347 results on '"BARKEMA, H. W."'
Search Results
2. A Mathematical Model of Staphylococcus aureus Control in Dairy Herds
- Author
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Zadoks, R. N., Allore, H. G., Hagenaars, T. J., Barkema, H. W., and Schukken, Y. H.
- Published
- 2002
3. Crohn's disease in humans and Johne's disease in cattle - linked diseases?
- Author
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Barkema, H. W., primary, Hendrick, S., additional, Buck, J. M. de, additional, Ghosh, S., additional, Kaplan, G. G., additional, and Rioux, K. P., additional
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Global prevalence and economics of infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in ruminants.
- Author
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Barkema, H. W., primary, Hesselink, J. W., additional, McKenna, S. L. B., additional, Benedictus, G., additional, and Groenendaal, H., additional
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Adoption of biosecurity practices on Canadian dairy farms
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Denis-Robichaud, J., Kelton, D. F., Bauman, C. A., Barkema, H. W., Keefe, G. P., and Dubuc, J.
- Subjects
Agricultural science ,Biosecurity ,Dairy industry ,Business ,National standard ,Productivity ,Management practices - Abstract
Biosecurity refers to management practices aiming to prevent the introduction and the spread of infectious diseases, and it has been associated with reduced odds of disease, improved productivity, and decreased use of antimicrobials. In 2013 the Canadian dairy industry developed a tool to help producers implement biosecurity practices; the National Standard for Biosecurity. There was, however, no information available detailing the adoption of the different practices on Canadian dairy farms. The objective of this study was to describe the adoption of biosecurity practices on Canadian dairy farms in order to inform strategies and priorities for implementing the tool., American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference, 2019
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Involving veterinarians in the implementation of biosecurity practices on dairy farms
- Author
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Denis-Robichaud, J., Kelton, D. F., Bauman, C. A., Barkema, H. W., Keefe, G. P., and Dubuc, J.
- Subjects
Order (business) ,Biosecurity ,Business ,Environmental planning - Abstract
On dairy farms worldwide, the adoption of biosecurity practices is limited. In order to reduce the risk of introduction and spread of diseases, the Canadian industry is aiming to implement farm-based biosecurity plans and strategies. Herd veterinarians are likely to be involved in the development of the farm biosecurity plan, but it is unclear what role veterinarians already have in regard to biosecurity, and what are the barriers to their involvement. The objective of this study was to describe the perception of veterinarians regarding biosecurity implementation on dairy farms, and to compare it to the perception of producers., American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference, 2019
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- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Canadian National Dairy Study
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Winder, C. B., Bauman, C. A., Duffield, T. F., Barkema, H. W., Keefe, G. P., Dubuc, J., Uehlinger, F., and Kelton, D. F.
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Pain control ,Dairy heifer ,business.industry ,animal diseases ,Environmental health ,Animal welfare ,Mortality rate ,Medicine ,National level ,business ,Heifer calf ,Dairy cattle ,Management practices - Abstract
Care and management of dairy heifer calves early in life has substantial short- and long-term impacts, from affecting calf morbidity and mortality rates to future milk production. In the past decade, substantial changes have occurred in the way dairy heifer calves are managed. Animal welfare standards have also changed globally. While there is some evidence that the use of pain control for disbudding has increased in the province of Ontario in recent years, no national data have been collected regarding this practice. Other early life heifer calf management practices, as well as morbidity and mortality rates, have not been described at the Canadian national level. In this regard, the objectives of this study, part of phase I of the 2015 Canadian National Dairy Study, were to examine heifer calf health, adoption of rearing practices, and explore factors associated with different rearing strategies on Canadian dairy farms., American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference, 2018
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Genetic Analysis of Subclinical Mastitis in Early Lactation
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Narayana, S., Miglior, F., Naqvi, A.S., Malchiodi, F., Martin, Pauline, Barkema, H. W., University of Calgary, University of Guelph, Canadian Dairy Network, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative (GABI), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech
- Subjects
[SDV.GEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics ,[SDV.GEN.GA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Animal genetics ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS - Abstract
International audience
- Published
- 2018
9. Genetic analysis of subclinical mastitis in early lactation in first-parity cows
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Narayana, S. G., Miglior, F., Naqvi, A.S., Malchiodi, F., Martin, Pauline, Barkema, H. W., University of Calgary, University of Guelph, and Canadian Dairy Network
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[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS - Abstract
International audience
- Published
- 2018
10. Involving veterinarians in the implementation of biosecurity practices on dairy farms
- Author
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Denis-Robichaud, J., primary, Kelton, D. F., additional, Bauman, C. A., additional, Barkema, H. W., additional, Keefe, G. P., additional, and Dubuc, J., additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Adoption of biosecurity practices on Canadian dairy farms
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Denis-Robichaud, J., primary, Kelton, D. F., additional, Bauman, C. A., additional, Barkema, H. W., additional, Keefe, G. P., additional, and Dubuc, J., additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Knowledge gaps that hamper prevention and control of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection
- Author
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Barkema, H W, Orsel, K, Nielsen, S S, Koets, A P, Rutten, V P M G, Bannantine, J P, Keefe, G P, Kelton, D F, Wells, S J, Whittington, R J, Mackintosh, C G, Manning, E J, Weber, M F, Heuer, C, Forde, T L, Ritter, C, Roche, S, Corbett, C S, Wolf, R, Griebel, P J, Kastelic, J P, De Buck, J, Barkema, H W, Orsel, K, Nielsen, S S, Koets, A P, Rutten, V P M G, Bannantine, J P, Keefe, G P, Kelton, D F, Wells, S J, Whittington, R J, Mackintosh, C G, Manning, E J, Weber, M F, Heuer, C, Forde, T L, Ritter, C, Roche, S, Corbett, C S, Wolf, R, Griebel, P J, Kastelic, J P, and De Buck, J
- Abstract
In the last decades, many regional and country-wide control programmes for Johne's disease (JD) were developed due to associated economic losses, or because of a possible association with Crohn's disease. These control programmes were often not successful, partly because management protocols were not followed, including the introduction of infected replacement cattle, because tests to identify infected animals were unreliable, and uptake by farmers was not high enough because of a perceived low return on investment. In the absence of a cure or effective commercial vaccines, control of JD is currently primarily based on herd management strategies to avoid infection of cattle and restrict within-farm and farm-to-farm transmission. Although JD control programmes have been implemented in most developed countries, lessons learned from JD prevention and control programmes are underreported. Also, JD control programmes are typically evaluated in a limited number of herds and the duration of the study is less than 5 year, making it difficult to adequately assess the efficacy of control programmes. In this manuscript, we identify the most important gaps in knowledge hampering JD prevention and control programmes, including vaccination and diagnostics. Secondly, we discuss directions that research should take to address those knowledge gaps.
