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RESUMO Objetivou-se conduzir estudo colaborativo para avaliação do teor de matéria mineral em alimentos em sete laboratórios de análise de alimentos de instituições integrantes do Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Ciência Animal (INCT-CA). Avaliaram-se seis alimentos: feno de capim-braquiária, cana-deaçúcar, silagem de milho grão, farelo de soja, milho e polpa cítrica. Solicitou-se a cada laboratório que as amostras fossem analisadas por seis dias, consecutivos ou não, sendo realizadas três repetições por amostra por dia de avaliação. Foi observado variação entre laboratórios, dias de análise e efeito de interação de material e laboratório. A variação dos resultados entre laboratórios correspondeu de 33,5 a 78,2% da variação aleatória total. Verificou-se que a repetibilidade representou de 8,5 a 51,6% da reprodutibilidade. Observou-se razões de Horwitz superiores a dois para três dos materiais avaliados. Foi constatado que 42,9% das avaliações apresentaram variações das estimativas em função do dia no qual a análise foi realizada. Também foram verificadas diferenças entre procedimentos de avaliação de matéria mineral em função dos diferentes laboratórios. Os teores de matéria mineral estimados pelos laboratórios participantes deste estudo apresentam baixa reprodutibilidade, o que é agravado pela presença de efeito de interação do material avaliado e do laboratório. SUMMARY The objective was to conduct a collaborative study to evaluate the mineral matter contents in feeds in seven feed analysis laboratories from institutions linked to the National Institute of Science and Technology in Animal Science (INCT-CA). Six feeds were evaluated: signal grass hey, sugarcane, corn silage, soybean meal, corn grain and citrus pulp. It was asked to each laboratory that the samples were analyzed for six days, consecutive or not, with three replicates per sample per day of evaluation. Variations were observed among laboratories, days of analysis and interaction effect of material and laboratory. The variation of results among laboratories accounted from 33.5 to 78.2% of the total random variation. It was verified that the repeatability represented 8.5 to 51.6% of reproducibility. It was noticed Horwitz ratios greater than 2 for three materials tested. It was found that 42.9% of the assessments show variations of the estimates as a function of days in which analysis was performed. Differences were also observed between procedures to assess mineral matter according to the different laboratories. The mineral matter contents estimate by each laboratory in this study have low reproducibility, which is aggravated by the interaction effect of material and laboratory.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico Em ruminantes, a eficiência de utilização do nitrogênio (N; g de N em produto/g de N consumido) é baixa quando comparada a outras espécies (e.g., suínos, aves). Por esta razão, há uma excreção excessiva de compostos nitrogenados para o meio ambiente. No entanto, entendendo os mecanismos envolvidos no controle do metabolismo de N, tais como a eficiência de captura do N reciclado no rúmen e o metabolismo de aminoácidos (AA) pode melhorar a eficiência de utilização de N. Objetivando o entendimento destes fatores, esta tese foi desenvolvida a partir de três estudos. O objetivo do primeiro estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com proteína degradável (PDR) e não-degradável no rúmen (PNDR) sobre a digestão de nutrientes, metabolismo de N, cinética de ureia, e degradação de proteína muscular em novilhas Nelore (Bos indicus) consumindo feno de capim-Braquiária [5% de proteína bruta (PB); 80% de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN); ambos em % da matéria seca (MS)]. Foram utilizadas cinco novilhas Nelore canuladas no rúmen e abomaso (248±9 kg) distribuídas em um quadrado latino 5 × 5. Os tratamentos foram: controle (sem suplemento); e suplementação com PDR para atender 100% das exigências de PDR mais suplementação com PNDR visando suprir 0%, 50%, 100% ou 150% das exigências de PNDR. O suplemento com PDR (caseína e N não-proteico) foi fornecido duas vezes ao dia, enquanto a PNDR suplementar foi continuamente infundida no abomaso. Infusão venosa de [ 15 N 15 N]-ureia com a avaliação do enriquecimento urinário foi realizada para mensurar a cinética de ureia. A relação entre 3-metil- histidina e creatinina foi utilizada para estimar a degradação de proteína muscular. O consumo de FDN (2,48 kg/dia) não foi afetado pela suplementação (P>0,37), mas elevou a digestão ruminal de FDN (P0,05) a partir de 194 g PB/kg MOD. Os modelos obtidos neste estudo podem contribuir para o atual conhecimento da utilização de N nos sistemas de predição de dietas para otimização da reciclagem de ureia, reduzindo perdas de N que contribuem para a poluição do ar e da água. O objetivo do estudo descrito no terceiro capítulo foi avaliar a eficiência de utilização de lisina em novilhos em crescimento. Cinco novilhos holandeses fistulados no rúmen (165±8 kg) e mantidos em gaiolas metabólicas foram