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Financial literacy, as a fundamental skill in the 21st century, has become a life skill that is urgently needed to be improved. Globally, the drive to enhance financial literacy involves integrating it into the education curriculum, necessitating educators' comprehensive grasp of financial literacy education before imparting it to students. This research aims to outline a conceptual model of financial literacy professional development to improve teachers' professional competence, employing a narrative review that synthesizes 28 relevant literatures retrieved from Scopus databases. The results of the study show that an effective training model for teacher professional development (TPD) in financial literacy education should focus on essential financial literacy content consisting of planning and budgeting, banking services, income and careers, insurance, investment, savings, also spending and credit. Furthermore, the main characteristics of TPD regarding financial literacy education should encompass content focus, coherence, ownership, active learning, duration, and collective participation.

Although teachers are eager to facilitate community of inquiry (CoI) in their classrooms, they also fear being unable to convey the necessary knowledge to their students in an inquiry due to the inherent involvement of conflicting views, confusion, and a lack of strict definitions about the concepts. The author argues that the banking model of education relies on certain conceptual assumptions about the nature of concepts. For the banking model to function effectively, it must initially assume that all concepts can be defined by their necessary and jointly sufficient conditions. The author goes on to argue that treating concepts as prototypes is helpful in demonstrating the necessity of collective inquiry, even for technical and scientific concepts that are strictly defined. This approach to concepts is illustrated through an inquiry design in a science class on the concept of "mixture."

The linguistic dynamics within a workplace play a pivotal role in shaping the organizational milieu, thereby significantly influencing the overall success or failure of the organization. Consequently, this investigation was crafted to scrutinize the impact of various linguistic elements, such as directive communication, empathetic discourse, proficiency in English language, and communication efficacy, on employee allegiance, mediated through the lens of trust. Employing a cross-sectional research design, data were gathered from employees within the banking sector of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Utilizing questionnaires aligned with prior scholarly literature, the study employed simple random sampling techniques to solicit responses, amassing 231 usable questionnaires. The data analysis was conducted using Smart PLS 4 software. The results revealed that directive communication, empathetic discourse, English language proficiency, and communication effectiveness positively influence employee trust. Furthermore, the statistical analyses substantiated the significant impact of trust on employee loyalty. Notably, this study also confirmed the mediating role of employee trust. The implications and avenues for future research are expounded upon in detail within this investigation.

This study contributes to the comparative analysis of outcomes between gamified and traditional training systems in the banking sector. On-the-job training is a vital aspect of the process of enhancing work performance within organizations. Thus, by employing a case-based asymmetric configural approach rooted in nonlinear and contrarian case analysis, this research investigates the impact of gamified training on human resource development. A global empirical survey of 388 banking employees revealed that a combination of complexity theory and configural analysis provides valuable insights into the outcomes of both gamified and conventional training methods. In the face of increasing competition, banks are compelled to enhance their professionalism by boosting employee motivation. It becomes apparent that there is no straightforward, necessary and sufficient path available to guarantee high levels of engagement and job satisfaction. Notably, some of these results challenge the expectations of self-determination theory (SDT), which posits the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs during training. These findings contribute to an enriched understanding of the nuanced application of complexity theory in the context of SDT research, particularly regarding the training and development of gamified systems for banking organizations and other service-oriented sectors that can benefit from such innovative training approaches.

Globally, the World Bank's neoliberal agenda has reframed inclusive education through its investment projects and inclusive policies, thus begetting unevenness and social inequalities. Accordingly, in South Africa, the World Bank's neoliberal investment projects and inclusive policies exacerbate the exclusion of learners in schools. The critical theory framework is adopted as a lens to explore the extent to which the World Bank's neoliberal education agenda meets the end goals of democracy and social justice in post-apartheid South Africa. A critical analysis of the World Bank's inclusive education policies points to a neoliberal agenda that fosters liberalisation instead of human rights; a policy that propagates privatisation instead of universal education; learners' emancipation barricaded by investment projects that favour deregulation instead of regulation; and illusive social change due to neoliberal public policies in post-apartheid South African schools. Ultimately, the authors argue that the World Bank's incoherent, inconsistent and ambiguous neoliberal education agenda does not speak to its intended recipients, namely the poor, unprivileged and excluded learners in post-apartheid South African schools. A recommendation thus put forward is that the World Bank should redirect its investment projects and revise its inclusive policies in the quest to spearhead universal and free public education.

This study aims to describe a learning model of sociology education based on case studies of banking crimes for university students. Sociology learning is considered one of the most important studies for students at the Faculty of Social Sciences. That is why this study can examine the interactions and cases that occur from the perspective of the perpetrator and the victim. Thus, this study can be considered an interesting study to present learning as a form of case study in sociology lectures. Contextual learning is one of the correct learning models used as steps in learning. The study used a qualitative method employing a case study. Researchers used interviews, observations, and document analysis in the data collection process. The number of respondents of this study was 20, consisting of five lecturers and 15 students from the sociology department. The findings of the study revealed that contextual learning models can be an alternative in teaching sociology because this learning model can be used by presenting problems in daily life and problems related to banking crimes. In the end, the lecturers can conduct an evaluation, and the result is that the students can obtain and improve their abilities about banking crimes. Contextual learning can also foster student engagement where students actively give their opinions in class, and gain knowledge and curiosity when learning it.