- Published
- 2018
13. Genetic susceptibility of Canadian dairy heifers to mastitis
- Author
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Narayana, S.G., Miglior, F., Naqvi, A.S., Martin, Pauline, Barkema, H. W., University of Calgary, University of Guelph, Canadian Dairy Network, American Dairy Science Association (ADSA). USA., and ProdInra, Migration
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[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio] ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,heritability ,mastitis ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,heifer - Abstract
International audience
- Published
- 2017
14. Novel genomic and phenotypic strategies to improve mastitis resistance and milk quality
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Martin, Pauline, Barkema, H. W., Narayana, S.G., Miglior, F., ProdInra, Migration, University of Guelph, University of Calgary, Canadian Dairy Network, and American Dairy Science Association (ADSA). USA.
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[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio] ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,genomics ,genetics ,mastitis ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS - Abstract
International audience
- Published
- 2017
15. Bacterial concentrations in bedding and their association with dairy cow hygiene and milk quality.
- Author
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Robles, I., Kelton, D. F., Barkema, H. W., Keefe, G. P., Roy, J. P., von Keyserlingk, M. A. G., and DeVries, T. J.
- Abstract
Comparison of bacterial counts (BCs) among common bedding types used for dairy cows, including straw, is needed. There is concern that the microbial content of organic bedding is elevated and presents risks for dairy cow udder health and milk quality. The objectives of this study were to investigate: (1) % DM and BCs (Streptococcus spp., all gram-negatives and specifically Klebsiella spp.) in different types of bedding sampled, and to investigate housing and farm management factors associated with % DM and BCs; (2) if bedding type was associated with hygiene of cow body parts (lower-legs, udder, upper-legs and flank) and housing and management factors associated with hygiene and (3) bedding types associated with higher BCs in cow milk at the farm level and bulk tank milk and management factors that were associated with highest BCs. Seventy farms (44 free-stall and 26 tie-stall) in Ontario, Canada were visited 3 times, 7 days apart from October 2014 to February 2015. At each visit, composite samples of unused and used bedding were collected for % DM determination and bacterial culture. Used bedding samples were collected from the back third of selected stalls. Data were analyzed using multivariable linear mixed models. Bedding classification for each farm were: new sand (n = 12), straw and other dry forage (n = 33), wood products (shavings, sawdust; n = 17) and recycled manure solids (RMSs)-compost, digestate (n = 8). In used bedding, across all bedding samples, sand was driest, compared to straw and wood, and RMS; higher % DM was associated with lower Streptococcus spp. count. Streptococcus spp. and all Gram-negative bacteria counts increased with increasing days since additional bedding was added. Gram-negative bacteria counts in used bedding varied with type: RMS = 16.3 ln colony-forming units (cfu)/mL, straw = 13.8 ln cfu/mL, new sand = 13.5 ln cfu/mL, and wood = 10.3 ln cfu/mL. Klebsiella spp. counts in used bedding were lower for wood products (5.9 ln cfu/mL) compared to all other bedding types. Mean cow SCC tended to be higher on farms with narrower stalls. Farms with mattress-based stalls had a higher prevalence of cows with dirty udders compared to those using a deep bedding system (often inorganic sand). Wider stalls were associated with lower bulk milk bacteria count. Lower % DM of used bedding was associated with higher bulk milk bacteria count. In conclusion, bedding management may have a profound impact on milk quality, bacterial concentrations in the bedding substrates, and cow hygiene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Canadian National Dairy Study
- Author
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Winder, C. B., primary, Bauman, C. A., additional, Duffield, T. F., additional, Barkema, H. W., additional, Keefe, G. P., additional, Dubuc, J., additional, Uehlinger, F., additional, and Kelton, D. F., additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. DISCONTOOLS supplement: Current research gaps for advancing control of infectious diseases in production animals
- Author
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Charlier, J., primary and Barkema, H. W., additional
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- 2018
- Full Text
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18. Missing pieces of the puzzle to effectively control digital dermatitis
- Author
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Orsel, K., primary, Plummer, P., additional, Shearer, J., additional, De Buck, J., additional, Carter, S. D., additional, Guatteo, R., additional, and Barkema, H. W., additional
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Knowledge gaps that hamper prevention and control ofMycobacterium aviumsubspeciesparatuberculosisinfection
- Author
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Barkema, H. W., primary, Orsel, K., additional, Nielsen, S. S., additional, Koets, A. P., additional, Rutten, V. P. M. G., additional, Bannantine, J. P., additional, Keefe, G. P., additional, Kelton, D. F., additional, Wells, S. J., additional, Whittington, R. J., additional, Mackintosh, C. G., additional, Manning, E. J., additional, Weber, M. F., additional, Heuer, C., additional, Forde, T. L., additional, Ritter, C., additional, Roche, S., additional, Corbett, C. S., additional, Wolf, R., additional, Griebel, P. J., additional, Kastelic, J. P., additional, and De Buck, J., additional
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Invited review: Changes in the dairy industry affecting dairy cattle health and welfare
- Author
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Barkema, H W, von Keyserlingk, M A G, Kastelic, J P, Lam, T J G M, Luby, C, Roy, J-P, LeBlanc, S J, Keefe, G P, Kelton, D F, LS GZ Landbouwhuisdieren, FAH AVM, and Applied Veterinary Research
- Subjects
herd size ,antimicrobials ,biosecurity ,automated milking system ,automated calf feeder - Abstract
The dairy industry in the developed world has undergone profound changes over recent decades. In this paper, we present an overview of some of the most important recent changes in the dairy industry that affect health and welfare of dairy cows, as well as the science associated with these changes. Additionally, knowledge gaps are identified where research is needed to guide the dairy industry through changes that are occurring now or that we expect will occur in the future. The number of farms has decreased considerably, whereas herd size has increased. As a result, an increasing number of dairy farms depend on hired (nonfamily) labor. Regular professional communication and establishment of farm-specific protocols are essential to minimize human errors and ensure consistency of practices. Average milk production per cow has increased, partly because of improvements in nutrition and management but also because of genetic selection for milk production. Adoption of new technologies (e.g., automated calf feeders, cow activity monitors, and automated milking systems) is accelerating. However, utilization of the data and action lists that these systems generate for health and welfare of livestock is still largely unrealized, and more training of dairy farmers, their employees, and their advisors is necessary. Concurrently, to remain competitive and to preserve their social license to operate, farmers are increasingly required to adopt increased standards for food safety and biosecurity, become less reliant on the use of antimicrobials and hormones, and provide assurances regarding animal welfare. Partly because of increasing herd size but also in response to animal welfare regulations in some countries, the proportion of dairy herds housed in tiestalls has decreased considerably. Although in some countries access to pasture is regulated, in countries that traditionally practiced seasonal grazing, fewer farmers let their dairy cows graze in the summer. The proportion of organic dairy farms has increased globally and, given the pressure to decrease the use of antimicrobials and hormones, conventional farms may be able to learn from well-managed organic farms. The possibilities of using milk for disease diagnostics and monitoring are considerable, and dairy herd improvement associations will continue to expand the number of tests offered to diagnose diseases and pregnancy. Genetic and genomic selection for increased resistance to disease offers substantial potential but requires collection of additional phenotypic data. There is every expectation that changes in the dairy industry will be further accentuated and additional novel technologies and different management practices will be adopted in the future.
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- 2015
21. Impact of automatic milking systems on dairy cattle producers' reports of milking labour management, milk production and milk quality.