utilizados segundo delineamento em quadrado latino 6 × 6. Todos os novilhos receberam dieta restrita (2,46 kg de MS/dia) fornecida duas vezes ao dia, contendo baixo teor de PNDR (81% de casca de soja, 8% de palha de trigo, 6% de melaço e 5% de vitaminas e minerais). Os tratamentos foram: 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15 g/dia de L-lisina infundida continuamente no abomaso. Uma mistura de todos os AA essenciais foram também infundidos em conjunto para prevenir a limitação de outros AA, exceto lisina. Adicionalmente, os novilhos receberam infusão contínua de 10 g/dia de ureia, 200 g/dia de ácido acético, 200 g/dia de ácido propiônico e 50 g/dia de ácido butírico no rúmen; e 300 g/dia de glicose no abomaso. Estas infusões forneceram concentração de amônia no rúmen e energia suplementar adequados sem promoverem alteração sobre a produção de proteína microbiana. Cada período experimental foi constituído de seis dias, sendo dois dias de adaptação e quatro dias de coleta total de fezes e urina para mensurar o balanço de N. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas no sexto dia (10 horas após alimentação). A digestibilidade de MO da dieta não foi alterada (P≥0,66) pelos tratamentos sendo, em média, 73,7%. A excreção urinária de N reduziu de 32,3 para 24,3 g/dia entre os níveis de 0 a 9 g/dia de suplementação com lisina, com nenhum aumento verificado com níveis superiores a 9 g/dia (efeito linear e quadrático, P 0.37) by supplementation, but supplementation did increase ruminal NDF digestion (P < 0.01). Total N intake (by design) and N retention increased (P < 0.001) with supplementation and also increased linearly with RUP provision. Urea entry rate (UER) and gastrointestinal entry rate of urea (GER) were increased by supplementation (P < 0.001). Supplementation with RUP linearly increased (P = 0.02) UER and tended (P = 0.07) to linearly increase GER. Urea use for anabolic purposes tended (P = 0.07) to be increased by supplementation, and RUP provision also tended (P = 0.08) to linearly increase the amount of urea used for anabolism. The fraction of recycled urea- N incorporated into microbial N (MNU) was greater (P < 0.001) for control (22%) than for supplemented (10%) heifers. Urinary 3-methylhistidine:creatinine of control heifers was more than double that of supplemented heifers (P < 0.001). Control heifers reabsorbed a greater (P < 0.001) fraction of urea from the renal tubule than did supplemented heifers. Overall, unsupplemented heifers had greater mobilization of AA from myofibrillar protein, which provided N for urea synthesis and subsequent recycling. Supplemental RUP, when RDP was supplied, not only increased N retention, but also supported increased urea-N recycling and increased ruminal microbial protein synthesis. In the second chapter, urea kinetics and microbial assimilation of recycled urea N in ruminants were evaluated using a meta-analytical approach. Treatment mean values were compiled from 25 studies with ruminants (beef cattle, dairy cows, and sheep) which were published from 2001 to 2016, totaling 107 treatment means. The dataset was analyzed according to meta-analysis techniques using linear or non-linear mixed models, taking into account the random variations among experiments. Urea N synthesized in the liver (UER) and urea N recycled to the gut (GER) linearly increased (P < 0.001) as N intake (g/BW 0.75 ) increased, with increases corresponding to 71.5% and 35.2% of N intake, respectively. The UER was positively associated (P < 0.05) with dietary CP and the ratio of CP to digestible OM (CP:DOM). Maximum curvature analyses indicate that above 17% of CP there is a prominent increase on hepatic synthesis of urea N due to an excess of dietary N and NH 3 input. The GER:UER decreased with increasing dietary CP content (P < 0.05). At dietary CP ≥ 19%, the fraction of GER became constant. The fraction of UER eliminated as urinary urea N and the contribution of urea N to total urinary N were positively associated with dietary CP (P < 0.05), plateaued at about 17% of CP. The fractions of GER excreted in the feces and utilized for anabolism decreased, whereas the fraction of GER returned to the ornithine cycle increased with dietary CP content (P < 0.05). Recycled urea N assimilated by ruminal microbes (as a fraction of GER) decreased as dietary CP and CP:DOM increased (P < 0.05). The efficiency of microbial assimilation of recycled urea N plateaued at 194 g CP/kg DOM. The models obtained in this study can to contribute to the knowledge on N utilization in feeding models and optimizing urea recycling, reducing N losses that contribute to air and water pollution. The objective of the third chapter was to evaluate the efficiency of lysine (Lys) utilization by growing steers. Five ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (165 kg ± 8 kg) housed in metabolism crates were used in a 6 × 6 Latin square design; data from a sixth steer was excluded due to erratic feed intake. All steers were limit fed (2.46 kg DM/d) twice daily diets low in RUP (81% soybean hulls, 8% wheat straw, 6% cane molasses, and 5% vitamins and