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In the training systems for athletes across various specializations, enhancing coordination skills is crucial, particularly in sports requiring complex coordination. Purpose. To develop and test a methodology for improving coordination skills in 6-7-year-old girls engaged in rhythmic gymnastics, tailored to the characteristics of their autonomic nervous regulation. Material and methods. The study involved 40 girls (6.4 ± 1.8 years old) in their first year of rhythmic gymnastics at the initial training stage. Based on the Kerdo index, which characterizes autonomic nervous regulation types, a control group (CG, n = 19) was identified. These athletes followed the federal standard training program. The experimental group (EG, n = 21) participated in a program designed to develop coordination skills, tailored to the specific features of autonomic regulation. The methodology comprised sets of physical exercises, techniques, and methodological approaches, which were applied differentially to athletes with sympathicotonic and parasympathicotonic types of autonomic nervous regulation. In both groups, milestone assessments were performed to evaluate the development of static and dynamic coordination, as well as overall physical fitness. Results. Analysis of the milestone testing results revealed that in the EG, where the proposed methodology for developing coordination skills was applied, the test scores were significantly higher than those in the CG. Athletes with a sympathicotonic type of autonomic regulation achieved better results in motor coordination tests, while those with a parasympathicotonic type excelled in static coordination tests. Athletes with a higher level of coordination development also demonstrated superior results in general physical fitness tests compared to the girls in the CG. Conclusions. It is more effective to develop and improve coordination skills in young gymnasts by considering the identified features of their autonomic nervous regulation. This approach not only improves coordination abilities but also contributes to a higher overall level of physical fitness in the athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern sports require adaptogens to mitigate the functional changes associated with intense training loads. Investigating the effects of plant adaptogens on physiological function and autonomic regulation in athletes is a prominent area in sports medicine. Purpose: This study explored the impact of a course of Eleutherococcus on cardiovascular function, autonomic balance, and aerobic capacity in highly qualified athletes. Material and methods: A group of elite swimmers, trained according to personalized standard techniques, received Eleutherococcus supplementation for 10 days. Standard heart rate variability parameters were used to monitor physiological changes. During the experiment, an analysis of the vegetative balance among athletes was carried out. Also, the maximum oxygen consumption among the study groups was estimated using the Astrand method. VO2max was measured during physical work of athletes in the control and experimental groups at maximum power using a bicycle ergometer under submaximal work conditions. Results. In both experimental groups, reliably significant changes in the values of heart rate variability indicators were established. Relative tension of the regulatory systems is noted, which is a normal physiological response of the body to physical activity in the submaximal power zone. It is noted that in athletes who took Eleutherococcus, the body's response reflected stabilization of the cardiointervalogram indicators. This contributes to the strengthening of the adaptive reserves of the body due to the corrective effect of Eleutherococcus on the vagosympathetic balance and the effect on the parasympathetic and sympathetic links of heart rate regulation. A course of adaptogen intake demonstrated an increase in the aerobic capabilities of the body and higher physical performance, which is associated with an increase in VO2max among athletes in the experimental group. Conclusions. The course use of Eleutherococcus helps to increase the physical capabilities of the body by optimizing physiological functions under the influence of physical activity. It is possible to use this plant adaptogen at the training stage of athletes in cyclic sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing speed-strength abilities is a key focus in physical training. Developing more effective pedagogical methods to cultivate this motor quality is crucial for educational and training activities. Purpose: This study aims to evaluate a methodology for improving the speed-strength qualities of schoolgirls aged 16-18 by implementing the CrossFit training system during extracurricular time in the school sports program. Materials and Methods. The research was conducted at a secondary school in the Siberian Federal District. We observed 24 girls aged 16-18 (17.2±0.8 years), who were divided into 12 people into the control (CG) and experimental groups (EG). They attended the school general physical training section three times a week during free time. Each training session lasted 90 minutes. Training in both groups was conducted according to the traditional program for developing general physical qualities. The EG girls used our improved method of developing speed-strength qualities using the CrossFit training system, which took up 30-40% of the total time of each lesson and was included in the main part of the educational and training sessions on general physical training for three months (from February to April). Each set of CrossFit exercises had elements of a speed-strength focus. The performance of loads in aerobic and anaerobic modes was combined. At the beginning and end of the research project, the state of speed-strength qualities of girls in both observed groups was assessed using motor tests. Results. The results of testing motor qualities established a higher efficiency of the improved method of improving speed-strength qualities in EG girls, where the CrossFit training system was used compared to CG. In EG girls, the values of the indicators of