Search

Abstract Background The spread of Popillia japonica in non-native areas (USA, Canada, the Azores islands, Italy and Switzerland) poses a significant threat to agriculture and horticulture, as well as to endemic floral biodiversity, entailing that appropriate control measures must be taken to reduce its density and limit its further spread. In this context, the availability of a high quality genomic sequence for the species is liable to foster basic research on the ecology and evolution of the species, as well as on possible biotechnologically-oriented and genetically-informed control measures. Results The genomic sequence presented and described here is an improvement with respect to the available draft sequence in terms of completeness and contiguity, and includes structural and functional annotations. A comparative analysis of gene families of interest, related to the species ecology and potential for polyphagy and adaptability, revealed a contraction of gustatory receptor genes and a paralogous expansion of some subgroups/subfamilies of odorant receptors, ionotropic receptors and cytochrome P450s. Conclusions The new genomic sequence as well as the comparative analyses data may provide a clue to explain the staggering invasive potential of the species and may serve to identify targets for potential biotechnological applications aimed at its control.

Stag beetles, recognized as common saproxylic insects, are valued for their vibrant coloration and distinctive morphology. These beetles play a crucial ecological role in decomposition and nutrient cycling, serving as a vital functional component in ecosystem functioning. Although previous studies have confirmed that stag beetles are predominantly fungivores, the fluctuations in their intestinal fungal communities at different developmental stages remain poorly understood. In the current study, high-throughput sequencing was employed to investigate the dynamic changes within intestinal fungal communities at various developmental stages in the stag beetle Dorcus hopei. Results showed that microbial diversity was higher during the larval stage than during the pupal and adult stages. Furthermore, significant differences were identified in the composition of the intestinal fungal communities across the larval, pupal, and adult stages, suggesting that developmental transitions may be crucial factors contributing to variations in fungal community composition and diversity. Dominant genera included Candida, Scheffersomyces, Phaeoacremonium, and Trichosporon. Functional predictions indicated a greater diversity and relative abundance of endosymbiotic fungi in the larval gut, suggesting a potential dependency of larvae on beneficial gut fungi for nutrient acquisition. Additionally, the application of abundance-based β-null deviation and niche width analyses revealed that the adult gut exerted a stronger selection pressure on its fungal community, favoring certain taxa. This selection process culminates in a more robust co-occurrence network of fungal communities within the adult gut, thereby enhancing their adaptability to environmental fluctuations. This study advances our understanding of the intestinal fungal community structure in stag beetles, providing a crucial theoretical foundation for the development of saproxylic beetle resources, biomass energy utilization, plastic degradation strategies, and beetle conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Damage caused by the cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) is the major constraint to cowpea grain production in most cowpea producing countries. The activity of fenugreek essential oil was evaluated against the one-week-old adults of C. maculatus which exhibited good activity with an LC50 value of 195.44 ppm. Two gamma radiation doses were chosen (50 and 100Gy) to study their combined effects with the LC75, LC50, LC25 and LC10 values of fenugreek essential oil on the mortality of C. maculatus adults. The weevils were subjected to gamma radiation then exposed to vapors of the volatile oils and mortality was recorded daily for four days. It was observed that mortality increased as a result of the combined effect of the two agents. Mortality percentages were 93.33, 81.66, 68.33, and 51.66% when one-week-old adults of C. maculatus were irradiated with 100Gy and exposed to LC75, LC50, LC25 and LC10 values of fenugreek essential oil, respectively, 96 h post-treatment. The irradiated weevils with 50Gy showed 85, 71, 60, and 45% mortality, respectively, 96 h post-treatment. The integration of fenugreek essential oil and gamma radiation is a safe, effective and affordable control method against cowpea weevils and they are promising to be the main components of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs of this weevil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiversity loss and vast forest diebacks due to climate change‐induced disturbances require adapted forest management strategies that reconcile economic interests and conservation. Tree species selection, including admixture of fast‐growing and drought‐tolerant non‐native species to native forests, is an increasingly considered approach. However, we lack data on how such mixtures affect native forest biodiversity, especially for the sparsely researched major above‐ground part of trees, the canopy.In 40 temperate forest plots in northwest Germany, we investigated how monocultures and admixtures of introduced fast‐growing conifers (native Norway spruce planted outside its natural range and non‐native Douglas fir) to native broadleaved European beech forests affect abundance, biomass, taxonomic and functional diversity and community composition of canopy beetles across trophic guilds. Diverse arthropod communities are vital contributors to forest health and resilience, and therefore valuable indicators to assess and evaluate forestry measures.Monospecific stands of non‐native Douglas fir reduced canopy beetle abundance and diversity compared to native European beech, exceeding the negative effects of Norway spruce. These effects were more pronounced for herbivorous beetles, while they were less strong for predators. Beetle communities in monospecific Norway spruce stands had low functional richness. European beech and mixtures with non‐native Douglas fir had high dissimilarity between local communities (turnover, i.e. beta diversity) and high total beetle diversity at landscape scale (gamma diversity). Mixtures generally mitigated the negative effects of introduced conifers, including shifts in species community composition compared to native European beech.Synthesis and applications: Monospecific stands of fast‐growing non‐native Douglas fir and native Norway spruce planted outside its natural occurrence showed undesirable effects such as low diversity and a shifted community composition of canopy beetles compared to native European beech. However, mixed stands mitigated negative effects and specifically admixed non‐native Douglas fir did not reduce species turnover and landscape‐scale beetle diversity. In line with recent studies on other forest taxa, we conclude that admixtures of introduced conifers to European beech forests, but not monospecific plantations, can potentially serve as a compromise between conservational and economic interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding variation in trait allometry and the drivers of variation in sexually selected traits is a major theme in evolutionary biology. The static allometries of sexually selected traits are often positive due to disproportional investment by large individuals into trait size. Comparative studies of weapon allometry are rare, and typically focus on variation along a single dimension (e.g. length), despite weapons often diverging dramatically in shape. Furthermore, studies predominantly focus on groups where weapons have evolved as novel structures (e.g. horns), despite most weapons arising from modifications of existing structures.We test the hypothesis that sexual selection drives variation in static allometry using a phylogenetic comparative approach with 59 brentine weevil species showing remarkable variation in trait exaggeration and sexual size dimorphism (SSD).Contrasting two dimensions of head size exaggeration (a sexually selected trait) and elytron length (a nonsexual trait), positive static allometry was common across both measures of male head size, but not females, and there was positive covariance between male head static allometry and SSD across species. Positive static allometry for male elytron length was less common, but did show positive covariance with SSD, possibly due to the function of wings as compensatory structures for bearing large weapons.Our findings support the hypothesis that sexual selection drives the evolution of allometries both within and among species, and that the modification of existing structures to be used as weapons does not limit the potential for positive static allometry. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carabid species richness and phylogenetic diversity were evaluated in the four biogeographic provinces present in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. Using a list of species and incorporating records obtained from a review of the Coleoptera Collection of the Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, 752 records were obtained, which included 138 species classified into six taxonomic categories. The provinces with the highest species richness are the Sierra Madre Oriental and the Chihuahuan Desert; those with the lowest species richness are the Transmexican Volcanic Belt and the Veracruzan province. The Chihuahuan Desert was the province with the greatest phylogenetic diversity, and the Sierra Madre Oriental the least diverse. This highlights the usefulness of complementary estimates in diversity analyses in regions with a variety of disparate biogeographical histories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite being successful in preventing pests from entering stored goods, residual synthetic pesticides have had a negative impact on the environment. However, the prohibitive cost of synthetic pesticides and the risk of target pests developing insecticide resistance have prompted researchers to develop alternative management strategies. Since plant-based pesticides are biodegradable and less dangerous for organisms other than the target species, they are a useful alternative to chemical pesticides. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of plant extract in preventing the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeous) (Coloptera: Curcolinidae) from infesting stored-products. For toxicity and synergism against S. oryzae, aqueous extracts of Cannabis sative L., Dodonaea visicosa L., and Parthenium hysterophorus L., were evaluated at different concentrations. D. viscosa and P. hysterophorus extract concentrations were 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0%, and C. sativa extract concentrations were 0.62, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5%. A completely random design with three replications was used, with distilled water serving as the control. The experimental setting was kept at 27± 2oC and 65±5% R.H. The findings showed that D. visicosa, P. hysterophorus, and C. sativa caused 97%, 90%, and 83% of mortalities at the highest doses, respectively. At highest concentrations, the mortalities found for binary combinations of D. viscosa and P. hysterophorus, D. viscosa and C. sativa, and P. hysterophorus and C. sativa, respectively, were 80%, 77%, and 70%. When used in combination, the effects of D. visicosa, P. hysterophorus, and C. sative produce 100% mortalities, indicating synergism. In single applications for all treatments, plant extracts were the most toxic. However, when used in combination, S. oryzae is completely killed. Phytochemical screening test all the compounds were detected but saponins and coumarins were higher in D. visicosa and P. hysterophorus. As a result, mixing plant extract greatly increases the effectiveness of reducing S. oryzae in storage facilities. Smallscale farmers may benefit from the study's findings since they may offer them a grain storage approach that is both practical and affordable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a single specimen from Eocene Baltic amber, Donacia (Protodonacia) bienkowskii subgen. et sp. nov. is described and illustrated. The new species is studied and illustrated in detail using X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT). It is the first described species of Donaciinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Baltic amber and from fossil resin in general. Ecological groups of beetles that have been associated with aquatic habitats in the Baltic amber forest communities are briefly discussed. The studied specimen represents the first known member of the ecological group 'phytophilous water beetles' in this assemblage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The 'concept of relative constancy of habitats' assumes that species differ in their habitat preferences depending on the regional temperature so that all populations experience similar microclimatic conditions. Our aim was to assess the relevance of this concept by disentangling the effects of shade level and regional temperature on southern and northern distributed saproxylic (=dead wood dependent) beetle species. Location: Sweden. Methods: We established a field experiment by placing 435 logs of Norway spruce (Picea abies) along shade gradients in six regions differing in regional temperature (along a 1200 km latitudinal gradient). For each log, we sampled the saproxylic beetle community and calculated the Community Temperature Index (CTI), indicating to what extent the community is dominated by southern or northern species. Results: Species richness and total abundance were better explained by shade level, whereas species composition was better explained by study region. In colder regions, CTI varied along the shade gradient, whereas in warmer regions, CTI was more similar along the shade gradient. Moreover, in colder regions, the number of southern species was higher in sun‐exposed logs, whereas in warmer regions, the number of southern species was higher in shaded logs. This supports the concept of relative constancy of habitats. In contrast, northern species preferred shaded conditions regardless of the regional temperature. Main Conclusions: Regional temperature, shade level and resulting microclimate are important drivers of species richness, total abundance and composition. Occurrence patterns of saproxylic beetle species follow to some extent the concept of relative constancy of habitats since their habitat preferences vary with regional temperature. Northern species are of conservation concern due to disadvantages by climate warming and clear‐cutting. They are favoured by preserving forests with rarely disturbed canopies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyanopterus ninghais (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a newly discovered gregarious ectoparasitoid, is a promising biological control agent against the third‐fifth instar larvae of the Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Effects of constant ambient temperatures (17, 20, 23, 26, 29 and 32°C) on the reproduction and development of the parasitoid were determined in the laboratory. Results showed that the pre‐oviposition periods of C. ninghais decreased gradually with increasing temperatures, ranging from 8.5 d (at 17°C) to 3.4 d (at 32°C). Both the parasitism rates and the number of offspring exhibited a parabolic trend in relation to increasing temperatures, with the highest parasitism rate being 80% (at 29°C) and the maximum number of offspring reaching 7.2 (at 26°C). Temperature did not significantly affect the emergence rate and sex ratio of progeny. The duration of each developmental stage was inversely correlated with temperature within the range of 20 to 32°C. The egg‐to‐adult development time was 32.3 d at 20°C and 12.5 d at 32°C. The developmental threshold temperatures for the egg, larva, pupa, and the entire generation were 8.6, 12.6, 12.8 and 12.1°C, respectively, and the effective accumulated temperatures were 34.3, 51.3, 148.9 and 240.0 Degree‐days, respectively. We concluded that temperatures in the range of 26 to 29°C are the most suitable for the development and reproduction of C. ninghais. These findings provide important information for improving the artificial rearing efficiency and field release of this parasitoid under different temperature conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomicus piniperda is a common pest of pine trees responsible for significant economic damage. Although the impact of T. piniperda on forestry is likely to increase in the future due to climate change, little is known about its dispersal within the United Kingdom (UK) or between continental Europe and the UK.This study addressed these knowledge gaps using mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA markers.Mitochondrial DNA revealed high levels of genetic diversity as previously reported for this species across Europe. Nuclear DNA diversity revealed two geographically incoherent groups (Scotland, Wales, Belgium and the Netherlands vs. England and Switzerland). These genetic patterns likely reflect a combination of historical gene flow, anthropogenic introduction and restricted contemporary gene flow between the UK and Europe.Significant structure was found among UK samples suggesting T. piniperda might not disperse extensively between pine stands. This differs from widespread gene flow across continental Europe and may be due to the low percentage of land covered by forests in the UK in addition to the high fragmentation of its forest cover.Genetic variation was higher among the Scottish samples compared to those from more southern clines, suggesting the potential proximity of Scotland to a Pleistocene glacial refuge for T. piniperda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early detection of invasive species is critical for preventing ecological and economic damage and maintaining ecosystem health. In Hawaiʻi, a complex of generalist ambrosia beetle species in the tribe Xyleborini (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) are threatening the health and productivity of forests and crops due to their association with tree diseases such as rapid ʻōhiʻa death (ROD) and key agricultural commodities including coffee and macadamia.We conducted trapping experiments to determine the efficacy of semiochemicals to attract and repel Xyleborini ambrosia beetles within two ʻōhiʻa (Metrosideros polymorpha) forests on the Island of Hawaiʻi. We compared the attraction of beetles to 100% ethanol and a 1:1 mixture of ethanol: methanol at Waiākea Forest Reserve and ʻŌlaʻa Forest in Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park. In addition, we tested the extent to which verbenone and verbenone + methyl salicylate repellents (SPLAT® Verb and SPLAT® Beetle Guard, respectively) deterred beetles from baited traps at Waiākea Forest Reserve in two separate experiments.For all invasive ambrosia beetle species, including Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xyleborus perforans, Xylosandrus compactus, and Xylosandrus crassiusculus, more beetles were captured in traps baited with 100% ethanol than 1:1 ethanol: methanol. Across all species, both repellents were effective, with fewer beetles captured in traps equipped with repellents.Our research demonstrates the utility of semiochemicals for attracting and repelling invasive ambrosia beetle species in Hawaiʻi, and the potential use of these tools for early detection and management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., has an indeterminate growth habit. Therefore, the plant growing season leads to crops with a large amount of immature vegetative