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As the commercial use of seaweed for natural product extraction calls for abundant, uniform biomass, this study focused on the production and the variability of the harvested biomass of valuable compounds produced by a commercially relevant red algal species, Asparagopsis armata. Its tetrasporophyte stage was retrieved from two Irish localities and grown for over 2 years in indoor cultures at 13 °C and 17 °C, and bromoform, mycosporine-like amino acids and phycobiliprotein contents were monitored over time. Growth rates at different temperatures were specific to isolates, and one isolate failed to grow at 17 °C. All compounds of interest were detected by the end of the 2-year cultivation period, and most of them were produced at an exponential rate at 13 °C but not at the higher temperature. At 13 °C, bromoform reached concentrations of 10.00 ± 0.55 mg g−1, total mycosporine-like amino acids of 2.65 ± 0.10 mg g−1, phycoerythrin of 11.46 ± 0.35 mg g−1 and phycocyanin of 72.13 ± 1.74 mg g−1 in Irish isolates. The observed variability in compound content was statistically significant but not large enough to impede commercial utilization. Bromoform content in cultivated samples was almost 6-fold higher than in field-collected samples though natural bromoform variability remains to be elucidated. Our findings suggest that the tetrasporophytic phase of A. armata is a suitable candidate for indoor cultivation; abundant and homogeneous biomass composition can be obtained which can be further optimized by growth temperature.

9 pages, 5 figures, 4 tables.-- Under a Creative Commons license, Primary producers nutritional content affects the entire food web. Here, changes in nutritional value associated with temperature rise and the occurrence of marine heat waves (MHWs) were explored in the endemic Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica. The variability of fatty acids (FAs) composition and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content were examined during summer 2021 from five Mediterranean sites located at the same latitude but under different thermal environments. The results highlighted a decrease in unsaturated FAs and C/N ratio and an increase of monounsaturated FA (MUFA) and N content when a MHW occurred. By contrast, the leaf biochemical composition seems to be adapted to local water temperature since only few significant changes in MUFA were found and N and C/N had an opposite pattern compared to when a MHW occurs. The projected increase in temperature and frequency of MHW suggest future changes in the nutritional value and palatability of leaves, This research was financially supported by Botany and Plant Science at University of Galway, by the project Marine Habitats Restoration in a Climate Change-impaired Mediterranean Sea [MAHRES] funded by the Italian Ministry of Research under the PRIN 2017 Program (Project N. 2017MHHWBN; CUP: 74I19001320001), by “Fondo di Ateneo per la Ricerca 2019” by the University of Sassari, by PON - National Operational Programme - Research and Innovation 2014–2020, PhDs and research contracts on innovation-related topics and by the project DRESSAGE (MIS5045792) (through the Operational Program ‘Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation’ (EPAnEK 2014–2020)

Macroalgae host diverse epiphytic bacterial communities with potential symbiotic roles including important roles influencing morphogenesis and growth of the host, nutrient exchange, and protection of the host from pathogens. Macroalgal cell wall structures, exudates, and intra-cellular environments possess numerous complex and valuable carbohydrates such as cellulose, hemi-cellulose, mannans, alginates, fucoidans, and laminarin. Bacterial colonizers of macroalgae are important carbon cyclers, acquiring nutrition from living macroalgae and also from decaying macroalgae. Seaweed epiphytic communities are a rich source of diverse carbohydrate-active enzymes which may have useful applications in industrial bioprocessing. With this in mind, we constructed a large insert fosmid clone library from the metagenome of

Seagrasses such as Zostera marina L. play a key role in coastal ecosystems because of the ecological goods and services that they provide, enhancing biodiversity, productivity and carbon sequestration. Despite their ecological relevance, their distribution is, to date, insufficiently documented and it is estimated that only one-quarter of their global extent is mapped. This study aims to develop a new method to accurately detect and map subtidal seagrass meadows, using Irish seagrass populations as a case study. This method consists of four steps: (i) the development of a species distribution model (SDM); (ii) the use of satellite-derived images to visually appraise the potential presence and extent of seagrass beds; (iii) field surveys to validate the presence or absence of the seagrass; and finally (iv) the construction of an up-to-date detailed map of the seagrass distribution for the region under investigation. Results indicate that along the Irish coast, and in western regions in particular, the actual distribution of seagrass is considerably greater than is currently reported. Using the proposed method, 16 new regions occupied by seagrass in areas of interest in County Galway (Kilkieran Bay, Bertraghboy Bay, and Chasla Bay) were identified, accounting for a total of 267.92 ha, which increased the previously documented distribution in this area by 44.74%. In this study, we demonstrate the potential of this novel method to efficiently identify and map undocumented subtidal seagrass meadows. As seagrass habitats are under threat globally, the development of new mapping strategies is a critical contribution to current international efforts in seagrass monitoring and management.

