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Biological nomenclature is the entry point to a wealth of information related to or associated with living entities. When applied accurately and consistently, communication between and among researchers and investigators is enhanced, leading to advancements in understanding and progress in research programs. Based on freshwater benthic macroinvertebrate taxonomic identifications, inter-laboratory comparisons of >900 samples taken from rivers, streams, and lakes across the U.S., including the Great Lakes, provided data on taxon-specific error rates. Using the error rates in combination with frequency of observation (FREQ; as a surrogate for rarity), six uncertainty/frequency classes (UFC) are proposed for approximately 1,000 taxa. The UFC, error rates, FREQ each are potentially useful for additional analyses related to interpreting biological assessment results and/or stressor response relationships, as weighting factors for various aspects of ecological condition or biodiversity analyses and helping set direction for taxonomic research and refining identification tools.

This chapter presents the application of a regional reference approach used in a watershed-specific assessment in southern Pennsylvania. It utilizes a contemporary multimetric approach for biological assessments based on comparisons of Codorus Creek biological condition with ecoregional reference conditions. An assessment of physical habitat characteristics was made concurrently with the macroinvertebrate and fish biosurveys. The key to reducing subjectivity in visual-based approach is to provide adequate training and address relevant parameters that represent the physical habitat structure of the region. Benthic macroinvertebrate sampling consisted of a multihabitat composite from each station. The field technique was standardized by unit area to insure comparable effort at all sites, and followed a method developed for low-gradient streams. Fish collection techniques were standardized to provide a representative sample, ensure data quality, and allow a comparison of fish assemblages along the length of the study area. Macroinvertebrate IBI scores demonstrated considerable overlap among the population of upstream and downstream sites.

There is increasing international interest by water resource management agencies worldwide in developing the capacity for quantitative bioassessments of boatable rivers. This interest stems from legal mandates requiring assessments, plus growing recognition of the threats to such systems from multiple and co-varying stressors (e.g. chemical pollutants, physical habitat alterations, altered flow regimes, channel modifications and alien species). The elevated cost and inefficiencies of jurisdictionally- and taxonomically-segregated assessments is widely recognized, as is the desire to obtain comparable data that can be easily shared among political jurisdictions and ecological regions. The objectives, sampling methods, indicators, site-scale sampling designs and geographic extent of the resources being sampled differ among programmes, thereby limiting such data exchanges. Our objective in this paper is to review major biological assessment design alternatives for boatable rivers, with special attention given to the sample site length from which data are collected. We suggest that sufficient site length determinations should be based on the survey objectives, the relative heterogeneity of the habitat template, and the quality of data necessary for meeting programmatic data quality objectives. Future sampling effort studies should be designed to allow separate samples of several short sub-sites at many diverse sites to generate multiple data points for each site. Data from those multiple sub-sites should be analysed using randomization-based data evaluation methods. We hope that our recommendations will be useful to the maximum number of institutions, including those with limited funds and a purely local focus, as well as those responsible for sampling at continental geographic extents. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Taxonomic identifications are central to biological assessment; thus, documenting and reporting uncertainty associated with identifications is critical. The presumption that comparable results would be obtained, regardless of which or how many taxonomists were used to identify samples, lies at the core of any assessment. As part of a national survey of streams, 741 benthic macroinvertebrate samples were collected throughout the eastern USA, subsampled in laboratories to ;500 organisms/sample, and sent to taxonomists for identification and enumeration. Primary identifications were done by 25 taxonomists in 8 laboratories. For each laboratory, ;10% of the samples were randomly selected for quality control (QC) reidentification and sent to an independent taxonomist in a separate laboratory (total n ¼ 74), and the 2 sets of results were compared directly. The results of the sample-based comparisons were summarized as % taxonomic disagreement (PTD) and % difference in enumeration (PDE). Across the set of QC samples, mean values of PTD and PDE were ;21 and 2.6%, respectively. The primary and QC taxonomists interacted via detailed reconciliation conference calls after initial results were obtained, and specific corrective actions were implemented (if needed) prior to a 2 nd round of comparisons. This process improved consistency (PTD ¼ 14%). Corrective actions reduced the proportion of samples that failed the measurement quality objective for PTD from 71 to 27%. Detailed comparisons of results for individual taxa and interpretation of the potential causes for differences provided direction for addressing problematic taxa, differential expertise among multiple taxonomists, and data entry and recording errors. The taxa that proved most difficult (i.e., had high rates of errors) included many Baetidae, Odonata, Ceratopogonidae, selected groups of Chironomidae, and some Hydropsychidae. We emphasize the importance of experience and training and recommend approaches for improving taxonomic consistency, including documentation of standard procedures, taxonomic data quality standards, and routine and rigorous quality control evaluations.

