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Different authors have studied incompressible fluid flow through two inclined planes. Previous authors have used different numerical methods to find the velocity profile of fluid flow for Jeffery–Hamel problem, which is known as the forward problem. It may be interesting to study the inverse problems related to the above. In that case, the velocity profile may be known and then the angle between two inclined planes is required to be found. Accordingly, in this article, we have first used Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM) to find the velocity profile for a fixed angle. Further, by using this velocity profile, we have found the required angle in between the inclined planes. For these, different approximations via HPM are computed and it has been shown that the identified fixed angle converges, giving the required angle. The novelty of the procedure is that if we have the velocity profile from the experiment, then we may use the same procedure to know the targeted angle. This may also be generalized to other inverse problems, and also we may similarly find other parameters.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to carry out a detailed investigation to study the natural convection of a non-Newtonian nanofluid flow between two vertical parallel plates. In this study, sodium alginate has been taken as a base fluid and nanoparticles that added to it are copper and silver. Maxwell–Garnetts and Brinkman models are used to calculate the effective thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluid, respectively. Design/methodology/approach The authors used two methods in this study, namely, Galerkin’s method and homotopy perturbation method. Findings This paper investigates the velocity and temperature profile of nanofluid and the real fluid flow between two vertical parallel plates. The impacts of physical parameters such as nanofluid volume fraction and dimensionless non-Newtonian viscosity are discussed. Originality/value Coupled non-linear differential equations are solved for velocity and temperature. A model is proposed in such a way that the authors may get the solution of real fluid from the nanofluid by neglecting the nano term. The authors do not require a further calculation for real fluid problem.

In this chapter, the natural convection flow of a non-Newtonian nanofluid between two vertical parallel plates has been studied. Galerkin’s method has been employed to handle the governing differential equations for the considered problem. We have used Legendre polynomials to construct the trial solutions of the governing equations. Further, the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process has been used to orthogonalize the terms in the assumed series solutions. The results hence obtained from the present method have been compared and verified with the previous results in the literature for special cases. Impacts of some parameters, viz., nanoparticle volume fraction and dimensionless non-Newtonian viscosity on velocity and temperature profiles, are also discussed.

Fuel Clad Chemical Interaction (FCCI) is one of the life limiting issues in the MOX fuel pins of fast breeder reactors. Clad wastage due to FCCI coupled with stress arising from fission gas pressure and Fuel Clad Mechanical Interaction (FCMI) due to fuel swelling can lead to fuel pin failure. Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques such as Gamma Scanning, Eddy current testing and Neutron Radiography have been successfully used on MOX fuel pins of a test sub-assembly irradiated in Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) to a burn-up of 112 GW d/t to detect signatures of FCCI. The results obtained by the various NDE techniques have been correlated and verified through metallographic examination on fuel pin cross-sections. The measured clad wastage of 85 μm agrees well with a model developed for MOX fuel with high Pu content. The results of examinations have enabled validation of the model and given confidence to the designer that PFBR MOX fuel can safely attain the target burn-up of 100 GW d/t.

In this article, solution bounds for velocity and temperature of non-Newtonian nanofluid flow between two vertical flat plates due to natural convection have been investigated in uncertain environment. Governing differential equations of the titled problem contain a physical parameter, namely, nanoparticle volume fraction which is taken as uncertain in terms of interval. The considered problem has been solved by Galerkin’s method where Legendre polynomials are used to approximate the series solution. The terms in the assumed series solutions are orthogonalized by Gram–Schmidt orthogonalization process. The interval uncertainties are converted to crisp form by the help of parametric approach of intervals. The results obtained by proposed method are compared in special cases, viz., with the existing results and they are in good agreement.

The present investigation was carried out with the objective to study the productive and reproductive performances of dairy cattle under organic farming systems. Total 24 medium to high yielding cattle has been selected for the study, out of which 12 were reared under organic management system and 12 under conventional management system. For cows maintained under organic management system, the animals were fed ad lib quality green fodder grown organically and limited quantity (1.5 to 2.0 kg/cows/day) of concentrate mixture. Production and reproduction performance of animals of both the groups were compared. The results revealed that the reproductive performance was better in cows maintained under organic production management system than their conventional counterparts. The study on milk quality in terms of composition revealed significantly (P less than 0.05) higher fat % of milk, while lower (P less than 0.05) protein % of milk for the cows maintained under organic system as compared to those under conventional system. It can be concluded that the organic management system of dairy cows can be beneficial as depicted by better reproductive efficiency of cows with higher fat % of the milk.