11 pages, 6 figures, 3 tables.-- Under a Creative Commons license, Zostera marina and Z. noltii are two dominant meadow-forming seagrass species in temperate regions in the northern hemisphere. Seagrass meadows provide several goods and ecological services and rank amongst the most valuable ecosystems worldwide. Phenological shifts in Zostera species occur along latitudinal or temperature gradients, leading to an expectation for distinct seasonal dynamics and annual production in Spain and Ireland. Despite their global ecological importance, seasonal seagrass traits of populations exposed to contrasting climate settings from Ireland and southern Spain are poorly described. To address this gap, we evaluated the seasonal vegetative development (morphology, population structure, and productivity) of Z. marina and Z. noltii populations exposed to cold (western Ireland) and warm (southern Spain) temperatures over a year-long period. Our results highlight contrasting dynamics of Z. marina populations across their temperature range. The Irish population exhibited maximal growth during warmer months while the Spanish population revealed signs of growth reduction under maximum annual temperatures. Our results suggest that plants of Z. marina in Ireland were temperature-limited at most times, but in southern Spain exceeded their optima temperature for growth during summer. In addition, Irish and Spanish Z. noltii populations displayed differential vegetative dynamics and population structures, likely related to the contrasting local temperature regimes. These differences were particularly evident in summer when shoot size and growth rates were reduced in warm-temperate locations. This study represents an essential comparative baseline for future assessments of ecological status, and anticipated growth stress induced by climate change across the distributional gradient, of these important Zostera species, This project was supported by a College of Science of the National University of Ireland (NUI Galway) PhD Scholarship to Pedro Beca-Carretero, With the institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S)

20 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables.-- This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Increases in seawater temperature and reduction in light quality have emerged as some of the most important threats to marine coastal communities including seagrass ecosystems. Temperate seagrasses, including Zostera marina, typically have pronounced seasonal cycles which modulate seagrass growth, physiology and reproductive effort. These marked temporal patterns can affect experimental seagrass responses to climate change effects depending on the seasons of the year in which the experiments are conducted. This study aimed at evaluating how seasonal acclimatization modulates productivity and biochemical responses of Zostera marina to experimental warming and irradiance reduction. Seagrass shoots were exposed to different temperatures (6, 12, 16, 20, and 24°C), combined with high (180 μmol photons m–2 s–1) and low (60 μmol photons m–2 s–1) light conditions across four seasons (spring: April, summer: July, and autumn: November 2015, and winter: January 2016). Plants exhibited similar temperature growth rates between 16 and 20°C; at 24°C, a drastic reduction in growth was observed; this was more accentuated in colder months and under low irradiance conditions. Higher leaf growth rates occurred in winter while the largest rhizomes were reached in experiments conducted in spring and summer. Increases in temperature induced a significant reduction in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega-3 (n-3 PUFA). Our results highlight that temperate seagrass populations currently living under temperature limitation will be favored by future increases in sea surface temperature in terms of leaf and rhizome productivity. Together with results from this study on Z. marina from a temperate region, a wider review of the reported impacts of experimental warming indicates the likely reduction in some compounds of nutritional importance for higher trophic levels in seagrass leaves. Our results further demonstrate that data derived from laboratory-based studies investigating environmental stress on seagrass growth and acclimation, and their subsequent interpretation, are strongly influenced by seasonality and in situ conditions that precede any experimental exposure, This project was supported by a College of Science (NUI Galway) Scholarship to PB-C. This research was additionally supported by the VOCAB project (Grant-Aid Agreement No. PBA/ME/16/01) funded by the Marine Institute under the Marine Research Programme by the Irish Government

Brown macroalgae Saccharina latissima (30–40 individuals) and Alaria esculenta (15–20 individuals) were collected from natural populations in winter in Iceland. The algal thalli were sectioned into different parts (e.g. holdfast, stipe, old frond, young frond and sori-containing frond sections) that differed in age and biological function. The work elucidated that arsenic (As) was not uniformly distributed within the two brown macroalgal species, with lower levels of total As were found in the stipe/midrib compared to other thallus parts. The arsenosugars mirrored the total arsenic in the seaweed mainly due to AsSugSO3 being the most abundant As species. However, arsenic speciation using parallel HPLC-ICP-MS/ESI-MS elucidated that the arsenic-containing lipids (AsL) had a different distribution where the arsenosugarphospholipids (AsPL) differed by approximately a factor of 4 between the sections containing the lowest and highest concentrations of AsPLs. When placing the sections in order of metabolic activity and an estimate of tissue age, there appeared to be a relationship between the activity and AsPLs, with lower levels of AsPLs in oldest parts. This is the first time such a relationship has been shown for AsLs. Hence, by applying sophisticated analytical techniques, it was possible to gain a deeper understanding of arsenolipids in seaweed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00216-019-01907-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

10 pages, 6 tables, 6 figures.-- Under a Creative Commons license, Acclimation is a response that results from chronic exposure of an individual to a new environment. This study aimed to investigate whether the thermal environment affects the early development of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica, and whether the effects of a field-simulated Marine Heat Wave (MHW) on seedlings change depending on acclimation. The experiment was done in the field using a crossed design of Acclimation (acclimated vs unacclimated) and MHW (present vs absent) factors. Acclimation has initially constrained the development of P. oceanica seedlings, but then it increased their resilience to the MHW, under both a morphological and biochemical (fatty acid saturation) level. This treatment could be considered in P. oceanica restoration projects in a climate change-impaired sea, by purposely inducing an increased resistance to heat before transplants, This research was financially supported by Botany and Plant Science at NUI Galway, by the project Marine habitats restoration in a climate change-impaired Mediterranean Sea [MAHRES], funded by the Italian Ministry of Research under the PRIN 2017 Program (Project N. 2017MHHWBN; CUP: 74I19001320001) and by PON—National Operational Programme—Research and Innovation 2014–2020—PhDs and research contracts on innovation-related topics

Microalgae have great potential for biofuel production and wastewater treatment, but the high cost of harvesting hinders their practical application. In this study, economical harvesting of hydrophobic microalgae by electro-flotation without coagulation was assessed. The harvesting performance of this method for selected species of freshwater microalgae with different degrees of hydrophobicity (Tribonema sp., highly hydrophobic; Scenedesmus sp., moderately hydrophobic; and Pandorina sp., hydrophilic) were compared. It was found that microalgal hydrophobicity played a critical role in electro-flotation. Under the same condition (current 0.3 A, velocity gradient 200 s