- Author
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Tse, C., Barkema, H. W., DeVries, T. J., Rushen, J., and Pajor, E. A.
- Abstract
Automatic milking systems (AMS), or milking robots, are becoming widely accepted as a milking technology that reduces labour and increases milk yield. However, reported amount of labour saved, changes in milk yield, and milk quality when transitioning to AMS vary widely. The purpose of this study was to document the impact of adopting AMS on farms with regards to reported changes in milking labour management, milk production, milk quality, and participation in dairy herd improvement (DHI) programmes. A survey was conducted across Canada over the phone, online, and in-person. In total, 530 AMS farms were contacted between May 2014 and the end of June 2015. A total of 217 AMS producers participated in the General Survey (Part 1), resulting in a 41% response rate, and 69 of the respondents completed the more detailed follow-up questions (Part 2). On average, after adopting AMS, the number of employees (full- and part-time non-family labour combined) decreased from 2.5 to 2.0, whereas time devoted to milking-related activities decreased by 62% (from 5.2 to 2.0 h/day). Median milking frequency was 3.0 milkings/day and robots were occupied on average 77% of the day. Producers went to fetch cows a median of 2 times/day, with a median of 3 fetch cows or 4% of the herd per robot/day. Farms had a median of 2.5 failed or incomplete milkings/robot per day. Producers reported an increase in milk yield, but little effect on milk quality. Mean milk yield on AMS farms was 32.6 kg/cow day. Median bulk tank somatic cell count was 180 000 cells/ml. Median milk fat on AMS farms was 4.0% and median milk protein was 3.3%. At the time of the survey, 67% of producers were current participants of a DHI programme. Half of the producers who were not DHI participants had stopped participation after adopting AMS. Overall, this study characterized impacts of adopting AMS and may be a useful guide for making this transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Invited review: Changes in the dairy industry affecting dairy cattle health and welfare
- Author
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LS GZ Landbouwhuisdieren, FAH AVM, Applied Veterinary Research, Barkema, H W, von Keyserlingk, M A G, Kastelic, J P, Lam, T J G M, Luby, C, Roy, J-P, LeBlanc, S J, Keefe, G P, Kelton, D F, LS GZ Landbouwhuisdieren, FAH AVM, Applied Veterinary Research, Barkema, H W, von Keyserlingk, M A G, Kastelic, J P, Lam, T J G M, Luby, C, Roy, J-P, LeBlanc, S J, Keefe, G P, and Kelton, D F
- Published
- 2015
23. Knowledge gaps that hamper prevention and control of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection.
- Author
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Barkema, H. W., Orsel, K., Nielsen, S. S., Koets, A. P., Rutten, V. P. M. G., Bannantine, J. P., Keefe, G. P., Kelton, D. F., Wells, S. J., Whittington, R. J., Mackintosh, C. G., Manning, E. J., Weber, M. F., Heuer, C., Forde, T. L., Ritter, C., Roche, S., Corbett, C. S., Wolf, R., and Griebel, P. J.
- Subjects
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MYCOBACTERIUM avium , *PARATUBERCULOSIS , *CROHN'S disease , *RATE of return , *MANAGEMENT - Abstract
Summary: In the last decades, many regional and country‐wide control programmes for Johne's disease (JD) were developed due to associated economic losses, or because of a possible association with Crohn's disease. These control programmes were often not successful, partly because management protocols were not followed, including the introduction of infected replacement cattle, because tests to identify infected animals were unreliable, and uptake by farmers was not high enough because of a perceived low return on investment. In the absence of a cure or effective commercial vaccines, control of JD is currently primarily based on herd management strategies to avoid infection of cattle and restrict within‐farm and farm‐to‐farm transmission. Although JD control programmes have been implemented in most developed countries, lessons learned from JD prevention and control programmes are underreported. Also, JD control programmes are typically evaluated in a limited number of herds and the duration of the study is less than 5 year, making it difficult to adequately assess the efficacy of control programmes. In this manuscript, we identify the most important gaps in knowledge hampering JD prevention and control programmes, including vaccination and diagnostics. Secondly, we discuss directions that research should take to address those knowledge gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Missing pieces of the puzzle to effectively control digital dermatitis.
- Author
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Orsel, K., Plummer, P., Shearer, J., De Buck, J., Carter, S. D., Guatteo, R., and Barkema, H. W.
- Subjects
SKIN inflammation ,PATHOGENIC microorganisms ,TISSUE wounds ,SCIENTIFIC community ,ETIOLOGY of diseases - Abstract
Summary: Since the first report of bovine digital dermatitis (DD) in 1974, there is a large body of the literature published; however, effective prevention and control of the disease remain elusive. Although many aspects of the pathogenesis of DD have been investigated, even some of the most basic questions such as the aetiology of this disease remain under debate. Treponema spp. have been strongly associated with DD lesions and occur in abundance in advanced lesions; however, efforts to induce disease with pure cultures of these organisms have been largely underwhelming and inconsistent. Furthermore, although the disease has been presented for several decades, there is limited scientific evidence regarding effective treatment of DD. Apparent discrepancies between effectiveness in vitro and in vivo have challenged the scientific community to identify new potential treatment options. With no treatment resulting in a 100% cure rate, the current expectation is manageable control, but prospects for the eradication of the disease are unlikely using current approaches. In order to develop more effective approaches to control DD on‐farm, there is a critical need for a deeper understanding regarding the causation, ecology, transmission and treatment of this disease. In this article, we attempt to provide insights into specific research needs related to DD in order to assist the industry, researchers, pharmaceutical companies and research sponsors with decision‐making and identified research gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Technical note: Accuracy of an ear tag-attached accelerometer to monitor rumination and feeding behavior in feedlot cattle1
- Author
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Wolfger, B., primary, Timsit, E., additional, Pajor, E. A., additional, Cook, N., additional, Barkema, H. W., additional, and Orsel, K., additional
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Feeding behavior as an early predictor of bovine respiratory disease in North American feedlot systems1
- Author
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Wolfger, B., primary, Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K. S., additional, Barkema, H. W., additional, Pajor, E. A., additional, Levy, M., additional, and Orsel, K., additional
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Feeding behavior as an early predictor of bovine respiratory disease in North American feedlot systems
- Author
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Wolfger, B., primary, Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K. S., additional, Barkema, H. W., additional, Pajor, E. A., additional, Levy, M., additional, and Orsel, K., additional
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Use of Bulk Tank Milk to Determine the Herd-level Prevalence of N. caninum in Dairy Herds on Prince Edward Island
- Author
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Wapenaar, W., Barkema, H. W., Bartels, C. J. M., and Van Maanen, C.