The Montana Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ) uses 2 forms of benthic macroinvertebrate indicators for detection of stream impairment, a multimetric index (MMI) and a predictive model of observed to expected taxa (O/E), each of which is calibrated to streams across the state. As part of the routine monitoring program, some sample locations were subjected to repeated sampling, i.e., multiple samples were collected from stream reaches in spatial and temporal proximity. Results from repeated sampling allow calculation of precision estimates, which are important for describing a portion of the uncertainty (systematic error) associated with field sampling and site assessments. In this project, we evaluated 131 and 77 repeated-sample pairs for the MMI and O/E, respectively, using 4 different measures of precision: coefficient of variability (CV), 90% confidence intervals, relative % difference (RPD), and % difference for the final assessments. MMI and O/E had similar consistency and repeatability. Segregating the data set and calculations by region or field method yielded generally similar precision estimates for the indicators, although precision was slightly better in the mountains using the Hess field-sampling method than in other regions or with other field methods. Evaluation of RPD showed that assessments (impaired/ nonimpaired) on the basis of the MMI differed between samples in 18.3% of repeated-sample pairs and assessments on the basis of O/E differed between samples for 19.5% of repeated-sample pairs. Recommended measurement quality objectives were 10 to 15% for CV and 15 to 20% for RPD for both indicators. Field-sampling precision was the focus of our paper, but we emphasize that detecting the presence of stressors or degraded conditions is the primary objective of the MDEQ stream condition indicators.

Several biochemical and physical factors regulate phytoplankton primary productivity and algal bloom events in estuarine environments. Some of the most important factors include nitrogen, phosphorus and silica availability, light availability, and estuarine flushing potential. A better understanding of these processes is necessary to support sound management strategies that take into account the hydrological, hydraulic, and biochemical connectivity between estuaries and their watersheds. In this paper the factors controlling phytoplankton productivity in a tributary estuary of the northern Gulf of Mexico, the St. Louis Bay estuary, Mississippi, and the system responses to nutrient load alterations are studied. For this purpose a coupled hydrodynamic and water quality model based on U.S. EPA computer models was implemented. The writers present an evaluation of the model predictive capacity, and its implementation to study the processes controlling phytoplankton dynamics, nutrient cycling, and oxyge...

Conceptually, tolerance values represent the relative capacity of aquatic organisms to survive and reproduce in the presence of known levels of stressors. Operationally, they represent the relative abundance and co-location of organisms and stressors. These numeric values are then used for calculating tolerance metrics. Defensibility of biological assessments using tolerance metrics is compromised if the origins of the tolerance values or technical foundations of metrics are unknown. To minimize circularity and maximize objectivity, we define stressed conditions using physical and chemical factors. Also, since single, isolated stressors in stream systems are rare, we used an approach that combines multiple physical and chemical characteristics into a single general stressor gradient. In this paper, we describe development of tolerance values for benthic macroinvertebrate taxa collected from 455 wadeable stream sites throughout Mississippi, USA, except the Alluvial Plain. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to develop a gradient that incorporated direct (instream physical and chemical) and indirect (land use) stressors, which was then scaled from 0 to 10. Weighted averaging of the relative abundance of each taxon was used to assign tolerance values based on the point of greatest relative abundance along the stressor gradient. Tolerance values were derived for 324 of the 567 taxa collected from the study sites, and primarily represented sensitivity to agricultural influences including degradation of physical habitat and nutrient enrichment, the dominant stressors within the state. We suggest that this approach could be used in other areas of the country to develop new tolerance values, refine existing ones, and may be a useful approach for other taxonomic groups.