The aim of this paper is to study the key points of managing cooperative credit unions in south Thailand and how to strengthen the education and knowledge of the management team, staff and members. This paper is based on a qualitative method via in-depth interviews and a focus group with members and committees of cooperative credit unions in south Thailand; data were analyzed using content and descriptive analysis. Results showed that the most problematic issue is a lack of transparency in the management and patronage systems, leading to corruption. In addition, the key points for developing guidelines for this type of credit union include members' understanding and knowledge about the objectives of the cooperative system; updated regulations and legal measures concerning a deposit protection system; revised rules and regulations for loan policies, human resources, and information technology; government policies for strengthening cooperative credit unions; and allocating more budget to educate their staff and members, such as a training course and a visit to another cooperative credit union. In addition, the Cooperative Promotion Department and Cooperative Auditing Department of Thailand should improve the law and auditing method to strengthen and clarify the organization's operations.

Nearly half the adult population in developing nations lacks a formal bank account and other financial services. Ghana is no exception, having a massive community of unbanked adults and among those countries positioned at the bottom of the spectrum of financial inclusion. The advent of mobile financial services (MFS) claims an alternative mode to financial inclusion. MFS, fundamentally implemented using SMS and USSD code, essentially encompasses mobile wallets, cash out, and over-the-counter transactions overgrowing globally, has a vast potential to minimize impediments to financial inclusion. However, mobile financial services' sustainability is threatened by cybercriminals or fraudsters while reaching a global penetration rate of 91% in 2020, and this figure keeps growing by 3% yearly. This qualitative exploratory study aimed to explore security methods cybersecurity managers needs to implement to minimize cyber fraud of mobile financial services in Ghana. The research purports to identify viable methods leaders of MFS operators need to implement to reduce fraudsters' threats. The exploratory design was used as the lens to explore this phenomenon in-depth. A sample size of seven and 12 semi-structured interview questions were used as a data collection instrument. Lack of proper security methods and internal control processes were identified as the major causes of cyber fraud in MFS. Seven databases (Web of Science, ProQuest, ABI, EBSCO, IEEE, Sage, Google Scholar, Pub/Med, and Scopus) were searched using standard and adapted search syntax. The study also provided recommendations on the ecosystem and the processes needed to utilize mobile technology's full potential.

Recessions may disproportionally affect school districts, especially with established fiscal institutions and policies including balanced budget requirements, tax and expenditure limitations, and school finance reforms. Analyzing the Great Recession and school districts in the United States between 2003 and 2016, we estimated difference-in-differences models leveraging variation in state recession severity to evaluate revenue and expenditure impacts as well as to measure differential recession effects for districts exposed to and not exposed to fiscal institutions and policies. Although revenues and expenditures increased relative to pre-recession levels in all districts, increases were much larger in school districts with less severe than more severe recessions. Balanced budget requirements exacerbated recession effects for low-income districts, and local tax and expenditure limitations intensified recession effects for high-income districts. School finance reforms worsened recession effects for all districts. Our findings can aid districts in understanding potential recessionary impacts, given their prior established fiscal policies and institutions.

This article examined trends in Islamic education and finance publications using bibliometric analysis. The authors used co-citation and co-word analysis to examine 449 Islamic education and finance studies from Scopus database. In the co-citation analysis, 10 themes in Islamic education and finance were identified. After that, co-word analysis is used to understand and identify each research theme's potential future research directions. The results showed that per year the average publication of articles was 2.65. There has been extensive research on this topic in the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK), and the most popped-up keywords are 'education', 'finance education', 'banking education' and very limited 'Islamic finance education'. Further research can be developed using Islamic jurisprudence education, Islamic insurance education, Islamic capital market education, "zakat" education and "waqf" as keywords. In addition, the study offers a visualization map of theme patterns for future studies to create educational fields for Islamic banking and finance education, particularly in Muslim-majority nations like Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Middle East. This research contributes as a foundation for further research in enriching and developing knowledge about Islamic education and finance, especially in majority countries.

We have maintained the customer grade system that is being implemented to customers with excellent performance through customer segmentation for years. Currently, financial institutions that operate the customer grade system provide similar services based on the score calculation criteria, but the score calculation criteria vary from the financial institution to financial institution. In this study, we create a machine learning prediction model using items and added items that are based on the current customer grade of our bank,- and the purpose is an optimal model that considers the adequacy of existing variables and the validity of additional variables through comparison between models. Using Lasso, Elastic net and Multinomial Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, Random Forest, and Support Vector Machine, we propose that the best model be found and gradually applied to customer grade calculation criteria.

