208 results on '"BCH"'
Search Results
2. A Novel OFDM Approach Using Error Correcting Codes and Continuous Phase Modulation for Underwater Acoustic Communication.
- Author
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Murad, Mohsin, Tasadduq, Imran A., Alghamdi, Mohammed J., Otero, Pablo, and Luque-Nieto, Miguel-Ángel
- Subjects
CONTINUOUS phase modulation ,UNDERWATER acoustic communication ,UNDERWATER acoustics ,CYCLIC codes ,PHASE coding ,ERROR-correcting codes - Abstract
In this work, the performance of coded continuous phase modulation (CPM) transceivers for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) in underwater acoustic channels is evaluated. The proposed technique employs the Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem (BCH) class of cyclic codes, and a CPM-based mapper is being used in place of a traditional OFDM mapper. Bit-error-rates (BERs) for various distances are evaluated. We use the Bellhop acoustic channel simulator that is considered to be very close to a real underwater channel. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated for 23 values of the CPM modulation index h as a function of the distance between the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx). Based upon the error performance, we identified several best-performing CPM indices. We also observed that for Tx–Rx distances of 100 and 250 m, the proposed system gives acceptable performance without the need for equalization. We also compared the out-of-band radiation of the proposed system with PSK-OFDM and observed that the uncoded CPM-OFDM has a better out-of-band (OOB) performance than the traditional OFDM. Moreover, a comparison of BERs with the traditional PSK-OFDM system shows that the proposed system outperforms the traditional OFDM system by a wide margin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
3. A Temporal Methodology for Assessing the Performance of Concatenated Codes in OFDM Systems for 4K-UHD Video Transmission.
- Author
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Costa, Thiago de A., Macedo, Alex S., Matos, Edemir M. C., Castro, Bruno S. L., Farias, Fabricio de S., Cardoso, Caio M. M., Cavalcante, Gervásio P. dos S., and Barros, Fabricio J. B.
- Subjects
QUADRATURE phase shift keying ,DIGITAL video broadcasting ,ADDITIVE white Gaussian noise ,VIDEO coding - Abstract
The communication channel is a critical part of the process of information degradation. In the 4K ultra-resolution video transmission domain, the communication channel is a crucial part where information degradation occurs, inevitably leading to errors during reception. To enhance the transmission process in terms of fidelity, advanced technologies such as digital video broadcasting terrestrial (DVB-T) and its evolutionary successor, digital video broadcasting terrestrial second generation (DVB-T2), are utilized to mitigate the effects of data transmission errors. Within this scenario, this research presents an innovative methodology for the temporal analysis of 4K ultra-resolution video quality under the influence of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh channels. This analytical endeavor is facilitated through the application of concatenated coding schemes, specifically, the Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem concatenated low-density parity check (BCH-LDPC) and Reed–Solomon concatenated convolutional (RS-CONV) coders. A more comprehensive understanding of video quality can be attained by considering its temporal variations, a crucial aspect of the ongoing evolution of technological paradigms. In this study, the Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) serves as the main metric for quality assessment during simulations. Furthermore, the simulated Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) values validate these findings, exhibiting consistent alignment with the SSIM-based evaluations. Additionally, the performance of the BCH-LDPC significantly outperforms that of RS-CONV under the 64-QAM modulation scheme, yielding superior video quality levels that approximate or surpass those achieved by RS-CONV under QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) modulation, leading to an increase in spectral efficiency. This enhancement is evidenced by SSIM gains exceeding 78% on average. The computation of average gains between distinct technologies in video quality analysis furnishes a robust and comprehensive evaluation framework, empowering stakeholders to make informed decisions within this domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Reaction Paradigms that Leverage Cycloaddition and Ring Strain to Construction Bicyclic Aryl Bioisosteres from Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes.
- Author
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Sujansky, Stephen J. and Ma, Xiaoshen
- Subjects
RING formation (Chemistry) ,BIOISOSTERES ,BUTANE ,BIOACTIVE compounds ,CHARGE exchange ,SCIENTIFIC community - Abstract
Within a medicinal chemist's toolbox, one of the most effective strategies to improve the overall properties of a biologically active compound is bioisosteric replacement. Ever since the first example of replacing benzene with a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane (BCP) group was published in the late 1990s,[1] the medicinal chemistry community has continually been expanding the scope of such phenyl bioisosteric replacements. Recent interest from academia has focused on novel synthetic strategies to access C(sp3)‐rich bicyclic hydrocarbons with expanded ring sizes. Herein, we summarize some of these transformations and reveal that most rely on strain releasing cycloadditions with bicyclo[1.1.0]butane (BCB) and bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane (housane). We have organized this review based on the mechanism of such strain release strategies, namely, carbene cycloadditions, energy transfer photocatalyzed cycloadditions, electron transfer catalyzed cycloadditions, and polar cycloadditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. An Efficient Design for the DVB-S2 Forward Link System Outer Layer Encoding Based on PCC Turbo Coding Across Fading Channel.
- Author
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Salih, Omar M. and Hameed, Ashwaq Q.
- Subjects
TURBO codes ,FORWARD error correction ,DIGITAL video broadcasting ,LOW density parity check codes ,CHANNEL coding ,TRANSMITTING antennas - Abstract
Copyright of Journal of Engineering (17264073) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Performance Analysis of Dual-Hop AF/DF Relay Utilizing BCH Code in an Underwater Vertical Wireless Optical Link
- Author
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C. S. Savidhan Shetty, G. Achala, Ramavath Prasad Naik, U. Shripathi Acharya, and Wan-Young Chung
- Subjects
AF relay ,average BER ,BCH ,DF relay ,outage probability (OP) ,strong turbulence ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TK1-9971 - Abstract
Many attempts have been made to realize effective communication from the sea surface to ocean depths. One promising emerging technology is the deployment of underwater vertical wireless optical links to establish reliable and high-speed communication. In this study, we have attempted to evaluate the performance of an underwater vertical wireless optical communication (UVWOC) link operating beneath the ocean surface, utilizing amplify and forward (AF) as well as decode and forward (DF) relay systems. The investigation focuses on a vertical link traversing multiple layers of turbulence. The channel modeling of multiple layers under weak turbulence and strong turbulence conditions employs hyperbolic tangent log-normal and gamma-gamma distributions. Novel closed-form expressions are developed to quantify the average bit error rate and outage probability for dual-hop AF/DF relay UVWOC links in both weak and strong underwater turbulence conditions. The analysis accounts for attenuation losses and pointing errors. Monte-Carlo simulations validate the accuracy of the derived expressions. Furthermore, Bose-Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem (BCH) codes with parameters $(n=31, k=11)$ and $(n=63, k=18)$ are applied to enhance the integrity of information transfer over the AF/DF relay UVWOC link. This research contributes to understanding UVWOC links under diverse conditions and proposes coding techniques for improved reliability in challenging underwater environments. more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. An Efficient Design for the DVB-S2 Forward Link System Outer Layer Encoding Based on PCC Turbo Coding Across Fading Channel
- Author
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Omar M. Salih and Ashwaq Q. Hameed
- Subjects
FEC ,BCH ,LDPC ,PCC Turbo Codec ,Code Rate ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 - Abstract
The most significant challenges wireless broadcasting systems face are channel effects and Inter Symbol Interference (ISI). Many different kinds of channel coding are employed to get around these issues. Digital Video Broadcasting for Satellite Telecommunication Second Generation (DVB-S2) uses a serial concatenation of Bose, Ray-Chaudhuri, and Hocquenghem (BCH) code and Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) code as a Forward Error Correction (FEC) for error detection purpose and correction. In this work, a MATLAB code (m-files) is constructed to simulate the standard DVB-S2 Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation (BICM) system according to the ETSI Technical Report (EN 302 307 1). Then, the traditional design is redesigned with a Parallel Concatenation Convolutional (PCC) Turbo coding in concatenation with LDPC coding to enhance the (FEC). The two approaches have been tested under the official modulation types QPSK, 8PSK, 16APSK, and 32APSK with 2/3, 3/4, 3/5, 4/5, and 5/6 code rates (RC). Over a Rayleigh Fading channel, the two models are compared. The proposed model performed better than the standard model regarding bit error rate (BER) mitigation when operating at varying signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels, especially in 8PSK 3/5 MODCODE. The proposed model achieved (2.6272×10-3) BER mitigation value with power gain equal to 4 dB. more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Narrowband Data Waveform Development and Simulation for Achieving Low BER in Wireless Communication
- Author
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Agarwal, Gopal, Bahuguna, Sushil Kumar, Shikalgar, Nawaj, Lahiri, S. K., Mayya, Anuradha, Angrisani, Leopoldo, Series Editor, Arteaga, Marco, Series Editor, Chakraborty, Samarjit, Series Editor, Chen, Jiming, Series Editor, Chen, Shanben, Series Editor, Chen, Tan Kay, Series Editor, Dillmann, Rüdiger, Series Editor, Duan, Haibin, Series Editor, Ferrari, Gianluigi, Series Editor, Ferre, Manuel, Series Editor, Jabbari, Faryar, Series Editor, Jia, Limin, Series Editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Khamis, Alaa, Series Editor, Kroeger, Torsten, Series Editor, Li, Yong, Series Editor, Liang, Qilian, Series Editor, Martín, Ferran, Series Editor, Ming, Tan Cher, Series Editor, Minker, Wolfgang, Series Editor, Misra, Pradeep, Series Editor, Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Series Editor, Ning, Cun-Zheng, Series Editor, Nishida, Toyoaki, Series Editor, Oneto, Luca, Series Editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, Series Editor, Pascucci, Federica, Series Editor, Qin, Yong, Series Editor, Seng, Gan Woon, Series Editor, Speidel, Joachim, Series Editor, Veiga, Germano, Series Editor, Wu, Haitao, Series Editor, Zamboni, Walter, Series Editor, Zhang, Junjie James, Series Editor, Nagaria, R. K., editor, Tripathi, V. S., editor, Zamarreno, Carlos Ruiz, editor, and Prajapati, Yogendra Kumar, editor more...