BRIDGES is a recurring feature of J-NABS intended to provide a forum for the interchange of ideas and information between basic and applied researchers in benthic science. Articles in this series will focus on topical research areas and linkages between basic and applied aspects of research, monitoring, policy, and education. Readers with ideas for topics should contact Associate Editors, Nick Aumen and Marty Gurtz.In this article, Stribling et al. discuss data quality issues to be considered when conducting taxonomic analyses for biological assessments. They differentiate between 2 broad areas of taxonomy—research and production taxonomic investigations—and consider how approaches to organism identification can vary between these 2 areas. The authors stress the importance of evaluating and communicating data quality, and that knowledge of quality assurance/quality control elements is essential before drawing conclusions from biological assessment results.Nick Aumen, nick_aumen@nps.govMarty Gurtz,...

The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) was initially conceived as a long-term multicenter, prospective study of the clinical course of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and age-related cataract. Data on progression rates and risk factors from the study will increase understanding of the clinical course of both conditions, generate hypotheses about etiology, and aid in the design of clinical trials of potential interventions. In addition to collecting natural history data, AREDS includes a clinical trial of high-dose vitamin and mineral supplements for AMD and a clinical trial of high-dose vitamin supplements for cataract. The clinical trials were initiated largely because of the widespread public use in the United States of commercially available pharmacologic doses of vitamins and minerals to treat these two eye conditions and the absence of definitive studies on the safety and efficacy of their use. Important design issues for the clinical trials include: defining cataract and AMD, estimating event rates, determining the type and dosage of vitamins and minerals to be tested for each condition, and identifying the parameters necessary for monitoring safety and efficacy. This paper describes the AREDS design, including the study rationale and operational structure, and the approach adopted to combine, for two diseases, clinical trials with a natural history study. Control Clin Trials 1999;20:573–600

Most of the many bioassessment methods currently in use in the United States produce data of unknown quality. The results are: 1) uncertainty as to which methods yield accurate information for a given type of site, and 2) missed opportunities to share data among different programs or organizations having potentially comparable methods and data quality. Using a performance-based methods system (PBMS) and benthic macroinvertebrate assessment methods as examples, we offer a framework for characterizing the data quality achieved by a collection-and-analysis method and for determining the comparability of different methods. This framework incorporates 3 steps that: 1) quantify method precision and bias for a single site, using different field personnel and different site classes; 2) quantify method precision, bias, and performance range using multiple reference sites within at least 2 different site classes; and 3) quantify method sensitivity, bias, performance range, and--indirectly--accuracy, using test site...

Many organizations in the USA collect aquatic bioassessment data using different sampling and analysis methods, most of which have unknown performance in terms of data quality produced. Thus, the comparability of bioassessments produced by different organizations is often unknown, ultimately affecting our ability to make comprehensive assessments on large spatial scales. We evaluated a pilot approach for determining bioassessment performance using macroinvertebrate data obtained from several states in the Southeastern USA. Performance measures evaluated included precision, sensitivity, and responsiveness to a human disturbance gradient, defined in terms of a land disturbance index value for each site, combined with a value for specific conductance, and instream habitat quality. A key finding of this study is the need to harmonize ecoregional reference conditions among states so as to yield more comparable and consistent bioassessment results. Our approach was also capable of identifying potential areas for refinement such as reevaluation of less precise, sensitive, or responsive metrics that may result in suboptimal index performance. Higher performing bioassessments can yield information beyond "impaired" versus "unimpaired" condition. Acknowledging the limitations of this pilot study, we would recommend that performance evaluations use at least 50 sites, 10 of which are ecoregional reference sites. Efforts should be made to obtain data from the entire human disturbance gradient in an ecoregion to improve statistical confidence in performance measures. Having too few sites will result in an under-representation of certain parts of the disturbance gradient (e.g., too few poor quality sites), which may bias sensitivity and responsiveness estimates.

Austrolichas monteithi, gen. et sp. n., is described from tropical North Queensland. The genus is placed in the subfamily Cladotominae, and comparisons are made with other cladotomine genera. The presumed larva of A. monteithi is described; it shares unique features of the abdominal apex with the cladotomine genus Paralichas White.