- Subjects
Veterinary medicine ,biology ,Dairy herds ,animal diseases ,biology.organism_classification ,Neospora caninum ,Serology ,law.invention ,Neospora ,Bovine abortion ,Transmission (mechanics) ,law ,parasitic diseases ,Herd ,Bulk tank - Abstract
The apicomplexan protozoan parasite Neospora caninum is one of the most frequently diagnosed causes of bovine abortion. Transmission of the parasite occurs vertically from cow to calf with great efficiency, sustaining the infection within cattle herds for many generations. The herd-level prevalence of N. caninum on PEI is estimated to be 20.3%. This is relatively high compared to other Canadian provinces and research is needed to aid in the control of this infection on dairy farms. Serology is the only method available to diagnose N. caninum infection in live animals, but herd surveillance, using serology, is expensive and time consuming, especially in large dairy herds. The use of milk as a diagnostic tool could be very beneficial to the dairy industry, as it would allow for a fast and inexpensive way to test herds for N. caninum exposure. Furthermore, because the majority of dairy herds in PEI collect milk samples monthly (DHI; Dairy Herd Improvement), Neospora surveillance using milk would result in less stress on the lactating cow, and no special visits would be required to collect samples., American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference, 2005
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- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Effect of transitioning to automatic milking systems on producers' perceptions of farm management and cow health in the Canadian dairy industry.
- Author
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Tse, C., Barkema, H. W., DeVries, T. J., Rushen, J., and Pajor, E. A.
- Subjects
- *
LACTATION in cattle , *MILK yield , *FARM management , *COWS , *DAIRY industry , *ANIMAL health - Abstract
Automatic milking systems (AMS), or milking robots, are becoming increasingly common, but there is little documentation of how AMS have affected farms as a whole and what challenges and benefits producers are experiencing during their transition to AMS. The objective of this national survey was to document the effect of transitioning to AMS on producer perceptions of change in housing, farm management, and cow health. In total, 217 AMS producers were surveyed from 8 Canadian provinces. Median time since transition for respondents was 30 mo. The mean number of lactating cows per robot was 51 cows, with a median of 2 AMS units per farm. Fifty-five percent of producers built a new barn to accommodate the AMS. Changing housing systems was necessary for 47% of producers, not necessary for 50%, and not applicable to 3% (as the AMS farm was their first farm). Cleaning and feeding practices remained the same. Overall, farms increased herd size from a median of 77 to 85 lactating cows with the transition to AMS. After the transition to AMS, 66% of producers changed their health-management practices. Producers reported either a decrease or no change in rate of clinical mastitis. Reports on change in rate of lameness and total bacterial count varied. Conception rate was reported to have increased for 63% of producers. Culling rate was perceived to have stayed the same for 59% of producers. Overall, producers perceived their transitions to AMS as successful. Findings from this project provide a benchmark of the effects of AMS on important aspects of Canadian dairy farming, as well as provide producers, AMS manufacturers, veterinarians, and dairy advisors with more detailed knowledge on what to expect when transitioning to AMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Identification of bovine-associated coagulase-negative staphylococci by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry using a direct transfer protocol.
- Author
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Cameron, M., Barkema, H. W., De Buck, J., De Vliegher, S., Chaffer, M., Lewis, J., and Keefe, G. P.
- Subjects
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DESORPTION ionization mass spectrometry , *MATRIX-assisted laser desorption-ionization , *STAPHYLOCOCCAL diseases , *INFRARED spectra , *DATABASES - Abstract
This study evaluated matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS) for the identification of bovineassociated coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), a heterogeneous group of different species. Additionally, we aimed to expand the MALDI-ToF MS database with new reference spectra as required to fill the gaps within the existing commercial spectral library. A total of 258 isolates of CNS were used in the study, covering 16 different CNS species. The majority of the isolates were previously identified by rpoB gene sequencing (n = 219), and the remainder were identified by sequencing of 16S rRNA, hsp60, or both rpoB and hsp60. The genotypic identification was considered the gold standard identification. All MALDI-ToF MS identifications were carried out using the direct transfer method. In a preliminary evaluation (n = 32 isolates; 2 of each species) with the existing commercial database, MALDIToF MS showed a typeability of 81% (26/32) and an accuracy of 96% (25/26). In the main evaluation (n = 226 isolates), MALDI-ToF MS with the existing commercial Biotyper (Bruker Daltonics Inc., Billerica, MA) database achieved a typeability of 92.0% (208/226) and an accuracy of 99.5% (207/208). Based on the assessment of the existing commercial database and prior knowledge of the species, a total of 13 custom reference spectra, covering 8 species, were created and added to the commercial database. Using the custom reference spectra expanded database, isolates were identified by MALDI-ToF MS with 100% typeability and 100% accuracy. Whereas the MALDI-ToF MS manufacturer's cutoff for species-level identification is 2.000, the reduction of the species level cutpoint to ≥1.700 improved the species-level identification rates (from 64 to 92% for the existing commercial database) when classifying CNS isolates. Overall, MALDI-ToF MS using the direct transfer method was shown to be a highly reliable tool for the identification of bovine-associated CNS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Validation of the M-stage scoring system for digital dermatitis on dairy cows in the milking parlor.
- Author
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Solano, L., Barkema, H. W., Jacobs, C., and Orsel, K.
- Subjects
- *
SKIN inflammation , *COWS , *MILKING , *ROUTINE diagnostic tests , *COW diseases , *ANIMAL health , *THERAPEUTICS - Abstract
A high prevalence of digital dermatitis (DD) and the benefits of early topical treatment highlight the need for simple tools for routine DD detection. The objective of this study was to determine the accuracy of scoring DD lesions using the 5 M-stage scoring system in the milking parlor compared with the trimming chute as the gold standard. Three observers inspected 3,585 cows and 6,991 hind feet from 9 farms in the milking parlor using a mirror (glued to a plastic kitchen spatula) and a headlamp, followed by inspection in a trimming chute within 5 d. Interobserver agreement for scoring DD in various settings was ≥82% (kappa >0.74; weighted kappa >0.76). At trimming chute inspections, 68% of cows had at least 1 DD lesion, 19% had 1 hind leg affected, and 49% had both hind legs affected. Within-herd DD prevalence ranged from 16 to 81% of cows affected. True within-herd prevalence was 2, 6, 0, 36, and 14% for M1, M2, M3, M4, and M4.1 lesions, respectively. At the foot level, DD prevalence was the same (58%) in the milking parlor and trimming chute inspection, but distribution of M-stages differed. Milking parlor inspection as a means of identifying the presence of DD lesions had a sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 88%, with positive and negative predictive values of 91 and 89%, respectively. Agreement between milking parlor and trimming chute inspections was 73% (kappa = 0.59, weighted kappa = 0.65) for the 5 Mstage scoring system and 90% (kappa = 0.80) if only the presence of a lesion was noted. Test characteristics varied greatly among M-stages, with the highest sensitivity for detecting M4 (82%) and M2 (62%) lesions, and the lowest for detecting M4.1 (20%), M1 (7%), and M3 (0%) lesions. In the milking parlor, 20% of M2 lesions were misclassified as M4.1, 8% of M4 lesions were misclassified as M0, and 68% of M4.1 lesions were misclassified as M4. The majority (87%) of DD lesions were located between the heel bulbs; 10 and 2% of DD lesions affected the interdigital space and the front of the foot, respectively. The sensitivity to detect the presence of a lesion when it occurred between the heel bulbs was 93%, but <67% if it occurred elsewhere on the foot. We concluded that inspection of the rear feet in the milking parlor was an inexpensive and simple method of detecting and scoring DD lesions. If the objective is to determine herd-level DD prevalence and routine monitoring, this method was adequately reliable. However, if the objective is to follow up DD in cows with history of interdigital hyperplasia or to detect M1 or M4.1 lesions, this method was not sufficiently reliable. Although DD scoring in the milking parlor as a routine practice should facilitate early detection, prompt treatment interventions, and herd monitoring, it was not sufficiently reliable to replace definitive identification of M-stages in the trimming chute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Effectiveness of a standardized footbath protocol for prevention of digital dermatitis.