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. A Novel OFDM Approach Using Error Correcting Codes and Continuous Phase Modulation for Underwater Acoustic Communication
- Author
-
Mohsin Murad, Imran A. Tasadduq, Mohammed J. Alghamdi, Pablo Otero, and Miguel-Ángel Luque-Nieto
- Subjects
CPM ,OFDM ,UWA ,underwater acoustic channel ,BCH ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
In this work, the performance of coded continuous phase modulation (CPM) transceivers for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) in underwater acoustic channels is evaluated. The proposed technique employs the Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem (BCH) class of cyclic codes, and a CPM-based mapper is being used in place of a traditional OFDM mapper. Bit-error-rates (BERs) for various distances are evaluated. We use the Bellhop acoustic channel simulator that is considered to be very close to a real underwater channel. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated for 23 values of the CPM modulation index h as a function of the distance between the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx). Based upon the error performance, we identified several best-performing CPM indices. We also observed that for Tx–Rx distances of 100 and 250 m, the proposed system gives acceptable performance without the need for equalization. We also compared the out-of-band radiation of the proposed system with PSK-OFDM and observed that the uncoded CPM-OFDM has a better out-of-band (OOB) performance than the traditional OFDM. Moreover, a comparison of BERs with the traditional PSK-OFDM system shows that the proposed system outperforms the traditional OFDM system by a wide margin. more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. A Temporal Methodology for Assessing the Performance of Concatenated Codes in OFDM Systems for 4K-UHD Video Transmission
- Author
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Thiago de A. Costa, Alex S. Macedo, Edemir M. C. Matos, Bruno S. L. Castro, Fabricio de S. Farias, Caio M. M. Cardoso, Gervásio P. dos S. Cavalcante, and Fabricio J. B. Barros
- Subjects
BCH ,LDPC ,Reed–Solomon ,convolutional codes ,SSIM ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
The communication channel is a critical part of the process of information degradation. In the 4K ultra-resolution video transmission domain, the communication channel is a crucial part where information degradation occurs, inevitably leading to errors during reception. To enhance the transmission process in terms of fidelity, advanced technologies such as digital video broadcasting terrestrial (DVB-T) and its evolutionary successor, digital video broadcasting terrestrial second generation (DVB-T2), are utilized to mitigate the effects of data transmission errors. Within this scenario, this research presents an innovative methodology for the temporal analysis of 4K ultra-resolution video quality under the influence of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh channels. This analytical endeavor is facilitated through the application of concatenated coding schemes, specifically, the Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem concatenated low-density parity check (BCH-LDPC) and Reed–Solomon concatenated convolutional (RS-CONV) coders. A more comprehensive understanding of video quality can be attained by considering its temporal variations, a crucial aspect of the ongoing evolution of technological paradigms. In this study, the Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) serves as the main metric for quality assessment during simulations. Furthermore, the simulated Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) values validate these findings, exhibiting consistent alignment with the SSIM-based evaluations. Additionally, the performance of the BCH-LDPC significantly outperforms that of RS-CONV under the 64-QAM modulation scheme, yielding superior video quality levels that approximate or surpass those achieved by RS-CONV under QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) modulation, leading to an increase in spectral efficiency. This enhancement is evidenced by SSIM gains exceeding 78% on average. The computation of average gains between distinct technologies in video quality analysis furnishes a robust and comprehensive evaluation framework, empowering stakeholders to make informed decisions within this domain. more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Design and Implementation of a DVB-S2 Reconfigurable Datapath BCH Encoder for High Data-Rate Payload Data Telemetry
- Author
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Giovanni Quintarelli, Matteo Bertolucci, and Pietro Nannipieri
- Subjects
DVB-S2 ,BCH ,satellite ,telemetry transmitter ,high throughput ,FPGA ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TK1-9971 - Abstract
To ensure the flexibility of Earth Observation satellite missions, it is essential to have highly adaptable communication systems equipped with efficient modulation and coding schemes. The preferred approach for such applications is the DVB-S2 standard, which provides three operational modes: Constant Coding and Modulation, Variable Coding and Modulation, and Adaptive Coding and Modulation. Additionally, this standard incorporates a robust Forward Error Correction system that combines a Low-Density Parity-Check encoder with a Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem encoder. This combination ensures optimal utilization of channel bandwidth while maintaining an acceptable Bit Error Rate throughout the satellite’s orbit. This research is centred on designing and implementing a highly flexible and high-speed parallel Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem encoder, fully compliant with the DVB-S2 standard, and supporting all Constant Coding and Modulation, Variable Coding and Modulation, and Adaptive Coding and Modulation modes. In contrast to existing solutions, our proposed encoder permits the concurrent processing of a larger number of bits, thereby enhancing parallelism. Furthermore, parallelism is a configurable parameter, allowing seamless system scalability. The proposed encoder can be tailored to accommodate a wide range of throughput requirements, making it suitable for various mission classes. This flexibility enables users to balance factors like complexity, power consumption, and performance. The hardware platform selected for circuit implementation is the space-grade Xilinx XQRKU060 FPGA. Our results demonstrate a maximum achievable throughput ranging from 600 Mbps to 19.2 Gbps and a dynamic power consumption of 10 mW to 79 mW, depending on the chosen parallelism level (ranging from 2 to 96). The optimization of resource utilization is particularly noteworthy, as it reduces the required resources to as low as 760 Look-up Tables and 344 registers for lower parallelism levels. more...
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Forward Error Correction for Routing Protocols in WSN: A Comparative Performance Analysis
- Author
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Daanoune, Ikram, Baghdad, Abdennaceur, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Gomide, Fernando, Advisory Editor, Kaynak, Okyay, Advisory Editor, Liu, Derong, Advisory Editor, Pedrycz, Witold, Advisory Editor, Polycarpou, Marios M., Advisory Editor, Rudas, Imre J., Advisory Editor, Wang, Jun, Advisory Editor, Motahhir, Saad, editor, and Bossoufi, Badre, editor more...