and reproductive structures, thus requiring the use of defoliants to promote the abscission of these structures and enable mechanical harvesting. However, the use of defoliants can negatively affect the development of immature fruits.This study examined the influence of defoliants, applied alone or in combination with each other, on the formation of dry and malformed reproductive structures of cotton, known as dry bolls, used as shelter by the boll weevil Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman during cotton fallow periods. We investigated the influence of defoliants, applied alone, or combined with each other or with insecticide, on boll weevil mortality. In addition, we tested the susceptibility of boll weevils inside dry bolls to the action of insecticide.The results indicate that the defoliants can increase the number of dry bolls by up to 3.4 times, in relation to the control, 20 days after its application. The studied defoliants did not exert toxic effects on boll weevil when applied separately, nor synergistic effects of toxicity when combined with each other or with insecticides. At the end of the insecticide spraying experiments, the number of live boll weevils was 8.4 times greater when the insect was housed in dry capsules than when not housed.Defoliants can increase the formation of dry bolls, which can reduce boll weevil mortality due to insecticide application and hamper pest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metamasius callizona (Chevrolat) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is an invasive weevil destroying Tillandsia utriculata L. (Bromeliaceae) populations in Florida, USA. A T. utriculata population in Belize coexists with M. callizona without adverse effects. Tillandsia utriculata and M. callizona from Belize and Florida were studied in the laboratory to determine how Belize T. utriculata can coexist with Belize M. callizona, using Florida and Belize T. utriculata, as well as pineapple, Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. (Bromeliaceae), as host plants. Florida M. callizona on pineapple leaves produced more eggs per female per day and had a shorter developmental time and pupation period, as well as a smaller adult width, than Belize M. callizona. Florida and Belize weevils did not differ significantly in rates of egg hatch, pupation, and adult emergence. Florida M. callizona laid similar numbers of eggs per day on Florida and Belize T. utriculata. Egg hatch rates were similar on pineapple and Florida and Belize T. utriculata. Pupation rates were similar on pineapple and Florida T. utriculata leaves; no larvae on Belize T. utriculata attained fourth instar. Field and laboratory observations revealed that Belize and Florida M. callizona mined Belize T. utriculata without destroying the meristem, allowing plants to survive, but Belize M. callizona destroyed the core of pineapple tops. Soluble solids were greatest in pineapple and least in Belize T. utriculata. Leaf toughness was greatest in pineapple and least in Florida T. utriculata. Metamasius callizona biology and behavior and T. utriculata plant characteristics may drive the severity of weevil damage on populations of T. utriculata. The discovery of a T. utriculata population in Belize coexisting with M. callizona offers a possible way to control M. callizona in Florida. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The repellent capacity against Sitophilus zeamais and the in vitro inhibition on AChE of 11 essential oils, isolated from six plants of the northern region of Colombia, were assessed using a modified tunnel-type device and the Ellman colorimetric method, respectively. The results were as follows: (i) the degree of repellency (DR) of the EOs against S. zeamais was 20–68% (2 h) and 28–74% (4 h); (ii) the IC50 values on AChE were 5–36 µg/mL; likewise, the %inh. on AChE (1 µg/cm3 per EO) did not show any effect in 91% of the EO tested; (iii) six EOs (Bursera graveolens—bark, B. graveolens—leaves, B. simaruba—bark, Peperomia pellucida—leaves, Piper holtonii (1b*)—leaves, and P. reticulatum—leaves) exhibited a DR (53–74%) ≥ C+ (chlorpyrifos—61%), while all EOs were less active (8–60-fold) on AChE compared to chlorpyrifos (IC50 of 0.59 µg/mL). Based on the ANOVA/linear regression and multivariate analysis of data, some differences/similarities could be established, as well as identifying the most active EOs (five: B. simaruba—bark, Pep. Pellucida—leaves, P. holtonii (1b*)—leaves, B. graveolens—bark, and B. graveolens—leaves). Finally, these EOs were constituted by spathulenol (24%)/β-selinene (18%)/caryophyllene oxide (10%)—B. simaruba; carotol (44%)/dillapiole (21%)—Pep. pellucida; dillapiole (81% confirmed by 1H-/13C-NMR)—P. holtonii; mint furanone derivative (14%)/mint furanone (14%)—B. graveolens—bark; limonene (17%)/carvone (10%)—B. graveolens—leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve performance in terms of overshoot and motor response speed when a permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) with a proportional–integral (PI) controller is subjected to external disturbances, this paper proposes a speed control strategy based on an enhanced Beetle Antennae Search algorithm, which allows for adjustable parameters of the PI controller within a certain range. Firstly, to enhance the global and local search capabilities of each individual beetle, the step size was improved by linearly decreasing it. Secondly, a simulation model of a PMSM closed-loop control system was built to verify the effectiveness of the improved Beetle Antennae Search (BAS) algorithm. Finally, a linear feedback shift register model that generates four random numbers was developed on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The improved BAS algorithm for the PMSM control system was implemented on an FPGA using the Verilog hardware description language, and the feasibility of the system was verified through hardware simulation. Additionally, the hardware resource consumption on different FPGA platforms was analyzed. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed new speed control strategy can reduce the overshoot and improve the motor response speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During choriogenesis in insects, chorion (eggshell) is formed by surrounding follicular epithelial cells in ovarioles. However, the regulatory endocrine factor(s) activating choriogenesis and the effect of chemical components on eggshell deserve further exploration. In two representative coleopterans, a coccinellid Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata and a chrysomelid Leptinotarsa decemlineata, genes encoding the 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) receptor heterodimer, ecdysone receptor (EcR) and ultraspiracle (USP), and two chitin biosynthesis enzymes UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase (UAP) and chitin synthase (ChS1), were highly expressed in ovaries of the young females. RNA interference (RNAi)-aided knockdown of either HvEcR or Hvusp in H. vigintioctopunctata inhibited oviposition, suppressed the expression of HvChS1, and lessened the positive signal of Calcofluor staining on the chorions, which suggests the reduction of a chitin-like substance (CLS) deposited on eggshells. Similarly, RNAi of LdEcR or Ldusp in L. decemlineata constrained oviposition, decreased the expression of LdUAP1 and LdChS1, and reduced CLS contents in the resultant ovaries. Knockdown of LdUAP1 or LdChS1 caused similar defective phenotypes, i.e., reduced oviposition and CLS contents in the L. decemlineata ovaries. These results, for the first time, indicate that 20E signaling activates choriogenesis in two coleopteran species. Moreover, our findings suggest the deposition of a CLS on the chorions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phyllotreta striolata, the striped flea beetle, is one of the most destructive pests in Brassicaceae plants worldwide. Given the drawbacks associated with long-term use of chemical insecticides, green strategies based on chemical ecology are an effective alternative for beetle control. However, the lack of information on beetle ecology has hindered the development of effective biocontrol strategies. In this report, we identified two odorants, (S)-cis-verbenol and (−)-verbenone, which displayed significant attraction for P. striolata (p < 0.05), indicating their great potential for P. striolata management. Using the Drosophila "empty neuron" system, an antenna-biased odorant receptor, PstrOR17, was identified as responsible for the detection of (−)-verbenone and (S)-cis-verbenol. Furthermore, the interactions between PstrOR17 and (−)-verbenone or (S)-cis-verbenol were predicted via modeling and molecular docking. Finally, we used RNAi to confirm that PstrOR17 is essential for the detection of (−)-verbenone and (S)-cis-verbenol to elicit an attraction effect. Our results not only lay a foundation for the development of new and effective nonchemical insecticide strategies based on (S)-cis-verbenol and (−)-verbenone, but also provide new insight into the molecular basis of odorant recognition in P. striolata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, to determine an effective fungal agent against Dendroctonus micans (Kugelann, 1794) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), which causes significant economic losses in forested areas, Picea orientalis (L.) Link in Artvin between 2021-2022. Dendroctonus micans larvae and adults were collected from the trees, and 18 fungi were isolated from larvae and adult insects. Morphological (infection type, colony morphology, spore form) and molecular (ITS1-5.8S ITS2 gene region) characterization determined that the isolates were Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin, 1883 (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae), M. robertsii, M. pinghaense and Clonostachys rosea Samuels & Rossman, 1999 (Hypocreales: Bionectriaceae). Isolates M. robertsii (OZM4) and