After the fall of the communist regime, Romania launched the first multi-systemic reform in the education sector in 1995. The reform was largely financed through a World Bank loan and closely followed the neo-liberal ideology promoted by Bank officials. It aimed to privatize and to implement private sector management principles in the public education sector. This paper argues that in order to introduce neo-liberal policy models, the Bank first created a structure of knowledge around the Romanian system of education, which diagnosed it as inefficient and underperforming. Specific representations of domestic institutions, bureaucratic processes, and actors were used to legitimate the forms of intervention proposed and the role of the Bank in internal governance. I argue further that the main stake of the project was reforming governance in education as new mechanisms for power distribution and money allocation were set in place. By manufacturing their role as impartial, apolitical "experts," and by ignoring the political nature of government, they created a niche in governance and imposed neo-liberal understandings in education.

This case study examines the academic adjustment of five direct-entry Chinese students at a UK university. Specifically, it investigates two questions: 1) What kind of academic challenges are faced by Chinese direct entrants enrolled in a banking and finance programme at a UK university? and 2) What are the external resources and personal coping strategies that participants perceive to be effective in counteracting these challenges? The findings from in-depth, semi-structured interviews fall under two broad domains: 1) the academic challenges; and 2) the coping strategies. The academic obstacles as experienced by participants include English language issues, content knowledge of the subject, course delivery pace, and time management. The perceived effective strategies that help to overcome the challenges include: making use of pre-sessional programmes, taking advantage of tutorials and professors' weekly office hours, taking an active part in learning and figuring out the best learning approach, and seeking help proactively. This research has implications for educators and students who are involved or interested in similar programmes.

This study investigates the role between public behavior and the social function of the National Legal Education for the online loan literacy case. The scope of the research includes community behavior integrated with technology and consumer education concerning business law regarding Self Evaluation and Protection of Personal Information in the case of Online Loans. The normative legal study design assesses ten principal legal documents, including nine Rhode Island laws, four government regulations issued by the Minister of Communication and Information and the Financial Services Authority, and one civil code. The study focuses on positive law regarding Self Evaluation and Protection of Consumer Information and Business Law Education on Online Loans. The findings disclose that in national law, online loan literacy cases occur in digital societies. It is necessary to conduct an independent evaluation to control the exploitative attitude of people literate in online loans and determine each area of personal data protection related to rights, obligations, and sanctions based on government regulations. The second finding explains that the social role of business law education on the consumptive behavior of digital society; is shown in primary legal materials. It provides many benefits in self-evaluation and consumer protection, including self-control not to behave wastefully in using online loans, making online loan decisions, and forming a business-savvy personality. Legally, their role for digital society and business law education exists. It includes learning about making humans knowledgeable and having skills in meeting their needs and achieving a better standard of living or progress. The government needs to revise the law, encouraging healthy digital community behavior. Therefore, the rules of honesty, transparency, and justice become applicable.

Globalization in the banking industry has demonstrated one of the most significant necessities of today, English for Specific Purposes (ESP)-based curricula. ESP drives contemporary organizations to communicate effectively with customers, suppliers, and competitors across geographical boundaries. Therefore, it is imperative to examine learners' needs and difficulties while using ESP in practice to achieve this goal effectively. This study aims to examine the skills of bankers learning or using English as a Second Language (ESL) to assist them in meeting their jobs' needs in the banking sector. An online survey (n = 43) and interview (n= 39) were employed to collect data to understand the aspects vital to the teaching of ESP among banking professionals from Saudi Arabia. About 60% of the sample admitted they needed to improve their English-speaking skills, with more than 80% citing that it is essential for their profession. The interviewees also highlighted English writing skills as being more critical to their needs and desired to enhance their speaking and writing skills. The interviewees further revealed that poor English, difficulty in understanding accents, and insufficient knowledge of banking terminology hindered their communication with customers. The article suggests pedagogical implications and recommendations to support employers in the banking sector, ESP teachers, and curricula designers for improving the current ESP design and delivery in Saudi Arabia.

It is an easily observed reality that the typical college/university student is extremely comfortable with the use of technology and particularly with the use of the Internet. The authors contend that this fact almost requires that instructors of finance classes incorporate the use of web-based financial resources into their in-class presentations as well as their out-of-class assignments. Given the proliferation of online resources and the extensive website listings in most finance textbooks, we believe the difficulty is not locating resources; instead, it is one of choosing a set of resources that can be employed in efficient and effective ways to enhance both the interest and the learning of students. This paper attempts to address this situation by discussing a textbook chapter-based online project created to familiarize students with a beneficial selection of online personal finance related services, while supporting topics generally encountered in the first personal financial planning class. A template designed to simplify grading of the student project submissions also is included.