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Analysis of QCA-Based Serial Concatenated Convolution Coding Encoder for Error Correction
- Author
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Dhanush, T. N., Parashar, Vaishnavi S., Premananda, B. S., Angrisani, Leopoldo, Series Editor, Arteaga, Marco, Series Editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, Series Editor, Chakraborty, Samarjit, Series Editor, Chen, Jiming, Series Editor, Chen, Shanben, Series Editor, Chen, Tan Kay, Series Editor, Dillmann, Rüdiger, Series Editor, Duan, Haibin, Series Editor, Ferrari, Gianluigi, Series Editor, Ferre, Manuel, Series Editor, Hirche, Sandra, Series Editor, Jabbari, Faryar, Series Editor, Jia, Limin, Series Editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Khamis, Alaa, Series Editor, Kroeger, Torsten, Series Editor, Li, Yong, Series Editor, Liang, Qilian, Series Editor, Martín, Ferran, Series Editor, Ming, Tan Cher, Series Editor, Minker, Wolfgang, Series Editor, Misra, Pradeep, Series Editor, Möller, Sebastian, Series Editor, Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Series Editor, Ning, Cun-Zheng, Series Editor, Nishida, Toyoaki, Series Editor, Pascucci, Federica, Series Editor, Qin, Yong, Series Editor, Seng, Gan Woon, Series Editor, Speidel, Joachim, Series Editor, Veiga, Germano, Series Editor, Wu, Haitao, Series Editor, Zhang, Junjie James, Series Editor, Dhawan, Amit, editor, Tripathi, Vijay Shanker, editor, Arya, Karm Veer, editor, and Naik, Kshirasagar, editor more...
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Design of a Baseband Signal for the 406 MHz Satellite Emergency Radio Transmitter Based on STM32.
- Author
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Liao, Mi, Nie, Guigen, Zhao, Jing, and He, Xi
- Subjects
SATELLITE radio services ,BASEBAND ,BEACONS ,RADIO transmitters & transmission ,TRANSMITTERS (Communication) - Abstract
The baseband signal of the 406 MHz COSPAS-SARSAT emergency beacon is a 144-bit or 112-bit data with 0 and 1 code, including the information bits and error correcting check bits. In order to improve the coding efficiency of the baseband signal for the 406 MHz transmitter in the STM32 micro-controller, this paper proposes a calculation method for the first BCH error correcting code (BCH-1) and the second BCH error correcting code (BCH-2) of the COSPAS-SARAST transmitter. First, conduct the data coding process by 64-bit integral data; then, compute the BCH (127, 106) code and the BCH (63, 51) code to obtain the respective error correcting codes for improving coding rate; next, generate the baseband signal according to the GB 14391-2021 coding format; finally, modulate the baseband signal into a 406 MHz-RF signal, send it out and complete the task of distress alerting. The experimental results show that the proposed STM32 microcontroller-based baseband signal generation method is effective, and the EPIRB (Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon) designed based on this method has reached the industry standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Double-Staged Syndrome Coding Scheme for Improving Information Transmission Security over the Wiretap Channel.
- Author
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Ahmed, Sarwat Ali and Jassim Al-Hindawi, Asaad Mubdir
- Subjects
INFORMATION technology security ,LINEAR network coding ,ERROR probability ,DATA encryption ,WIRETAPPING ,TRANSMISSION of sound ,DATA transmission systems - Abstract
Copyright of Journal of Engineering (17264073) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) more...
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. A Robust Lossless Steganography Method Based on H.264/AVC
- Author
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Liu, Shuyang, Goos, Gerhard, Founding Editor, Hartmanis, Juris, Founding Editor, Bertino, Elisa, Editorial Board Member, Gao, Wen, Editorial Board Member, Steffen, Bernhard, Editorial Board Member, Woeginger, Gerhard, Editorial Board Member, Yung, Moti, Editorial Board Member, Huang, De-Shuang, editor, Jo, Kang-Hyun, editor, Li, Jianqiang, editor, Gribova, Valeriya, editor, and Bevilacqua, Vitoantonio, editor more...
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Double-Staged Syndrome Coding Scheme for Improving Information Transmission Security over the Wiretap Channel
- Author
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Sarwat A. Ahmed and Asaad Mubdir Jassim Al-Hindawi
- Subjects
Wiretap channel ,Syndrome coding ,Binary linear codes ,BCH ,BKLC ,Golay ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 - Abstract
This paper presents a study of a syndrome coding scheme for different binary linear error correcting codes that refer to the code families such as BCH, BKLC, Golay, and Hamming. The study is implemented on Wyner’s wiretap channel model when the main channel is error-free and the eavesdropper channel is a binary symmetric channel with crossover error probability (0 < Pe ≤ 0.5) to show the security performance of error correcting codes while used in the single-staged syndrome coding scheme in terms of equivocation rate. Generally, these codes are not designed for secure information transmission, and they have low equivocation rates when they are used in the syndrome coding scheme. Therefore, to improve the transmission security when using these codes, a modified encoder which consists of a double-staged syndrome coding scheme, is proposed. Two models are implemented in this paper: the first model utilizes one encoding stage of the conventional syndrome coding scheme. In contrast, the second model utilizes two encoding stages of the syndrome coding scheme to improve the results obtained from the first model. The C++ programming language, in conjunction with the NTL library, is used for obtaining simulation results for the implemented models. The equivocation rate results from the second model were compared to both the results of the first model and of the unsecured transmission (transmission of data without encryption). The comparison revealed that the security performance of the second model is better than the first model and the insecure system, as the equivocation for all the simulated codes over the proposed model reaches at least %97 at the Pe = 0.1. more...
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Forward Error Correction for Evading Detection in Aircraft Communications Systems : An evaluation of Forward Error Correction codes
- Author
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Nguyen, Johnny, Jahr, Johannes, Nguyen, Johnny, and Jahr, Johannes
- Abstract
Background. To avoid revealing the positions of aircrafts in military contexts, it is important that communication between friendly aircraft is not detected by unauthorized parties. By implementing Forward Error Correction (FEC), communication can be transmitted at lower power without corrupting the message, thereby decreasing the risk of detection. Objectives. The objective of this thesis is to identify FEC codes that meet theperformance and reliability requirements for correcting errors in airborne communication. The evaluation of these codes is based on a balance of their Error Correcting Capability, Reduced Bandwidth Efficiency, Computational Costs, as well as their suitability at different altitudes. Methods. In this thesis, two methods have been used to conduct the research: a literature review to examine previous work in the area, and an experimental method where the FEC codes were tested through simulations in MATLAB. Results. Multiple Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) and Reed-Solomon (RS) codes were shown to possess the ability to achieve a Bit Error Rate (BER) of 10−6 for a Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) below 11 dB in low, moderate and high altitude fading. Computational costs were satisfactory for all FEC codes considered. RS(15,3) was deemed to be the most reliable code. Conclusions. The need for FEC codes in aircrafts with low SNR were made clear. The balance between achieved BER, reduced bandwidth efficiency and computational costs was evaluated to contribute insights on the performance of the considered FEC codes. The authors recommended RS(15,3) if enough bandwidth was available., Bakgrund. För att undvika att positionen för flygplan i millitära sammanhang avslöjas är det viktigt att kommunikationen mellan flygplanen inte upptäcks av obehöriga. Genom att implementera Forward Error Correction (FEC) kan kommunikationen sändas med en lägre effekt utan att meddelandet blir korrupt, vilket minskar risken för att kommunikationen upptäcks. Syfte. Syftet med denna avhandling är att identifiera FEC-koder som uppfyller de prestanda- och pålitlighetskrav som ställs för att kunna korrigera fel i luftburen kommunikation. Utvärderingen av koderna baseras på den balans som uppnås mellan felkorrigerande förmåga, effektiv överföring, uträkningskomplexitet samt deras lämplighet olika altituder. Metod. I detta arbete har två metoder använts för att bedriva forskningen: en literaturstudie där tidigare arbete inom samma område undersökts, samt en experimentell metod där koderna testats genom olika simuleringar i MATLAB. Resultat. Flera Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) och Reed-Solomon(RS)-koder visades ha förmågan att uppnå en BER på 10−6 för ett Signal-brusförhållande (SNR) under 11 dB vid fading på låg, måttlig och hög höjd. Beräkningskostnaderna var tillfredsställande för alla beaktade FEC-koder. RS(15,3) ansågs vara den mest tillförlitliga koden. Slutsatser. Behovet av FEC-koder i flygplan med låg SNR klargjordes. Balansen mellan uppnådd BER, minskad bandbreddseffektivitet och beräkningskostnader utvärderades för att bidra med insikter om prestandan hos de beaktade FEC-koderna. Författarna rekommenderade RS(15,3) om det fanns tillräckligt med bandbredd. more...