Introduction L’evolution de l’hemoglobinemie et les seuils associes a un risque accru de morbi-mortalite sont mal connus chez les sujets presentant une maladie renale chronique (MRC) non suppleee. Notre objectif etait d’identifier des sous-populations de MRC partageant un profil d’evolution similaire de l’hemoglobinemie et d’estimer leur risque d’initier un traitement de suppleance (IRTT) et de deces. Description Nous avons utilise les donnees d’une large cohorte multicentrique francaise ayant inclus, entre 2013 et 2016, 3033 patients presentant une MRC non suppleee et suivis pendant 5 ans. L’ensemble des mesures d’hemoglobinemie collectees durant la periode de suivi ont ete analysees. Methodes Nous avons utilise un modele conjoint lineaire mixte a classes latentes, permettant d’identifier differents profils d’evolution de l’hemoglobinemie et d’estimer leurs risques d’IRTT et de deces avant IRTT. Resultats Un total de 3019 sujets a ete inclus dans l’analyse (65 % d’hommes, âge median de 69 ans, 11 mesures d’hemoglobinemie par patient en mediane). Au total, 656 IRTT et 427 deces avant IRTT ont ete recenses pendant le suivi median de 4,8 ans. Cinq profils distincts de trajectoires d’hemoglobinemie ont ete identifies, dont un profil a trajectoire haute et stable (n = 2023) associe a un risque faible d’IRTT et deces dans les 5 ans de suivi. Trois profils a trajectoires declinantes (n = 223, n = 237 et n = 206) montraient une forte augmentation du risque d’IRTT et deces suivant le declin de l’hemoglobine. Enfin, un profil de trajectoires d’hemoglobinemie plus basses a l’inclusion mais legerement ascendantes (n = 330) voyait ses risques d’IRTT et de deces depasses par les profils d’hemoglobinemie declinant des lors que ceux-ci chutaient plus bas. Conclusion Dans une population francaise de MRC, nous avons identifie cinq profils de trajectoires d’hemoglobinemie distinctes, associes a des risques d’IRTT et de deces tres differents, suggerant une forte augmentation du risque des deux evenements a la suite du declin de l’hemoglobinemie.

„Ganzheitliche theologische Ausbildung” (holistic theological education) means that, in addition to learning specialist knowledge, students are enabled to reflect and promote their own spirituality with the goal of being able to act on the basis of knowledge combined with a Christ-oriented life and ministry in the church. This article explains that the networking of course content from the various subject areas of theology makes an important contribution to this goal. At the same time, however, it becomes clear that this networking at theological seminaries and colleges in German-speaking countries is only implemented very slowly or even completely refused. The author names the reasons for this and makes specific suggestions as to how a networking of course content can be implemented. He does this in the following way: To begin with, the author presents how, in the current theological as well as didactic-pedagogical debate, a holistic approach of networking subject areas and course contents is considered to be important for theological education. Secondly, based on the findings of the author´s research it is attempted to show, outlining a variety of reasons, that as far as the practice of theological education is concerned there is substantial resistance to the idea of networking subject areas. Thirdly, suggestions are made on how to implement a targeted and meaningful networking of study content. Finally, the role of teachers in this process is examined. With their role model and an adequate understanding of mentorship, they have an important influence on the way that students can network course content in a meaningful and purposeful manner.

This paper gives an overview of development of the EU-bioeconomy, 2014-2020. The Vision of the new Circular Bio-based Economy, CBE is presented: Unlocking the full potential of all types of sustainably sourced biomass, crop residues, industrial side-streams, and wastes by transforming it into value-added products. The resulting product portfolio consists of a wide spectrum of value-added products, addressing societal and consumer needs. Food and feed, bio-based chemicals, materials, healthpromoting products; and bio-based fuels. The pillars of CBE are described, including biotechnology, microbial production, enzyme technology, green chemistry, integrated physical/chemical processing, policies, conducive framework conditions and public private partnerships. Drivers of CBE are analyzed: Biomass supply, biorefineries, value chain clusters, rural development, farmers, foresters and mariners; urgent need for climate change mitigation and adaptation, and stopping biodiversity loss. Improved framework conditions can be drivers but also obstacles if not updated to the era of circularity. Key figures, across the entire BBI-JU project portfolio (20142020) are provided, including expansion into biomass feedstocks, terrestrial and aquatic, and an impressive broadening of bio-based product portfolio, including higher-value, healthpromoting products for man, animal, plants and soil. Parallel to this, diversification of industrial segments and types of funding instruments developed, reflecting industrial needs and academic research involvement. Impact assessment is highlighted. A number of specific recommendations are given; e.g., including international win/win CBEcollaborations, as e.g., expanding African EU collaboration into CBE. In contrast to fossil resources biological resources are found worldwide. In its outset, circular biobased economy, can be implemented all over, in a just manner, not the least stimulating rural development, This study received funding only for covering the production costs (carried by the public BBI-JU secretariat)., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

A Porphyra dioica protein extract was enzymatically hydrolysed and then fractionated using semi-preparative reverse-phase high performance chromatography. The hydrolysate and its fractions were tested for their oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) along with their angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory activities. The most potent fraction was analysed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Eight peptide sequences were selected for synthesis based on their structure-activity criteria for bioactivity. Asp-Tyr-Tyr-Lys-Arg showed the highest ORAC activity (4.27 ± 0.15 μmol Trolox equivalent per μM). Thr-Tyr-Ile-Ala had the highest ACE inhibitory activity (IC50: 89.7 ± 7.10 μM). Tyr-Leu-Val-Ala was the only peptide showing DPP-IV inhibitory activity (IC50: 439 ± 44 μM). Apart from Asp-Tyr-Tyr-Lys-Arg and Thr-Tyr-Ile-Ala, which displayed increased ORAC activity, the bioactivities of the peptides were either maintained or decreased following in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The results indicate that P. dioica-derived peptides may have potential applications as health enhancing ingredients.