minerals). Treatments were: 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 g/d of L-Lys abomasally infused continuously. To prevent AA other than Lys from limiting performance, a mixture providing all essential AA to excess was continuously infused abomasally. Additional continuous infusions included 10 g urea/d, 200 g acetic acid/d, 200 g propionic acid/d, and 50 g butyric acid/d to the rumen and 300 g glucose/d to the abomasum. These infusions provided adequate ruminal ammonia and increased energy supply without increasing microbial protein supply. Each 6-d period included 2 d for adaptation and 4 d for total fecal and urinary collections for measuring N balance. Blood was collected on d 6 (10 h after feeding). Diet OM digestibility was not altered (P ≥ 0.66) by treatment and averaged 73.7%. Urinary N excretion decreased from 32.3 to 24.3 g/d by increasing Lys supplementation to 9 g/d, with no further reduction when more than 9 g/d of Lys was supplied (linear and quadratic P < 0.01). Changes in total urinary N excretion were predominantly due to changes in urinary urea-N. Increasing Lys supply from 0 to 9 g/d increased N retention from 21.4 to 30.7 g/d, with no further increase beyond 9 g/d of Lys (linear and quadratic P < 0.01). Break-point analysis estimated maximal N retention at 9 g/d supplemental Lys. Over the linear response surface of 0 to 9 g/d Lys, the efficiency of Lys utilization for protein deposition was 40%. Plasma urea-N tended to be linearly decreased (P = 0.06) by Lys supplementation in agreement with the reduction in urinary urea-N excretion. Plasma concentrations of Lys increased linearly (P < 0.001), but leucine, serine, valine, and tyrosine (P ≤ 0.02) were reduced linearly by Lys supplementation, likely reflecting increased uptake for protein deposition. In our model, Lys supplementation promoted significant increases in N retention and was maximized at 9 g/d supplemental Lys with efficiency of utilization of 40%.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with nitrogenous compounds in the rumen and, or in the abomasum on intake, digestibility, rumen dynamics of fibrous compounds and on the parameters of nitrogenous compounds metabolism in cattle fed tropical forage quality. Four Nellore young bulls, averaging 280±10 kg body weight (BW) and fitted with rumen and abomasum cannulas, were used. The following treatments were evaluated: control (only forage), ruminal nitrogenous compounds supplementation (daily supply of 224 g of crude protein in the rumen), abomasal nitrogenous compounds supplementation (daily supply of 224 g of crude protein in the abomasum), and ruminal and abomasal nitrogenous compounds supplementation (daily supply of 224 g of protein, being 112 g in the rumen and 112 g in the abomasum). The basal diet consisted of Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) hay, which presented average crude protein (CP) content of 98.6 g/kg of dry matter (DM). The experiment was implemented and analyzed according to a 4 4 Latin square design, balanced for residual effects, with four treatments, four animals and four experimental periods lasting 29 days each. The experimental periods consisted of three phases or sub-periods. At first one, it was evaluated the animal response in terms of intake without supplementation. In the second sub-period it was assessed the evolution of intake according to supplementation. In the third sub-period, it was supposed that animals were under a steady state with regard intake, digestibility and metabolism according to the treatments. From this assumption, it was evaluated the digestibility, the rumen dynamics of fibrous compounds, and the characteristic of the rumen and metabolism of nitrogenous compounds. There was no effect of the treatments (P>0.10) on voluntary intake of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) during the first two experimental sub-periods. During the third sub-period, there was no effects of treatments (P>0.10) on total DM, forage and NDF intake. However, the CP intake was increased by supplementation (P0.10), however a positive linear effect (P0.10), being, however, observed a linear effect (P0.10) on the urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine and degradation of muscle protein. The intestinal flow of microbial N synthesis was not affected by supplementation (P>0.10), however a linear effect (P0,10) de tratamentos sobre os consumos voluntários de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) durante os dois primeiros subperíodos experimentais. Na avaliação do consumo durante a fase pressuposta com resposta estável à suplementação não foram observadas diferenças (P>0,10) para o consumo de MS total, de forragem e de FDN. No entanto, o consumo de PB foi incrementado com o fornecimento de suplemento (P0,10), entretanto efeito linear positivo (P0,10), sendo, contudo, observado efeito linear negativo (P0,10) sobre a excreção urinária de 3-metil-histidina e a degradação de proteína muscular. O fluxo intestinal de compostos nitrogenados microbianos não foi afetado pela suplementação (P>0,10), contudo efeito linear negativo (P