- Published
- 2024
19. Digital Video Broadcasting - Satellite - Second Generation Measurement and Test for Database Simulation
- Author
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Bikrat, Youssef, Salmi, Khalid, Benlghazi, Ahmad, Benali, Abdelhamid, Moussaid, Driss, Angrisani, Leopoldo, Series Editor, Arteaga, Marco, Series Editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, Series Editor, Chakraborty, Samarjit, Series Editor, Chen, Jiming, Series Editor, Chen, Shanben, Series Editor, Chen, Tan Kay, Series Editor, Dillmann, Rüdiger, Series Editor, Duan, Haibin, Series Editor, Ferrari, Gianluigi, Series Editor, Ferre, Manuel, Series Editor, Hirche, Sandra, Series Editor, Jabbari, Faryar, Series Editor, Jia, Limin, Series Editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Khamis, Alaa, Series Editor, Kroeger, Torsten, Series Editor, Liang, Qilian, Series Editor, Martín, Ferran, Series Editor, Ming, Tan Cher, Series Editor, Minker, Wolfgang, Series Editor, Misra, Pradeep, Series Editor, Möller, Sebastian, Series Editor, Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Series Editor, Ning, Cun-Zheng, Series Editor, Nishida, Toyoaki, Series Editor, Pascucci, Federica, Series Editor, Qin, Yong, Series Editor, Seng, Gan Woon, Series Editor, Speidel, Joachim, Series Editor, Veiga, Germano, Series Editor, Wu, Haitao, Series Editor, Zhang, Junjie James, Series Editor, El Moussati, Ali, editor, Kpalma, Kidiyo, editor, Ghaouth Belkasmi, Mohammed, editor, Saber, Mohammed, editor, and Guégan, Sylvain, editor more...
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Channel Coding
- Author
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Yang, Sung-Moon Michael and Yang, Sung-Moon Michael
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Promiscuous activity of β‐carotene hydroxylase CrtZ on epoxycarotenoids leads to the formation of rare carotenoids with 6‐hydroxy‐3‐keto‐ε‐ends.
- Author
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Furubayashi, Maiko, Maoka, Takashi, and Mitani, Yasuo
- Subjects
- *
MEMBRANE proteins , *PHYTOPATHOGENIC fungi , *CAROTENES , *PLANT-fungus relationships , *ABSCISIC acid , *CAROTENOIDS , *HYDROXYLASES - Abstract
Carotenoids with rare 6‐hydroxy‐3‐keto‐ε‐end groups, such as piprixanthin, vitixanthin, or cochloxanthin, found in manakin birds or plants, are rare carotenoids with high antioxidant activity. The same chemical structure is found in abscisic acid or blumenol, apocarotenoids found in plants or fungi. In this study, we serendipitously discovered that the promiscuous activity of the β‐carotene hydroxylase CrtZ, a diiron‐containing membrane protein, can catalyze the formation of 6‐hydroxy‐3‐keto‐ε‐end by using epoxycarotenoids antheraxanthin or violaxanthin as substrate. We suggest that the reaction mechanism is similar to that of a rhodoxanthin biosynthetic enzyme. Our results provide a further understanding of the reaction mechanism of diiron‐containing β‐carotene hydroxylases, as well as insight into the biosynthesis of natural compounds with 6‐hydroxy‐3‐keto‐ε‐end carotenoid derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. A BCS code in the f-OFDM system: a promising candidate for 5G wireless communication systems.
- Author
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Hussain, Ghasan Ali and Audah, Lukman
- Abstract
Recently, a novel BCS code differing from conventional concatenated (RS/BCH) codes has been proposed for LTE system. It achieved a significant improvement in the LTE system performance better than single codes and familiar concatenated (RS/BCH) codes. However, LTE systems that primarily depend on orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), no longer meet the demand of wireless-communication systems and their high data-rate requirements because of the rapid growth in the service aspect of such systems. In addition to high out-of-band emission (OOBE) and big peak to average power ratio (PAPR) of OFDM, it doesn't meet the demand of 5G diverse service scenarios. Meanwhile, filtered OFDM (f-OFDM) is considered a candidate technique for 5G wireless communication systems which have OFDM features as well low OOBE. However, a trade-off exists among reducing OOBE, bit error rate (BER) degradation, and high PAPR. In this work, the BCS code is proposed for f-OFDM to enhance its system performance, while a root-raised-cosine windowed finite impulse response (FIR) filter is selected in f-OFDM to reduce OOBE levels. Results show that in the BPSK and QPSK modulation schemes, f-OFDM achieves a low level of OOBE after using an FIR digital filter against a high level of OFDM. Meanwhile, the proposed system using the BCS code enables remarkable improvement in BER performance and helps reduce PAPR better than conventional OFDM systems. Therefore, considering these features, the proposed system using the BCS code can be presented as a candidate for 5G wireless-communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Keep the Bursts and Ditch the Interleavers.
- Author
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An, Wei, Medard, Muriel, and Duffy, Ken R.
- Subjects
- *
LINEAR codes , *BINARY codes , *TELECOMMUNICATION systems , *QUADRATURE amplitude modulation , *ERROR rates , *DITCHES , *WIRELESS channels - Abstract
While many communications media, such as wireless and certain classes of wireline channels, typically lead to bursty errors, most decoders are designed assuming memoryless channels. Consequently, communication systems generally rely on interleaving over tens of thousands of bits to match decoder assumptions. Even for short high rate codes, awaiting sufficient data in interleaving and de-interleaving is a significant source of unwanted latency. We construct an extension to the recently proposed Guessing Random Additive Noise Decoding (GRAND) algorithm, which we call GRAND-MO for GRAND Markov Order. By foregoing interleaving and instead making use of the bursty nature of noise, low-latency communication is possible with block error rates outperforming their interleaved counterparts by a substantial margin. We establish that certain well-known binary codes with structured code-word patterns are ill-suited for use in bursty channels, but Random Linear Codes (RLCs) prove robust to correlated noise. We further demonstrate that by operating directly on modulated symbols rather than de-mapped bits, GRAND-MO achieves further performance and complexity gains by exploiting information that is lost in demodulation. As a result, GRAND-MO provides one potential solution for applications that require ultra-reliable low latency communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Efficient Hardware-Software Codesigns of AES Encryptor and RS-BCH Encoder
- Author
-
Mohamed Asan Basiri, M., Shukla, Sandeep K., Barbosa, Simone Diniz Junqueira, Series Editor, Filipe, Joaquim, Series Editor, Kotenko, Igor, Series Editor, Sivalingam, Krishna M., Series Editor, Washio, Takashi, Series Editor, Yuan, Junsong, Series Editor, Zhou, Lizhu, Series Editor, Ghosh, Ashish, Series Editor, Rajaram, S., editor, Balamurugan, N.B., editor, Gracia Nirmala Rani, D., editor, and Singh, Virendra, editor more...
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Improvement of PAPR and BER in OFDM Using Codes Over the Ring of Integers Modulo 4
- Author
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Benkhouya, Reda, Chana, Idriss, Hadi, Youssef, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Ben Ahmed, Mohamed, editor, Boudhir, Anouar Abdelhakim, editor, and Younes, Ali, editor
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Enactment of LDPC Code Over DVB-S2 Link System for BER Analysis Using MATLAB
- Author
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Ghouri, Shariq Siraj Uddin, Saleem, Sajid, Zaidi, Syed Sajjad Haider, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Pal, Nikhil R., Advisory Editor, Bello Perez, Rafael, Advisory Editor, Corchado, Emilio S., Advisory Editor, Hagras, Hani, Advisory Editor, Kóczy, László T., Advisory Editor, Kreinovich, Vladik, Advisory Editor, Lin, Chin-Teng, Advisory Editor, Lu, Jie, Advisory Editor, Melin, Patricia, Advisory Editor, Nedjah, Nadia, Advisory Editor, Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh, Advisory Editor, Wang, Jun, Advisory Editor, Bhatia, Sanjiv K., editor, Tiwari, Shailesh, editor, Mishra, Krishn K., editor, and Trivedi, Munesh C., editor more...