Digital literacy is the ability to analyze, evaluate, and create a teaching and learning media which enables adults and youth to understand complex communication. Fintech has transformed the history of the financial sectors and places an individual at significant advantages. Therefore, this research study has examined how digital knowledge could provide an opportunity to learn financial capability. For this research, the authors have selected Bankers, Teachers, Information Technology (IT) professionals, and university students from Bangladesh and United Kingdom to respond to our questions. In this research study, the authors aim to determine the participant's financial literacy level and digital knowledge about individual adults' advantages. The authors have developed hypotheses, financial literacy tests, survey questionnaires. The survey was carried out by financial professionals and university students in the UK and Bangladesh. A small group of participants was selected on a later stage using convenience sampling to conduct a small-scale interview. The research findings have found that present financial decision-making and assets' growth depend on an individual adult's financial capability.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of customer participation on customer loyalty with the mediating role of trust by considering the effect of literacy level. This research is descriptive-survey in terms of data collection method and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the present study included all customers with different levels of literacy in Bank Saderat. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size required for the study was 196 people. The collection tool in this study was a questionnaire of Chen et al. The reliability of these questionnaires was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Amos23 software was used to analyze the collected data. The results showed that customer participation has a significant impact on customer loyalty. In addition, as the level of literacy of customers increases, their level of cooperation and trust increases or decreases. Trust also plays a mediating role in customer engagement, which affects customer loyalty.

Since post-World War II and especially throughout the 1990s, the globalization of a liberal international order propelled a wave of education reforms around the world. However, recent challenges to the legitimacy of the liberal order may undercut the prevalence of education reform across countries. To reveal how global changes are influencing education, we draw on a newly constructed data set of 6,696 education reforms in 147 countries from 1960 to 2017. Using dynamic negative binomial panel regression models, we find declining levels of reform in recent decades. We also find evidence of changing dynamics of influence among prominent organizational actors: World Bank lending is less associated with education reform over time, whereas the influence of international nongovernmental organizations has grown. This suggests a shifting system of governance, where formal coercive pressures become less palatable and the normative influences of civil society grow stronger. Overall, our findings indicate that education reform arises as a macro-global process as much as a response to local needs and conditions.

The racial differences in student loan debt must be interpreted through a lens of wealth building inequality. Black individuals in particular are negatively affected by official and unofficial policies that create barriers to building wealth. Financial aid policies then exacerbate this inequality with an Expected Family Contribution (EFC) formula that protects the majority of family assets from being used as required educational contributions. Using the 2011-12 National Postsecondary Student Aid Survey (NPSAS:12), we examined differences in student loan debt based on wealth building barriers (students' access to banks, father's education, and mother's education). Our ANOVA models show cumulative loan debt is highest amongst students who experience barriers to wealth building (students who do not have bank accounts, students whose fathers have less than a Bachelor's degree, and students whose mothers have less than a Bachelor's degree) (p < 0.05). In addition, a greater percentage of black students than white experience these wealth building barriers.

The rapid emergence of the novel coronavirus and its impact on human behavior provoked dramatic increases in human usage of a variety of systems. These increases had the potential to stress the scalability of the systems, testing whether the system owners had designed and built those systems to cope with sudden changes in demand. This case invites students to study a variety of different types of systems, and to analyze the means by which they can or did achieve scalability, and efficiently serve their customers.

Financial literacy, specifically its measurement and education in this field, is a very current topic. The main aim of this research was to find out whether secondary school education had a positive impact on the level of student's financial literacy and to identify other important factors that affected its level. All 363 first-year bachelor's students of the Faculty of Operations and Economic of Transport and Communications (FPEDAS), University of Zilina, Slovakia, took part in the research. The research consisted of two parts -- a questionnaire and a test. The questionnaire focused on demographic, educational, and socio-economic factors influencing students' financial literacy. The test included items aimed at finding out whether students could correctly define selected concepts of the financial area, whether they understood these concepts, and were able to analyze them. The most important finding of the research was that the number of lessons dedicated to mathematics and financial literacy in secondary school did not have a statistically significant impact on the level of student's financial literacy. On the contrary, the level of financial literacy was correlated with the overall performance of the student at the secondary school and the type of secondary school the student attended. The research also aimed to verify the hypothesis that the student's study program affected the level of his or her financial literacy. It turns out that increasing the number of mathematics or financial literacy lessons is not sufficient to improve financial literacy levels, but more important is teacher education, the content and form of the education and the effectiveness of the teaching process.

This longitudinal qualitative research investigated the psychosocial adaptation trajectory of Iranian international students in Hungary and the challenges they encountered. Semi-structured interviews were conducted between 7-month to 1- year intervals with 20 Iranian students. Inductive content analysis was utilized to analyze the interview transcripts. Three themes identified were visa and banking challenges, the impact of the currency crisis in Iran on mental health, and positive and negative changes in psychological well-being. The results revealed that almost all students' well-being improved over time, despite facing challenges related to visas, banking, and Iran's recent economic crisis.

There has been much effort in recent years to address some of the damage of the recent global financial crisis with financial literacy education. Little research has been done, however, on the factors that might affect the decision to seek individual versus couples-based financial education. We used a survey instrument administered via the online labor market, Mechanical Turk, to examine factors associated with this outcome: whether members of a couple would choose individual or couples financial coaching. All participants were screened for current membership in a committed relationship for at least 6 months. Most participants reported a preference for couples versus individual financial counseling. Key factors that predicted a likelihood to opt for couples' counseling include gender, age, and satisfaction with one's relationship. Results from this study suggest that how and why consumers seek financial education may be affected by social, cultural, emotional, and relational factors as well as financial concerns. Such factors should be considered by practitioners in this field if program marketing, design, and delivery are to be relevant to participants and effective.