- Author
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Solano, L., Barkema, H. W., Pickel, C., and Orsel, K.
- Subjects
- *
SKIN inflammation , *LACTATION in cattle , *DISEASE prevalence , *CATTLE disease prevention , *EVIDENCE-based management , *LOGISTIC regression analysis , *PREVENTION - Abstract
A footbath is the most common herd-level approach to control digital dermatitis (DD) in intensive dairy farming. However, wide variation in footbath design and protocols suggests a gap between evidence-based management practices and on-farm implementation. The objective was to evaluate effectiveness of a standardized footbath protocol in decreasing prevalence of active DD lesions in lactating dairy cattle. The protocol was based on current scientific literature, including footbath design and management. The M-stage classification system was used to score DD lesions. Scores were also combined into a simplified scoring system: no lesions (M0), active lesions (M1, M2, and M4.1), and chronic lesions (M3 and M4). A controlled intervention trial was conducted on 9 farms over 22 wk. Each farm served as its own control with data collected for 10 wk before and 12 wk after intervention. A total of 1,978 lactating cattle were assessed biweekly for DD lesions and leg cleanliness in the milking parlor. Lactating cattle were also inspected in the trimming chute at 3 time points: start, intervention, and end of trial. Intervention consisted of implementing an automated footbath that measured 3 m long, 0.50 m wide, held a fluid depth of 0.15 m, along with a weekly footbath protocol using 5% CuSO4 for 4 consecutive milkings, with footbath content replaced at a maximum of 200 cow passes. Multilevel logistic regression models for repeated measures were used to evaluate effects of the standardized footbath protocol in preventing active DD lesions. For the purpose of analysis, farms' within-herd prevalence of active DD lesions (at baseline) was assessed and categorized as low (<15%) or high (≥15%). Farms with low or high within-herd prevalence of active DD lesions at trial outset had a mean cow-level prevalence of active DD lesions of 8% (range, 2 to 13) and 31% (range, 18 to 43), respectively. At milking parlor inspections, apparent prevalence of active DD lesions decreased from the time of footbath intervention, but this effect interacted with the farms' baseline prevalence of active DD lesions. In that regard, on farms with high prevalence of active DD at baseline, apparent prevalence of active DD lesions decreased after intervention, whereas on farms with low prevalence of active DD at baseline, apparent prevalence of active DD lesions did not change. At the cow level, poor leg cleanliness was associated with higher prevalence of active DD lesions. At trimming chute inspections, prevalence of active DD lesions decreased from start to the end of the trial (22 and 14%, respectively); concurrently, prevalence of feet with no DD lesions (M0) increased (39 and 48%). We concluded that on farms with high DD prevalence, implementation of proper footbath design and improvement of footbathing management will decrease prevalence of active DD lesions and increase prevalence of feet without DD lesions. In addition, improving cow cleanliness will further result in control of active DD lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Identifying management and disease priorities of Canadian dairy industry stakeholders.
- Author
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Bauman, C. A., Barkema, H. W., Dubuc, J., Keefe, G. P., and Kelton, D. F.
- Subjects
- *
DAIRY industry , *INDUSTRIAL management , *DISEASE management , *ANIMAL welfare , *LAMENESS in animals - Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify the key management and disease issues affecting the Canadian dairy industry. An online questionnaire (FluidSurveys, http://fluidsurveys.com/) was conducted between March 1 and May 31, 2014. A total of 1,025 responses were received from across Canada of which 68% (n = 698) of respondents were dairy producers, and the remaining respondents represented veterinarians, university researchers, government personnel, and other allied industries. Participants were asked to identify their top 3 management and disease priorities from 2 lists offered. Topics were subsequently ranked from highest to lowest using 3 different ranking methods based on points: 5-3-1 (5 points for first priority, 3 for second, and 1 for first), 3-2-1, and 1-1-1 (equal ranking). The 5-3-1 point system was selected because it minimized the number of duplicate point scores. Stakeholder groups showed general agreement with the top management issue identified as animal welfare and the number one health concern as lameness. Other areas identified as priorities were reproductive health, antibiotic use, bovine viral diarrhea, and Staphylococcus aureus mastitis with these rankings influenced by region, herd size, and stakeholder group. This is the first national comprehensive assessment of priorities undertaken in the Canadian dairy industry and will assist researchers, policymakers, program developers, and funding agencies make future decisions based on direct industry feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. A questionnaire‐based survey on the uptake and use of cattle vaccines in the UK
- Author
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Cresswell, E., primary, Brennan, M. L., additional, Barkema, H. W., additional, and Wapenaar, W., additional
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Prevalence and distribution of foot lesions in dairy cattle in Alberta, Canada.
- Author
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Solano, L., Barkema, H. W., Mason, S., Pajor, E. A., LeBlanc, S. J., and Orsel, K.
- Subjects
- *
FOOT diseases , *DAIRY cattle , *DAIRY farms , *DAIRY farmers , *PUBLIC health surveillance - Abstract
The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to determine the prevalence and distribution of foot lesions and associated cow- and herd-level risk factors in dairy cows in Alberta, Canada. Foot lesion data were recorded electronically by 7 hoof trimmers on 28,607 cows in 156 dairy farms from June 2009 to November 2012. Foot lesion prevalence estimates differed between farms that had the whole herd trimmed at once (≥80% of lactating cows were trimmed; n = 69 farms and 8,020 cows) and farms on which part of the herd was trimmed (selection of cows was determined by farmer and <80% of lactating cows were trimmed; n = 87 and 20,587 cows). Estimates were consistently higher for the latter likely because farmers presumably prioritized lame cows in partial-herd trims. On farms with whole-herd trims, digital dermatitis was the most common lesion among all housing types, present in 15% of cows and 94% of herds. Sole ulcers and white line disease were detected in 6 and 4% of the cows and 92 and 93% of herds, respectively. Other infectious and claw horn lesions each affected 1 to 2% of cows and 62 to 78% of herds. Intraclass correlation coefficients for hoof trimmers ranged from 0.01 to 0.20 for all lesions, indicating some clustering of recorded lesions by trimmer. Multilevel mixed logistic regression models were constructed (including hoof trimmer as fixed and farm as random effects) for the 3 most frequently identified lesions. Prevalence of digital dermatitis decreased with increasing parity, but this effect interacted with days in milk (DIM); primiparous cows had higher odds of digital dermatitis in mid lactation (100-199 DIM) and late lactation (≥200 DIM) compared with cows at other stages of lactation. In contrast, prevalence of sole ulcers and white line disease increased with increasing parity; compared with cows in parity 1, those in parity 4 had 5 or 7 times higher odds of having these lesions, respectively. Cows in mid lactation and late lactation had higher odds of sole ulcers and white line disease than cows at other stages of lactation, regardless of parity. Digital dermatitis prevalence was 2 times higher in herds housed in barns with access to an exercise area. The odds of sole ulcers and white line disease were ≥2 times higher in cows housed in freestalls than those housed in deep-bedded packs. Therefore, preventive measures for control of digital dermatitis merit emphasis, especially in primiparous cows and on farms with exercise areas. In addition, improving housing environment by providing a deep-bedded area for older cows in mid lactation or late lactation could reduce prevalence of claw horn lesions. We inferred that foot lesion data recorded by hoof trimmers can provide useful information not only to develop effective foot health programs at herd level, but also for disease surveillance and genetic improvement at regional and national levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Dairy farms testing positive for Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis have poorer hygiene practices and are less cautious when purchasing cattle than test-negative herds.