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Channel Coding
- Author
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Michael Yang, Sung-Moon and Michael Yang, Sung-Moon
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. RoFSO system based on BCH and RS coded BPSK OFDM for 5G applications in smart cities.
- Author
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Kumar, Abhishek and Krishnan, Prabu
- Subjects
- *
SMART cities , *ATMOSPHERIC turbulence , *ORTHOGONAL frequency division multiplexing , *ERROR-correcting codes , *5G networks - Abstract
The radio over the free space optical (RoFSO) communication system has become a popular research topic in 5G communication in recent years. Atmospheric turbulence typically degrades the performance of the RoFSO system. Multiple input multiple output, aperture averaging, error-correcting codes, and robust modulation are standard mitigation techniques used to reduce the effects of atmospheric turbulence. In this paper, Reed Solomon (RS) and Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) coded binary shift keying (BPSK) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based RoFSO system is proposed for 5G applications. We introduced RS and BCH coding techniques for the first time in this proposed RoFSO system, and achieved an average bit error rate (ABER) of 10 - 6 , at 40 dB, 17 dB, and 4 dB carrier to noise plus distortion ratio (CNDR) for the uncoded, RS coded, and BCH coded systems, respectively, under weak turbulence conditions. That is, when compared to the uncoded system, the proposed RS and BCH coded system provide transmit power gains of 13 dB and 34 dB, respectively. The ABER performance of the proposed coded RoFSO system is investigated and compared to an uncoded system under various turbulence, weather, and pointing error cases. In all turbulence regimes, weather conditions, and pointing error scenarios, the BCH coded system outperforms the RS coded and uncoded systems. The proposed RS and BCH coded system is energy efficient and may be useful in 5G implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. An Efficient FEC Encoder Core for VCM LEO Satellite-Ground Communications
- Author
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Jing Kang, Jun She An, and Bingbing Wang
- Subjects
FEC encoder ,LDPC ,BCH ,VCM ,satellite-ground communications ,FPGA ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TK1-9971 - Abstract
A powerful forward error correction (FEC) scheme based on the serial concatenation of Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghen (BCH) and low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes has been adopted by the second generation digital video broadcast (DVB-S2) standard due to their near Shannon limit performance. This paper proposes an efficient FEC encoder core to support different DVB-S2 codes for variable coding modulation (VCM) schemes of low earth orbit (LEO) satellite-ground communications. By exploring the properties of different concatenated BCH-LDPC codes and reusing the computation units and memories, the compatibility is achieved and the utilization of hardware resources is improved. Besides, parallel computing is performed to speed up the acquisition of check bits, which allows the encoding throughput to be increased. Hardware architecture implementation on Xilinx XC7K325t field programmable gate array (FPGA) shows that the encoding throughput rate of the proposed FEC encoder core can reach 1.19 Gb/s. And the overall data throughput is improved by 30.9% compared with the constant coding modulation (CCM) schemes. more...
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Secure Spread Spectrum Based Multiple Watermarking Technique for Medical Images
- Author
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Singh, Amit Kumar, Kumar, Basant, Singh, Ghanshyam, Mohan, Anand, Furht, Borko, Series editor, Singh, Amit Kumar, editor, Kumar, Basant, editor, Singh, Ghanshyam, editor, and Mohan, Anand, editor
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Robust and Secure Multiple Watermarking for Medical Images
- Author
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Singh, Amit Kumar, Kumar, Basant, Singh, Ghanshyam, Mohan, Anand, Furht, Borko, Series editor, Singh, Amit Kumar, editor, Kumar, Basant, editor, Singh, Ghanshyam, editor, and Mohan, Anand, editor
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Study of Different Boundary Constraint Handling Schemes in Interior Search Algorithm
- Author
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Trivedi, Indrajit N., Gandomi, Amir H., Jangir, Pradeep, Jangir, Narottam, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series editor, Pal, Nikhil R., Advisory editor, Bello Perez, Rafael, Advisory editor, Corchado, Emilio S., Advisory editor, Hagras, Hani, Advisory editor, Kóczy, László T., Series editor, Kreinovich, Vladik, Advisory editor, Lin, Chin-Teng, Advisory editor, Lu, Jie, Advisory editor, Melin, Patricia, Advisory editor, Nedjah, Nadia, Advisory editor, Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh, Advisory editor, Wang, Jun, Advisory editor, Dash, Subhransu Sekhar, editor, Vijayakumar, K., editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, editor, and Das, Swagatam, editor more...
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. RM ALGEBRAS AND COMMUTATIVE MOONS.
- Author
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Walendziak, Andrzej
- Subjects
ABELIAN groups ,COMMUTATIVE algebra ,ALGEBRA - Abstract
Some generalizations of BCI algebras (the RM, BH, CI, BCH, BH**, BCH**, and *aRM** algebras) satisfying the identity (x → 1) → y = (y → 1) → x are considered. The connections of these algebras and various generalizations of commutative groups (such as, for example, involutive commutative moons and commutative (weakly) goops) are described. In particular, it is proved that an RM algebra verifying this identity is equivalent to an involutive commutative moon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. The efficient interleaving of digital-video-broadcasting-satellite 2nd generations system.
- Author
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Mohammed Ameen, Mohammed Jabbar and Kadhim, Hussam Jawad
- Subjects
- *
DIGITAL video broadcasting , *DIGITAL video , *GENERATIONS , *COMPARATIVE studies - Abstract
The DVB-S2 system is designed as a toolbox to permit the execution of the satellite programs. Interleaver is an essential part of the DVB-S2 system. The current general block interleaver in DVB-S2 is not best, which leads to high BER and maybe not satisfy the requirements of the system. The purpose of this paper is to study the several interleaver types and comparative analyses are done between them to find which of these give better performance. Simulations results obtained prove that the 2D interleavers minimize BER more than other interleavers of DVB-S2. Further, the performance of 2D interleaver is better on a system that required a low SNR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. A novel BCS code in a downlink LTE system over an LTE-MIMO channel.
- Author
-
Hussain, Ghasan Ali and Audah, Lukman
- Subjects
WIRELESS communications ,BINARY codes ,CIPHERS - Abstract
In general, a concatenated RS/BCH code consists of an outer RS code and an inner BCH code with separation by an interleaver. We create a novel BCS code using a new methodology by combining an outer BCH code with an inner RS code appended by an interleaver to randomize burst errors and help the RS code in correcting the errors. Generally, BCH codes handle binary data, whereas RS codes handle non-binary data. Hence, RS (7, 1) inner code is proposed to achieve compatibility with BCH (15, 5) outer codes and ultimately create a novel BCS code to handle binary data. The proposed BCS code is compared with familiar concatenated RS/BCH codes and single codes (RS and BCH) for BPSK and QPSK modulation schemes. Results show the downlink LTE system performance using the proposed BCS code is significantly better than the uncoded LTE system and single codes (RS and BCH). Moreover, the proposed BCS code also outperforms familiar concatenated RS/BCH codes for both schemes. In contrast, the system performance is improved further when the number of antennas in the MIMO channel is increased from 2 × 2 to 4 × 4 . Therefore, the proposed BCS code can be considered a stronger code with high reliability in wireless communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Development of a Datalogger for Submarine Glider: Integration of Fault-Tolerant Software Layers
- Author
-
Dagoberto De León-Gordillo, Noé Amir Rodríguez-Olivares, Leonardo Barriga-Rodríguez, José Luis Sánchez-Gaytán, Jorge Alberto Soto-Cajiga, Guillermo Ronquillo-Lomelí, and Tomás Salgado-Jiménez
- Subjects
BCH ,BER ,datalogger ,ECC ,NAND flash ,submarine glider ,Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering ,VM1-989 ,Oceanography ,GC1-1581 - Abstract
Submarine gliders are specialized systems used in applications such as environmental monitoring of marine fauna, in the oil industry, among others. The glider launch and capture is a costly process that requires substantial technological and human resources, so the orderly and error-free storage of data is of fundamental importance due to the subsequent analysis. The amount of information being obtained from the seabed is increasing, this leads to the need to develop robust and low-cost ad-hocsystems for this type of application. The challenge is the integration of the different software layers in the storage system because the monitored variables must be ordered according to different glider operations such as calibration data update and navigation. Additionally, to avoid data corruption in the memory chip, error control coding must be used. The goal of this paper is to present a novel design of different layers of software integrated into a datalogger: reception, error control, and storage logic for the different glider operations. The design of the datalogger is based on a NAND flash memory chip and an MSP430 microcontroller. To correct bit-flipping errors, a BCH code that corrects 4 errors for every 255 bits is implemented into the microcontroller. The design and evaluation are performed for different glider operations, and for different lengths and correction capabilities of the BCH module. A test to calculate the storage time has been carried out. This test shows that in the case of 256 bytes per sample, at 30 samples per minute, and 1 GB of storage capacity, it is possible to collect data from the glider sensors for 84 days. The results obtained show that our device is a useful option for storing underwater sensor data due to its real-time storage, power consumption, small size, easy integration, and its reliability, where the bit error rate BER is of 2.4 ×10−11. more...