Innovative Financing for Education (IFE) is examined in the light of public and private practices and responsibilities, of the dangerous irrelevance of economics to education, of the essentially unmeasurable nature of learning outcomes, of the challenges created and the responses made possible by contemporary technology, of the forthcoming and fundamental transformation of 'the school', and of the nature and rituals of bi- and multi-lateral donors and development banks. Evidence of significant and sustainable benefits attributable to IFE was far less in evidence than were its negative social as well as educational risks and consequences, in respect of which governments may neither delegate nor evade their responsibilities. Given the largely non-material objectives of education, rate-of-return and similar analyses were seen as, at best, misleading. Clearly, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have much potential in enabling (secondary and above) education to be learner-directed and as means of achieving universal participation, equity and enjoyment--yet this should not involve high (or developed world directed) expenditure. Wealthy countries and individuals, taking full account of the provenances of their riches, should, it is concluded, cede the definition and direction of international support to the beneficiary nations. This might be regarded as a provisional arrangement pending the replacement of conditional grants and loans by enabling, through substantial transfers of wealth and knowledge, those recipient countries to emerge soon from education sector aid-dependence, thereby going some way towards righting colossal age-old wrongs. Commencing with a consideration of Innovative Financing for Education (IFE), this paper proceeds to explore whether the dismal science of economics may usefully be applied to the joyful art of education. It addresses the extent to which, if at all, educational outcomes may be measured, leading on to a discussion of the transformed nature of education made necessary and possible through contemporary technology, and perhaps given impetus by the consequences of COVID-19. Attention is then afforded to the cost and other implications of universal digital age education, and to how development partners and banks now do--and soon should--operate in that scenario, leading to some reflections upon the underlying donor/beneficiary relationship. Finally, arising from the discussion, some general conclusions are offered as bases for hopefully heated discussion.

A good understanding of banks and the banking industry are important in a quality business education. Focusing students early in the semester on the three major characteristics of banks and their place/importance in the economy that make them special establishes a solid foundation upon which to build a good understanding of the industry. However, getting students to engage the subject can be challenging. Typically, students' knowledge of banking is very limited at the beginning of the semester. This lack of knowledge, and other issues, often contribute to their lack of engagement in class. The use of an online discussion forum to engage students has many benefits. Instructors in online, as well as face-to-face classes can utilize this type of discussion forum. Effective use of an online discussion forum allows the instructor to encourage student engagement with the material as well as student-student interaction. A well-designed online discussion assignment leads to increased student engagement, critical thinking, and better student satisfaction with the educational process.

Links between Qatar's labor market and post-secondary education are not fully effective and often result in neglected or duplicated development of human capital. Therefore, most development efforts occur in isolation involving outmoded programs with many complacent faculty unaware of new technologies and developments relevant to labor market sectors. Analyses of secondary data from government departments and international studies were combined with a survey on "Improving and enriching the Human Capital of the State of Qatar through Identification and Development of 21st Century Skills". This explored perception of both employers and TVET program leaders toward the skills needed for economic and social development in a changing world by meeting human capital needs through 21st century skills. A total of 85 managers and professionals completed the survey, together with 35 TVET program leaders from one university and five government TVET institutions (the survey was adapted to fit the context of TVET institutions surveyed). Thirty-two of the industry managers and professionals were from Hydrocarbon and Energy, 26 from Built Environment and 27 from Banking & Finance sectors. Subsequently, 32 semi-structured interviews were conducted. Descriptive statistics using T-test and effect size for comparison, showed a major mismatch between perceptions of TVET program leaders and business & finance sector' managers and professionals in many aspects of 21st century skills requirements. These were mainly in social skills and some specific technology skills. Significantly, the study indicated weak links between employers and TVET institutions. To address these issues, minimizing the skills' mismatch can be achieved by placing greater emphasis on reforming the curricula of Qatar's TVET institutions, to facilitate faster transitions into the workplace.

Financial behavior is a means by which a person treats, manages, and uses available financial resources. This research aims to determine the effect of financial literacy and the use of financial technology on financial satisfaction through financial behavior as an intervening factor. Data were collected from 112 economics teachers using purposive proportional random sampling technique. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with AMOS 26 software was used to analyze the data. The results of this research indicate that financial literacy has no effect on financial behavior, but the use of financial technology has an effect on financial behavior, financial literacy and the use of financial technology has an effect on satisfaction finance. It was also found that financial literacy and the use of financial technology were mediated by financial behavior. Finally, use of financial technology had no effect on financial satisfaction through financial behavior as an intervening variable. These results have useful practical and theoretical implications.

