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4. Some properties of antidromically activated units in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

Author

J.W. Sundsten, D. Novin, and B.A. Cross

Subjects
Neurons, Brain Mapping, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Time Factors, Chemistry, Central nervous system, Stimulation, Brain mapping, Electric Stimulation, Lobe, Antidromic, medicine.anatomical_structure, Developmental Neuroscience, Neurology, Hypothalamus, medicine, Animals, Female, Rabbits, Evoked Potentials, Orthodromic, Nucleus, Neuroscience
Abstract

The electrical activity of neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PV) of the hypothalamus which project to the neural lobe was studied by recording extracellular single unit potentials excited by stimulation of the neural lobe. The action potentials were considered antidromic because they showed stable latencies, reliably followed short trains of high frequency stimulation at 100/sec or more, and could be blocked by orthodromic collision. The waveform of the antidromic action potentials was diphasic, positive-negative. The mean spike duration was 1.2 msec and the overall action potential including its longer lasting negativity was 2.7 msec. The majority of the units showed an inflection on the positive potential which could be enhanced by high frequency stimulation and was equated with the AB inflection described for other neurons. The B potential was labile, occasionally failing with single shock stimulation, and could be eliminated by two shocks given at a critical interval. An inflection on the rising part of the negative potential was also a feature of many of the PV units recorded. We conclude that the action potentials of PV neurosecretory cells in the mammalian hypothalamus exhibit no properties which cannot also be seen in nonsecretory neurons elsewhere in the central nervous system.

Published
1970
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5. LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS AND DISCUSSANTS

Author

J.A. Archer, A. Arimura, G.D. Aurbach, J. Axelrod, R.S. Bar, A. Bartke, D.B. Bartosik, F.C. Bartter, M. Beato, J.C. Beck, N.H. Bell, V. Bennett, L. Birnbaumer, E.M. Bogdanove, B. Boss, R.M. Boyar, E.D. Bransome, P. Brazeau, H.J. Brodie, J.C. Brown, M. Brown, R. Burgus, G.N. Burrow, G.T. Campbell, S. Cataland, Kwen-Jen Chang, L.R. Chase, S.L. Cohen, P. Colman, P.G. Condliffe, B.A. Cross, P. Cuatrecasas, I.J. Davies, P. De Meyts, B.M. Dobyns, M.B. Dratman, M. Drosdonsky, J.R. Dryburgh, J. Dupré, R.E.J. Dyball, R.G. Dyer, P. Feigelson, F. Flores, P. Freychet, H.G. Friesen, J.W. Funder, J.R. Gavin, V.L. Gay, J.M. George, J.R. Gill, S. Glick, I.D. Goldfine, H.M. Goodman, P. Gorden, R.O. Creep, M.A. Greer, R. Guillemin, S.L. Gupta, A. Haksar, S.N.S. Hanjan, G.A. Hedge, L. Hellman, M. Herman, J.M. Hershman, M.D. Hollenberg, R. Jewelewicz, C.W. Jones, C.R. Kahn, M. Kalimi, S. Kapen, F.J. Karsch, A.D. Kenny, L.A. Killewich, J.I. Kitay, E. Knobil, J. Konishi, J. Kowal, D.T. Krieger, R. Krishnaraj, J.P. Kriss, M. Kuhn, N. Kumar, B.L. Lasley, H. Leblanc, R.M. Lequin, M.A. Lesniak, R. Levy, D.W. Lincoln, N. Ling, M.B. Lipsett, S.M. McCann, J.M. McKenzie, G.S. McKnight, W.B. Malarky, B.H. Marks, K. Megyesi, J.C. Melby, C. Monder, J.F. Morris, F. Naftolin, D.M. Neville, M.B. Nikitovitch-Winer, S.J. Nillius, J.M. Nolin, R. Palacios, M.R. Pandian, J.A. Parsons, Z. Petro, B.T. Pickering, B.I. Posner, S. Raiti, J.A. Ramaley, V.V. Reddy, B.F. Rice, C. Rivier, J. Rivier, J.S. Roberts, R. Rolland, A.L. Rosenbloom, S.A. Ross, J. Roth, K.J. Ryan, N. Samaan, R.J. Santen, R.K. Saxena, R.T. Schimke, E. Schonbaum, G. Schutz, N.B. Schwartz, A.A. Shaikh, D.J. Shapiro, R.J. Sherins, T.M. Siler, H.W. Sokol, A.H. Soil, K. Sterling, D. Sulhvan, D. Sunde, Y. Takaoka, G.P. Talwar, T.C. Theoharides, J.L. Vaitukaitis, W. Vale, H. Valtin, W.P. Vander Laan, C.A. Villee, C.F. Wang, R.F. Weick, J. Weisz, E.D. Weitzman, A. White, R.J. White, L. Wolin, and S.S.C. Yen

