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Understanding of animal responses to dynamic resource landscapes is based largely on research on temperate species with small body sizes and fast life histories. We studied a large, tropical mammal with an extremely slow life history, the Western Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii), across a heterogeneous natural landscape encompassing seven distinct forest types. Our goals were to characterize fluctuations in abundance, test hypotheses regarding the relationship between dispersion dynamics and resource availability, and evaluate how movement patterns are influenced by abiotic conditions. We surveyed abundance in Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia, for 99 consecutive months and simultaneously recorded weather data and assessed fruit availability. We developed a Bayesian hierarchical distance sampling model to estimate population dispersion and assess the roles of fruit availability, rainfall, and temperature in driving movement patterns across this heterogeneous landscape. Orangutan abundance varied dramatically over space and time. Each forest type was important in sustaining more than 40% of the total orangutans on site during at least one month, as animals moved to track asynchronies in fruiting phenology. We conclude that landscape-level movements buffer orangutans against fruit scarcity, peat swamps are crucial fallback habitats, and orangutans' use of high elevation forests is strongly dependent on abiotic conditions. Our results show that orangutans can periodically occupy putative-sink habitats and be virtually absent for extended periods from habitats that are vitally important in sustaining their population, highlighting the need for long-term studies and potential risks in interpreting occurrence or abundance measures as indicators of habitat importance., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Retrospective reports of family environments are often the only way to collect data concerning the influence of a child's experience in the family on later development. However, the accuracy of retrospective measures can be problematic because of social desirability or potential failures of memory. The purpose of this study is to compare retrospective and prospective measures of family environment. In this unique study, 198 parents and 241 adolescent children (mean age 15.7) described their family environment, and then 25 years later completed retrospective reports. We test the effects of memory, positivity, gender, and generation on retrospective reports, as well as testing the ability of prospective and retrospective measures to predict adult well-being and adult-child/elder-parent relationships. Results show moderate correlations of .30 - .45 between prospective and retrospective measures. In examining the relative effectiveness of prospective and retrospective measures to predict later life outcomes, we find that retrospective reports of the family environment most validly capture influences on the child in domains of strong emotional content but are less successful in cognitive domains., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest

This prospective longitudinal study explores the relationship between marital functioning at midlife and in later life as measured by global coding of marital interaction process. Couples participated in home interviews at midlife, then again 25 years later. During home interviews at both waves couples completed a questionnaire describing their family, then discussed differences of opinion about the family. Marital system variables were coded by trained coders from taped discussions. Coded measures of the marital interaction supported a relationship between midlife and later life marriage. Connection at midlife was positively related to warmth/support and clear interpersonal boundaries in later life; more connection at midlife was also related to less depression in later life. More individuation at midlife was associated with less conflict in later life. Evidence was also found for enhanced marital functioning in later life: more warmth/support, clearer interpersonal boundaries, more comfort with differences, and less covert conflict.

Family is potentially a major support system for people of all ages. It can become particularly important for elders. On the basis of a 25-year longitudinal study, this article explores the contributions of family system functioning at parents' midlife to elderly parents' physical and mental health. Findings support the significant influence of the quality of the midlife/adolescent family life cycle stage on later life relationships between elderly parents and their adult children. Positive relationships with their adult children were important for both elderly parents' well-being. Frequency of contact with children was important for fathers-both for their well-being and for their physical health.

Interdisciplinary educational experiences provide opportunities for nursing students to gain knowledge regarding the contributions of other healthcare providers in ensuring quality patient care. The project, part of a family health course, brought together students from 5 disciplines to heighten awareness of the necessity of, and the call for, interdisciplinary education. The authors discuss the project and its structure to provide ideas to other educators who may want to integrate an innovative interdisciplinary experience into their course.

This prospective longitudinal study explores the differential effects of family connection and family individuation measured during adolescence on later midlife well-being. Home interviews were held in the 1970s with 99 families of 245 adolescents. Connection and individuation in the family system were measured by self-report, a projective exercise, and coding of taped family interactions. Twenty-five years later, telephone interviews were conducted with 54 men and 120 women (representing 82 families) who had been adolescents in the 1970s interviews. Family connection (measured during adolescence) was associated with self-acceptance and positive relationships at midlife partially mediated by marriage. Family individuation (measured during adolescence) was associated with personal autonomy at midlife.

This longitudinal study explores the association between family system characteristics measured during adolescence and later midlife well-being. Home interviews were held in the 1970s with 99 families with adolescents. Connection and individuation in the family system were coded from taped family interactions. Twenty-five years later, telephone interviews were conducted with 54 men and 120 women (representing 82 families) who were adolescents in the 1970s interviews. Family experiences during adolescence predicted adult well-being 25 years later. In a structural equation model, there was a direct effect of family both on the adolescents' later marriage and on well-being at midlife; for men, marriage also affected well-being. The results support the importance of connection and individuation in the adolescent family for adult well-being., (2005 APA, all rights reserved)

Using an indirect measure of family structure, relationships between parents and adolescents were studied in 99 U. S. and 60 Japanese families. As two-person relationships tend toward instability under stress, a third person may be drawn in to stabilize the system. Parents, for example, may avoid the tension in the marital relationship by focusing together on an adolescent's problem, or pull the adolescent into a coalition with one parent. Either way the parents are said to have "triangled" the adolescent. In this study, a relationship is found between parents avoiding tension in their own relationship and their tendency to triangle an adolescent. Triangled daughters, in both cultures, had lower scores on ego development, supporting the hypothesis that such patterns can be detrimental to the adolescent's personal development. The discussion includes comments on cross-cultural research.