The types and quality of data needed to determine relationships between chronic whole effluent toxicity (WET) test results and in-stream biological condition were evaluated using information collected over a 1.5-y period from 6 different sites across the United States. A data-quality-objectives approach was used that included several proposed measurement quality objectives (MQOs) that specified desired precision, bias, and sensitivity of methods used. The 6 facilities used in this study (4 eastern and 2 western United States) all had design effluent concentrations >60% of the stream flow. In addition to at least quarterly chronic Ceriodaphnia dubia, Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow), and Selenastrum capricornutum (green algae) WET tests, other tests were conducted to address MQOs, including splits, duplicates, and blind positive and negative controls. Macroinvertebrate, fish, and periphyton bioassessments were conducted at multiple locations upstream and downstream of each facility. The test acceptance criteria of the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) were met for most WET tests; however, this study demonstrated the need to incorporate other MQOs (minimum and maximum percent significant difference and performance on blind samples) to ensure accurate interpretation of effluent toxicity. More false positives, higher toxicity, and more “failed” (noncompliant) tests were observed using no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) as compared to the IC25 endpoint (concentration causing ≥25% decrease in organism response compared to controls). Algae tests often indicated the most effluent toxicity in this study; however, this test was most susceptible to false positives and high interlaboratory variability. Overall, WET test results exhibited few relationships with bioassessment results even when accounting for actual effluent dilution. In general, neither frequency of WET noncompliance nor magnitude of toxicity in tests were significantly related to differences in biological condition upstream and downstream of a discharge. Periphyton assessments were most able to discriminate small changes downstream of the effluent, followed by macroinvertebrates and fish. Although sampling methods were robust, more replicate samples collected upstream and downstream of each facility were needed to increase detection power. In general, macroinvertebrate and periphyton assessments together appeared to be sufficient to address project objectives.

Under the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), many municipal and industrial wastewater treatment facilities must perform Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) Testing. Regulatory agencies determine the level of compliance of each facility by making inferences about the results of these tests. There has been some concern regarding appropriate ways to integrate WET tests into NPDES permits. The central issue of this concern involves determining the relationship between WET tests and instream biological conditions. Previous research (WERF project 95-HHE-1) has examined this issue using historical data. Because of issues with data comparability, i.e. questionable data quality, and project design, results were inconclusive. This study plan was designed to collect new data on method performance for both WET and bioassessment that would help answer the outstanding question. The study plan was designed using a Data Quality Objective (DQO) approach in which DQOs and MQOs were defined. These DQOs and MQOs were characterized using technical input from many scientists from federal, state, and private organizations. It was through this effort that certain technical design issues arose that needed further investigation before implementing the definitive study. Among these issues were determining if DQOs and MQOs were achievable, and determining appropriate biological assessment methods for various ecoregions (e.g. effluent dependent streams in the arid west). In order to appropriately address these issues, it was determined that a pilot study would be implemented before the definitive study. The pilot study is designed as a one-year study in which participating facilities will perform quarterly WET tests (Ceriodaphnia, P. promelas, Selenastrum) and at least one bioassessment (macroinvertebrate, fish, algae) as well as providing other prescribed data requirements. Results of the pilot will provide answers to technique design issues and will ultimately determine the most appropriate study design for the definitive study. This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series ISBN: 9781843396673 (Print) ISBN: 9781780403182 (eBook)

Changes in land use / land cover have been repeatedly shown to be strongly associated with overall ecological degradation of streams. As natural areas are developed, there is a resulting change in the hydrologic characteristics. The development activities that alter natural ecosystem structure and function are considered stressors of that ecosystem. The intermediate linkages and complex mechanisms that relate these stressors, which are produced by the landscape features (sources), have not been as well illustrated. Diagnostic analyses performed in this study illustrate linkages not only between the sources of stressors and the stressors themselves, but also between the stressors and the biological response variables (benthic macroinvertebrates and fish). Prince George’s County, for the past five years, has conducted a biological monitoring program that covered every subwatershed in the County. Using the database developed by this monitoring program of more than 255 sites, stepwise multiple regression was performed. Results demonstrated that the strongest source-stressors associations were between medium and high density residential and commercial and industrial land use as the sources, and reduced overall physical complexity of the stream habitat (i.e., decreased availability of gravel substrate, diminished cover, reduced channel sinuosity, and reduced pool variability and substrate), as the stressors. The biological response variables that had the strongest association with these stressors were the benthic macroinvertebrate and fish indexes of biotic integrity (B-IBI and FIBI), the Ephemeroptera-Plecoptera-Trichoptera (EPT) Index, Beck’s Biotic Index, % Dominant Fish Species, and % generalists, omnivores, and invertivores (%GOI). These results have been used as the basis for developing the County’s Green Infrastructure Plan and the decision making tool for reviewing new development proposals. The purposes of this paper are to present the results of these findings and to recommend solutions that can enhance the likelihood of desirable biological changes. The management recommendations are to reduce, eliminate, or buffer the most likely sources causing production of the stressors.