Published
1975
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6. PARTICIPANTS

Author

F. Adriaens, N. Agargård, W.R. Allen, S.S. Armstrong, J. Armstrong, R. Aston, L.A. Aumaitre, K. Axelsson, C.A. Baile, D.R. Baldwin, P.C. Bates, M.D. Baucells, D.E. Bauman, W.R. Baumbach, A.W. Beardow, J. Blum, M. Bonneau, L.H. Bootland, R.D. Boyd, M. Bouchet, B.R. Brinklow, A.C.G. Brown, J Brown, C.I. Bruce, P. Bruneau, E. Brunner, G. Buchanan, J.H. Burton, C. Burvenich, P.J. Buttery, H. Buttle, A.P.D. Carter, J. Caygill, J. Clayton, A. Coert, R.J. Collier, A.N. Corps, J.D. Cottingham, B.C. Cracknell, N. Craven, P.J. Crilly, L.A. Crompton, B.A. Cross, R.J. Curtis, P. David, C. Davis, S.L. Davis, J.M. Dawson, S. De Boer, L.A. De-Netto, null Deletang, I. Demade, C. Disenhaus, M.J. Duclos, R. Dufour, R.G. Dyer, P.A. Ealey, R. Einspanier, S. Ekberg, C. Elcock, F. Ellendorff, C.P. Essex, T.D. Etherton, K.D. Fagin, E. Finley, I.R. Fleet, J. Fletcher, I.A. Forsyth, I.B. Fritz, H. Galbraith, G.J. Garssen, R.S. Gilmour, M. Glade, P.D. Gluckman, C. Goddard, G. Goldspink, A. Gough, A.K. Gray, H.D. Griffin, H. Guler, A. Haji Baba, M.J. Hannah, D.L. Hard, G. Harrington, I.C. Hart, R.B. Heap, M.L. Heiman, C.M. Heywood, G. Hildick Smith, Z. Hochberg, A.T. Holder, J. Holly, S. James, H. Jammes, S. Jensen, M.V. Jensen, D.E. Jewell, R. Jones, D. Kerr, G. Klotz, C. Knight, V. Kriel, G.G. Krivi, B. Laarveld, M.J. Lammiman, G.E. Lamming, S.E. Lawler, S.R. Lehrman, T.O. Lindsey, J. Logan, M.A. Lomax, J.B. Lorens, A. Loudon, P. Lóvendahl, N. MacKenzie, J.C. MacRae, R. Male, N.J. Marshall, W.T. Mason, L.S. Mathews, M.I. McCarthy, J.C. McKay, T.B. Mepham, C.K. Milner, E.J. Mitchell, B. Moreland, C.A. Morrison, M. Mueller, C.D. Nancarrow, P.O. Odonkor, C.J. Peel, J.M. Pell, J.W. Pendleton, A.R. Peters, C. Pinkert, J.E. Pitts, G. Plastow, K. Plaut, E.J.C. Polge, C.G. Prosser, N. Puri, V.G. Pursel, S. Purup, C.M.M. Reynolds, C.J. Roberts, S.P. Robins, I.C.A.F. Robinson, R. Rodway, J.A. Roe, T.P. Rolph, H. Ronnholm, M.F. Scanlon, D. Schams, Ph. Schmidely, D. Schulster, K. Sejrsen, P.J. Sharp, F.A. Simmen, R.C.M. Simmen, P.A. Sinnett-Smith, J. Skarda, M. Smiley, H. Smith, J.B. Soar, D. Stansfield, L.Q. Stevenson, F. Stewart, A.T. Sweet, P.J. Swift, H.M. Thomas, G. Totland, T.E. Trigg, L. Turay, A. van Miert, R. Vernon, P. Vigneron, M. Wallis, O.C. Wallis, null Wang, J. Wass, M.J. Waters, P.W. Watt, J.U. Weaver, S.D. Wheatley, C. Wilde, J.I.D. Wilkinson, J.P.G. Williams, D.F. Wishart, R.M. Withers, R.F. Witkainp, M.J. Witty, G. Wolfrom, C. Wollny, D. Wray-Cahen, A.R.G. Wylie, and I.M. Young