Short-term effects of pCO2 (700–380 ppm; High carbon (HC) and Low carbon (LC), respectively) and nitrate content (50–5 µM; High nitrogen (HN) and Low nitrogen (LN), respectively on photosynthesis were investigated in Ulva rigida (Chlorophyta) under solar radiation (in-situ) and in the laboratory under artificial light (ex-situ). After six days of incubation at ambient temperature (AT), algae were subjected to a 4 °C temperature increase (AT+4 °C) for 3 d. Both in-situ and ex-situ maximal electron transport rate (ETRmax) and in situ gross photosynthesis (GP), measured by O2 evolution, presented highest values under HCHN, and lowest under HCLN, across all measuring systems. Maximal quantum yield (Fv/Fm), and ETRmax of photosystem (PS) II [ETR(II)max] and PSI [ETR(I)max], decreased under HCLN at AT+4 °C. Ex situ ETR was higher than in situ ETR. At noon, Fv/Fm decreased (indicating photoinhibition), whereas ETR(II)max and maximal non-photochemical quenching (NPQmax) increased. ETR(II)max decreased under AT+ 4 °C in contrast to Fv/Fm, photosynthetic efficiency (α ETR) and saturated irradiance (EK). Thus, U. rigida exhibited a decrease in photosynthesis under acidification, changing LN, and AT+4 °C. These results emphasize the importance of studying the interaction between environmental parameters using in-situ versus ex-situ conditions, when aiming to evaluate the impact of global change on marine macroalgae.

Introduction Clipping and selective removal of initially suspicious axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer patients who have been sonographically down-staged by primary systemic therapy improves the accuracy of surgical staging and provides the opportunity for more conservative axillary surgery. This study evaluated whether preoperative ultrasound-guided wire localization of the clipped node is useful for routine clinical practice. Material and methods This prospective, single-center feasibility trial included patients with invasive breast cancer (cT1-3N1-3M0) treated by primary systemic therapy. They underwent ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy and clip placement into the most suspicious axillary lymph node prior to chemotherapy. After primary systemic therapy the clipped lymph node was localized by a wire. All patients underwent target lymph node biopsy, completion axillary lymph node dissection and, if yiN0, axillary sentinel lymph node biopsy. The primary study endpoint was the identification rate of the target lymph node. Results All patients (n = 30) underwent successful clip insertion into the lymph node. After chemotherapy, the clipped target lymph node was visible by ultrasound in 83.3% (25/30). Wire localization was possible in 24 cases (80%), and the clipped node identification rate was 70.8% (17/24 cases). In 9/30 patients (30%) clipped node removal was not confirmed by intraoperative radiography. Conclusion Ultrasound-guided wire localization of the target lymph node is not suitable for clinical practice because of limitations regarding clip visibility and selective surgical preparation of the target lymph node. Further prospective evaluation of alternative techniques is needed.

The content of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and phycobiliproteins) and UV-absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) was investigated in three commercially important red macroalgae, Palmaria palmata, Chondrus crispus, and Porphyra dioica, with respect to seasonal changes at three locations in Galway Bay (western Ireland). Several parameters, including light, temperature, salinity, and nutrients, were measured over a 12-month sampling period, in an attempt to correlate changes in the content of compounds with variations in environmental factors. Pigments followed a distinct seasonal pattern, similar for the three species, which correlated in most cases with changes of seasonal environmental factors. As irradiance and temperature decreased in autumn, chlorophyll a and phycobiliprotein concentrations increased and remained high throughout winter, typically reaching maximum levels by late winter, early spring. By contrast, an increase in total MAA contents in all species was induced by increasing daily light doses and irradiance levels, from winter to spring, but without clear significant correlations with light and/or temperature. This could be explained by the low nutrient concentrations observed in summer months, limiting the synthesis and accumulation of MAAs, even when exposed to high irradiance levels. Nutrient availability, in particular nitrate, appears to be a limiting factor for the red algal species under investigation to synthetize MAA compounds when exposed to extreme light/irradiance stress. This study provides therefore the first available account of the seasonal variability of pigments and MAAs in these three commercially and ecologically important edible red seaweeds from Ireland.