- Author
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Wolf, R., Barkema, H. W., De Buck, J., and Orsel, K.
- Subjects
- *
MYCOBACTERIUM avium , *PARATUBERCULOSIS , *CATTLE , *PASTURES , *DAIRY farms - Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of Johne's disease, is present on most dairy farms in Alberta, causing economic losses and presenting a potential public health concern. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to identify risk factors for Alberta dairy herds being MAP-positive based on environmental samples (ES). Risk assessments were conducted and ES were collected on 354 Alberta dairy farms (62% of eligible producers) voluntarily participating in the Alberta Johne's Disease Initiative. In univariate logistic regression, risk factors addressing animal and pen hygiene, as well as the use of feeding equipment to remove manure and manure application on pastures, were all associated with the number of positive ES. Furthermore, based on factor analysis, risk factors were clustered and could be summarized as 4 independent factors: (1) animal, pen, and feeder contamination; (2) shared equipment and pasture contamination; (3) calf diet; and (4) cattle purchase. Using these factor scores as independent variables in multivariate logistic regression models, a 1-unit increase in animal, pen, and feeder contamination resulted in 1.31 times higher odds of having at least 1 positive ES. Furthermore, a 1-unit increase in cattle purchase also resulted in 1.31 times the odds of having at least 1 positive ES. Finally, a 100-cow increase in herd size resulted in an odds ratio of 2.1 for having at least 1 positive ES. In conclusion, cleanliness of animals, pens, and feeders, as well as cattle purchase practices, affected risk of herd infection with MAP. Therefore, improvements in those management practices should be the focus of effective tools to control MAP on dairy farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Associations between lying behavior and lameness in Canadian Holstein-Friesian cows housed in freestall barns.
- Author
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Solano, L., Barkema, H. W., Pajor, E. A., Mason, S., LeBlanc, S. J., Nash, C. G. R., Haley, D. B., Pellerin, D., Rushen, J., De Passillé, A. M., Vasseur, E., and Orsel, K.
- Subjects
- *
LAMENESS in cattle , *FEMALE livestock , *HOLSTEIN-Friesian cattle , *CATTLE diseases , *ACCELEROMETERS , *DISEASES - Abstract
Lying behavior is an important measure of comfort and well-being in dairy cattle, and changes in lying behavior are potential indicators and predictors of lameness. Our objectives were to determine individual and herd-level risk factors associated with measures of lying behavior, and to evaluate whether automated measures of lying behavior can be used to detect lameness. A purposive sample of 40 Holstein cows was selected from each of 141 dairy farms in Alberta, Ontario, and Québec. Lying behavior of 5,135 cows between 10 and 120 d in milk was automatically and continuously recorded using accelerometers over 4 d. Data on factors hypothesized to influence lying behavior were collected, including information on individual cows, management practices, and facility design. Associations between predictor variables and measures of lying behavior were assessed using generalized linear mixed models, including farm and province as random and fixed effects, respectively. Logistic regression models were used to determine whether lying behavior was associated with lameness. At the cow-level, daily lying time increased with increasing days in milk, but this effect interacted with parity; primiparous cows had more frequent but shorter lying bouts in early lactation, changing to mature- cow patterns of lying behavior (fewer and longer lying bouts) in late lactation. In barns with stall curbs >22 cm high, the use of sand or >2 cm of bedding was associated with an increased average daily lying time of 1.44 and 0.06 h/d, respectively. Feed alleys ≥350 cm wide or stalls ≥114 cm wide were associated with increased daily lying time of 0.39 and 0.33 h/d, respectively, whereas rubber flooring in the feed alley was associated with 0.47 h/d lower average lying time. Lame cows had longer lying times, with fewer, longer, and more variable duration of bouts compared with nonlame cows. In that regard, cows with lying time ≥14 h/d, ≤5 lying bouts per day, bout duration ≥110 min/bout, or standard deviations of bout duration over 4 d ≥70 min had 3.7, 1.7, 2.5, and 3.0 higher odds of being lame, respectively. Factors related to comfort of lying and standing surfaces significantly affected lying behavior. Finally, we inferred that automated measures of lying behavior could contribute to lameness detection, especially when interpreted in the context of other factors known to affect lying behavior, including those associated with the individual cow (e.g., parity and stage of lactation) or environment (e.g., stall surface). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Calf management practices and associations with herd-level morbidity and mortality on beef cow-calf operations.
- Author
-
Murray, C. F., Fick, L. J., Pajor, E. A., Barkema, H. W., Jelinski, M. D., and Windeyer, M. C.
- Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate calf management practices on beef cow-calf operations and determine associations with herd-level morbidity and mortality of pre-weaned calves. A 40-question survey about management practices, morbidity and mortality was administered to cow-calf producers by distributing paper surveys and by circulating an online link through various media. A total of 267 producers completed the survey. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and multivariable linear regression models. Average herd-level treatment risk for pre-weaning calf diarrhea (PCD) and bovine respiratory disease (BRD) were 4.9% and 3.0%, respectively. Average herd-level mortality within the first 24 h of life (stillbirth), from 1 to 7 days and 7 days to weaning were 2.3%, 1.1%, and 1.4%, respectively. Operations that never intervened at parturition had 4.7% higher PCD than those that occasionally did. On operations using small elastrator bands for castration, PCD was 1.9% higher than those using other methods. For every increase of 100 cows in herd size, BRD decreased by 1.1%. The association between BRD and PCD varied by when calving season began. Operations that used off-farm, frozen colostrum had a 1.1% increase in stillbirths. Operations that verified a calf had suckled had 0.7% lower mortality from 1 to 7 days of age. Those that intervened when colostrum was abnormal or that used small elastrator bands for castration had 1.9% and 1.4% higher mortality during the 1st week of life, respectively, compared with other operations. Mortality from 7 days to weaning was lower by 0.7% when calving season started in April compared with January or February and was higher by 1.0% for each additional week of calving season. Operations that intervened with colostrum consumption for assisted calvings had lower mortality from 7 days to weaning by 0.8% compared with those that did not. For every 1.0% increase in BRD, mortality from 7 days to weaning increased by 1.0%. Stillbirths and mortality from 7 days to weaning decreased non-linearly with herd size. Factors related to calving season, herd size, interventions at calving, colostrum management and castration impacted herd-level morbidity and mortality. However, effect size was generally small and causation cannot be determined with a cross-sectional study design. This study identifies several common health management practices associated with calfhood morbidity and mortality that should be further investigated to establish evidence-based management strategies to improve the health and survival of beef calves. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Factors affecting management changes on farms participating in a Johne's disease control program.