all speed-strength tests were significantly higher than the results of testing the girls in the control group. Conclusions. The proposed method for improving speed-strength qualities in girls aged 16-18, which uses the CrossFit training system, can be used in other educational institutions during additional time spent in the sports section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Training children who specialize early in a chosen sport presents challenges owing to insufficient research on various aspects of their development. In Sambo wrestling, the preliminary training of children aged 4-6 has not been adequately explored. Purpose: This study aims to develop and experimentally validate a comprehensive developmental program for preliminary training in Sambo wrestling for boys aged 4-6 years. Materials and Methods: The pedagogical experiment was performed at a Sambo wrestling club in Kaliningrad. Thirty boys aged 4-6 years (mean age 5.7 ± 1.2 years) participated in the study, with 15 children assigned to the experimental group (EG) and 15 to the control group (CG). In both experimental groups, training was held three times a week for 45 minutes. In CG, children trained according to the general physical fitness development program, which is presented in the traditional methodology. The educational and training process of children in EG was organized according to the program of preliminary general physical training of children for Sambo wrestling developed by us, which had a sports and health focus. The proposed program differs from the traditional program for the development of general physical qualities in the means and methods of physical training used. In the educational and training process of children EG, a significant role was given to the game method, which was used in each part of the training. Results. Quite a high efficiency of the proposed program was established. Analysis of the results of testing motor qualities and functional fitness of children in the experimental group showed that the values of the indicators in athletes of this group exceed them in children in the control group. In the experimental group, the values of the indicators in tests for speed, coordination abilities and agility, dynamic speed-strength endurance of the muscles of the lower extremities, flexibility of the hip joints and spine, accuracy of motor actions are significantly higher. Of the functional indicators, a significantly higher value of strength indicators of the muscles of the hand of both hands and static balance was noted in children EG compared to CG. Conclusions. The tested program for developing general physical fitness in 4-6-year-old boys for the preliminary stage of Sambo wrestling classes can be recommended for use in children's sports institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of using non-invasive methods for diagnosing human fitness remains an important topic in the fields of physical education and sports. Purpose: To investigate the features of crystallization and initiating properties of saliva among student-athletes and students who do not participate in sports. Materials and Methods: The study involved 86 participants from a university in the Volga Federal District. The participants were divided into two groups: Group 1 (n=42) consisted of students who did not engage in sports, and Group 2 (n=44) consisted of student-athletes who regularly trained in various university sports sections. Saliva samples were collected once. The activity of crystal formation and their excitatory potential in the saliva were assessed. Three categories of salivary indicators were distinguished in the picture of crystal formation: single crystals, polygonal forms, and amorphous structures. Quantitative coefficients Q and P were calculated. The degree of cellular density, element distribution uniformity, degree of pattern destruction signs, and the formation process of the micropreparation marginal zone were analyzed. The crystallogenic bioenvironment was assessed using static methods. Results: The study of saliva crystallization revealed statistically significant differences in the crystallogenic and stimulating properties between students with different attitudes towards regular sports. The test showed activation of the biological fluid stimulating ability and optimization of texture characteristics in combination with a decrease in pattern element destruction degree, as well as a moderate increase in the margin of the micropreparations' border in student-athletes compared to those who did not participate in sports. Conclusions: Regular sports activities contribute to the normalization of metabolic processes in the body, increasing the adaptive capacity and tolerance of the athlete to training loads. The method of crystalloscopic examination of saliva can be applied in physical education and sports to monitor human fitness and manage education and training processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peculiarities of the swimmers' respiratory system response to a special physical load were studied. The swimmers of high sports qualification aged 16-18 years old, who specialize in swimming at distances of various lengths, underwent the examination. At the first stage, we used exercises aimed at enhancing the anaerobic work power in swimming. At the second stage, the parameters of the swimmers' respiratory system response to the load in aerobic and anaerobic zone were studied. At the third stage of the study, the changes of the swimmers' respiratory functions under physical loads at the level of MOC (maximum oxygen consumption) were researched. The investigation of respiratory system functions of stayer swimmers was conducted with the use of a Spirolab-3 spirometer (spirograph). We found that the recovery of qualified swimmers can be activated when aerobic and anaerobic mechanisms of energy metabolism are combined. The results of the study confirm that the swimmers' respiratory functions influence the processes of recovery of their working capacity after being exposed to multidirectional physical loads. The sprinters' anaerobic mechanisms of muscle function are better developed. The stayers' aerobic mechanisms of