A questionnaire was designed to determine the incidence of major injuries, severe colic, and acute laminitis in horses at American Horse Shows Association (AHSA) A- and B-rated shows, ie, those shows requiring a veterinarian in attendance. The questionnaire was sent to the show stewards and filled out by the attending veterinarians of the AHSA A- and B-rated shows held from January 1982 to October 1984. Of 2,952 questionnaires sent out, 799 (27%) were completed and returned by veterinarians; 99 of them were discarded because of incomplete or misleading information. The study revealed a low incidence of major injuries, severe colic, and acute laminitis in horses at AHSA A- and B-rated shows. In 700 horse shows surveyed, there was a total of 231 major injuries, severe colic, or acute laminitis. Considering that the shows surveyed had a median number of 193 horses and a median duration of 3 days, the 231 injuries represent a relatively small number, compared with the general population at risk.

The incorporation of tritiated thymidine, uridine and leucine, into the acid-precipitable material of DNA. RNA and proteins, respectively, was studied by autoradiography throughout the cell cycle of Amoeba proteus. DNA synthesis occupied the first 17 h of the cycle (57 h long) and 2 peaks between 0.5 and 9.13 h accounted for the majority of the thymidine incorporation. RNA synthesis was represented by a series of peak uridine grain counts, the 3 major peaks occurring at 10, 26-27 and 47-48 h. The incorporation of leucine also followed a pattern of peaks and dips, the main peaks occurring 1-2 h after the major increases in uridine incorporation. The fraction of label present over the nucleus decreased during the cell cycle, and this was probably due to a lowered incorporation of the leucine label by proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm and destined to become nuclear proteins. The incorporation patterns of 6 amino acids (arginine, aspartic acid, leucine, lysine, serine and valine) were studied individually during 3 periods of the cell cycle: 0-10 h (S phase); 20-30 h (early G2); and 40-50 h (mid-late G2). Variations in the intensity and timings of the incorporation maxima of the amino acids were observed, although the timings of increased grain counts of some of the amino acids frequently coincided. "Unique" incorporation peaks (i.e. only observed in one of the amino acids studied) possibly indicate the synthesis of phase-specific proteins. The amino acid and nucleoside incorporation profiles presented in this paper will enable the results obtained from future studies on amoebae to be related to the macromolecular synthesis patterns.

The fine structure of the nuclei of synchronously growing cell population of Amoeba proteus was studied at I-h intervals during the interphase. This study showed that the nuclear helices undergo increases in their number at certain stages during interphase. These changes were found to correlate with ultrastructural changes occurring in the nucleoli.

Tracer kinetic studies have revealed the existence of a variable pattern of 3H-amino acid incorporation into amoeba proteins during the early G2 phase of the cell cycle. Two peaks of incorporation of [3H]leucine were found to occur at 19 and 22 h, whereas a single peak at 17 h was noticed in the amoebae labelled with [3H]lysine. An almost 2-fold increase of the labelled amino acid incorporation occurred during the peak periods, while the other periods showed a more or less steady state of incorporation, suggesting a basal rate of synthesis at these times. In a detailed study involving the peaks and the basal incorporation period of [3H]leucine, it was shown that the removal of the nucleus or Actinomycin D treatment eliminated the peaks but the base line protein synthesis was not affected. This suggests that for the peak synthetic periods, mRNA is probably transcribed concurrently, followed by immediate translation, whereas long-life mRNA accounts for the basal synthetic activity.

Light- and electron-microscope autoradiography have been used to follow the incorporation of [3H]thymidine at different stages during the interphase of synchronously growing populations of Amoeba proteus. Two main patterns were found for tritiated thymidine incorporation, i.e. DNA synthesis. The major incorporation was in the central region of the nucleus, but a lesser degree of incorporation occurred in the nucleolar region. The bulk of this nucleolar DNA was found to be late replicating, i.e. it replicated during the G2 phase.

Autoradiography has been used to examine the migration of proteins from a radioactively labelled amoeba nucleus following transplantation into an unlabelled homophasic amoeba. Nuclei were transferred at three times in the cell cycle coinciding with DNA synthesis (4 h post-division); a peak of RNA synthesis (25 h); and a relative lull in synthetic activity (43 h). Six amino acids were added individually to the culture medium to label the nuclear proteins. Migration of the proteins from the donor nucleus was found to be greatest following the transfer of [3H]aspartic acid-labelled nuclei and least with protein labelled with the basic amino acids. All amino acids exhibited the greatest extent of migration following the 25-h transfers, i.e., coinciding with a peak of RNA synthesis at 26-27.5 h. Actinomycin D (actD) inhibition of RNA synthesis reduced, but did not eliminate the extent of protein migration from the transplanted nucleus, thus indicating the existence of two classes of migratory proteins. Firstly, proteins, associated with RNA transport, which migrated mainly into the host cytoplasm. The second class migrated into the host nucleus from the transplanted nucleus, irrespective of RNa synthesis. The shuttling character of the latter class of proteins is consistent with a role of regulation of nuclear activity.