We address the issue of consumer privacy against the backdrop of the national priority of maintaining global leadership in artificial intelligence, the ongoing research in Artificial Cognitive Assistants, and the explosive growth in the development and application of Voice Activated Personal Assistants (VAPAs) such as Alexa and Siri, spurred on by the needs and opportunities arising out of the COVID-19 global pandemic. We first review the growth and associated legal issues of the of VAPAs in private homes, banks, healthcare, and education. We then summarize the policy guidelines for the development of VAPAs. Then, we classify these into five major categories with associated traits. We follow by developing a relative importance weight for each of the traits and categories; and suggest the establishment of a rating system related to the legal, ethical, functional, and social content policy guidelines established by these organizations. We suggest the establishment of an agency that will use the proposed rating system to inform customers of the implications of adopting a particular VAPA in their sphere.

The purpose of this paper is presenting 2 examples of using English to teach history and economic subjects in universities and colleges. Another goal of this study is that we aim to enhance teaching quality in schools, colleges and universities through case teaching methods which can help students to expand discussion via open mind method. Al-Issa (2006) stated that for five decades there is an important international activity, that is English language teaching (ELT), which became a big business. And dominated by USA, it shows that English roles has been increasing on the world arena in the postcolonial/neocolonial age. For using English to teach History subjects we have to not only catch the historical terms and topics very well but we also combine language teaching with images, ICT tools, LCDs with effective history languages. For using English to teach economic subjects, we have to note there are key economic terms for each economic subjects as well as practice speaking and listening very often in order to deliver effective messages to students and facilitate effective communication inside classrooms. Huy, D.T.N., Hanh, N.T.T, Thao, N.T.P et al (2021) mention there is psychological and pedagogy issues when teaching at schools. We present a typical case teaching in economic subject: analyze stock price and beta CAPM determinants in a single case study of Vietinbank -- CTG in Vietnam financial market during operation period 2011-2020. Next, we will present a case teaching in Indonesian revolution for history subject. Authors also present a process of applying English in teaching history and economic via 2 specific case examples.

In this study, the researcher had a group of unresponsive learners taking a year-long English for Specific Purposes (ESP) course in Banking and Finance Department. After the detection of the problem, "unresponsiveness," one-on-one semi-structured interviews were conducted with the learners (N=8) to find the reasons of it, and what they needed accordingly. Data analysis showed they majorly needed Turkish- (L1), which was restricted to the teaching of grammar as they found most beneficial to their learning. Thus, use of L1 for explicit grammar teaching which proceeded schema building plus implicit inferring was examined to see if and how it remedied their unresponsiveness. Systematic data collection included the learners? end-of-course written reflections (N=40) and another round of one-on-one semi-structured interviews (N=7) to further elicit their views about teaching grammar through L1. The results revealed positive evaluations regarding the benefits of L1 upon more and better input comprehension, vocabulary and grammatical knowledge development, and awareness regarding language learning. They also reported feeling less anxious and stressed, which encouraged their willingness to communicate and participate. Thus, the results verify judicious role of L1 as a scaffold to decrease affective barriers and increase comprehension in language learning.

Purpose: The paper aims to clarify the relationship between perceived contextual issues and the self-efficacy beliefs of the employees with e-learning engagement for their competency development. It proposes a model for the banks to utilize their e-learning interventions more effectively by managing the identified contextual issues. Simultaneously, this study aims to expand the domain of self-efficacy beliefs and apply its principles to dilute the impact of the negative contextual issues which were not addressed through similar research. Design/methodology/approach: The paper focuses on an exploratory study using a deductive approach grounded on self-efficacy -- one of the main dimensions of Bandura's social cognitive theory. It adopted a mixed methodology, and primary data were collected through an online survey (792 responses analyzed through Statistical Package Social Science [SPSS]) and semi-structured interviews (20 respondents analyzed through thematic analysis). The population comprises employees of private commercial banks who have recently introduced e-learning. Findings: The paper provides empirical insights into the contextual issues influencing e-learning and how self-efficacy beliefs can be utilized to enhance the effective engagement of employees. Contextual issues related to technological, organizational, personal and time-intensive factors influence e-learning engagement. The strengthening of self-efficacy beliefs (learners' enthusiasm and gaining) can be utilized to manage personal and time-intensive factors. However, technological and organizational factors cannot be managed through a similar approach as they did not report a significant relationship with self-efficacy. Originality/value: This paper fulfills an identified need to study how e-learning can be utilized as an effective competency development tool in the banking sector.

Purpose: This paper aims to operationalise a modified strategic human resource development (SHRD) framework to examine managerial perceptions of the strategic embeddedness of human resource development (HRD) in organisations in times of business and economic uncertainty. Design/methodology/approach: The paper draws on qualitative research data, following a case-study research design and semi-structured interviews with 44 participants to enable an in-depth investigation of managerial perspectives. Findings: Research findings outline complexities in both understanding and operationalising SHRD in times of crisis which flow from managerial differing viewpoints. Research limitations/implications: Research findings and conclusions are subject to "respondent bias" as events occurred several years ago, thus participants may not fully recall how SHRD has changed over time. Focussing on a unique industrial sector, as well as to a specific national context, limits the generalisation of the findings in comparative contexts. Practical implications Owing to the ongoing business and economic uncertainty, this study could serve as a powerful tool at the hands of HRD professionals to effectively assess the nature of their HRD interventions in their organisations. Originality/value: Having a modified SHRD framework assessed in volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous contexts, the reality of SHRD in organisations is examined. In addition, focussing on a single sector overcomes the "one-size fits all" proposition of prominent SHRD models. Finally, the paper expands SHRD literature by examining managerial perspectives on SHRD into understudied national and industrial contexts.