Published
1989
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9. LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Author

S. Adams, Lord Adrian, D.J. Anderson, K. Appenteng, S. Barasi, R.H. Baxendale, L. Beidler, F.R. Bell, K. Bhoola, T.J. Biscoe, M.A. Bishop, D.R. Bowsher, J.P. Boyle, S. Cadden, Sandra Carpenter, R.M. Cash, F.J. Clark, B.A. Cross, W.R. Ferrell, O. Franzén, P. Gjørstrup, G. Gordon, Sir John Gray, R.L. Gregory, Elizabeth Gregsons, A. Guz, P. Hayes, H. Hensel, W. Hamann, P. Harrison, P.M. Headley, R. Hill, R. Holland, A. Iggo, C.A. Keele, D. Kenshalo, S. Landgren, R.W. Linden, D. Lloyd, S.D. Logan, B.M. Lumb, B. Lynn, B. Matthews, R. Morris, P. Nathan, S. Northeast, J. Ochoa, K. Olsson, R. Orchardson, C. O'Reilly, H. Patel, Sharon Pay, C. Pfaffmann, C.G. Phillips, T. Quilliam, P.P. Robinson, D. Scott, A. Taylor, C.C.N. Vass, A. von Muralt, G. Walsh, J.H. Wolstencroft, R. Yemm, M. Zimmermann, and Y. Zotterman

Published
1980
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12. Excitation of antidromically identified neurosecretory cells of the paraventricular nucleus by oxytocin applied iontophoretically

Author

R.E.J. Dyball, R.L. Moss, and B.A. Cross

Subjects
Male, endocrine system, Vasopressin, Vasopressins, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Stimulation, Oxytocin, Developmental Neuroscience, medicine, Animals, Chemistry, Iontophoresis, Cortex (botany), Rats, medicine.anatomical_structure, nervous system, Neurology, Excitatory postsynaptic potential, Female, Rabbits, Neuroscience, Nucleus, hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists, medicine.drug
Abstract

Oxytocin was applied iontophoretically to the cell membrane of neurons in the paraventricular (PV) and supraoptic (SO) nuclei of the hypothalamus. Oxytocin excited the majority of PV units which could be activated antidromically by stimulation of the neural lobe but failed to excite PV neurons which could not be identified in this way and cells in the SO nucleus, cortex, and thalamus. Vasopressin had no excitatory effects either on the PV nucleus or the SO nucleus. Intravenous injections of oxytocin did not affect the firing rates of PV nucleus units, so it is hard to find a physiological meaning for these observations. However, the need to prevent such excitation may go some way to explain the elaborate neurophysin-packaging system associated with oxytocin synthesis and transport.