Objectives: To search for novel compounds that will protect neuronal cells under stressed conditions that may help to restore neuronal plasticity. Methods: A model of corticosterone (CORT)-induced stress in human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) was used to compare the efficacy of 6 crude extracts and 10 pure compounds (6 polyphenols, 2 carotenoids, 1 amino acid analogue, and 1 known antidepressant drug) to increase neuronal plasticity and to decrease cytotoxicity. Results: Astaxanthin (among pure compounds) and phlorotannin extract of Fucus vesiculosus (among crude extracts) showed a maximum increase in cell viability in the presence of excess CORT. BDNF-VI mRNA expression in SH-SY5Y cells was significantly improved by pretreatment with quercetine, astaxanthin, curcumin, fisetin, and resveratrol. Among crude extracts, xanthohumol, phlorotannin extract (Ecklonia cava), petroleum ether extract (Nannochloropsis oculata), and phlorotannin extract (F. vesiculosus) showed a significant increase in BDNF-VI mRNA expression. CREB1 mRNA expression was significantly improved by astaxanthin, β-carotene, curcumin, and fluoxetine whereas none of the crude extracts caused significant improvement. As an adjunct of fluoxetine, phlorotannin extract (F. vesiculosus), β-carotene, and xanthohumol have resulted in significant improvement in BDNF-VI mRNA expression and CREB1 mRNA expression was significantly improved by phlorotannin extract (F. vesiculosus). Significant improvement in mature BDNF protein expression by phlorotannin extract (F. vesiculosus) and β-carotene as an adjunct of fluoxetine confirm their potential to promote neuronal plasticity against CORT-induced stress. Discussion: The carotenoids, flavonoids, namely quercetine, curcumin, and low molecular weight phlorotannin-enriched extract of F. vesiculosus may serve as potential neuroprotective agents promoting neuronal plasticity in vitro. Graphical abstract: Cascade of events associated with disturbed homeostatic balance of glucocorticoids and impact of phlorotannin extract (F. vesiculosus) and β-carotene in restoring neuronal plasticity. Abbreviation: TrKB, tropomyosin receptor kinase B; P-ERK, phosphorylated extracellular signal-related kinase; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; Akt, protein kinase B; Ca++/CaMK, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase; pCREB, phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein; CRE, cAMP response elements, CORT, corticosterone; and BDNF; brain-derived neurotrophic factor.

Introduction Les fistules et pontages arterioveineux sont preferables aux catheters pour l’hemodialyse chronique, mais restent insuffisamment utilises. Des comparaisons geographiques sur les pratiques de creation des voies d’abord peuvent nous informer sur leur potentiel de deploiement. Description Nous avons utilise les donnees du Registre REIN couple au systeme national des donnees de sante (SNDS) pour identifier les creations de fistule et de pontage avant le demarrage de l’hemodialyse chez 40 901 patients incidents de 2010 a 2015. Methodes Nous avons utilise des modeles lineaires generalises mixtes pour explorer les variations de prevalence entre departements, apres ajustement sur l’âge, le sexe, le statut diabetique, l’inscription sur liste d’attente de greffe renale, le demarrage en urgence, le statut juridique de l’etablissement, et la densite territoriale en nephrologues et chirurgiens vasculaires. Resultats Les patients avaient un âge median etait de 71 ans, 64 % etaient des hommes, 43 % avaient un diabete, et 33 % avaient demarre la dialyse en urgence. La moitie des patients avaient eu une creation de fistule (49 %) ou de pontage (1,7 %), respectivement 5 (IIQ : 2–12) et 3 (1–8) mois, en mediane, avant le demarrage de l’hemodialyse. La prevalence ajustee de creation de fistules variait d’un facteur 2 entre les departements francais, et celle de creation de pontages, d’un facteur 56. Les prevalences ajustees de fistules et de pontages sont inversement correlees, a −0,62. Conclusion Il existe des variations geographiques dans les pratiques de creation de voie d’abord en France peu expliquees par les caracteristiques des patients, les conditions du demarrage de la dialyse ou l’offre de soins en nephrologues et chirurgiens vasculaires. La creation de pontages semble plus souvent se substituer que s’additionner a celles des fistules.

Introduction La maladie renale chronique (MRC) moderee a severe augmente la susceptibilite des patients a la survenue d’effets indesirables medicamenteux (EIM). L’objectif de ce travail est de decrire les caracteristiques des EIM, rapportes ou non par les patients. Description CKD-REIN inclut 3033 patients atteints de MRC avec un debit de filtration glomerulaire estime ≤ 60 mL/min/1,73 m2. Methodes Les EIM etaient recueillis annuellement dans le dossier medical et par interview des patients avec la question : « Avez-vous eu un effet indesirable medicamenteux ? » et « Si oui, lequel ? ». Tous les EIM ont ete expertises et codes par des pharmaciens. L’imputabilite et l’evitabilite des EIM graves ont ete evaluees en centre regional de pharmacovigilance. Resultats Sur un suivi median de 3 ans [2,8–3,1], 1173 EIM (dont 316 graves) sont survenus chez 756 patients (taux d’incidence : EIM, 14,2 [13,4–15,0] pour 100 personne-annees (PA) ; EIM graves, 3,8 [3,4–4,3] pour 100 PA). La majorite des EIM a ete rapportee dans le dossier medical seulement (66 %), 177 (15 %) ont ete rapportes dans le dossier medical et par le patient, et 224 (19 %) ont ete rapportes par le patient uniquement. Alors que les affections du rein et des voies urinaires (67 % d’insuffisances renales aigues) et gastro-intestinales etaient les plus frequentes, les affections musculosquelettiques et du tissu conjonctif etaient les plus declarees par les patients ( Fig. 1 ). Parmi les 316 EIM graves, 5 (2 %) etaient declares uniquement par le patient, 21 (7 %) mentionnes par le patient et dans le dossier medical, et 290 (92 %) retrouves uniquement dans le dossier medical. Un quart des EIM graves (n = 83) etaient consideres evitables ou potentiellement evitables, parmi lesquels 14 etaient dus a un non-respect des recommandations ou une negligence de la part du patient. Conclusion Les patients identifient tres peu les EIM notamment les plus graves. Informer les patients grâce a des seances d’education therapeutique pourrait permettre d’en eviter certains.