Years ago, it became established that the severity and length of the Great Depression were due largely to misguided Federal Reserve monetary policy and the resulting catastrophic bank failures. This result is confirmed by surveys of scholars in the area and books specifically written on economic history. Yet the leading textbooks used in high school US history fail to reflect these findings. The texts (1) tend to ignore the recognized causes of the Great Depression's severity and (2) overstate the role of other causes rejected by the majority of economic historians. After laying out this curious disjuncture, this article presents curricular resources to help high school teachers more accurately present the Great Depression's causes.

This study examines the effectiveness of the academic advising system in higher education institutions in Oman, with an emphasis on the College of Banking and Financial Studies in Muscat. The study adopted a sequential mixed approach (SMA), combining qualitative and quantitative methods. A structured questionnaire involving 128 advisees, in addition to in-depth interviews with three advisors, have been employed in the data collection. The study used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and non-parametric tests of chi-square and Spearman rank correlation to conclude that advisee-induced factors as well as advisor-induced factors have an influential impact on the effectiveness of the academic advising process. Furthermore, the study established a positive link between advisee performance and satisfaction with academic advising. The implications of the factors influencing the academic advising process were discussed, and some recommendations were made to enhance the effectiveness of academic advising in higher education institutions in Oman.

The authors of this article propose a classroom simulation designed for advanced economics or finance courses whereby student teams role-play Moody's sovereign credit risk analysts. Despite the importance of sovereign credit risk ratings in affecting the funding liquidity of countries, the process generating ratings is a black box. The authors use active and experiential learning techniques to guide student teams in mimicking the process used by Moody's analysts to assign a sovereign credit risk rating to one of 12 diverse countries. An accompanying YouTube video guides students in navigating three Web sites to retrieve macroeconomic data informing sovereign credit risk ratings. The simulation may be utilized in face-to-face and synchronous online environments.

Purpose: Drawing on Bandura's social learning theory (SLT), the purpose of this paper is to investigate, analytically, the impact that after-training skills level (i.e. perceived skill match) has on change self-efficacy. Moreover, this research also aims to identify which specific skills sets (if any) act as a protective factor during organizational change, supporting the change confidence (CC) level of the people involved. Design/methodology/approach: Quantitative research was carried out on a sample of 200 workers in the bank sector. Findings: Findings of this study suggest that skill match has a significant impact on the CC level. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that, even in front-office jobs, a perceived skill match of soft skills does not have a significant impact on staff CC, unlike that suggested by common sense and by literature. Research limitations/implications: Future research should investigate if and how a training process enables change self-efficacy over time or instead shows its utility only when it is relating to a specific and limited period. Practical implications: This study suggests that in designing training, top and middle management should pay specific attention to change recipients' needs by adopting a bottom-up approach. Moreover, to improve training effectiveness, it would be advisable to also train change recipients' supervisors. Social implications: This study has social implications in suggesting how to foster the adaptive capabilities of change recipients in current turbulent times. In doing so, it suggests how to prevent some undesirable change consequences such as anxiety, intention to quit, work-related stress and change cynicism. Originality/value: This paper shows that, from a methodological point of view, it is necessary to evaluate training effectiveness at the level of a specific skill area and not simply by comparing the trained/not trained people, as typically practiced until now.

This study aims to design and develop a Cashless Payment System with Automatic Identification and Data Collection (AIDC) technology in an educational institution in the Province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines to understand the processes and activities undertaken to develop the project. It utilizes a descriptive and developmental method of research involving parents and students as the respondents using purposive sampling method. The system was developed following the stages of the Incremental Model of software development and was assessed based from the International Organization for Standardization's 9126 software criteria. The system passed the assessment made by the respondents and was viewed as an effective alternative to cash-based payment transactions.

This study illuminated the strategy of Zenith Bank®, employing characteristics of children as fascinating instruments to persuade parents-cum-guardians to open a ZECA account for their children. Mrs. Bonke and the author randomly collected the advertisements for one year and nine months with a camera, utilizing a laptop to adjust the advertising frameworks. The author stratified the advertisements, enabling nine advertisements, entwined with features of children, for appropriate analysis. The application of Systemic Functional Linguistics' 'Clause as Representation' facilitated the calibration of the recurrences of the clause processes and circumstantial devices. Nevertheless, tables and graphs explicated the frequency and flow of the grammatical components. The study revealed that Material (holds, give and starts), Mental (matters to, smiles and experience), and Behavioral (speaks and mimic) processes dominated the texts; whereas Location (in your best interest, today and away from me) and Cause (for the first time and of building towards a brighter future) are major enhancing informative mechanisms. The verbal modes and non-verbal modes exhibited general facilities and specific elements in the communications. Some of the universal aspects are open a ZECA account, special memories, the grey background and the Zenith Bank logo. The Hold, The Smile, The Step and The Mimic are parts of the definite building blocks of the advertisements, which appeared in the form of maternal affiliation, paternal partnership, and the child's image. The investigation further demonstrated these modes in connotative figures. Among others, the images of hands in Plates 1 and 9 reflected strong ties among Zenith Bank's stakeholders. Owing to the innovativeness of these advertisements, one might call for the production of advertisements in marital domains because such constructs might engender deep love in family affairs.

