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Resumen: Introducción: La enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) es el segundo trastorno neurodegenerativo más común, caracterizado por la pérdida selectiva de neuronas dopaminérgicas en la substancia nigra pars compacta, produciendo depleción en los niveles de dopamina y dando como resultado las manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad que se pueden clasificar como síntomas motrices y no motrices. Desarrollo: En los últimos años, la generación de nuevos modelos animales basados en los sistemas de edición genética por nucleasas: ZFN, TALEN, CRISPR/Cas9, permiten la realización de modificaciones personalizadas en el genoma, replicando características clave que definen a la EP y consecuentemente avances significativos en la comprensión del proceso fisiopatológico de este trastorno. Conclusión: En esta revisión recopilamos los estudios más novedosos de esta nueva generación de modelos in vitro e in vivo de la EP que permiten emular síntomas clave y tener una mayor comprensión de la etiología o los mecanismos involucrados en el proceso de iniciación o desarrollo de la enfermedad y la futura prueba de terapias realmente eficaces para detener o ralentizar su progresión. Abstract: Introduction: Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. It is characterised by selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which results in dopamine depletion, leading to a number of motor and non-motor symptoms. Development: In recent years, the development of new animal models using nuclease-based genome-editing technology (ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR/Cas9 nucleases) has enabled the introduction of custom-made modifications into the genome to replicate key features of PD, leading to significant advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease. Conclusions: We review the most recent studies on this new generation of in vitro and in vivo PD models, which replicate the most relevant symptoms of the disease and enable better understanding of the aetiology and mechanisms of PD. This may be helpful in the future development of effective treatments to halt or slow disease progression.

Introduction: Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. It is characterised by selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which results in dopamine depletion, leading to a number of motor and non-motor symptoms. Development: In recent years, the development of new animal models using nuclease-based genome-editing technology (ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR/Cas9 nucleases) has enabled the introduction of custom-made modifications into the genome to replicate key features of PD, leading to significant advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease. Conclusions: We review the most recent studies on this new generation of in vitro and in vivo PD models, which replicate the most relevant symptoms of the disease and enable better understanding of the aetiology and mechanisms of PD. This may be helpful in the future development of effective treatments to halt or slow disease progression. Resumen: Introducción: La enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) es el segundo trastorno neurodegenerativo más común, caracterizado por la pérdida selectiva de neuronas dopaminérgicas en la substancia nigra pars compacta, produciendo depleción en los niveles de dopamina y dando como resultado las manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad que se pueden clasificar como síntomas motrices y no motrices. Desarrollo: En los últimos años, la generación de nuevos modelos animales basados en los sistemas de edición genética por nucleasas: ZFN, TALEN, CRISPR/Cas9, permiten la realización de modificaciones personalizadas en el genoma, replicando características clave que definen a la EP y consecuentemente avances significativos en la comprensión del proceso fisiopatológico de este trastorno. Conclusión: En esta revisión recopilamos los estudios más novedosos de esta nueva generación de modelos in vitro e in vivo de la EP que permiten emular síntomas clave y tener una mayor comprensión de la etiología o los mecanismos involucrados en el proceso de iniciación o desarrollo de la enfermedad y la futura prueba de terapias realmente eficaces para detener o ralentizar su progresión.

Introduction: Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. It is characterised by selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which results in dopamine depletion, leading to a number of motor and non-motor symptoms., Development: In recent years, the development of new animal models using nuclease-based genome-editing technology (ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR/Cas9 nucleases) has enabled the introduction of custom-made modifications into the genome to replicate key features of PD, leading to significant advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease., Conclusions: We review the most recent studies on this new generation of in vitro and in vivo PD models, which replicate the most relevant symptoms of the disease and enable better understanding of the aetiology and mechanisms of PD. This may be helpful in the future development of effective treatments to halt or slow disease progression., (Copyright © 2017 Sociedad Española de Neurología. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: There are limited evidences reported of temporal lobe epilepsy associated with active cysticercosis in cystic stage. The objective is to present the correlation between active cysticercosis in topographical zones associated with temporal lobe epilepsy, with neuropsychiatric manifestations and pattern of secondarily generalized partial seizures., Case Reports: Two cases of adult patients with neuropsychiatric manifestations of one year evolution, refractory to antipsychotic drug treatment, and who subsequently appear late onset partial-secondarily generalized seizures. Cysticercosis active presence in the temporal lobe in one patient, and the insula in the other, is identified. A better clinical control after albendazol treatment and subsequently anticonvulsant therapy only remained to evaluate pertinence of pharmacological withdrawal criteria., Conclusions: Active neurocysticercosis, may be the cause of acquired neuropsychiatric disorders and temporal lobe epilepsy of late onset when the topography is in the mesolimbic circuit. Early etiologic diagnosis and appropriate treatment allows adequate control of their symptoms and potentially final cure.

Tissue engineering is an important therapeutic strategy to be used in regenerative medicine in the present and in the future. Functional biomaterials research is focused on the development and improvement of scaffolding, which can be used to repair or regenerate an organ or tissue. Scaffolds are one of the crucial factors for tissue engineering. Scaffolds consisting of natural polymers have recently been developed more quickly and have gained more popularity. These include chitosan, a copolymer derived from the alkaline deacetylation of chitin. Expectations for use of these scaffolds are increasing as the knowledge regarding their chemical and biological properties expands, and new biomedical applications are investigated. Due to their different biological properties such as being biocompatible, biodegradable, and bioactive, they have given the pattern for use in tissue engineering for repair and/or regeneration of different tissues including skin, bone, cartilage, nerves, liver, and muscle. In this review, we focus on the intrinsic properties offered by chitosan and its use in tissue engineering, considering it as a promising alternative for regenerative medicine as a bioactive polymer.