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Design of a Baseband Signal for the 406 MHz Satellite Emergency Radio Transmitter Based on STM32
- Author
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He, Mi Liao, Guigen Nie, and Jing Zhao
- Subjects
COSPAS-SARSAT ,406 MHz transmitter ,baseband signal ,BCH ,STM32 micro-controller - Abstract
The baseband signal of the 406 MHz COSPAS-SARSAT emergency beacon is a 144-bit or 112-bit data with 0 and 1 code, including the information bits and error correcting check bits. In order to improve the coding efficiency of the baseband signal for the 406 MHz transmitter in the STM32 micro-controller, this paper proposes a calculation method for the first BCH error correcting code (BCH-1) and the second BCH error correcting code (BCH-2) of the COSPAS-SARAST transmitter. First, conduct the data coding process by 64-bit integral data; then, compute the BCH (127, 106) code and the BCH (63, 51) code to obtain the respective error correcting codes for improving coding rate; next, generate the baseband signal according to the GB 14391-2021 coding format; finally, modulate the baseband signal into a 406 MHz-RF signal, send it out and complete the task of distress alerting. The experimental results show that the proposed STM32 microcontroller-based baseband signal generation method is effective, and the EPIRB (Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon) designed based on this method has reached the industry standard. more...
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Robust and distortion control dual watermarking in LWT domain using DCT and error correction code for color medical image.
- Author
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Singh, A. K.
- Subjects
COLOR image processing ,COLOR codes ,ERROR correction (Information theory) ,DISCRETE cosine transforms ,MEDICAL coding ,DIGITAL image watermarking - Abstract
This paper presents lifting wavelet transform (LWT) and discrete cosine transform (DCT) based robust watermarking approach for tele-health applications. For identity authentication, 'signature watermark' of size '64 × 64' and 'patient report' of size '80' characters are hiding into the host medical image. Further, the signature watermark is encrypted by message-digest (MD5) and 'patient report' is encoded by BCH error correcting code before embedding into the host image. Experimental demonstrations indicate that the method provides sufficient robustness and security against various attacks without significant distortion between cover and watermarked image. Further, our results proved that the method offer NC value more than 0.9214 for most of the considered attacks. Furthermore, it is evident from results our method shows the improvement in robustness to previously reported techniques under consideration while providing low computational complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. PERBANDINGAN BIT ERROR RATE KODE REED-SOLOMON DENGAN KODE BOSE-CHAUDHURI-HOCQUENGHEM MENGGUNAKAN MODULASI 32-FSK
- Author
-
Eva Yovita Dwi Utami, Liang Arta Saelau, and Andreas A. Febrianto
- Subjects
BCH ,Reed Solomon ,BER ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TK1-9971 - Abstract
Kode Reed-Solomon (RS) dan kode Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) merupakan kode pengoreksi error yang termasuk dalam jenis kode blok siklis. Kode pengoreksi error diperlukan pada sistem komunikasi untuk memperkecil error pada informasi yang dikirimkan. Dalam makalah ini, disajikan hasil penelitian kinerja BER sistem komunikasi yang menggunakan kode RS, kode BCH, dan sistem yang tidak menggunakan kode RS dan kode BCH, menggunakan modulasi 32-FSK pada kanal Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), Rayleigh dan Rician. Kemampuan memperkecil error diukur menggunakan nilai Bit Error Rate (BER) yang dihasilkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kode RS seiring dengan penambahan nilai SNR, menurunkan nilai BER yang lebih curam bila dibandingkan sistem dengan kode BCH. Sedangkan kode BCH memberikan keunggulan saat SNR bernilai kecil, memiliki BER lebih baik daripada sistem dengan kode RS. more...
- Published
- 2016
40. Reducing vulnerability of modified LSB algorithm to a chosen statistic attacks
- Author
-
Kamil Kaczyński
- Subjects
steganography ,cyclic code ,error correction codes ,LSB ,BCH ,chi-square ,Technology - Abstract
[b]Abstract[/b]. The LSB algorithm is one of the most studied steganographic algorithms. There are several types of attacks that can detect the fact of conducting cover communication — chi-square attack and RS. This paper presents modification of the LSB algorithm which introduces fewer changes to carrier than the original LSB algorithm. Modified algorithms use a compression function, which significantly hinders the detection process. This paper also includes a description of main steganalytic methods along with their application to the proposed modification of the LSB algorithm.[b]Keywords[/b]: steganography, cyclic code, error correction codes, LSB, BCH, chi-square, steganalysis more...
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. A Flexible Hybrid BCH Decoder for Modern NAND Flash Memories Using General Purpose Graphical Processing Units (GPGPUs)
- Author
-
Arul Subbiah and Tokunbo Ogunfunmi
- Subjects
BCH ,decoder ,iBM ,GPU ,hybrid ,flash memory ,Galois field ,CUDA ,Mechanical engineering and machinery ,TJ1-1570 - Abstract
Bose−Chaudhuri−Hocquenghem (BCH) codes are broadly used to correct errors in flash memory systems and digital communications. These codes are cyclic block codes and have their arithmetic fixed over the splitting field of their generator polynomial. There are many solutions proposed using CPUs, hardware, and Graphical Processing Units (GPUs) for the BCH decoders. The performance of these BCH decoders is of ultimate importance for systems involving flash memory. However, it is essential to have a flexible solution to correct multiple bit errors over the different finite fields (GF(2 m )). In this paper, we propose a pragmatic approach to decode BCH codes over the different finite fields using hardware circuits and GPUs in tandem. We propose to employ hardware design for a modified syndrome generator and GPUs for a key-equation solver and an error corrector. Using the above partition, we have shown the ability to support multiple bit errors across different BCH block codes without compromising on the performance. Furthermore, the proposed method to generate modified syndrome has zero latency for scenarios where there are no errors. When there is an error detected, the GPUs are deployed to correct the errors using the iBM and Chien search algorithm. The results have shown that using the modified syndrome approach, we can support different multiple finite fields with high throughput. more...
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Severity of the autoimmune encephalomyelitis symptoms in mouse model by inhibition of LAT-1 transporters
- Author
-
Rahaman, Khandoker Asiqur, Hasan, Mahbub, Seo, Ji-Eun, Muresan, Anca Raluca, Song, Hye Jin, Min, Hophil, Son, Junghyun, Lee, Jaeick, Lee, Joonhee, Kim, Byungjoo, and Kwon, Oh-Seung
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. IDMMAC: Interference Aware Distributed Multi-Channel MAC Protocol for WSAN.