- Author
-
Wolf, R., Barkema, H. W., De Buck, J., and Orsel, K.
- Subjects
- *
CATTLE diseases research , *PARATUBERCULOSIS , *MYCOBACTERIUM avium paratuberculosis , *MYCOBACTERIUM avium , *CATTLE - Abstract
Modern Johne's disease programs aim to control Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection through implementation of management practices that reduce the probability of MAP introduction and within-herd transmission on dairy farms. Success of these programs depends on whether weaknesses in management are corrected through implementation of management improvements. The objectives of this study were, therefore, to (1) assess whether scores in risk-assessment (RA) questions predicted suggestions for management changes for the upcoming year; and (2) determine factors as assessed in an RA that motivated producers to make management improvements and assess whether management improvements were influenced by previously received test results. The RA determining on-farm management related to MAP introduction and transmission were conducted annually by herd veterinarians on 370 dairy farms participating in the Alberta Johne's Disease Initiative. A maximum of 3 management changes that the farmer and the veterinarian agreed upon were recorded in a management plan. The MAP infection status of the herds was assessed through culture of 6 environmental samples. Whereas a management change was proposed for only 4% of questions with scores 1 or 2 (low risk), a change was proposed for 19% of questions with scores >2 [high risk; odds ratio (OR) = 11.4]. Improvement in RA question scores was more likely between the first and second annual RA than between the second and third RA (OR = 1.6). Farms with >3 culture-positive environmental samples collected in the previous year were more likely to improve their management than environmental sample culture-negative farms (OR = 1.3). In conclusion, proposed management changes were oriented toward previously identified weaknesses in management practices, suggesting that the RA was properly used to design targeted management suggestions. Furthermore, improvements in management were not randomly distributed among farms participating in the control program. Instead, knowledge of MAP infection status of a herd, suggestions for management improvements, and duration of participation all influenced implementation of management improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Invited review: Changes in the dairy industry affecting dairy cattle health and welfare.
- Author
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Barkema, H. W., von Keyserlingk, M. A. G., Kastelic, J. P., Lam, T. J. G. M., Luby, C., Roy, J.-P., LeBlanc, S. J., Keefe, G. P., and Kelton, D. F.
- Subjects
- *
DAIRY industry research , *HEALTH of cattle , *CATTLE nutrition , *ANIMAL health , *ANIMAL nutrition - Abstract
The dairy industry in the developed world has undergone profound changes over recent decades. In this paper, we present an overview of some of the most important recent changes in the dairy industry that affect health and welfare of dairy cows, as well as the science associated with these changes. Additionally, knowledge gaps are identified where research is needed to guide the dairy industry through changes that are occurring now or that we expect will occur in the future. The number of farms has decreased considerably, whereas herd size has increased. As a result, an increasing number of dairy farms depend on hired (nonfamily) labor. Regular professional communication and establishment of farm-specific protocols are essential to minimize human errors and ensure consistency of practices. Average milk production per cow has increased, partly because of improvements in nutrition and management but also because of genetic selection for milk production. Adoption of new technologies (e.g., automated calf feeders, cow activity monitors, and automated milking systems) is accelerating. However, utilization of the data and action lists that these systems generate for health and welfare of livestock is still largely unrealized, and more training of dairy farmers, their employees, and their advisors is necessary. Concurrently, to remain competitive and to preserve their social license to operate, farmers are increasingly required to adopt increased standards for food safety and biosecurity, become less reliant on the use of antimicrobials and hormones, and provide assurances regarding animal welfare. Partly because of increasing herd size but also in response to animal welfare regulations in some countries, the proportion of dairy herds housed in tiestalls has decreased considerably. Although in some countries access to pasture is regulated, in countries that traditionally practiced seasonal grazing, fewer farmers let their dairy cows graze in the summer. The proportion of organic dairy farms has increased globally and, given the pressure to decrease the use of antimicrobials and hormones, conventional farms may be able to learn from well-managed organic farms. The possibilities of using milk for disease diagnostics and monitoring are considerable, and dairy herd improvement associations will continue to expand the number of tests offered to diagnose diseases and pregnancy. Genetic and genomic selection for increased resistance to disease offers substantial potential but requires collection of additional phenotypic data. There is every expectation that changes in the dairy industry will be further accentuated and additional novel technologies and different management practices will be adopted in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Population dynamics of bovine herpesvirus 1 infection in a dairy herd
- Author
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Hage, J. J., Schukken, Y. H., Barkema, H. W., Benedictus, G., Rijsewijk, F. A M, Wentink, G. H., dFAH AVR, LS Theoretische Epidemiologie, dFAH AVR, and LS Theoretische Epidemiologie
- Subjects
Veterinary medicine ,Population Dynamics ,Population ,Cattle Diseases ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Microbiology ,Dexamethasone ,Herpesviridae ,Disease Outbreaks ,Pregnancy ,medicine ,Animals ,Lactation ,Pregnancy Complications, Infectious ,BHV1 ,education ,Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis ,Instituut voor Dierhouderij en Diergezondheid ,Dairy cattle ,Herpesvirus 1, Bovine ,education.field_of_study ,General Veterinary ,ID-Lelystad ,Outbreak ,Viral Vaccines ,Herpesvirus ,Herpesviridae Infections ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,veterinary(all) ,Bovine herpesvirus 1 ,ID Lelystad ,Reproduction ratio ,Susceptible individual ,ID-Lelystad, Instituut voor Dierhouderij en Diergezondheid ,ID Lelystad, Institute for Animal Science and Health ,Herd ,Cattle ,Female ,Virus Activation ,Viral disease ,Institute for Animal Science and Health ,Infection-dynamics - Abstract
An induced outbreak of a bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) infection in a dairy herd is described. The outbreak was induced by injecting three BHV1 seropositive cows with dexamethasone. Within 7 weeks all seronegative cows had seroconverted. Also some seropositive animals showed a significant increase in serum antibody titre. Using these data, parameters of population dynamics such as R0, the basic reproduction ratio, could be estimated. The basic reproduction ratio is a threshold value describing infection dynamics in a population. This parameter is defined as the average number of secondary cases generated by one primary case in a wholly susceptible population of defined density. In this population R0 was estimated to be at least 7. The importance of these findings, and implications for eradication of BHV1 are discussed.