Seaweed can accumulate inorganic arsenic (iAs) from seawater as hydrogen arsenate (HAsO 4 2− ) in place of the phosphate anion (HPO 4 2− ). While it is rapidly metabolised to organoarsenic species, predominantly arsenosugars and arsenolipids, iAs may be present in seaweed biomass and this poses a potential health concern for consumers of seaweed products. Here, the distribution of total (As TOT ) and iAs was determined in thallus parts of the kelp Laminaria digitata and the intertidal fucoid Ascophyllum nodosum (both Phaeophyceae) using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography – ICP-MS (HPLC-ICP-MS). As TOT ranged from 36 to 131 mg kg −1 dry weight (DW) in L. digitata, and from 38 to 111 mg kg −1 DW in A . nodosum , with no statistically significant differences between different thallus parts. iAs was detected in all A. nodosum samples, comprising less than 1% of the As TOT content. Concentrations of iAs in L. digitata were significantly higher, ranging from 2.2 to 87 mg kg −1 , increasing through the thallus from the stipe to the decaying distal blades. iAs comprised more than 50% of As TOT in the middle to decaying distal blades. This finding has potential implications for harvesting, processing and use of Laminaria digitata in agri-, food and health applications.

This study aimed to investigate the seasonal changes in the lipid and pigment profiles of two macroalgae, Fucus serratus (Phaeophyceae) and Palmaria palmata (Rhodophyta). The two species displayed distinct differential seasonal patterns of lipid partitioning when collected from their natural habitat at times when species-specific maxima and minima in total fatty acids (TFA) concentrations occurred. F. serratus contained highest levels of TFA (40.07 mg g − 1 DW) and triacylglycerols (TAG) (26.83 mg g − 1 DW) during summer (July), in association with lowest levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA, 30.2% of TFA) and pigments (1.44 mg g − 1 DW chlorophyll a ). In P. palmata , high levels of TFA (13.00 mg g − 1 DW) were observed during spring (May), with high levels of polar lipids (10.00 mg g − 1 DW) rich in PUFA (52.3% of TFA), and high levels of pigments (1.25 mg g − 1 DW chlorophyll a and 10.88 mg g − 1 DW phycoerythrin). The results suggest that summer-acclimated F. serratus diverted excess energy into storage lipids (TAG), while P. palmata was more sensitive and susceptible to degradation of its chloroplast membranes, resulting in a decrease in TFA, PUFA-rich polar lipids and pigments, and a release of FFA. The ability to accumulate TAG may be a key factor allowing acclimation to environmental stressors for F. serratus , a species with broader vertical distribution than P. palmata which is restricted to low-intertidal and upper subtidal shores in western Ireland.

Due to their high anti-oxidant activity, phlorotannins represent potential natural alternatives to synthetic preservatives currently used within the food industry. However, their successful integration into food products requires research into their chemical integrity, particularly when selecting appropriate storage conditions. Subsequently, this study aims to investigate the stability of low molecular weight phlorotannin fractions from Fucus vesiculosus (L.). Powder and aqueous fractions were stored under five different conditions for 10weeks. Phlorotannin stability was determined using Q-ToF-MS and UPLC-TQD-MS/MS and a DPPH assay. After 10weeks of storage, fractions suspended in an aqueous matrix underwent oxidation when exposed to continuous atmospheric oxygen and thermal degradation when exposed to a constant temperature of 50°C, resulting in decreases in radical scavenging activity (p

We investigated the simultaneous effects of light and temperature on pigments, lipid remodeling, and omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) partitioning into lipid classes of P. lutheri. Biomass was produced in batch cultivation using high bicarbonate supply, and hence, any potential accumulation of lipid and triacylglycerols (TAG) containing n-3 LC-PUFA was triggered by nitrogen (N) limitation. The maximum productivities of both eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids were obtained after nitrate-depletion when P. lutheri was cultivated at optimal growth conditions; these occurred at an intermediate temperature of 18 °C and low light intensity (40 μmol photons·m− 2·s− 1) for EPA, but there was no impact of light (40 or 200 μmol photons·m− 2·s− 1) for DHA production. Under these respective optimum conditions, TAG accounted for 82–84% of TFA on day 15 of cultivation, which contained up to 76–84% of the total cellular EPA and 67–81% of total cellular DHA. Our results clearly demonstrate the process of lipid remodeling in P. lutheri and, for the first time, a potential membrane lipid turnover with transfer of n-3 LC-PUFA (EPA and DHA) from membranes (polar lipids, PL) to storage lipids (TAG), highlighting the accumulation of n-3 LC-PUFA-rich oil during N-starvation (i.e., TAG containing: EPA ~ 12–13% and DHA ~ 5–6% of TFA). When cultivated under low light conditions, P. lutheri additionally accumulated substantial quantities of antioxidant pigments (i.e., fucoxanthin, diadinoxanthin and β-carotene), which add value to extracted bioactive oil for functional food applications. Omega-3 rich oil accumulation and pigment levels in P. lutheri appear to be simultaneously regulated by both light and temperature, in addition to N-limitation during batch-cultivation.

Peer reviewed paper. Link to Publisher Version: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00604-017-2151-1 This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Microchimica Acta. The final authenticated version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00604-017-2151-1, Inorganic arsenic (iAs) in 13 store-bought edible seaweed samples and 34 dried kelp (Laminaria digitata) samples was determined by a newly developed, field-deployable method (FDM) with the aid of a field test kit for arsenic in water. Results from the FDM were compared to results from speciation analysis achieved by using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS). The FDM consisted of a simple extraction method using diluted HNO3 to quantitatively extract iAs without decomposing the organoarsenicals to iAs followed by the selective volatilisation of iAs as arsine (AsH3) and subsequent chemo-trapping on a filter paper soaked in mercury bromide (HgBr2) solution. Method optimization with a sub-set of samples showed 80–94% iAs recovery with the FDM with no matrix effect from organo-arsenic species in the form of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) on the iAs concentration. The method displayed good reproducibility with an average error of ±19% and validation by HPLC-ICP-MS showed that the results from the FDM were comparable (slope = 1.03, R2 = 0.70) to those from speciation analysis with no bias. The FDM can be conducted within an hour and the observed limit of quantification was around 0.05 mg kg−1 (dry weight). This method is well suited for on-site monitoring of iAs in seaweed before it is harvested and can thus be recommended for use as a screening method for iAs in seaweed.