The article aims to study the practices of students' use of services in the conditions of digitalization. The leading methods for the study of this problem are the methods of questioning and testing, allowing to make a qualitative analysis of student consumption practices in the conditions of digitization of services. These methods allowed revealing the peculiarities of online consumption practices by students. The authors found that the majority of students who are not actively using online services, to some extent had experience using online services, but almost every tenth of them had negative result. It is established that students are distrustful of new methods to obtain services, especially when it comes to any operations related to money. It is shown that students who do not practice online services have a feeling that the provided online services are of poor quality, and informants are ready to experience some discomfort in exchange for the usual, guaranteed and high quality, in their opinion, service. In addition, students who are not actively using online services note that it is not easy for them to adapt to new technologically advanced things, but the rest of the students believe that they can adapt to innovations, but the way of providing services that is now perceived as traditional one is the most acceptable for them. It is established that the leader in the use of online services is a taxi. This service is used by all students to some extent, followed by the service of food delivery and only then online banking, online shopping and public services. The novelty and originality of the study lies in the fact that the features of consumption practices among students actively practicing online services and avoiding them are revealed. It is established that students who have little recourse to online services are wary of modern services, which is based either on the previous negative experience of use, or on the unsatisfactory experience of friends, believe that those techniques and applications that are now on the market are not optimal for them and the usual methods of obtaining services for them remain more comfortable and familiar, even though more time spent on obtaining a particular service. The practical significance lies in the fact that the data obtained in the work can be used in social psychology, age psychology, labor psychology, management, sociology, as well as for further theoretical development of this issue.

Bangladesh is a fast growing economy and has managed to maintain an impressive annual average growth rate of above 6 percent over the last 10 years. Although there are almost 2 million young people who enter the job market every year, they often fail to meet the demands of the existing job market due to lack of adequate skills. Most of the graduates struggle to find a decent job as their skills fail to match the employers' expectations and needs. As the skill gap is brewing up creating a rise in unemployment, there is an urgent need for actions to enhance employability prospects of fresh graduates. In this study we aim to investigate the skill competence and skill gap of business graduates in the banking sector of Bangladesh. We utilized the mean scores of employability skills in terms of their significance as perceived by the employers in banks and the actual competency of business graduates. Findings of this study will allow students, employers, educators and policy makers in Bangladesh to recognize the critical areas where business graduates are lagging behind in the banking sector thus enabling them to take effective measures in order to reduce the skills gap.

This study examined a conceptual model on the intention to adopt NFC-based mobile payment that incorporates financial experiences and beliefs. NFC refers to Near Field Communication, a new technology in mobile payments. From an online experimental survey of 463 U.S. young adults, this research found consumers who used cards among their payment methods as opposed to cash-only were less likely to adopt NFC mobile payment. Previous experience in non-NFC mobile payments had a significant positive association with intention to adopt NFC mobile payment. Among the beliefs, consumers with higher trust and higher perceived usefulness about NFC mobile payment had greater intentions to adopt it. Moreover, trust was found to have a mediating effect between non-NFC mobile payment experience and the intention to adopt NFC mobile payment. This study not only provides mobile payment providers with effective marketing strategies to increase consumers' adoption of NFC mobile payment but also provides financial educators with important implications to develop targeted education programs.

Using data from the 2016 Survey of Consumer Finances, this study investigates factors that affect electronic banking adoption rates. Financial knowledge, income, education, and credit card ownership are associated with a high probability of electronic banking adoption. However, age is negatively associated with the probability of online banking adoption and the African American consumer is less likely to adopt electronic banking. This result is more prominent for African American women but does not hold for African American business owners. Financial counselors, planners, and educators should be aware and sensitive to these differences in order to provide additional education as needed on how to effectively use electronic banking services in order to achieve a greater degree of financial inclusion.

The prevalence of in-school savings programs (ISSPs) for children and youth is widespread, but research on their effectiveness is limited. This study investigates the long-term effects of an ISSP conducted in one U.S. elementary school. Survey data were collected on the financial behaviors of high school students, who participated in or did not participate in an ISSP while attending the same elementary school at the same time. The results from a probit analysis of data controlling for demographic variables showed that ISSP participants compared with non-participants were more likely to have a bank account in high school. They also were more likely to have opened a bank account before attending high school. Further results show that high school students with bank accounts are more likely to save regularly, indicating that ISSP contributes indirectly to saving regularly through its direct influence on getting students to open a bank account and open it early.