- Author
-
Kakarla, Jagadeesh, Majhi, Banshidhar, and Battula, Ramesh Babu
- Abstract
In this paper, an interference aware distributed multi-channel MAC (IDMMAC) protocol is proposed for wireless sensor and actor networks (WSANs). The WSAN consists of a huge number of sensors and ample amount of actors. Hence, in the IDMMAC protocol a lightweight channel selection mechanism is proposed to enhance the sensor's lifetime. The IDMMAC protocol divides the beacon interval into two phases (i.e., the adhoc traffic indication message (ATIM) window phase and data transmission phase). When a sensor wants to transmit event information to the actor, it negotiates the maximum packet reception ratio (PRR) and the capacity channel in the ATIM window with its 1-hop sensors. The channel negotiation takes place via a control channel. To improve the packet delivery ratio of the IDMMAC protocol, each actor selects a backup cluster head (BCH) from its cluster members. The BCH is elected based on its residual energy and node degree. The BCH selection phase takes place whenever an actor wants to perform actions in the event area or it leaves the cluster to help a neighbor actor. Furthermore, an interference and throughput aware multichannel MAC protocol is also proposed for actor-actor coordination. An actor selects a minimum interference and maximum throughput channel among the available channels to communicate with the destination actor. The performance of the proposed IDMMAC protocol is analyzed using standard network parameters, such as packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and energy dissipation, in the network. The obtained simulation results indicate that the IDMMAC protocol performs well compared to the existing MAC protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Enhancing BER Performance Limit of BCH and RS Codes Using Multipath Diversity.
- Author
-
Al-Barrak, Alyaa, Al-Sherbaz, Ali, Kanakis, Triantafyllos, and Crockett, Robin
- Subjects
BIT error rate ,REED-Solomon codes ,WIRELESS communications ,MULTIPATH channels ,ERROR correction (Information theory) - Abstract
Modern wireless communication systems suffer from phase shifting and, more importantly, from interference caused by multipath propagation. Multipath propagation results in an antenna receiving two or more copies of the signal sequence sent from the same source but that has been delivered via different paths. Multipath components are treated as redundant copies of the original data sequence and are used to improve the performance of forward error correction (FEC) codes without extra redundancy, in order to improve data transmission reliability and increase the bit rate over the wireless communication channel. For a proof of concept Bose, Ray-Chaudhuri, and Hocquenghem (BCH) and Reed-Solomon (RS) codes have been used for FEC to compare their bit error rate (BER) performances. The results showed that the wireless multipath components significantly improve the performance of FEC. Furthermore, FEC codes with low error correction capability and employing the multipath phenomenon are enhanced to perform better than FEC codes which have a bit higher error correction capability and did not utilise the multipath. Consequently, the bit rate is increased, and communication reliability is improved without extra redundancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. BCH1 expression pattern contributes to the fruit carotenoid diversity between peach and apricot.
- Author
-
Wang, Pengfei, Lu, Siyuan, Jing, Ruyu, Hyden, Brennan, Li, Li, Zhao, Xulei, Zhang, Lvwen, Han, Yan, Zhang, Xueying, Xu, Jizhong, Chen, Haijiang, and Cao, Hongbo
- Subjects
- *
PEACH , *APRICOT , *FRUIT , *FRUIT ripening , *PRUNUS , *XANTHOPHYLLS - Abstract
Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) and apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) are two species of economic importance for fruit production in the genus Prunus. Peach and apricot fruits exhibit significant differences in carotenoid levels and profiles. HPLC-PAD analysis showed that a greater content of β-carotene in mature apricot fruits is primarily responsible for orange color, while peach fruits showed a prominent accumulation of xanthophylls (violaxanthin and cryptoxanthin) with yellow color. There are two β-carotene hydroxylase genes in both peach and apricot genomes. Transcriptional analysis revealed that BCH1 expresses highly in peach but lowly in apricot fruit, showing a correlation with peach and apricot fruit carotenoid profiles. By using a carotenoid engineered bacterial system, it was demonstrated that there was no difference in the BCH1 enzymatic activity between peach and apricot. Comparative analysis about the putative cis-acting regulatory elements between peach and apricot BCH1 promoters provided important information for our understanding of the differences in promoter activity of the BCH1 genes in peach and apricot. Therefore, we investigated the promoter activity of BCH1 gene through a GUS detection system, and confirmed that the difference in the transcription level of the BCH1 gene resulted from the difference of the promoter function. This study provides important perspective to understanding the diversity of carotenoid accumulation in Prunus fruits such as peach and apricot. In particular, BCH1 gene is proposed as a main predictor for β-carotene content in peach and apricot fruits during the ripening process. • The transcriptional patterns of BCH1 gene correlated with the carotenoid diversity between peach and apricot fruits. • BCH1 enzymatic activity was consistent between peach and apricot. • The difference in BCH1 expression pattern resulted from the difference of the promoter function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Advanced Bit Flip Concatenates BCH Code Demonstrates 0.93% Correctable BER and Faster Decoding on (36 864, 32 768) Emerging Memories.
- Author
-
Ning, Sheyang
- Subjects
- *
BCH codes , *BIT error rate , *BINOMIAL distribution , *DATA mapping , *LOW density parity check codes - Abstract
Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem (BCH) and low-density-parity-check (LDPC) are two popular error correcting codes for non-volatile memories. However, the BCH has limited error correction ability, while the LDPC requires multiple sensing operations per read. In this paper, an advanced bit flip (ABF) scheme is proposed to obtain high-correctable raw bit error rate (BER), fast decoding, and one sensing per read, simultaneously. During write, first, the ABF uses data mapping to correct major program errors. Then, the BCH is used to correct the remaining errors. The performance of concatenated ABF + BCH is calculated by using 108 writes data from a nano-random access memory array. On 32 768 user data bits, ABF + BCH reduces 54% parity size and 17% decoding latency compared with only using BCH. Furthermore, ABF + BCH performances are calculated and analyzed statistically on a hypothetical memory array with binominal error distribution. By using fixed 512 bytes parity, ABF + BCH obtains 0.93% correctable raw BER when set + retention BER is 0.1%. Moreover, ABF + BCH shows less decoding latency than only using BCH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Hardware architecture of the error-correcting coding block of DVB-S2/S2X standards and its implementation in FPGA
- Subjects
DVB-S2X ,LDPC ,Carrier-in-Carrier ,BCH ,DVB-S2 - Abstract
Тема вÑпÑÑкной квалиÑикаÑионной ÑабоÑÑ: «ÐппаÑаÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð°ÑÑ Ð¸ÑекÑÑÑа блока Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð¾ÑÑÑойÑивого кодиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑандаÑÑов DVB-S2/S2X и ее ÑеализаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð² FPGA».ÐÐ°Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑабоÑа поÑвÑÑена ÑазÑабоÑке и ÑеализаÑии аппаÑаÑной аÑÑ Ð¸ÑекÑÑÑÑ Ð±Ð»Ð¾ÐºÐ° Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð¾ÑÑÑойÑивого кодиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑандаÑÑов DVB-S2/S2X Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð² ÑиÑÑеме мониÑоÑинга ÑпÑÑниковÑÑ Ñигналов Ñипа âнеÑÑÑаÑ-в-неÑÑÑейâ. Ð Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ðµ ÑабоÑÑ Ð±Ñли ÑÐµÐ°Ð»Ð¸Ð·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð´ÐµÑ BCH, ÐºÐ¾Ð´ÐµÑ LDPC, пеÑемежиÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¸ модÑлÑÑоÑ.ÐÐ»Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð½Ð°Ð»ÑнÑÑ ÑиÑÑем мониÑоÑинга ÑпÑÑниковÑÑ Ñигналов, иÑполÑзÑÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ñип Ñигнала âнеÑÑÑаÑ-в-неÑÑÑейâ, кÑайне важен блок Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð¾ÑÑÑойÑивого кодиÑованиÑ, иÑполÑзÑÑÑий малое колиÑеÑÑво логиÑеÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÑеÑÑÑÑов ÐÐÐС, а Ñакже обладаÑÑий вÑÑокой пÑоизводиÑелÑноÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñоковой обÑабоÑки даннÑÑ . ÐÑедлагаемое ÑÑÑÑойÑÑво Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑоизводиÑелÑноÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ 1,65 ÐбиÑ/Ñек, пÑи ÑабоÑей ÑакÑовой ÑаÑÑоÑе 352 ÐÐÑ Ð¸ ÑиÑле иÑполÑзованнÑÑ ÑеÑÑÑÑов: 15155 LUT, 8361 FF и 75 BRAM.