Intertidal macroalgal communities mark the boundary of the marine realm and are faced with many direct and indirect anthropogenic pressures. The effective and sustainable management of these resources must be underpinned by accurate, efficient and cost-effective environmental data collection. Traditional field survey methods, whilst accurate, are time-consuming and limited in the area that can be covered. Remote sensing permits large areas to be rapidly surveyed but the effectiveness of satellites and aircraft for mapping fine-scale intertidal macroalgal mapping is limited by their coarse spatial resolution and restricted operational flexibility. The rapid development of unoccupied aerial vehicle (UAV) and sensor technology can address these issues and provide a potential alternative to established remote sensing platforms. Here, a detailed methodology is presented for the assessment of the commercially and ecologically important intertidal brown macroalga Ascophyllum nodosum using a multirotor UAV and pushbroom hyperspectral sensor. Two different classifiers, Maximum Likelihood Classifier (MLC) and Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM), were compared along with two different sources of spectral profiles, one collected in-situ with a spectral radiometer and the other derived from hyperspectral imagery. Of the classifiers compared, both trained using image-derived spectra, MLC more accurately classified A. nodosum, and other common intertidal species and substratum (Overall Accuracy (OA) 94.7%) than SAM (OA 81.1%). In addition, SAM, trained using in-situ spectra, was the least accurate of the three classifier workflows used (OA 71.4%). The low accuracy of the spectral radiometer approach was likely due to high levels of noise present in the hyperspectral data, a result of the relative instability of the UAV platform causing vibration. The accurate mapping of non-target species also highlights the applicability of this methodology for a broader range of intertidal macroalgal species and communities. This research clearly demonstrates the potential of UAV-mounted hyperspectral remote sensing for mapping the spatially and spectral complex macroalgal habitats found within the intertidal zone.

Intertidal macroalgal communities are economically and ecologically important and, with a likely increase in anthropogenic pressures, there is need to evaluate and monitor these diverse habitats. Efforts to conserve and sustainably manage these habitats must be underpinned by accurate, cost‐effective, and efficient data collection methods. The high spatial and temporal resolution of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), compared with satellites and aircraft, combined with the development of lightweight sensors, provides researchers with a valuable set of tools to research intertidal macroalgal communities. The ability of multispectral sensors, mounted on a satellite, an aircraft, and a UAV, to identify and accurately map the intertidal brown fucoid Ascophyllum nodosum (Fucales, Ochrophyta) at a site with a low species diversity of macroalgae were compared. Visual analysis confirmed that the spatial resolution of satellite imagery was too coarse to map intertidal macroalgae as it could not capture the fine spatial patterns of the macroalgal community. High‐resolution RGB (colour) imagery, taken during the aircraft and UAV surveys, was used to collect training and reference data through the visual identification and digital delineation of species. Classes were determined based on the level of taxonomic detail that could be observed, with higher levels of taxonomic detail observed in the UAV imagery over the aircraft imagery. Data from both were used to train a maximum‐likelihood classifier (MLC). The UAV imagery was able to more accurately classify a distinct A. nodosum class, along with other macroalgal and substratum classes (overall accuracy, OA, 92%), than the aerial imagery, which could only identify a lower taxonomic resolution of mixed A. nodosum and fucoid class, achieving a lower OA (78.9%). This study has demonstrated that in a coastal site with low macroalgal species diversity, and despite the spectral similarity of macroalgal species, UAV‐mounted multispectral sensors proved the most accurate for focused assessments of individual canopy‐forming species.

Background and objectives Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is increasingly considered a major outcome in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), but the size of its effect on physical and mental health at different disease stages, compared with the general population, is unclear. Design, setting, participants, and measurements We compared HRQoL measures in four groups: 2,687 outpatients with moderate (stage 3, estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] 30-60 mL/min/1.73 m2) or advanced (stage 4-5, eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2) CKD under nephrology care from 40 nationally representative facilities, 1,658 patients with a functioning graft, 1,251 dialysis patients randomly selected from the national REIN registry, and 20,574 participants in the French Decennial Health Survey, representative of the general population. Results Mean age (years) was 67, 69, and 55 in patients with non-end-stage CKD, on dialysis, or with transplants, respectively; 60% were men. Age- and gender-standardized health status was perceived as fair or poor in 27% of those with moderate CKD and more than 40% of those with advanced CKD and those on dialysis, compared with 12% in transplant patients and 3% in the general population. Compared with the general population, HRQoL physical scores adjusted for age, gender, education, obesity, and diabetes, were significantly lower, by a factor of 2.2 among patients with moderate CKD, 4.1 among those with advanced CKD, 10.2 among those on dialysis, and 4.1 among those with transplants. The effect was stronger for those younger than 65 years. The mental score was lower only for dialysis patients. Conclusions This study highlights the importance of the physical health effects beginning at the moderate stage of CKD. More attention to patients’ CKD-related perceived health is needed. Key messages Physical health declined significantly from moderate through end-stage CKD, with impact greatest among the youngest patients. More attention to CKD’s impact on quality of life is needed.

