity by ≥3.5-fold. Nevertheless, most candidate species (27) remain unconfirmed because of missing data, whereas five were identified unambiguously as undescribed (we describe three of these formally). Time-calibrated phylogenetic analyses suggest that Hylophorbus diversification began ~9 Mya in the northern or eastern portion of New Guinea. It would appear that lineages dispersed to new terrestrial habitats in the west, notably uplifted by the central range orogeny, until eventually reaching the Bird's Head during the Mio-Pliocene (7–5 Mya). Conversely, a past barrier appears to have prevented north–south dispersal. These data suggest that new habitat availability has primarily driven the diversification of Hylophorbus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of Cryptognathus, C. deliciosussp. nov., is described from kiwifruit (Actinidiaceae: Actinidia deliciosa) imported from New Zealand on several occasions. The new species is most similar to C. australiensis Luxton, 1973, with which it shares very short dorsal setae. These collections represent two surprising findings. First, that Cryptognathidae, which are usually regarded as edaphic mites associated with damp habitats like moss, also occupy low arboreal habitats. Second, that these mites, which show potential for short-range endemism, include several species that could be spread around the world on agricultural produce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During a survey of marine biodiversity in the deep sea off northeastern Guam, two marine desmoscolecid nematodes belonging to the subgenus Tricoma were discovered. Tricoma (Tricoma) disparseta sp. nov. was described based on specimens collected from sponge and starfish habitats on a seamount at depths ranging from 1300 to 1500 m. Tricoma (Tricoma) disparseta sp. nov. is distinguished by having 59 to 62 main rings, 9 to 10 subdorsal setae, and 14 to 18 subventral setae on each side. Notable features include the differentiation in length and insertion between the subdorsal and subventral setae, as well as the amphid extending to the second or third main ring. Additionally, the spicules have a relatively small capitulum at the proximal end, while the gubernaculum is bent into a hooked shape. The specimen of T. (T.) longirostris observed in this study closely resembles previously reported specimens, characterized by 78 main rings, a long and narrow head shape, eight to nine subdorsal setae, 14 to 15 subventral setae, and a gubernaculum with a knobbed apophysis. Two Tricoma species from the Northwest Pacific Ocean are described in detail, and pictorial keys and comparative tables for species identification are provided for groups with 50 to 64 main rings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A synopsis of current knowledge of the diversity of the New Zealand landhopper fauna is provided. A combination of morphological and molecular analysis was employed on material from across New Zealand. Thirteen new endemic genera soon to be formally described have been discovered, including four belonging to the widespread families Talitridae and Arcitalitridae. These are families that had not been previously reported from New Zealand. We document the existence of at least 48 new provisional native species. This number far exceeds the 28 species currently described. Some described species are now shown to be species complexes, and a few of these are very diverse with numerous cryptic species. Six changes to the existing taxonomy are proposed. Dallwitzia simularis (Hurley, 1957) is transferred from Makawidae Myers & Lowry, 2020 to Talitridae Rafinesque, 1815; Kellyduncania hauturu (Duncan, 1994) is reinstated as a member of Dana Lowry, 2011; Kellyduncania (Lowry & Myers, 2019) is relegated to a synonym of Dana Lowry, 2011; Kanikania Duncan, 1994 is transferred from Makawidae Myers & Lowry, 2020 to Arcitalitridae Myers & Lowry, 2020; Parorchestia longicornis is transferred to Kanikania Duncan, 1994; Waematau kaitaia (Duncan, 1994) is transferred to Kohuroa Lowry, Myers & Nakano, 2019; and Waematau unuwhao (Duncan, 1994) is transferred to Omaiorchestia Lowry & Myers, 2019. This reduces the number of described New Zealand genera from 17 to 16. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We revise the taxonomy of the frog genus Noblella on the basis of a molecular phylogeny. Previous studies recognized that Noblella is non-monophyletic, with one clade distributed from southeastern Peru to northeastern Bolivia and adjacent areas in Brazil and another clade distributed from northern Peru to Ecuador and southeastern Colombia. The lack of sequences from the type species Noblella peruviana prevented the investigation of its phylogenetic position and the status of related taxa. Our rediscovery after more than 115 years allowed for the inclusion of DNA sequences of Noblella peruviana obtained from specimens collected at the type locality in southeastern Peru. We inferred a phylogeny based on a concatenated dataset (three mitochondrial and two nuclear loci) using Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods. Our phylogeny corroborated the non-monophyly of Noblella and helped resolve the status of related taxa, including Psychrophrynella bagrecito, the type species of the genus Psychrophrynella (rediscovered after 42 years). We identified a clade containing N. peruviana, P. bagrecito, and other species of Noblella and Psychrophrynella distributed in southern Peru. Given that the name Noblella predates Psychrophrynella, we propose that Psychrophrynella should be considered a junior synonym of Noblella. The second clade contains species of Noblella distributed in Ecuador and northern Peru, including N. myrmecoides, which used to be the type species of the genus Phyllonastes. Consequently, we propose to reinstate the genus Phyllonastes to accommodate all species of Noblella distributed in Ecuador, northern Peru, southeastern Colombia, and adjacent areas in Brazil. We present an updated taxonomy including new combinations for 12 species and reinstatements for three species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discolaimus haridwarensis sp. n. is described from agricultural fields of sugarcane in the Haridwar district, India. It is characterized by its 2.11–2.32 mm long body, lip region offset by deep constriction and 27–30 μm wide, odontostyle 20–23 μm long with aperture occupying 50–54% of its length, 436–487 μm long neck, pharyngeal expansion 57–59% of total neck length, uterus a simple tube-like structure 22–31 μm long or 0.3–0.5 times the corresponding body diameter, pars refringens vaginae absent, transverse vulva (V = 48–55), female tail conoid (34–40 µm, c = 53–68, c′ = 1.0–1.3) with rounded terminus, and males absent. The phylogenetic analysis inferred from the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA gene and 18S rRNA gene sequences showed that Discolaimus haridwarensis sp. n. clustered with other dorylaimid species from the genus Discolaimus and the subfamily Discolaiminae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyphellaceae, a small and under-studied family of Agaricales, includes mostly saprophytic taxa with varied basidiomes. In this study, we focus on wood-decay species with corticioid or stereoid basidiomes. Phylogenetic analyses of concatenated ITS-nrLSU sequences uncovered seven generic lineages of corticioid or stereoid fungi—Acanthocorticium, Cericium, Chondrostereum, Cunninghammyces, Gloeostereum, Granulobasidium, and Stratocorticium gen. nov. The genus Cericium is shown to be in the Cyphellaceae family, and two new species, Cericium gloeocystidiatum and Stratocorticium sinensis, are described from East Asia. Morphologically, Ce. gloeocystidiatum is characterized by resupinate basidiomes with smooth hymenophores, a dimitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and micro-binding hyphae, cystidia with resinous-like or golden yellow contents, and ellipsoid basidiospores. Stratocorticium is monotypic, differing from Cericium by a trimitic hyphal system of clamped generative, micro-binding, and brown, thick-walled skeletal-like hyphae, clavate to cylindrical cystidia with homogenous, colorless contents, and hyphidia. Descriptions and illustrations are provided for the new taxa and Cericium luteoincrustatum, and a key to corticioid or stereoid genera in Cyphellaceae is included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an extensive fungal investigation conducted in southern China, a large number of fungal strains were isolated by collecting and treating diseased and decayed leaves. Using internal transcribed spacer regions (ITSs) sequence data for a BLAST search to screen for suspected strains of Daldinia, followed by phylogenetic analysis using internal transcribed spacer regions, partial sequences of the large subunit of the rDNA (LSU), RNA polymerase II (rpb2), and beta tubulin (tub2) sequence data, combined with morphological characteristics of anamorphic species, ninety-four strains of Daldinia were identified. Furthermore, their geographical distribution and host specificity of the genus were thoroughly analyzed and summarized. Additionally, seven new anamorphic species of the genus Daldinia were also detected, Daldinia ehretiae sp. nov., D. jianfengensis sp. nov., D. ledongensis sp. nov., D. menghaiensis sp. nov., D. rhododendri sp. nov., D. spatholobi sp. nov., and D. thunbergiae sp. nov. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The corn leafhopper, an invasive insect and vector of corn stunt spiroplasma, has been reported in multiple counties in Oklahoma. Corn stunt spiroplasma-infected corn leafhoppers were also confirmed in the state. The corn leafhopper, Dalbulus maidis (DeLong and Wolcott) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), is an invasive insect that can cause damage to maize (Zea mays L.) in two ways: by direct feeding and the transmission of several plant pathogens. Dalbulus maidis is an invasive and serious economic pest of maize that has spread from its center of origin in Mexico to the southernmost parts of the United States. Prior to 2024, corn leafhoppers had not been documented in Oklahoma, and their spread northward toward the United States corn belt is of significant concern. Here, we provide the first reports of the insect in maize in several Oklahoma counties. Insect specimens were collected at various commercial and experimental field sites by Oklahoma State University research and extension personnel. The identity of the insect species was validated through morphological and molecular taxonomy. The presence records for the corn leafhopper presented here provide valuable information for future monitoring and management efforts of this economically important pest and disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jambu plants (Acmella oleracea) exhibiting necrotic angular leaf spots were collected in Belém—Pará, Brazil. Suspected to be a disease caused by nematodes, the jambu leaves were processed and the presence of nematodes from Aphelenchoides genus was observed using a light microscope. These nematodes were reared on Fusarium sp. and subsequently morphologically and molecularly characterized to species level. Aphelenchoides sp. associated with jambu exhibited morphological and morphometric characteristics similar to those within the A. besseyi complex (A. besseyi sensu stricto, A. oryzae and A. pseudobesseyi). Still, these characteristics were insufficient to confirm the identity of this population. However, the Bayesian inference analysis, utilizing the expansion segment of the large subunit (D2-D3 LSU) of nuclear ribosomal DNA, yielded results with a high posterior probability, indicating that the Aphelenchoides sp. associated with jambu belongs to the A. pseudobesseyi species. Under controlled conditions, the reproduction of the nematode in the leaf tissues (RF > 1) was observed, resulting in disease symptoms. The highest reproductive rate of A. pseudobesseyi (RF = 2.6) was observed from inoculation with 100 nematodes per leaf (500 nematodes per plant). Based on Seinhorst analysis, the tolerance limit in jambu plants infected with A. pseudobesseyi was 250 nematodes. It is concluded that A. pseudobesseyi is the etiological agent of the jambu angular leaf spot. For future evaluation of jambu resistance on A. pseudobesseyi, an inoculate maximum of 100 nematodes per leaf is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive survey of the octopus fauna around the Americas is presented to facilitate and accelerate the assessment of a full understanding of American octopus biodiversity. Brief accounts are provided summarizing research efforts on octopus species taxonomy, diversity and distribution in different regions of North and South America. Octopus americanus and O. insularis are compared and clearly distinguished from each other and from the closely-related European species, O. vulgaris. The use of genus names Paroctopus and Pinnoctopus is clarified. Included is a discussion of the recent application of genus name Paroctopus to warm-temperate and tropical species of small size, along with a cautionary note about species identifications in the light of past errors in misassigning large-to-giant cold-water species to genus Paroctopus. Related to problems with identifying species of Paroctopus, there is an appended note concerning misidentifications and the importance of thorough species descriptions to obtain species information at the levels of both phenotype and genotype. A lectotype is formally designated for Bathypolypus arcticus (Prosch, 1849); and the status of so-called 'Octopus giganteus' is reviewed briefly. A supplementary online database, AmeriCeph, provides basic information about all known octopus species of the Americas, including the institutional location of type material and the identification of voucher specimens and their depositories. DNA sequences registered in this database are not all fully compatible with barcoding standards. However, a subset of DNA sequences conforming to strict barcode identifications is provided in a second supplementary table, providing barcode sequences directly applicable also to improving standards of seafood traceability. This in turn contributes to building sustainability of exploited octopus fisheries stocks and identification of species suitable for aquaculture trials to meet the increasing commercial demand for octopus worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]