energy metabolism function better. In order to activate the recovery of qualified swimmers, it is advisable to combine aerobic and anaerobic mechanisms of energy metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lately, the improved outfitting and sports alpine skiing equipment have brought about significantly increased speed of their motion on the mountain slope. At the same time, alpine skiers’ psychological and physiological reserves remain practically unchanged. In order to enhance the statokinetic stability level of the alpine skiers included in the experimental group, normobaric hypoxia training in combination with cervical spine muscle exercises were used for a month during a preparatory period before competitions. The subjects of the control group used conventional exercises to enhance the statokinetic stability level. The results of the studies showed that the alpine skiers from the experimental group demonstrated a confidently increased tolerance time of continuous cumulation of Coriolis accelerations (versus initial measurements). We also observed the lowered intensity of negative vestibulosensory, vestibulovegetative and vestibulosomatic reactions. This showed their improved tolerance of continuous cumulation of Coriolis accelerations. Besides that, the alpine skiers of the experimental group showed positive changes in the static stabilometric test in the integrated functional computer stabilography. The open eyes test showed a confidently significant reduction in the rate of increase of the statokinesiogram length and area, oscillation amplitude of the projection of the common center of gravity in the frontal and sagittal planes, and also the coefficient of asymmetry in the frontal and sagittal directions. The obtained results can justify recommendation of normobaric hypoxia course to be used in combination with cervical spine muscle exercises as means to improve statokinetic stability in alpine skiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented study is associated with assessing the dynamics of the pressure applied to the trigger when making a shot in biathlon competition. The experiment involved five qualified athletes. The educational work and training sessions were completed with them to improve the trigger handling technique before the experiment. The pressure was recorded using a thin-film elastic sensor located in the contact zone of the biathlete's finger with the rifle trigger. The test task included shooting series from a standing and lying position both before and after loading. Three different trigger manipulation types were identified. The data indicate the feasibility of developing modern systems designed to improve the athlete's shooting profile in terms of the efforts applied to the trigger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the issues of improving the quality of the training process for marathon runners in competition preparation by utilizing the application of a differentiated training model based on the types of energy metabolism for the development of tempo and speed endurance. The studies conducted have shown that marathon runners of different energy metabolism types adapt differently to competitive loads, as well as to speed and tempo development. The process of adaptation of their functional systems (which define tempo and speed endurance) occurs mainly due to the differentiation of the tools and methods used correspondingly to the type of energy metabolism. It allows not only for the more effective expansion of the cardiorespiratory system capabilities but also for bringing athletes to a higher level of tempo and speed endurance development. As a result of the study, it was revealed that for aerobic athletes, tempo endurance should be developed by using standard continuous training, while speed endurance should be developed through repeated training. Tempo endurance in anaerobic marathon runners should be developed by using interval training, while speed endurance should be developed through non-maximal effort training with a normalized number of distance segments. Tempo endurance in marathon runners of the mixed type of energy metabolism should be developed by using the variable training method, while speed endurance should be developed through a combination of non-maximal effort and repeated training with a fixed number of distance segments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have shown that the adaptation of biathletes' bodies to different loads takes place gradually from stage to stage due to the development of stamina in the framework of the combined use of respiratory exercises. The process of adaptation and change in functional parameters characterizing physical performance and functioning of external respiration occurs mainly due to the expansion of the range of application of the means that expand the capabilities of the cardiorespiratory system of the biathlete's body. The use of respiratory exercises with and without exercise machines in combination with aerobic exercises of moderate, medium, and maximum intensity allows expanding the reserve and functional capabilities of the biathlete's body. This allows achieving more significant positive changes in general and specific physical fitness, physical performance, functional fitness, breathing capacity and biathlete reserves, as well as the rates of response to different loads during training sessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been established that the dynamics of rest/load indicators, as a rule, depends on the skill level of the athlete. More successful athletes have a high level of sympathetic reaction and activity of the central circuit for the regulation of heart rhythm to the load as a manifestation of functional reserves mobilization. A healthy powerful reaction to load and a high level of mobilization abilities are the most important parameters for the success of training and competitive activities during race running. The findings of a comprehensive assessment of heart rate variability in the evaluation of short 5-minute records and long (weekly) records indicate that, compared with athletes who train at the medium altitude, long-distance runners training on the