M. pinhaense (OZM9) have been isolated from this pest for the first time. As a result of insecticidal activity tests performed on D. micans larvae and adults of 1x107 spore/ml spore suspension, the larvae, M. anisopliae (OZM2), showed a mortality rate of 92% within 7 days and adults mortality was determined 100% at the end of the experiment, and mycosis rates were found to be consistent with mortality rates. These results show that isolates with high virulence are promising in microbial and integrated control applications against important forest pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A molecular tool has been set up for the unambiguous molecular identification of the ambrosia beetle, Xyleborinus saxesenii (Ratzeburg, 1837) (Coleoptera Curculionidae Scolytinae), the cosmopolitan fruit‐tree pinhole borer, widely distributed in temperate regions of the five continents, where it infests a wide range of hardwoods and softwoods. The test was based on real‐time PCR with TaqMan probe technology and was developed on whole insect bodies (adults) as well as on frass produced by the beetle. The test was shown to meet the criteria established by EPPO for the harmonization of molecular diagnostic methods. In particular, the test gave good results in terms of analytical specificity (inclusivity and exclusivity) and analytical sensitivity, and was fully repeatable and reproducible. Since X. saxesenii is one of the most commonly intercepted ambrosia beetles during phytosanitary controls worldwide, this practical diagnostic tool will be useful for its rapid identification of the beetle in biological material (frass, body fragments). The test can be useful in countries where X. saxesenii is a quarantine species, as well as in the EPPO region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diplogyniopsis fluctuosumsp. nov. associated with passalid beetles is described based on females from China on undermined passalid beetles, as well as on females and males from Thailand on Aceraius helferi (Coleoptera: Passalidae). The species represents the second known species of Diplogyniopsis Trägårdh, prompting us to redefine the genus diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal societies use nestmate recognition to protect against social cheaters and parasites. In most social insect societies, individuals recognize and exclude any non‐nestmates and the roles of cuticular hydrocarbons as recognition cues are well documented. Some ambrosia beetles live in cooperatively breeding societies with farmed fungus cultures that are challenging to establish, but of very high value once established. Hence, social cheaters that sneak into a nest without paying the costs of nest foundation may be selected. Therefore, nestmate recognition is also expected to exist in ambrosia beetles, but so far nobody has investigated this behavior and its underlying mechanisms. Here we studied the ability for nestmate recognition in the cooperatively breeding ambrosia beetle Xyleborinus saxesenii, combining behavioural observations and cuticular hydrocarbon analyses. Laboratory nests of X. saxesenii were exposed to foreign adult females from the same population, another population and another species. Survival as well as the behaviours of the foreign female were observed. The behaviours of the receiving individuals were also observed. We expected that increasing genetic distance would cause increasing distance in chemical profiles and increasing levels of behavioural exclusion and possibly mortality. Chemical profiles differed between populations and appeared as variable as in other highly social insects. However, we found only very little evidence for the behavioural exclusion of foreign individuals. Interpopulation donors left nests at a higher rate than control donors, but neither their behaviours nor the behaviours of receiver individuals within the nest showed any response to the foreign individual in either of the treatments. These results suggest that cuticular hydrocarbon profiles might be used for communication and nestmate recognition, but that behavioural exclusion of non‐nestmates is either absent in X. saxesenii or that agonistic encounters are so rare or subtle that they could not be detected by our method. Additional studies are needed to investigate this further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American burying beetle, Nicrophorus americanus Olivier (Coleoptera: Siliphidae), is a federally threatened species in the United States, occurring in less than 10% of its historic range. The continued monitoring of extant populations found in South Dakota, the northernmost edge of its confirmed range, is imperative to future conservation efforts, especially with the predicted loss of the species in southern regions because of climate change. Proposed strategies to preserve the species include the reintroduction or translocation of individuals from habitats that have become unsuitable. Beyond adequate habitat and carrion resource requirements, community-level silphid interactions may challenge these efforts because of competition. From 2018 to 2020, we used 80 carrion-baited pitfall traps per year to conduct two 5-day surveys in June and August. A total of 25,923 Silphidae belonging to 15 species were collected in 1200 trap nights. Cumulatively, 1150 N. americanus were captured and marked with 263 recaptures. Like past findings, N. americanus was concentrated in western Tripp County with limited occurrence in Gregory and Todd Counties, suggesting no expansion of their known range in the past decade. Generalized linear mixed-effects models indicated N. americanus abundance was significantly predicted by the co-occurrence of the carrion beetles Oieceoptoma inaequale F. and Oiceoptoma noveboracense Forster, whereas pitfall trap catches dominated by the burying beetle Nicrophorus marginatus F. had predictively less N. americanus. Collectively, these data provide insights into the existing, northernmost N. americanus population dynamics and silphid beetle communities. Concurrent with monitoring extant populations, the characterization of silphid communities that co-occur with N. americanus may provide much-needed information for managed relocation opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevation gradients provide a wealth of habitats for a wide variety of organisms. The southern Appalachian Mountains in eastern United States are known for their high biodiversity and rates of endemism in arthropods, including in high-elevation leaf-litter taxa that are often found nowhere else on earth. Trechus Clairville (Coleoptera: Carabidae) is a genus of litter inhabitants with a near-global distribution and over 50 Appalachian species. These span two subgenera, Trechus s. str. and Microtrechus Jeannel, largely restricted to north and south of the Asheville basin, respectively. Understanding the diversification of these 3–5 mm flightless beetles through geological time can provide insights into how the litter-arthropod community has responded to historical environments, and how they may react to current and future climate change. We identified beetles morphologically and sequenced six genes to reconstruct a phylogeny of the Appalachian Trechus. We confirmed the Asheville Basin as a biogeographical barrier with a split between the north and south occurring towards the end of the Pliocene. Finer scale biogeography, including mountain-range occupancy, was not a reliable indication of relatedness, with group ranges overlapping and many instances of species-, species group-, and subgeneric sympatry. This may be because of the recent divergence between modern species and species groups. Extensive taxonomic revision of the group is required for Trechus to be useful as a bioindicator, but their high population density and speciose nature make them worth additional time and resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants undergoing insect infestation release herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) into their environment, which are then used by natural enemies for their benefit. The pest Aleurothrixus floccosus, which affects citrus orchards in northern Chile, specifically at Pica Oasis, poses a year-round threat. Recently, the introduction of the exotic ladybird Clitostethus arcuatus has been noted as a predator of A. floccosus. This study delved into how HIPVs emitted from tangelo (Citrus reticulata × C. ×paradisi Macfad.) and lime (C. ×aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) infested-shoots impact the behavioral responses of C. arcuatus. The volatile compounds were collected using the headspace technique, revealing notable qualitative changes after herbivory. In two-choice bioassays, the HIPVs elicited an attractive response in C. arcuatus compared to A. floccosus. At concentrations of 10 and 100 µg mL-1, the predators displayed a distinct preference for methyl salicylate (MeSA). These findings underscore that C. arcuatus exploits the HIPVs emitted from citrus infested-shoots, fostering tritrophic interactions. Exploring the impact of whitefly attacks on other fruit trees, emerges as a significant avenue for future investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Both larvae and adults of the Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (F.