- Published
- 1996
42. Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Humans on Prince Edward Island, Canada: Evidence of Zoonotic Transmission From Cattle
- Author
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Budu‐Amoako, E., primary, Greenwood, S. J., additional, Dixon, B. R., additional, Sweet, L., additional, Ang, L., additional, Barkema, H. W., additional, and McClure, J. T., additional
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Diagnostic Accuracy Assessment of Sensititre and Agar Disk Diffusion for Determining Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Bovine Clinical Mastitis Pathogens
- Author
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Saini, V., primary, Riekerink, R. G. M. Olde, additional, McClure, J. T., additional, and Barkema, H. W., additional
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Evaluation of a risk-screening questionnaire to detect equine lung inflammation: Results of a large field study
- Author
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WASKO, A. J., primary, BARKEMA, H. W., additional, NICOL, J., additional, FERNANDEZ, N., additional, LOGIE, N., additional, and LÉGUILLETTE, R., additional
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. The effects of lameness on reproductive performance, milk production and culling in Dutch dairy farms
- Author
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Barkema, H. W., Westrik, J. D., van Keulen, K. A.S., Schukken, Y. H., Brand, A., Sub Gen. Pharmacoepi and Clinical Pharm, dFAH AVR, LS Theoretische Epidemiologie, Sub KGP, Sub Gen. Pharmacoepi and Clinical Pharm, dFAH AVR, LS Theoretische Epidemiologie, and Sub KGP
- Subjects
Veterinary medicine ,business.industry ,Ice calving ,Retrospective cohort study ,Culling ,Milk production ,Herd health ,Pregnancy rate ,Animal science ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Food Animals ,Lameness ,Lactation ,Medicine ,Animal Science and Zoology ,business - Abstract
A retrospective cohort study design was used to investigate the effect of lameness on reproductive performance on 13 commercial Dutch dairy farms. The data were collected during a routine herd health and production control program. The cumulative 100-DIM (days in milkl) production in the previous lactation of lame cows was higher and the culling rate lower than that of the controls. The 100- and 270-DIM production of the cows with a sole ulcer was higher than that of the control cows. There was no difference in 100- and 270-DIM production between cows with a lameness diagnosis other than sole ulcer and the controls. Lameness prolonged the interval from calving to first service and the interval from first service to conception. The pregnancy rate at first service was not affected by lameness.
- Published
- 1994
46. Prevalence of lameness and associated risk factors in Canadian Holstein-Friesian cows housed in freestall barns.
- Author
-
Solano, L., Barkema, H. W., Pajor, E. A., Mason, S., LeBlanc, S. J., Heyerhoff, J. C. Zaffino, Nash, C. G. R., Haley, D. B., Vasseur, E., Pellerin, D., Rushen, J., de Passillé, A. M., and Orsel, K.
- Subjects
- *
LAMENESS in cattle , *DAIRY farming research , *DISEASE prevalence , *HOLSTEIN-Friesian cattle , *PREGNANCY in animals - Abstract
Lameness is a severe welfare problem and a production-limiting disease in dairy farming. The objectives of this study were to determine prevalence of lameness and investigate cow- and herd-level factors associated with lameness in dairy cows housed in freestall barns in 3 Canadian provinces. A purposive sample of 40 Holstein-Friesian cows was selected from each of 141 dairy farms in Québec, Ontario, and Alberta. In total, 5,637 cows were scored once for lameness (presence of limping when walking). Data collected included information on individual cows (hock lesions, claw length, body condition score, parity, days in milk, and milk production), management practices (floor and stall cleaning routine, bedding routine, and footbath practices), and facility design (stall dimensions, stall base and bedding type, width of feed alley, flooring type, and slipperiness) hypothesized to be risk factors for lameness. Multi-level mixed logistic regression models were constructed (including farm as a random effect and province as a fixed effect). Herd-level lameness prevalence ranged from 0 to 69% (mean = 21%). Lameness prevalence increased with increasing parity; compared with first parity, cows in parity 2, 3, and ≥4 had 1.6, 3.3, and 4 times, respectively, higher odds of being lame. Furthermore, the odds of lameness were 1.6 times greater in cows with low body condition score (≤2.5) than in cows with a higher body condition score. In addition, injured hocks and overgrown claws were associated with 1.4- and 1.7-fold increased odds of being lame, respectively, whereas every 1 kg increase in daily milk production was associated with a 3% decrease in the odds of being lame. Lameness prevalence was higher in herds with ≤100 cows, but lower in barns with a sand or dirt stall base, or with bedding ≥2 cm deep. Cows exposed to very slippery floors had 2 times the odds of being lame compared with cows exposed to nonslippery floors. We attributed the wide range of lameness prevalence to the great variability in facilities and management practices among farms. Finally, we inferred that the prevalence of lameness could be decreased by improving management of multiparous, thin, or injured cows and by adopting management practices intended to improve cow comfort, namely the floor's slip resistance and the stall's lying surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Sampling location, herd size, and season influence Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis environmental culture results.
- Author
-
Wolf, R., Barkema, H. W., De Buck, J., and Orsel, K.
- Subjects
- *
MYCOBACTERIUM avium paratuberculosis , *MYCOBACTERIAL diseases in animals , *ANIMAL herds , *PARATUBERCULOSIS , *ENVIRONMENTAL sampling , *CATTLE - Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the etiologic agent of Johne's disease, a chronic progressive enteritis, is a common pathogen on dairy farms. Environmental sampling is frequently used to detect MAP-infected herds, because it does not require sample collection from individual animals. The objectives were to determine (1) location-specific odds of MAP-positive environmental sampling results and whether season or herd size affect results; (2) whether season and herd size affect the odds of collection of samples from certain locations; and (3) whether sample-set composition affects the odds of a positive set. Herd veterinarians, producer organization staff, and University of Calgary staff collected 5,588 samples on dairy farms in Alberta and Saskatchewan. Samples from sick-cow and calving pens and samples from dry-cow housing had lower odds of testing MAP-positive than lactating cow-pen samples (odds ratio = 0.3 and 0.4, respectively). Samples collected from bedding packs and manure piles were less frequently MAP-positive than those collected from alleyways and lagoons, whereas samples collected in spring and summer more often tested MAP-positive than those collected in winter. Sample sets collected in summer more often included samples from all locations than samples collected in winter; therefore, we inferred that collectors had difficulties accessing certain areas in winter. Substitution of sample locations with others had minor effect on the sensitivity of sample sets containing 6 samples. However, set composition had an effect on the sensitivity of sample sets containing only 2 samples. In that regard, whereas sets with 2 manurestorage- area samples detected 81% of farms with at least one positive environmental sample, sets with only dry, sick, or calving-pen samples detected only 59%. Environmental samples should be collected from areas where manure from numerous cows accumulates and can be well mixed (e.g., alleyways and manure lagoons). Collection of samples should be performed in spring or summer when locations are easier to access and samples have higher odds for testing MAP-positive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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48. Use of Bulk Tank Milk to Determine the Herd-level Prevalence of N. caninum in Dairy Herds on Prince Edward Island
- Author
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Wapenaar, W., primary, Barkema, H. W., additional, Bartels, C. J. M., additional, and Van Maanen, C., additional
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Comparison of Two Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Diagnosis of Mycobacterium Avium Subsp. Paratuberculosis
- Author
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McKenna, S. L. B., primary, Sockett, D. C., additional, Keefe, G. P., additional, McClure, J., additional, VanLeeuwen, J. A., additional, and Barkema, H. W., additional
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Effect of inbreeding on the incidence of retained placenta in Friesian horses1
- Author
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Sevinga, M., primary, Vrijenhoek, T., additional, Hesselink, J. W., additional, Barkema, H. W., additional, and Groen, A. F., additional
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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