Fast reactor cores employ a large number of sub-assemblies for neutron and gamma shielding constituting more than 60% of the core volume. Use of effective and economical shielding materials can significantly improve the safety and cost competitiveness of fast reactors. Ferroboron has been identified as an efficient neutron shielding material for deployment in future commercial breeder reactors in India that can lead to significant cost savings. After successful shielding experiments and out-of-pile compatibility tests, a SS 304L clad irradiation capsule containing ferroboron powder has been subjected to an accelerated irradiation test in Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) to a peak neutron fluence of 8.18E21 n/cm2 for evaluating its in-reactor performance. Results of Post Irradiation Examinations carried out on the irradiation capsule to assess the various performance parameters such as slumping of ferroboron stack, helium release and chemical interaction of SS 304L with ferroboron are reported here. The examinations have indicated that extent of slumping is less than 1% and pressure build up due to helium release is 0.17 MPa (at room temperature), which are well within the permissible limits. A maximum clad wastage of 20% of wall thickness has been observed due to chemical interaction with lithium produced from (n,α) reaction. The irradiation performance assessment of ferroboron indicates its suitability for in-core shielding application in fast reactors.

Present study deals with the flow of a fluid with added nanoparticles in a semi-permeable channel with a transverse magnetic effect. We have used Maxwell-Garnett and Brinkman models for effective electrical conductivity and viscosity, respectively. Water-based nanofluids with silver and copper nanoparticles have been used in the present investigation. Firstly, governing differential equations have been nondimensionalized with appropriate similarity transformations. We have also proposed an efficient technique to handle coupled differential equations by the weighted residual method (WRM). Here the least square method has been modified to solve coupled linear/nonlinear differential equations. Residual errors are examined graphically to see the efficiency of the proposed scheme. By taking particular values of Hartmann number, Reynolds number, and volume fraction viz. 0.5, 0.5, and 0.05, respectively, it is seen that residual error almost equal to zero in 6th term approximation. Moreover, for validation, present results have been incorporated with previously published works in special cases. Finally, the nature of the solutions has been reviewed by varying the values of the involved parameters. In this regard, the values of volume fraction are taken in between 0.01 and 0.09. Further, the values of the Hartmann number are considered between 0 and 4, and finally, values of the Reynolds number are taken in between 1 and 5.

The meat industry is experiencing a change due to an increase in consumer demand for quality products. The foremost approach is on animal management prior to slaughter and the postslaughter carcass handling. These seem to have effect on physiological and biochemical changes (involving a number of enzymes) evidenced in the conversion of muscle to meat, which impacts the quality. Another issue of concern is the tenderness of meat, the most desired sensory parameter in acceptance of the product. There are several endogenous enzymes, like calpains and lysosomal cathepsins, responsible for the reduction in toughness of meat during aging. However, the meat industry utilizes exogenous enzymes like papain, bromelain, and ficin from plant sources to achieve the desired tenderness in meat quality. Several other sources like bacteria and fungi have also been explored as tenderizing enzymes, especially proteases. Proteases can be used for the production of bioactive peptides to improve the quality of meat as these peptides have been associated with several pro-health effects. Similarly, an enzyme known as transglutaminase (meat glue), has found its importance in the meat industry, as it binds low-valued meat selections and creates large meat chunks of desired size and higher quality. Transglutaminases have been acclaimed to be widely used in the formulation of different meat products as it is responsible for the stable cross-links between protein molecules and acts as a binding agent.

Presently livestock keepers require more competent exploitation of low-quality feedstuffs due to rising economic pressures. The animal’s digestive system is not fully efficient. Swine and poultry cannot digest approximately one fourth of the diet they are fed because the feed ingredients contain undegradable harmful factors that hinder the digestive process and/or the animal is devoid of the necessary enzymes needed to degrade certain complexes in the feed. Supplementation of feed with enzymes enhances its nutritive value, thereby increasing the effectiveness of digestion. Animal feed enzymes help break down indiscriminating factors (e.g., fiber, phytate) that are naturally occurring in various feed ingredients. Indiscriminating factors may result in decreased meat or egg production and inferior feed efficiency, and can cause digestive disturbances as well. Exogenous enzymes are mainly added to enhance the accessibility of nutrients from feed ingredients. The animal feed industry uses enzymes that degrade crude fiber, starch, proteins, and phytates, and being proteins, they are eventually digested or excreted by the animal, having no residual effect on products like meat or egg. Feed enzymes enhance the competence of meat and egg production by improving the nutrient utilization and reducing animal excreta/waste.