Assessment of the effectiveness of any environmental management activity is dependent on stated (or implied) goals. Use of biological indicators to evaluate the success of stressor-control features in enhancing or protecting overall stream or watershed condition requires that some numeric decision threshold be developed. The indicators are, thus, interpreted with some understanding of their expected status in the absence of stressors. The stated goal(s) of stormwater (SW) management/best management practices (BMPs) such as detention/retention ponds, riparian revegetation, bank stabilization, grade control structures, or others, is the removal or buffering of stressors that cause receiving streams to be ecologically impaired. This paper presents findings from two case studies where a "BMP-assemblage" was evaluated without the benefit of calibrated biological reference conditions, and another where SW retention ponds, in isolation, were evaluated with calibrated reference conditions.

Experimental and observational data suggest that micronutrients with antioxidant capabilities may retard the development of age-related cataract.To evaluate the effect of a high-dose antioxidant formulation on the development and progression of age-related lens opacities and visual acuity loss.The 11-center Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) was a double-masked clinical trial. Participants were randomly assigned to receive daily oral tablets containing either antioxidants (vitamin C, 500 mg; vitamin E, 400 IU; and beta carotene, 15 mg) or no antioxidants. Participants with more than a few small drusen were also randomly assigned to receive tablets with or without zinc (80 mg of zinc as zinc oxide) and copper (2 mg of copper as cupric oxide) as part of the age-related macular degeneration trial. Baseline and annual (starting at year 2) lens photographs were graded at a reading center for the severity of lens opacities using the AREDS cataract grading scale.Primary outcomes were (1) an increase from baseline in nuclear, cortical, or posterior subcapsular opacity grades or cataract surgery, and (2) at least moderate visual acuity loss from baseline (/=15 letters). Primary analyses used repeated-measures logistic regression with a statistical significance level of P =.01. Serum level measurements, medical histories, and mortality rates were used for safety monitoring.Of 4757 participants enrolled, 4629 who were aged from 55 to 80 years had at least 1 natural lens present and were followed up for an average of 6.3 years. No statistically significant effect of the antioxidant formulation was seen on the development or progression of age-related lens opacities (odds ratio = 0.97, P =.55). There was also no statistically significant effect of treatment in reducing the risk of progression for any of the 3 lens opacity types or for cataract surgery. For the 1117 participants with no age-related macular degeneration at baseline, no statistically significant difference was noted between treatment groups for at least moderate visual acuity loss. No statistically significant serious adverse effect was associated with treatment.Use of a high-dose formulation of vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta carotene in a relatively well-nourished older adult cohort had no apparent effect on the 7-year risk of development or progression of age-related lens opacities or visual acuity loss.

JAMES STRIBLING, BERNARD SWEENEY, JOHN MORSE, GAIL CORKUM, GARY LESTER, SCOTT MILLER, RICHARD MITCHELL, BARRY POULTON, STEPHANIE STRACHAN & MARK WETZEL Tetra Tech, Inc., Center for Ecological Sciences, 400 Red Brook Boulevard, Suite 200, Owings Mills, MD 21117-5172, USA. E-mail: james.stribling@tetratech.com Stroud Water Research Center, 970 Spencer Road, Avondale, PA 19311, USA. E-mail: sweeney@stroudcenter.org Clemson University, School of Agricultural, Forest, and Environmental Sciences, University Box 340310 Clemson SC 29634-0310, USA. E-mail: jmorse@clemson.edu Acadia University, A.C.E.R., Room 139, 23 Westwood Ave., Wolfville, N.S. B4P 2R2, Canada. E-mail: gail.corkum@acadiau.ca EcoAnalysts, Inc., 1420 S. Blaine St., Suite 14, Moscow, ID 83843, USA. E-mail: glester@ecoanalysts.com US Bureau of Land Management, National Aquatic Monitoring Center, Utah State University, Department of Watershed Sciences, 5210 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA. E-mail: scott.miller@usu.edu US Environmental Protection Agency, Ariel Rios Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W., Washington, DC 20460, USA. E-mail: Mitchell.Richard@epamail.epa.gov US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, 4200 New Haven Rd., Columbia, MO 65201, USA. E-mail: barry_poulton@usgs.gov Environment Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Division, #201-401 Burrard Street, Vancouver, B.C. V6C 3S5, Canada. E-mail: Stephanie.Strachan@ec.gc.ca Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S Oak St., Forbes Natural History Bldg., Champaign, IL 61820-0904, USA. E-mail: mjwetzel@illinois.edu