flat terrain adapt to the conditions of sports activity with higher strain on regulatory systems. This is due to the lack of proper economization against the background of the initially low reserve and aerobic capabilities of the body, due, inter alia, to the low development of the autonomous control circuit. The above leads to overload and depreciation of the central control circuit at rest and, in connection with this, its low response to the impact under the conditions of physical and competitive loads. The cost of adaptation of such an organism increases signifi cantly, its adaptation and competitive potential decreases. Accordingly, with a highly developed autonomous control circuit during training at the medium altitude, we can expect a higher competitive success of the long-distance runners compared to the long-distance runners who train on the flat terrain with poorly expressed control circuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competitive activity at middle altitude creates increased demand on the cardiovascular system of long-distance swimmers. The state of their cardiovascular system and its readiness for such activities at middle altitude can be evaluated according to haemodynamic parameters. At the same time, state-of-the-art strategies for cardiovascular disorder prevention in long-distance swimmers during training for competitive activity at middle altitude are mostly based on the assessment of systemic haemodynamics, with no reference to microcirculation. The process of adaptation and changes in the functional parameters of long-distance swimmers that characterize their physical performance and the function of external respiration mainly occurs by broadening the range of training tools and methods. The unrestricted broadening of these tools and methods can cause severe disturbances in the functioning of the cardiovascular system. At the same time, existing methods for assessing the state of the cardiovascular system in long-distance swimmers do not allow performing a qualitative evaluation of the peripheral circulation haemodynamic parameters. The studies conducted have shown that microcirculation parameters in long-distance swimmers at different training loads have similar dynamics at middle altitude and under the conditions of a hypoxic gas environment, which allows for higher quality assessment of the cardiovascular system state in athletes and for the more accurate evaluation of their bodily reaction to different training loads at middle altitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conducted researches showed the demand for the developed online course "Physical Culture: Theory" in the educational process among students. To theoretical knowledge, we include such as: monitoring your health, exercise and self-training methods, how to support yourself in stressful situations, how to properly provide first aid in case of trauma. This is the information that students are taught in the theoretical part of the course "Physical Culture". However, not all listeners understand the need for such knowledge and miss the attendance of lectures. Therefore, the authors of the course of our University developed a mass open online course "Physical Culture: Theory". It is placed on the National Platform "Open Education" and attracts a large audience of listeners. The introduction of this course in the educational process has allowed not only to solve the problems with attending lectures, but also to significantly improve the progress of students. The course is in demand also by other educational organizations of higher and secondary vocational education. The involvement of the course in the educational process of external (external) organizations takes place within the framework of network interaction. The course became one of the first in our university, introduced into the educational process in the format of mixed education. Final attestation on "Physical Culture: Theory", students are held in a streaming audience equipped with modern computer equipment. The creation and introduction of the course in the educational process allowed to increase the motivation of students to study the theory of physical culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study found that middle distance runners better formed anaerobic mechanisms of muscle activity, and longdistance runners function better aerobic mechanisms of muscle activity. The differences of the reaction of the respiratory system to the load of different directions in runners, specializing in middle and long distance affect the speed of the recovery of their health. Most preferred for rapid recovery of the runners, is the harmonious combination of aerobic and anaerobic mechanisms of muscle activity, as well as their maximum development during the training process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes research findings concerning the identification of special features of response of the respiratory system of long-distance runners and middle-distance runners to exercises of different types and its effect on the recovery rate. It has been revealed that the balanced combination of aerobic and anaerobic mechanisms intended for support of muscle activities and their development to full potential during workout sessions is most preferable for quick rehabilitation of the runners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study determined the pedagogical conditions that are necessary for the effective speed-strength training of young football players. These include the careful selection of children and their retention throughout the entire period of football education, differentiation and individualization during their speed-strength training, selecting the most effective means of developing speed and strength in young football players, and ensuring a balance in the development of their speed and strength. Less important conditions include the efficient use of time allotted for speed-strength training, the maintenance of a high team morale, and the efficient use of fitness equipment, such as kettlebells, barbells, and other means of speed-strength training of young football players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]