The green invasive macroalgae Ulva ohnoi and U. pertusa are known for their capacity to form green tides across many geographic regions. Given their global ecological and economic impact, photosynthetic responses of both Ulva spp. were tested in laboratory experiments using short-term (3 h, and 5 h) exposure to different temperatures (27–36 °C) and light regimes, simulating light deprivation during ballast water transport conditions. Heat treatment of ship’s ballast water has been widely advocated as a possible treatment to prevent biological contamination. In addition, the physiological performance of U. ohnoi was assessed in long-term experiments (14 days). We examined several photosynthetic parameters and physiological variables such as growth and pigment content as a measure of physiological fitness. Both species maintained stable values of Fv/Fm over several hours across temperatures, although Ulva ohnoi presented higher values of Fv/Fm, photosynthetic efficiency and NPQmax than U. pertusa, and activated dissipative protective mechanisms earlier. In the long-term experiment, U. ohnoi died by the 4th day at 36 °C. In surviving samples, Fv/Fm increased by day 7, regardless of temperature and decreased by day 14; lower values pertained to 34 °C. Photosynthetic efficiency of U. ohnoi decreased after 1 week at 27 and 29 °C, but at 31 and 34 °C, an increase was recorded after 7 days. The highest rETRmax was recorded at 29 °C, while growth optimum occurred at 27–31℃. We postulate that short-term thermal stress affects dispersal risk, which may also explain the seasonal replacement of the two Ulva spp. in Japan; and that U. ohnoi has a higher thermal tolerance that allows its settlement in new areas, resulting in a wide distributional range. Its physiological performance under the temperatures tested suggests that U. ohnoi may pose a greater risk of dispersal and settlement than U. pertusa.

Increased nutrient delivery to estuarine systems results in elevated growth of primary producers. This is evidenced by high chlorophyll concentrations and increased frequency of phytoplankton blooms. However, shifts in nutrient loads to estuarine ecosystems can also cause modifications in the structure of phytoplankton communities which can have adverse impacts right through the food web. Acknowledging these modifications is imperative if response mechanisms are to be fully understood. In this study, Ireland’s current water framework directive (WFD) tool for determining the status of phytoplankton communities was built upon to encompass not only biomass and bloom frequency but also community structure (diversity and evenness) and abundance. This method allows for comparison with site- and date-specific environmental data which could give an indication of cause and effect relationships. The newly developed phytoplankton index performed well against current methods to determine ecological status. Furthermore, it had a better agreement with other physico-chemical and biological WFD parameters. Statistical analysis captured the relationship between the phytoplankton index and physico-chemical parameters, allowing for a more detailed look at the impact of disturbance on the system. The inclusion of community structure acknowledged the imbalances in the phytoplankton communities of some systems even when frequent blooms are not evident. In bloom conditions, the disparity between the chlorophyll and abundance metrics within the phytoplankton index can be linked to winter dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentra- tion and forms, temperature, and light conditions. Application of the phytoplankton index will allow not only for compliance with WFD requirements, but also a method for understanding and assessing ecosystem health of estuarine phytoplankton communities over spatial and temporal timelines in line with changes in physiochemical parameters.

Introduction La maladie renale chronique (MRC) affecte environ 10 % de la population adulte mondiale et s’accompagne d’une baisse de la qualite de vie (QDV). Elle est souvent diagnostiquee tardivement, se manifestant par des symptomes non specifiques. Les symptomes de la MRC ont fait l’objet de plusieurs etudes, mais principalement chez les patients en dialyse ou greffes. L’objectif de ce travail etait d’etudier la prevalence et l’influence des symptomes sur les composantes physique et mentale de la QDV chez les patients atteints de MRC avant le stade terminal. Materiel et methodes L’etude CKD-REIN (« Chronic Kidney Disease »–Reseau epidemiologie et information en nephrologie) est une cohorte prospective multicentrique qui a inclus 3033 patients adultes atteints de MRC stade G3a a G5 (debit de filtration glomerulaire, DFGe 3 symptomes. Resultats Parmi les 3033 patients inclus (65 % d’hommes, âge moyen 66,7 ± 12,9 ans), 18 %, 37 %, 41 % et 4 % etaient respectivement aux stades G3a, G3b, G4 et G5 de la MRC. La quasi-totalite des patients etaient hypertendus, 53 % avaient des antecedents de maladie cardiovasculaire, et 43 % etaient diabetiques. Les patients ont declare en mediane 2 symptomes (IIQ [1 ; 4]). Les plus frequents sont les troubles du sommeil (77 %), le manque d’appetit (49 %), les douleurs musculaires (26 %), la perte de poids (26 %), la perte d’autonomie et les douleurs de poitrine (24 %), et la fatigue (22 %). Seuls les crampes et la fatigue etaient significativement associees au declin de la fonction renale. Les patients presentant 2–3 symptomes et plus de 3 symptomes presentaient une baisse de QDV physique de 3,9 points (IC 95 % [−4,8 ; −3,1]) et 11,7 points [−12,5 ; −10,7] respectivement, compares aux patients ayant 0-1 symptome. Meme constat pour la QDV mentale, bien que moins marquee, puisqu’une baisse de 1,02 points [−1,70 ; −0,34] et 4,2 points [−4,9 ; −3,5] seulement furent observees chez les patients ayant 2–3 symptomes et plus de 3 symptomes respectivement, par rapport aux patients ayant 0–1 symptome. Conclusion Une attention particuliere devrait etre portee a des symptomes non specifiques, tels que les crampes et la fatigue, qui pourraient etre pris comme indicateurs de l’evolution de la MRC, et de deterioration de la QDV. Cette QDV etant d’autant plus degradee qu’il y a de symptomes.