Observational and experimental data suggest that antioxidant and/or zinc supplements may delay progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and vision loss.To evaluate the effect of high-dose vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc supplements on AMD progression and visual acuity.The Age-Related Eye Disease Study, an 11-center double-masked clinical trial, enrolled participants in an AMD trial if they had extensive small drusen, intermediate drusen, large drusen, noncentral geographic atrophy, or pigment abnormalities in 1 or both eyes, or advanced AMD or vision loss due to AMD in 1 eye. At least 1 eye had best-corrected visual acuity of 20/32 or better. Participants were randomly assigned to receive daily oral tablets containing: (1) antioxidants (vitamin C, 500 mg; vitamin E, 400 IU; and beta carotene, 15 mg); (2) zinc, 80 mg, as zinc oxide and copper, 2 mg, as cupric oxide; (3) antioxidants plus zinc; or (4) placebo.(1) Photographic assessment of progression to or treatment for advanced AMD and (2) at least moderate visual acuity loss from baseline (or =15 letters). Primary analyses used repeated-measures logistic regression with a significance level of.01, unadjusted for covariates. Serum level measurements, medical histories, and mortality rates were used for safety monitoring.Average follow-up of the 3640 enrolled study participants, aged 55-80 years, was 6.3 years, with 2.4% lost to follow-up. Comparison with placebo demonstrated a statistically significant odds reduction for the development of advanced AMD with antioxidants plus zinc (odds ratio [OR], 0.72; 99% confidence interval [CI], 0.52-0.98). The ORs for zinc alone and antioxidants alone are 0.75 (99% CI, 0.55-1.03) and 0.80 (99% CI, 0.59-1.09), respectively. Participants with extensive small drusen, nonextensive intermediate size drusen, or pigment abnormalities had only a 1.3% 5-year probability of progression to advanced AMD. Odds reduction estimates increased when these 1063 participants were excluded (antioxidants plus zinc: OR, 0.66; 99% CI, 0.47-0.91; zinc: OR, 0.71; 99% CI, 0.52-0.99; antioxidants: OR, 0.76; 99% CI, 0.55-1.05). Both zinc and antioxidants plus zinc significantly reduced the odds of developing advanced AMD in this higher-risk group. The only statistically significant reduction in rates of at least moderate visual acuity loss occurred in persons assigned to receive antioxidants plus zinc (OR, 0.73; 99% CI, 0.54-0.99). No statistically significant serious adverse effect was associated with any of the formulations.Persons older than 55 years should have dilated eye examinations to determine their risk of developing advanced AMD. Those with extensive intermediate size drusen, at least 1 large druse, noncentral geographic atrophy in 1 or both eyes, or advanced AMD or vision loss due to AMD in 1 eye, and without contraindications such as smoking, should consider taking a supplement of antioxidants plus zinc such as that used in this study.

A diagnosis of adults of the family is given. Anchytarus is revised, the two previously recognized species are redescribed, and A. folliculipalpus , sp. nov. is described from Central and South America. The three are illustrated and keyed. The genus Tetraglossa Champion is synonymized with Anchytarsus Guerin-Meneville, its single species becomes Anchytarsus palpalis (Champion), and a lectotype is designated. The larva of A. bicolor is illustrated and described along with two previously unknown larval Anchytarsus. The larva of A. palpalis is diagnosed. The four recognized larvae are keyed. The biologies of A. bicolor and A. palpalis are reviewed. Anchytarsus substriatus Champion and A. instriatus Pic are placed incertae sedis. The genera Cladobradus Pic and Bertrandia Pic are excluded from the Ptilodactylidae and a key to the New World genera is presented.