ÐÑи ÑазÑабоÑке аÑÑ Ð¸ÑекÑÑÑÑ Ð±Ñла Ñоздана подÑÐ¾Ð±Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»Ñ Ð² ÑÑеде Matlab, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð²Ð¼ÐµÑÑе Ñ ÑеÑÑбенÑем ÑоÑÑавлÑла ÑеÑÑовое окÑÑжение Ñеализованного блока Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð¾ÑÑÑойÑивого кодиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ позволÑла на каждом ÑÑапе кодиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑвеÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð¶Ð¸Ð´Ð°ÐµÐ¼Ñе даннÑе Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑеннÑми из ÑимÑлÑÑии в ÑÑеде ModelSim.РазÑабоÑанное ÑÑÑÑойÑÑво поддеÑÐ¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð° ÑÑандаÑÑа DVB-S2 и DVB-S2X, ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°ÐºÑнÑм и пÑоизводиÑелÑнÑм. ÐлагодаÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñм каÑеÑÑвам оно Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ñи Ñвое пÑименение во Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ ÑпÑÑниковой ÑвÑзи, где кÑайне важен Ð±Ð°Ð»Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑоизводиÑелÑноÑÑи и компакÑноÑÑи. Ð ÑаÑÑноÑÑи, Ñакой ÑиÑÑемой и ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð½Ð°Ð»ÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема мониÑоÑинга ÑпÑÑниковÑÑ Ñигналов., The subject of the graduate qualification work is: "Hardware architecture of the DVB-S2/S2X error-correcting coding block and its implementation in FPGA".The given work is devoted to the development and implementation of the hardware architecture of the DVB-S2/S2X error-correcting coding unit for use in a carrier-in-carrier satellite signal monitoring system. During the work, a BCH encoder, an LDPC encoder, an interleaver and a modulator were implemented.For multi-channel satellite signal monitoring systems using the carrier-in-carrier signal type, an error-correcting encoding block, using a small amount of FPGA logic resources, and also having high performance for streaming data processing, is extremely important. The proposed device has a performance of up to 1.65 Gb / s, with an operating clock frequency of 352 MHz and the number of resources used: 15155 LUT, 8361 FF and 75 BRAM.When developing the architecture, a detailed model was created in the Matlab environment, which, together with the testbench, constituted the test environment of the implemented block of error-correcting encoding and allowed to compare the expected data with those obtained from the simulation in the ModelSim environment at each stage of encoding.The developed device supports both DVB-S2 and DVB-S2X standards, is compact and efficient. Thanks to these qualities, it can find its application in many satellite communication systems, where the balance of performance and compactness is extremely important. In particular, such a system is a multi-channel monitoring system for satellite signals. more...
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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48. Classificação sinótica dos campos de pressão atmosférica na América do Sul e sua relação com as baixas do chaco e do noroeste argentino Synoptic classification of the atmospheric pressure fields over South America and its relation to the Chaco and the Argentinean Northwest Lows
- Author
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Gustavo Carlos Juan Escobar and Marcelo Enrique Seluchi
- Subjects
classificação sinótica da pressão atmosférica ,BNOA ,BCH ,componentes principais ,Synoptic classification ,NA ,CHL ,Principal Components ,Meteorology. Climatology ,QC851-999 - Abstract
O trabalho apresenta uma classificação dos campos de pressão atmosférica ao nível médio do mar sobre América do Sul, durante as estações de verão e inverno, com o intuito de identificar os principais padrões sinóticos associados à Baixa do Noroeste da Argentina (BNOA) e à Baixa do Chaco (BCH). Para isso, a técnica de Análise de Componentes Principais rotacionadas foi aplicada à serie de reanálises do NCEP para o período 1985-2010. Um segundo objetivo foi determinar as principais frequências de variabilidade relacionadas com a atuação de ambos os sistemas, mediante a utilização do método de Análise Espectral. Os resultados destacam cinco padrões de circulação que representam aproximadamente 80% dos casos analisados. Durante o verão, a BCH, localizada entre o norte da Argentina, Paraguai, Mato Grosso do Sul e o sul da Bolívia, está associada principalmente com dois padrões sinóticos. A BNOA está associada apenas com um padrão sinótico, similar ao campo médio sazonal. Já no inverno, a BCH não aparece, confirmando seu caráter térmico, gerada principalmente pela liberação de calor latente, produto da convecção observada na área de atuação deste sistema. A BNOA também está associada apenas com um padrão sinótico durante esta estação. Este padrão é similar ao obtido no verão, porém representando menor porcentagem de variância e relacionado principalmente com perturbações sinóticas. A análise de frequência mostra que o modo de circulação associado à BCH tem um pico de energia em torno dos 17 dias, enquanto que a BNOA apresenta um pico de energia em torno dos 22 dias durante o verão e um relativo aumento da variabilidade sinótica no inverno.This work performs a classification of sea level pressure fields for South America during summer and winter, in order to identify the main synoptic patterns associated with the Northwestern Argentinean Low (NAL) and the Chaco Low (CHL). To this purpose, the Principal Component Analysis technique in rotated mode was applied to the NCEP reanalysis for the period from 1985 to 2010. A second objective was to determine the main variability frequencies related to both systems, by employing Spectral Analysis. The results provide five circulation patterns, representative of about 80% of all cases. During summer, the CHL, located between northern Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia and southern MS, is mainly associated with two synoptic patterns. The NAL is associated with a single synoptic mode, similar to the seasonal mean field. During winter, the CHL is not recognized, in agreement with its thermal nature related to latent heat released by tropical convection. The NAL is also associated with a unique synoptic mode during this season. This mode is similar to that obtained in the summer and is also related to synoptic scale disturbances but explaining a lesser percentage of variance. The Frequency Analysis show that the circulation mode associated to the CHL has an energy peak at around 17 days, while the NAL has an energy peak around 22 days in summer and a relative increase of synoptic variability in winter. more...
- Published
- 2012
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49. LDPC Error Floor Improvement
- Author
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Aseel Hameed Majeed
- Subjects
ldpc ,bch ,error floor ,Science ,Technology - Abstract
The error-correcting performance of low-density parity check (LDPC) codes, when decoded using practical iterative decoding algorithms, is known to be close to Shannon limits. In this paper we study the LDPC codes performance when varying code rate, constellation level and the maximum number of iteration, this paper shows better coding gain can be obtained at the cost of higher complexity or higher bit rate. For some cases, due to their inability to reach very low bit error rates (e.g., 10− 12) at low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), a consequence the error rate floor phenomenon associated with iterative LDPC decoders is produced. This paper demonstrates that the concatenation system used LDPC as an inner code and the Bose, Chaudhuri, and Hocquenghem codes (BCH) as an outer code can successfully lower the floor. Connecting BCH codes lower the LDPC BER floor by a factor( from 32 to 22) at about SNR (from -1dB to 1.8 dB) with the same overall cod rate(i.e without any reduction in the bandwith efficiency) and restricted few number of iteration ( only 5 iterations). more...
- Published
- 2012
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50. A delay and energy aware coordination mechanism for WSAN.
- Author
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Kakarla, Jagadeesh, Majhi, Banshidhar, and Battula, Ramesh
- Subjects
- *
WIRELESS sensor nodes , *ENERGY dissipation , *ACQUISITION of data , *COMPUTER simulation , *CLUSTER analysis (Statistics) - Abstract
In this paper, a delay and energy aware coordination mechanism (DEACM) has been devised for wireless sensor-actor networks. In DEACM, a two-level hierarchical K-hop clustering mechanism is used to organize the sensors and actors for communication. In the first level, sensors form a K-hop cluster using actors as cluster heads, and sink is made as the cluster head in the second level to form a cluster among actors. Sensor nodes, which are 1-hop away from the actors, also called as relay nodes are elected as backup cluster head (BCH) based on the residual energy and node degree. BCH collects the data from sensors when an actor is away to perform actions in the affected area. The scheme is evaluated through exhaustive simulation in NS2 along with other existing schemes. Different parameters like average event waiting time, event reliability, and average energy dissipation are compared, varying the number of sensors, actors, and data transfer rate. In general, it is observed that the proposed DEACM outperforms other existing schemes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2016
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