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) can feed on potato, tomato, and eggplant leaves, though potatoes serve as the most suitable host for the H. vigintioctopunctata. Owing to the differing planting times of potatoes, tomatoes, and eggplants, H. vigintioctopunctata adults must migrate to tomato or eggplant leaves for feeding to ensure continuous food availability. Therefore, under wild field conditions, host transfer between larvae and adults of the H. vigintioctopunctata is a normal phenomenon. Generally, the feeding experiences of both larval and adult hosts influence the survival and reproduction of the adult ladybird beetle. To ascertain the impact of larval and adult hosts on the performance and preference of adults, we allow H. vigintioctopunctata larvae and adults to either continue or change their feeding experience on potato, tomato, and eggplant leaves. Our results indicate that the adult feeding host dictates the fecundity and preferences of the adult, independent of the larval feeding experience. While host switching between larval and adult stages yields fewer benefits for H. vigintioctopunctata performance compared to a consistent potato leaf diet, it facilitates food access for H. vigintioctopunctata. Hence, under wild field conditions, we can adjust the planting intervals between eggplants, tomatoes, and potatoes to prevent host switching between larva and adult H. vigintioctopunctata, thereby ecologically controlling the populations of H. vigintioctopunctata. Both larvae and adults of the Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata feed on leaves of potatoes, tomatoes, and eggplants. Given the variation in planting times of host plants in the Jianghan Plain, host switching between larvae and adults of H. vigintioctopunctata is inevitable to ensure continuous food availability. We evaluated the effect of consistent versus diverse larval and adult host plant feeding experience on growth performance, fecundity, longevity, and feeding preferences of H. vigintioctopunctata through match-mismatch experiments. Host plant quality significantly influences larval development and adult reproduction. Potatoes are identified as the optimal host plant for H. vigintioctopunctata, whereas eggplants significantly negatively affect the adult fecundity. Adult stage host feeding experience determines the fecundity of H. vigintioctopunctata, irrespective of the larval feeding experience. The fecundity of H. vigintioctopunctata adults on eggplant leaves remains significantly lower than that observed on potato leaves. Similarly, adult H. vigintioctopunctata demonstrate a preference for consuming potato leaves, irrespective of the larval feeding experience. Although host switching between larval and adult stages offers lesser benefits for the performance of herbivorous insects compared to a consistent diet with potato leaves, it maintains H. vigintioctopunctata population continuity amidst shortages of high-quality potato hosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, is a major problem for palm plantations worldwide. While chemical pesticides are known to be effective, their environmental impact and insecticide resistance pose serious concerns. Biological control approaches, such as employing entomopathogenic nematodes, can mitigate these challenges by focusing on pests while avoiding harm to the environment or non-target organisms. Our findings show that indigenous and commercial EPNs have the ability to manage red palm weevils. As a result, alternate methods, such as the use of entomopathogenic nematodes, are critical for the sustainable control of red palm weevils. The red palm weevil (RPW) is a significant threat to date palms. Conventional pest control has been ineffective. This study aims to evaluate entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) indigenous to Saudi Arabia and commercial against RPW. We used 33 soil samples collected from four areas of Saudi Arabia. The indigenous EPNs were isolated and cultured using an insect baiting method to obtain infective juveniles. Pathogenicity bioassays were conducted against different stages of RPW, including eggs, larvae, and adults. The bioassay was performed using all the isolates at 1 × 106 IJ/mL. Distilled water was used as a control. The results revealed that only 9.09% of soil samples contained positive EPNs. Through DNA sequencing analysis, the positive samples were identified as indigenous isolates belonging to Heterorhabditis indica and Steinernema carpocapsae EPN species. In pathogenicity tests, 90% mortality of RPW eggs was observed after five days. Similar mortality trends were seen in RPW larvae and adults, with 90% mortality recorded after ten days for all the EPN treatments. Mortality increased with the duration of post-EPN inoculation exposure. The 1 × 106 IJ/mL concentrations of EPN effectively killed various stages of RPW in the laboratory. More research is needed to test EPNs against RPW in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Our study evaluated the impact of verbenone, a common bark beetle aggregation inhibitor, on several saproxylic beetles in a pine forest in Tuscany (Italy). Verbenone pouches were added to traps baited with bark beetle pheromones, and we compared the captures from these traps with those of pheromone-only traps in spring–summer 2023. The captures contained 9440 beetles from 32 families and 57 species, with 80% being bark beetles. Predator beetles, beneficial insects which naturally control pest populations, made up 17%, including species not previously studied in combination with verbenone. While captures of some species were reduced in pheromone plus verbenone traps (including some pests), others showed no change, and some increased (including a few predators). Verbenone notably increased saproxylic beetle diversity when it was present in traps, implying potential implications of its use in limiting the aggregation of bark beetle pests on susceptible trees. In our study, we assessed the effects of verbenone, the most widely studied bark beetle aggregation inhibitor, on saproxylic beetles in a Mediterranean pine forest in Tuscany. Verbenone pouches were devised in the laboratory and then applied to Ips sexdentatus pheromone traps so that their catches could be compared to those of traps containing just the pheromone. The trial was carried out in spring–summer 2023, and insect catches were collected every two weeks. A total of 9440 beetles were collected that belonged to 32 different families and 57 species. About 80% of the captures were bark beetles, mainly Orthotomicus erosus. Beetle predators accounted for about 17% of the captures, with a total of 12 species. Some of these predator species had not yet been studied in relation to verbenone effects, like other saproxylic beetles recorded in this study. A significant reduction in captures was recorded for some beetles (e.g., I. sexdentatus and O. erosus), while for other species, no differences emerged, and in some cases, captures increased significantly when verbenone was present in the traps (i.e., Hylurgus ligniperda, Corticeus pini, and Aulonium ruficorne). The diversity of caught saproxylic beetles increased significantly in the verbenone traps, highlighting possible implications of the use of verbenone when managing bark beetle outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The leaf beetle Diorhabda rybakowi Weise poses a severe threat to desert grasslands in Northwest China with its third instar larvae and adults, and even to the local ecological environment, attributed to its outbreak. Green-control attractants or repellents have become popular in recent years, but the olfactory mechanism of D. rybakowi is still unclear. Therefore, we preliminarily screened the best reference genes under different conditions and determined the bioinformatics characteristics and tissue expression profiles of D. rybakowi olfactory target genes. The recommended reference genes, RPL13a and RPS18 for tissues and RPL19 and RPS18 for sexes, were determined. Notably, the transcriptional levels of DrybOBP3, DrybOBP6, DrybOBP7, DrybOBP10, DrybOBP11, DrybCSP2, and DrybCSP5 among eleven odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and six chemosensory proteins (CSPs) were significantly higher in the antenna. In summary, our study provides a strong basis for deepening the research of olfaction molecular mechanisms in D. rybakowi. Diorhabda rybakowi Weise is one of the dominant pests feeding on Nitraria spp., a pioneer plant used for windbreaking and sand fixation purposes, and poses a threat to local livestock and ecosystems. To clarify the key olfactory genes of D. rybakowi and provide a theoretical basis for attractant and repellent development, the optimal reference genes under two different conditions (tissue and sex) were identified, and the bioinformatics and characterization of the tissue expression profiles of two categories of soluble olfactory proteins (OBPs and CSPs) were investigated. The results showed that the best reference genes were RPL13a and RPS18 for comparison among tissues, and RPL19 and RPS18 for comparison between sexes. Strong expressions of DrybOBP3, DrybOBP6, DrybOBP7, DrybOBP10, DrybOBP11, DrybCSP2, and DrybCSP5 were found in antennae, the most important olfactory organ for D. rybakowi. These findings not only provide a basis for further in-depth research on the olfactory molecular mechanisms of host-specialized pests but also provide a theoretical basis for the future development of new chemical attractants or repellents using volatiles to control D. rybakowi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: There is increasing interest in the study of how the ongoing climate change is affecting insect populations. However, most research has been focused on a limited number of groups that are particularly charismatic or expected to respond more clearly to climate change. Moreover, most research has been developed in a few areas (especially northern and central European countries), while others (such as the Mediterranean basin) have been largely overlooked. Therefore, more empirical research is needed, particularly on less charismatic species, groups that are expected to react less dramatically to climatic change, and key areas that are still poorly investigated. This study investigates changes in distributional and activity patterns in a common, ecologically tolerant, forest tenebrionid beetle in a region (central Italy) within the Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot, an area strongly subjected to the ongoing climate change, but for which research is still limited. By analyzing changes in elevation, latitude, longitude, and