This study examined the suitability and comparative efficacy of Zn through different levels and sources on blood-biochemical profile and serum mineral status. 63 weaned (130±3.1g) wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) divided into 7 equal groups in completely randomized design. These rats were fed a common basal (synthetic) diet for 90 days, except for Zn supplementation, which was 10 ppm through zinc sulphate or 10, 20 and 40 ppm nano Zn either from commercial or synthesized (prepared by green method) source. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected from each animal through cardiac puncture and analysed for hemato-biochemistry and serum minerals. The Hb, PCV in blood and glucose, urea, total protein, albumin, globulin and creatinine in serum were comparable (P>0.05) among various treatment groups. Serum Ca, P, Cu, Fe and Mn were also not affected by source and different levels of Zn supplementation, however, serum Zn levels were significantly (P

Lactoferrin is an 80-kDa iron-binding glycoprotein of the transferrin family, which was first fractionated as an unknown ‘‘red fraction’’ from cows’ milk by Sorensen. It is one of the major proteins of all exocrine secretions including saliva, tears, semen, vaginal fluids, gastrointestinal fluids, nasal mucosa and bronchial mucosa of human being. Lactoferrin is also known for its anti-bacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-parasitic, anti-allergic and most importantly anticancerous properties. The advantages of this natural molecule prove its potential as a natural therapeutic agent that can be used in various fields of research including cancer. Initial research has shown its potential as a novel nutraceutical for enhancing animal production, health and welfare, however, research on this topic is largely focused on lab animals, how lactoferrin enhances antioxidant status, immunity and performance needs to be ascertain in livestock and poultry. The role of supplementary lactoferrin in prevention and management of mastitis and anemia needs special attention.

A case of penetrating head injury caused by glass is reported. Rarely does this material cause such an injury. Most of the intracranial foreign bodies occur around the orbit, frontal sinus, nasal and temporal area. Intracranial penetration of glass to the parietal region is rare due to the hardness and thickness of overlying parietal bone. Other reports of this unusual type of head injury are reviewed. Management and possible complications of this type of injury are discussed.

The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of micronutrients supplementation on the blood biochemical profile and immune response in pre-ruminant calves. Sixteen day old crossbred calves (body weight 24.50±0.56 kg) were randomly allocated to control and treatment groups comprising 8 animals in each group. Diets were similar (NRC, 2001) in both the groups but in treatment group 10 mL molasses based micronutrients supplement containing 50 mg Fe, 20 mg Mn, 20 mg Zn, 5 mg Cu, 0.15 mg I, 0.05mg Co, 0.2 mg Se, 4000 IU vitamin-A, 600 IU vitamin-D, 50 IU vitamin E, 0.5 mg ascorbic acid was provided. The mean values for PCV and albumin were higher (P

This study examined the effect of feed restriction on methane emission and energy metabolism in goats. Fifteen female goats of about ∼ 1 year old, avg. body weight (BW) 12.59±0.60 kg were randomly divided into three groups of 5 each in a completely randomized design and randomly allocated to Control, RF-I and RF-II treatments. The goats of control group were fed total mixed ration ad libitum as per the predicted requirement, while in group RF-I and RF-II goats were fed 12.5 and 25 percent restricted diets, respectively of predicted requirements for 90 days. The methane emission in experimental goats was measured using open circuit respiration calorimetry. Methane emission (Ld−1, Lkg−1 W 0.75) by goats was significantly (P 0.05) among various treatment groups, however, methane emission (as percent (DOMI) was significantly (P

The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of micronutrients supplement (MS) on the nutrient utilization and growth performance in pre-ruminant calves. The sixteen day old crossbred calves (body weight 24.50 ± 0.56 kg) were randomly allocated into two dietary treatments; control (C) and treatment (T) groups. Diets were same for both groups and in addition to diet micronutrients supplement was given to individual calf of treatment group. The supplementation of MS in the diet of crossbred calves did not affect the intake and digestibility coefficients of CP, EE, NDF and ADF. Over all body weight changes and feed conversion efficiency did not differ significantly between groups but average daily gain (g) was significantly (P

Strategic concentrate mixture supplementation during pre-partum period was studied on 24 pregnant buffaloes (10–12 weeks before calving), randomly divided into two equal groups viz., control and treatment, to ascertain the effect on birth weight of calves, colostrum yield and quality, blood-biochemical profile, immune status and growth performance of calves. The pregnant buffaloes in control group, were fed as per farmers’ practice (0.5–1.0 kg concentrate), while in treatment group specially formulated concentrate mixture was provided at 2.0–2.5 kg per day along with the basal diet ad libitum wheat straw. Strategic supplementation of concentrate mixture in treatment group significantly (P