Published
1972

14. Identification and distribution of paraventricular units excited by stimulation of the neural lobe of the hypophysis

Author

D. Novin, B.A. Cross, and J.W. Sundsten

Subjects
Neurons, Pituitary gland, Brain Mapping, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Chemistry, Neural Conduction, Stimulation, Nerve conduction velocity, Lobe, Electric Stimulation, Antidromic, medicine.anatomical_structure, Developmental Neuroscience, Neurology, Pregnancy, medicine, Animals, Lactation, Female, Rabbits, Latency (engineering), Nucleus, Neuroscience, Evoked Potentials
Abstract

Single unit studies on paraventricular (PV) neurons identified as projecting to the neural lobe of the pituitary gland have not previously been done. A ventral approach to the neural lobe was therefore devised whereby PV neurons could be antidromically activated. Correct positioning of the stimulating electrode was shown by obtaining milk-ejection responses to neural lobe stimulation. Extracellular action potentials in response to antidromic stimulation of the neural lobe were recorded at a mean latency of 19 msec, and the upper limit of conduction velocity was estimated to be 0.7 m/sec. The single units fired antidromically were distributed throughout the PV nucleus but not outside it. About half were not discharging spontaneously and would have been undetected in the absence of antidromic stimulation. About one-fourth of the spontaneously firing units recorded in the nucleus could not be driven antidromically. It is concluded that not more than three-quarters of the neurons of the PV nucleus project to the neural lobe and that these are capable of generating action potentials and conducting impulses. The antidromic method used in this work provides a simple means of identifying neurosecretory neurons in the PV nucleus and studying their single unit behavior.

Published
1970

15. Unit activity in the hypothalamus and the sympathetic response to hypoxia and hypercapnia

Author

B.A. Cross and I.A. Silver

Subjects
Bradycardia, Neurons, medicine.medical_specialty, Sympathetic nervous system, Sympathetic Nervous System, Chemistry, Hypothalamus, Stimulation, Hypoxia (medical), Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen tension, Hypercapnia, medicine.anatomical_structure, Endocrinology, nervous system, Developmental Neuroscience, Neurology, Anesthesia, Internal medicine, medicine, Neuron, medicine.symptom, Hypoxia
Abstract

The activity of 232 neurons in the hypothalamus and other forebrain regions was recorded with stereotaxically oriented steel microelectrodes in rabbits under light urethane anesthesia. Inhalation of N2 or N2O for 10 to 30 sec reduced brain oxygen tension by 30 to 90 per cent and accelerated the firing rate of 27 per cent of neurons tested. Slowing to hypoxia occurred in 36 per cent. Inhalation of 80 per cent CO2 and 20 per cent O2 for 5 to 15 sec elevated brain oxygen tension and 90 per cent of the neurons tested gave a response to this stimulus. In the hypothalamus thirty-one of forty-six neurons were accelerated by hypercapnia. A high proportion of tested neurons in the posterior and lateral areas of the hypothalamus were excited by hypoxia, hypercapnia and pain or auditory stimuli. In addition to the effects on neuron firing, hypoxia and hypercapnia produced a rise in arterial pressure, bradycardia and an activation of the electrocorticogram. Similar changes were elicited by electrical stimulation of the sympathetic zone of the hypothalamus. It is suggested that the cerebrovascular supply may be regulated in part by “sympathetic” neurons in the hypothalamus responsive to hypoxia or hypercapnia.

Published
1963

16. Unit activity in diencephalic islands

Author

J.I. Kitay and B.A. Cross

Subjects
Neurons, medicine.diagnostic_test, medicine.drug_class, Chemistry, Hypothalamus, Intact brain, Anatomy, Electroencephalography, Rats, Electrophysiology, Diencephalon, Rhythm, Developmental Neuroscience, Neurology, Thalamus, Barbiturate, medicine, Animals, Female
Abstract

A technique utilizing a cylindrical cutting device is described for the production of diencephalic islands in otherwise decerebrate adult rats. Thalamic and hypothalamic unit activity was studied with steel microelectrodes in unanesthetized island preparations. Spontaneously active stable units were detected in numbers comparable to previous results with intact brains, and for as long as 5 hours after operation. Unit firing rates tended to be faster and more uniform than those observed in equivalent areas of intact diencephalon. Units were not affected by peripheral nervous stimuli but could be slowed by intravenous barbiturate. A major difference from intact brain was the absence of rhythmic bursts (beeps) in thalamic units normally seen in association with a synchronized EEG.

Published
1967

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