seasonal activity between 1900–1980 and 1981–2022, the results provided insights into the potential effects of climate change on this species. The beetle's average values of elevation and latitude were found to have been increased in the second period. In response to rising temperatures, the species became more frequent at higher elevation and in northern places. No strong evidence was found for an earlier species seasonal activity, but this could be due to the inclusion in the analysis of likely overwintering individuals. The findings suggest that even thermally tolerant species can undergo distributional shifts in elevation and latitude, even at a relatively small scale. There is an increasing volume of literature on the impact of climate change on insects. However, there is an urgent need for more empirical research on underrepresented groups in key areas, including species for which the effects of climatic change may seem less evident. The present paper illustrates the results of a study on a common forest tenebrionid beetle, Accanthopus velikensis (Piller and Mitterpacher, 1783), at a regional scale within the Mediterranean basin. Using a large set of records from Latium (central Italy), changes in the median values of elevation, latitude, longitude, and phenology between two periods (1900–1980 vs. 1981–2022) were tested. Records of A. velikensis in the period 1981–2022 showed median values of elevation and latitude higher than those recorded in the first period. Thus, in response to rising temperatures, the species became more frequent at higher elevation and in northern places. By contrast, A. velikensis does not seem to have changed its activity pattern in response to increased temperatures, but this might be an artifact due to the inclusion of likely overwintering individuals. The results obtained for A. velikensis indicate that even thermally euryoecious species can show changes in their elevational and latitudinal distribution, and that poleward shifts can be apparent even within a small latitudinal gradient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) is a widely distributed predatory natural enemy insect in North China but its application is limited in greenhouses owing to a low daily average temperature from December to February of next year in greenhouses and the facultative diapause of adult H. axyridis. Owing to the sensitivity of H. axyridis to photoperiod, it is of great importance to explore the feasibility of using the photoperiod to regulate the life parameters and predation ability of this ladybird in greenhouses during the winter, but the effects of photoperiods on life parameters and predation by H. axyridis are not well understood so far. In this study, development, reproduction, and population parameters were studied by constructing two-sex life tables, and effects of photoperiod on predation were tested by predation experiments in both laboratory and greenhouse settings. The results from this article may provide a basis for utilizing H. axyridis in greenhouses during the winter. To explore the feasibility of adjusting the photoperiod to regulate the life parameters and predation ability of Harmonia axyridis Pallas in greenhouses during the winter, life tables were constructed for H. axyridis under the three following photoperiods: 9L:15D (light/dark), 12L:12D, and 16L:8D at 15 °C, an average greenhouse temperature during the winter when aphids severely damage vegetables. The effects of photoperiods on predation by this ladybird were tested in both laboratory and greenhouse settings. The results showed that increased illumination promoted the development and reproduction of H. axyridis; under medium and long photoperiods, the pre-adult periods were 3.61 days and 4.34 days shorter than that under the short photoperiod, respectively, and the fecundity increased by 1.78 and 2.41 times. Population parameters r, λ, and R0 increased as illumination time increased, whereas T decreased. Increased illumination also increased the predation by third- and fourth-instar larvae and adults. The amounts of predation by fourth-instar larvae and adults increased by 22.16% and 75.09% under the medium photoperiod, and those under the long photoperiod increased by 71.96% and 89.64%, respectively. The numbers of Myzus persicae Sulzer predated by H. axyridis under the long photoperiod were higher than those under the short photoperiod in a greenhouse, and the predation parameters were influenced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The red palm weevil is a notorious insect pest of the palm family around the palm-growing regions of the world. This study investigated the biological effects of six commercially important date palm varieties viz. Dahki, Muzaft, Aseel, Gulistan, Begum Jungi and Fasley on red palm weevil. The newly emerged larvae were cultured on soft portion of the stem of selected varieties in plastic boxes at controlled conditions between 27 ± 2 °C and 65 ± 2% R.H. in incubators. The observations were documented on the number of eggs laid, fecundity, larval and pupal developmental periods, adult life span and sex ratio of red palm weevil. The Dhakki variety was found as the most susceptible having maximum number of eggs hatching (9.5) and weight losses (8.90 g) whereas; Fasley variety was found least susceptible having least egg hatching percentage (8.47) and weight losses (2.94). The maximum total larval developmental duration of 87.2 days was recorded on the variety Fasley which decreased to 64.8 days when red palm weevils were cultured on Dhakki variety. The maximum survival was recorded on variety Dhakki while the minimum survival was recorded on the variety Fasley. The maximum adult longevity (110 days) of female weevils was recorded on variety Dhakki while minimum adult longevity of 50.27 days was recorded on variety Fasley. Our results indicated that varieties significantly influence the development of red palm weevil and can be used as a viable tool for the management of red palm weevil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphometric variation among three different geographical populations of the predominant white grub species, Holotrichia serrata (F.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) was studied through multivariate analyses. The univariate one factor ANOVA analysis has yielded 21 and 19 significant characters of male and female, respectively, which were further subjected to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for identifying the most significant characters that explains the intraspecific morphometric variation. The first two principal components PC1 and PC2 accounted for 43.65% variation in males and characters such as length of tarsal segments especially second (TR2L), third (TR3L), and fourth (TR4L), followed by male genitalia characters, width of phallobase (PHW) and width of paramere (PAW), total body length (TBL), length of antennal pedicel (APL), length of elytra (ELL) were found to be the significant traits contributing to the variation in the three populations of male H. serrata. In case of females, the first two principal components accounted for 46.40% and characters such as length of antennal scape (ASL), antennal pedicel (APL), width of clypeus (CLW), length of hind inner tibial spur (ITSL) and outer tibial spur (OTSL) were the significant characters among the female populations of H. serrata. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and cross-validation of discriminant function analysis (DFA) also confirmed that three populations are distinct and morphometrically significant for the selected characters. Sexual dimorphism for maximum characters was observed in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka populations. Our study aids in identification of morphological features that attributes to the intraspecific variation among the different geographical population of Holotrichia serrata in the light of speciation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper highlighted the occurrence of Timarcha turbida (Erichson 1841) as an artichoke pest for the first time in Tunisian crops. In fact, Timarcha was never be reported previously to develop on a Compositae (Asteraceae) host plant. Here, larva and adult stages of the pest are described and host plants affinities in genus Timarcha are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic disturbance causes habitat destruction and thereby presents a serious threat to many forest species. Seasonal variation in diversity and community composition of carabid beetles was investigated in the Uzungwa Scarp Nature Forest Reserve (USNFR). Carabid beetles were collected using three methods, namely pitfall traps, active day search and active night search. Sampling of ground beetles was carried out in three seasons: end of dry season, end of wet season and wet season. Results showed that the diversity of ground beetles was high during the wet season (Shannon-Wiener H' = 2.19) and low at the end of the dry season (H' = 1.83). The difference was statistically significant when comparing the end of dry season against the wet season, likewise wet against end of wet season (t = 5.85 and 4.88, respectively, p < 0.05). Species richness was high during the wet season and the difference was statistically significant among the three seasons (χ2 = 13.46, p < 0.05). Kruskal-Wallis test revealed that the difference in abundance among the three seasons was statistically significant (H = 128.3, p < 0.05). In all the seasons, Galeritiola procera was the most abundant species and it was overrepresented during the wet season. Bray-Curtis similarity index showed low similarity in community composition among all three seasons. We conclude that communities of carabid beetles in disturbed areas vary with season, and therefore, to have a comprehensive sampling of carabid beetles, sampling should cover at least one-year involving different months in all seasons of the year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scarab genus Osmoderma (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) includes several large species called hermit beetles that develop within dead and decaying hardwood trees. Males of at least three Palearctic species produce the aggregation-sex pheromone (R)-(+)-γ-decalactone, including the endangered O. eremita (Scopoli). However, hermit beetles have received less attention in the western hemisphere, resulting in a large gap in our knowledge of the chemical ecology of Nearctic species. Here, we identify (R)-(+)-γ-decalactone as the primary component of the aggregation-sex pheromone of the North American species Osmoderma eremicola (Knoch). Field trials at sites in Wisconsin and Illinois revealed that both sexes were attracted to lures containing (R)-(+)-γ-decalactone or the racemate, but only males of O. eremicola produced the pheromone in laboratory bioassays, alongside an occasional trace of the chain-length analog γ-dodecalactone. Females of the congener O. scabra (Palisot de Beauvois) were also significantly attracted by γ-decalactone, suggesting further conservation of the pheromone, as were females of the click beetle Elater abruptus Say (Coleoptera: Elateridae), suggesting that this compound may have widespread kairomonal activity. Further research is needed to explore the behavioral roles of both lactones in mediating behavioral and ecological interactions among these beetle species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scaling of the energetic cost of locomotion with body mass is well documented at the interspecific level. However, methodological restrictions limit our understanding of the scaling of flight metabolic rate (MR) in free‐flying insects. This is particularly true at the intraspecific level, where variation in body mass and flight energetics may have direct consequences for the fitness of an individual. We applied a 13C stable isotope method to investigate the scaling of MR with body mass during free‐flight in the beetle Batocera rufomaculata. This species exhibits large intraspecific variation in adult body mass as a consequence of the environmental conditions during larval growth. We show that the flight‐MR scales with body mass to the power of 0.57, with smaller conspecifics possessing up to 2.3 fold higher mass‐specific flight MR than larger ones. Whereas the scaling exponent of free‐flight MR was found to be like that determined for tethered‐flight, the energy expenditure during free‐flight was more than 2.7 fold higher than for tethered‐flight. The metabolic cost of flight should therefore be studied under free‐flight conditions, a requirement now enabled by the 13C technique described herein for insect flight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In holometabolous insects, extensive reorganisation of tissues and cells occurs at the pupal stage. The remodelling of the external exoskeleton and internal organs that intervenes during metamorphosis has been traditionally studied in many insect species based on histological or ultrastructural methods. This study demonstrates the use of synchrotron X-ray phase-contrast micro-computed tomography as a powerful, non-destructive tool for in situ morphological observation of anatomical structures at the pupal stage in two Tenebrionid beetles, i.e. Tribolium castaneum and Tenebrio molitor, known as important pests, as well as emerging and promising models in experimental biology. Virtual sections and three-dimensional reconstructions were performed on both males and females at early, intermediate, and late pupal stage. The dataset allowed us to observe the remodelling of the gut and nervous system as well as the shaping of the female and male reproductive system at different pupal ages in both mealworm and red flour beetles. Moreover, we observed that the timing and duration pattern of organ development varied between the species analysed, likely related to the species-specific adaptations of the pre-imaginal stages to environmental conditions, which ultimately affect their life cycle. This research provides new knowledge on the morphological modifications that occur during the pupal stage of holometabolous insects and provides a baseline set of information on beetle metamorphosis that may support future research in forensics, physiology, and ecology as well as an image atlas for educational purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stag Beetle Knife (SB Knife) is increasingly being utilized for Zenker's Diverticulectomy (ZD). Our study assessed the effectiveness and safety of the SB Knife for the management of ZD. Ovid EBM reviews, Ovid Embase, Ovid Medline, ClinicalTrials.gov , Scopus, and Web of Science were searched to identify studies that utilized SB knife for ZD. Pooled proportions (PP) were calculated using the random-effects model. Heterogeneity was evaluated using I2 statistics. A total of 7 studies with 268 patients were included in the final analysis. Dysphagia and regurgitation were the most common clinical symptoms. The mean size of the ZD was 2.8 ± 0.7 cm and 28 (of 148) patients had undergone previous treatments. The PP of technical success was 98% (95% CI: 92.3–99.5; I20) with a mean procedure duration of 26.2 ± 8.3 minutes. The PP of clinical response at first follow-up and relapse after index procedure was 87.9% (95% CI: 81.6–92.3; I219) and 13.5% (95% CI: 9.6–18.6; I22), respectively. At final follow-up, the PP of clinical remission was 96.2% (95% CI: 91–98.4; I230.6) while the PP of procedure failure was 3.6% (95% CI: 1.6–8.1; I20). No severe adverse events (AEs) were noted while using the SB Knife. However, the PP of intraprocedural and postprocedural AEs was 13.2% (95% CI: 9.6–17.8; I20) and 9.3% (95% CI: 5.7–14.9; I2 < 20.9), respectively. SB Knife is highly safe and effective for Zenker's Diverticulectomy with a failure rate of only 3.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorusferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a species of beetle that depends on palm trees to complete its life cycle. RPW larvae feed on palm trunks and can cause tree death, with significant impacts on both wild and cultivated palms. The larvae burrow into the trunk of the palm and feed on the delicate tissue and sap of the palm, killing the host tree. Herbivore insect gut microbiota play important roles in host physiological characteristics such as nutritional needs, immunity, growth and developmental mechanisms, and mating behavior. The aim of this study was to determine the gut microbiota diversity of RPW larvae sampled in Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran. Analysis of 16S rRNA amplified directly from the intestine showed the presence of Serratia sp., Klebsiella sp., and Shigella sp. from the Enterobacteriaceae family, Bacillus sp. from the Bacillacea family, Enterococcus sp. from the Enterococcaceae family, and Kocuria sp. from the Micrococcaceae family. The results of their cultivation on a modified CMCAgar medium showed that Kocuria, Serratia, Bacillus, Shigella genera have the ability to degrade cellulose. Identifying the bacterial flora and determining their role can be essential to controlling and reducing the population of this pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the coexistence mechanisms of different species of predaceous diving beetle larvae in Japanese paddy fields. The study investigates the feeding habits, microhabitat use, and phenology of four diving beetle species through field observations. The researchers found that the larvae exhibited interspecific differences in feeding habits, microhabitat use, and phenology, which allowed them to coexist. The study suggests that behavioral differences and phenological variations play important roles in reducing resource competition among the diving beetle larvae. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and explore the functional morphology of the larvae. [Extracted from the article]

Forest health is being challenged worldwide due to changing disturbance regimes. These changes could promote the abundance and diversity of secondary forest pests, like the Agrilinae (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) borers, which are frequently involved in oak decline in Europe. We assessed the contribution of environmental factors to local abundance and temporal dynamics of oak-dwelling borers in France. We set up green multi-funnel traps in oak stands exhibiting a gradient of decline across six forests in 2021 and monitored the traps for six consecutive years in one forest. The community of borers was homogeneous among the forests and included several Mediterranean species. Increasing severity of decline at the plot and stand scales enhanced the abundance and species richness of the borers and influenced the composition of their community. Tree density, longitude and spring temperature also influenced the abundance of several species and of the community. Our multi-year survey indicated that inter-annual fluctuations in decline level weakly correlated with those of borer species. Most of the species experienced a major crash in 2017, suggesting that extreme climate events such as a warm early spring followed by a late frost can decimate borer populations. This may explain why borer damage has recently been relatively limited in France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Phonecards were largely used in African countries for telephone services. They have been collected by people around the world as a hobby. Images from several themes were printed in phonecards, including insects (beetles, butterflies, dragonflies, etc.). We hypothesized that the display of butterfly images in phonecards aimed to arise issues associated with butterfly endangerment and conservation status by protecting their natural habitat and/or butterfly beautifulness, and that they present "extinct" or "threatened" conservation status classification. The purpose of this study is to describe how butterfly images were used in African phonecards; to identify the butterfly species name through their images and information available in all African phonecards; and to record the most recent known geographical distribution and conservation status of butterflies. Design/methodology/approach: Colnect database was assessed to identify all butterfly-themed African phonecards. International Union for Conservation of Nature database was also assessed to obtain information on the most recent known geographical distribution and conservation status of butterflies. Findings: The species name of butterflies was identified from 6 out of 18 African phonecards. The most recent known geographical distribution of butterflies was wide across Africa and conservation status of most genera is classified as "least concern". Originality/value: The display of butterfly images in African phonecards is mostly associated with their beautifulness and least related with butterfly conservation, protection and endangerment status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mate-guarding behaviour is thought to beneficially increase paternal share by lowering sperm competition. It is likely to be a plastic response that changes with the density of rivals in the surroundings. A recent study showed that the Parthenium beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), exhibits mate-guarding behaviour through prolonged mating duration. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the flexibility of this behaviour when rivals were present. A pair of Z. bicolorata were placed in the physical presence and chemical cues of rivals of both sexes at different densities, and their precopulatory behaviours (time to commencement of mating, latent period, mate-guarding duration and reproductive output) were noted. We hypothesized that population densities of rivals of both sexes would influence the mate-guarding behaviour and reproductive outputs. Our results revealed that population density has significant effects on precopulatory parameters and reproductive outputs. Mate-guarding duration decreased in the physical presence of rivals, while it increased in the presence of chemical cues. In the physical presence of rivals, mate guarding probably decreased due to the repeated harassment of the focal pair, especially the male partner, by the rivals in the experimental arena. However, reproductive outputs (fecundity and percentage egg viability) were increased in both the physical presence and chemical cues of males and females. Hence our results clearly support the previous observation of mate-guarding behaviour through prolonged mating duration in the Parthenium beetle, and show its plasticity. • Plasticity of mate-guarding behaviour in response to adult density was studied. • Results revealed a significant effect of density on mate-guarding behaviour. • Physical presence of rivals significantly decreases mate guarding in focal pair. • Chemical cues of rival males or females increase mate guarding in focal pair. • Reproductive output increases with both physical and chemical presence of rivals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB), Euwallacea fornicatus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), is a significant tree‐killing pest recently introduced into South Africa. Many native trees in urban settings are susceptible to infestation, but the presence of PSHB in natural ecosystems is unstudied. The presence and drivers of PSHB colonization in 1682 trees of 68 species were evaluated in 51 plots across a native Afrotemperate forest complex in South Africa. Breeding colonies of PSHB were found in six native species (breeding hosts). An additional 11 species did not contain PSHB colonies but hosted its mutualistic fungus Fusarium euwallaceae Freeman et al. (Hypocreales: Nectriaceae). Invasibility increased when plots were closer to the urban infestation border, further away from surface water, and when containing a larger number of breeding hosts. Invasibility decreased with an increase in tree species richness. Polyphagous shot hole borers were found in climax forest distant to urban areas at sites frequented by tourists. The severity of infestation of trees increased with an increase in host diameter, breeding host abundance, and infested tree abundance. Probability of infestation increased with an increase in the number of infested trees. Infested trees were not spatially clumped. Instead, PSHB preferentially selected eight of the 17 native host species. And the data suggest that larger trees of these species may be more susceptible to PSHB. Eight species were infested at random and two were infested seemingly accidentally. Infestations increased more rapidly on larger trees and on those surrounded by a high abundance of breeding hosts. This study confirms that Afrotemperate forests are highly susceptible to invasion by PSHB. Direct anthropogenic impact had no discernible effect on infestations, but humans aided spread of PSHB to distant sites. Halting movement of contaminated wood is important. Management of PSHB should focus on highly infested areas and trees as these increase the likelihood of further and more severe infestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allium mongolicum Regel leaf beetle, Galeruca daurica (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is rampantly harmful in Inner Mongolia grassland. However, the current management strategies for this pest still heavily rely on chemical control using traditional insecticides or those with novel action. In the study, we conducted an indoor bioassay to evaluate the sublethal effects of chlorantraniliprole on the biological characteristics. Additionally, we assessed the activity of detoxification enzymes, specifically the primary enzymes carboxylesterase (CarE) and cytochrome P450, and insect's secondary metabolic enzymes, namely glutathione S‐transferase (GST) and uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase (UGT), as well as its gene expression profile. The developmental period of the 3rd instar larvae of G. daurica was significantly prolonged after treatment with chlorantraniliprole, which negatively affected the hatching, pupation and diapause rates as well as their body weight. The larvae showed different dynamics of the enzyme activities within 24 h of chlorantraniliprole treatment. Different sublethal concentrations of chlorantraniliprole showed an inducing effect on the activities, while no significant difference in activity was observed for P450. Expression profiling of detoxifying enzyme genes screened by transcriptome data has revealed that 6 CarE, 2 GST, 7 UGT and 31 P450 genes were up‐regulated. In conclusion, chlorantraniliprole's sublethal effect on 3rd instar G. daurica larvae resulted in a deceleration of their growth and developmental processes and significantly increased the activity levels of CarE, GST and UGT. The detoxifying proteins encoded by up‐regulation genes may involve in the detoxification metabolism of chlorantraniliprole. Our results provide a basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms of chlorantraniliprole action and detoxification in this key grassland insect pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A group of aquatic Coleoptera specimens was collected from Güvenç Village in the Kahramankazan region of Ankara. Among these specimens was Dryops rufipes (Krynicki, 1832) (Coleoptera: Dryopidae), which is recorded from the Middle Anatolian Region of Turkey for the first time. The egg morphology of D. rufipes is described based on light and scanning electron microscope micrographs. Copulation and oviposition are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transformation of the fore wings into strongly sclerotized protective covers (elytra) is considered a fundamental evolutionary innovation of the megadiverse order Coleoptera. Surprisingly, these multifunctional structures have been reduced in many distantly related groups of beetles. Patterns, drivers and the evolutionary implications of this modification have never been comprehensively discussed. In the present study, we surveyed the entire order Coleoptera to analyse the patterns of elytral shortening and loss, with a special focus on prevalence, forms, degree of reduction and the functional background of this significant deviation from the coleopteran ground plan. Our analysis revealed that about 20% of all extant species (roughly 88,000 out of 442,275 spp.), distributed across all four suborders, have shortened or even absent elytra. The elytral loss was more frequent within the polyphagan series Elateriformia and Staphyliniformia. Moreover, we found that elytral reduction has independently occurred multiple times in the evolutionary history of Coleoptera and that it has been driven by a wide array of selective drivers. One of the main drivers is the improved flexibility of the uncovered abdomen and the correlated increased manoeuvrability in narrow spaces, as well as the option of using the flexible abdomen as a steering organ or to facilitate mating. Another common driver is mimicry, where exposed metathoracic wings potentially improve the overall similarity to hymenopteran models. Exposure of the abdomen can facilitate the targeted release of defensive abdominal gland secretions and was most likely a crucial step towards establishing relations with social insects enhanced by chemical communication. In the Elateriformia, and rarely in other lineages, elytral loss is a consequence of paedomorphosis, related to a specific resource‐allocation strategy. In many groups of beetles with reduced elytra, alternative defensive strategies can be found. This includes, for instance, aposematic coloration, chemical defence, mimicry or bioluminescence. Direct drivers of elytral loss in many groups remain unclear, and more studies are needed to understand the evolutionary background and implications of this significant morphological modification in Coleoptera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]