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Terpenes are a huge and assorted class of natural mixes, created by an assortment of plants, especially conifers, other plants and by some insects. Terpenes regularly have a solid smell and may ensure the plants that produce them by deterring herbivores and by pulling in hunters and parasites of herbivores. Terpene are the essential constituents of the basic oils of numerous kinds of plan Essential oils are utilized generally as aromas in perfumery and for example, fragrant healing. Manufactured varieties and subsidiaries of regular terpenes extraordinarily extend the assortment of fragrances utilized in perfumery and flavors utilized in food added substances. Keywords: Terpene, Medicinal, Therapeutic.

Parthenium hysterophorus L. is a weed of global significance causing severe economic, environmental, agricultural, biodiversity, livestock, and human health problems. It is a highly noxious, invasive plant species of subtropical America and quickly spreads almost in all climatic conditions of the world. The weed has been spread almost in every part of every state of India including Uttarakhand. P. hysterophorus was observed to spread from sub-tropical climatic conditions to the temperate region up to 2200 m asl in Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand. It has severely affected the habitats of native plant species. P. hysterophorus is an annual herb that starts to grow during March-April and remains till last of the November-December. The infestation of Parthenium has been maximum during the summer and abolished during the winter season. Regular field visits and surveys were made during the growing season (2018- 19) from foothills to higher ridges of the study areas. The highest density value (729000 ind ha-1 ) for P. hysterophorus was recorded at the Chauras site followed by Rishikesh (554000 ind ha-1 ) and the Badshahithaul site (417000 ind ha1 ) whereas, the lowest density value for this weed was recorded at the Ranichauri site (61000 ind ha-1 ). P. hysterophorus was determined to be the dominating plant species in most of the survey sites based on density, basal cover, and the Importance Value Index (IVI). However, the dominance of P. hysterophorus in most of the study sites is a signal of probable threat to the associated species. Plant species degradation caused by high anthropogenic pressure would provide appropriate circumstances for Parthenium weed to invade, presenting a major threat to the ecological balance of the region. The aim of present study to investigate infestation of Parthenium weed with altitudes wise in Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India.

The NNW-SSE trending leucogranites in and around Mastipuram, Wanaparthi district, Telangana are intrusive into Peninsular Gneissic complex. The leucogranite is metaluminous to mildly peraluminous, alkali-feldspar granite with I-type signatures, probably formed from a fractionated melt involving crustal component. Magmatic and hydrothermal contributions are supported by wide range of U/Th ratios in mineralized samples, which also show Na-enrichment as compared to non-mineralized leucogranites. Average U and Th contents and U/Th ratio in mineralized leucogranite is 541ppm, 147 ppm and 2.85, respectively. Main ore mineral is uraninite and its altered form - gummite, while secondary uranium minerals such as schoepite, uranophane and haiweeite are also identified in leucogranite by XRD. Reconnoitory drilling of ten boreholes have confirmed sub-surface continuation of uranium mineralization with varying width of 1m to 31m at vertical depth of about 50m. Thus, the leucogranites bordering Gadwal schist belt around Mastipuram forms a very potential target.

The present study was aimed to characterize two important fish species of genus Triplophysa i.e. Triplophysa marmorata and Triplophysa kashmirensis from Kashmir valley by using morphometric and molecular tools. It is difficult to discriminate these two species due to the poor quality of the original descriptions and the lack of good reviews. Keeping this in view a morphometric and molecular study was conducted. Morphometric data were analyzed by using univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate analyses (Principal component analysis) and mtDNA marker Cytochrome oxidase 1 was used for molecular support. Altogether, 22 morphometric characters were used and 15 characters were found significantly variable (PTriplophysa. The present investigation formulates that based on morphological and mtDNA COI sequences analysis these two taxonomic Triplophysa species should be considered as valid. The results may further assist to enhance the knowledge of the ichthyologists in understanding the ichthyofauna of Kashmir Valley and will help them in planning strategies for conservation and management of these less studied small indigenous species along their natural range of distribution.The present study was aimed to characterize two important fish species of genus Triplophysa i.e. Triplophysa marmorata and Triplophysa kashmirensis from Kashmir valley by using morphometric and molecular tools. It is difficult to discriminate these two species due to the poor quality of the original descriptions and the lack of good reviews. Keeping this in view a morphometric and molecular study was conducted. Morphometric data were analyzed by using univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate analyses (Principal component analysis) and mtDNA marker Cytochrome oxidase 1 was used for molecular support. Altogether, 22 morphometric characters were used and 15 characters were found significantly variable (PTriplophysa. The present investigation formulates that based on morphological and mtDNA COI sequences analysis these two taxonomic Triplophysa species should be considered as valid. The results may further assist to enhance the knowledge of the ichthyologists in understanding the ichthyofauna of Kashmir Valley and will help them in planning strategies for conservation and management of these less studied small indigenous species along their natural range of distribution.

Summary An abrasive carborundum roller cylindrical mill was developed to dehusk and split pulse grains to make dhal. The clearance between the outer screen cage and inner carborundum grit coated abrasive roller was maintained 10 mm throughout. It facilitated even abrasion of the grains. Its effective capacity was 100 kg/hr, and it could be owned, operated and manned by less-skilled people of rural and semi-urban areas. Performance of the mill was evaluated for different pulses at different rotational speeds and feed rates. It was found that at 850–900 rpm (13.5–14 m/s roller surface speed) maximum milling efficiency (88%) was obtained. Dhal recovery was 74–75%. The cost of milling was estimated to be Rs 85.00 [U.S. 7] per tonne of feed, but this did not include final polishing of the product to improve appearance. The machine was suitable for processing pigeon-pea (Cajanus cajan), green gram (mung beans, Phaseolus aureous Roxb) and black gram (Phaseolus mungo).

Multi attribute analysis is a technique through which we predict reservoir parameters for identifying facies. This analysis applied to seismic volume helps not only in identification of reservoir distribution pattern but also gives a fair indication of the quality of reservoir which can be expected in yet to be explored/developed areas. In the study area, low impedance contrast between sand-shale, which is inter-bedded with coal, hinders proper imaging of reservoir geometry. Area of study pertains to Cambay Basin, India where the mapping of pay sands in the areas with less/no well control were done through application of seismic inversion, neutron porosity modeling and final results were corroborated with spectrally decomposed volumes through generation of amplitude maps in zone of interest. Spectral decomposition provides a novel means of utilizing seismic data for imaging and mapping temporal bed thickness and geologic discontinuities in connection with reservoir properties and seismic attributes over large area. A multi mineral log processing approach was adopted for estimation of petrophysical parameters, mineral volumes and fluid contents. A feasibility study has been carried out to see the possibilities of predicting petrophysical parameters from seismic attributes. Cross-plots between P-impedance, neutron porosity (NPHI), Vp/Vs and other logs have been attempted to identify the different lithologies with fluid type. Since the reservoir is very much heterogeneous in terms of variation in lithology and mineralogy, histogram of various log response along with facies and fluids have been also been taken to discriminate the reservoir facies. Low frequency P-impedance model based inversion was carried out after selecting most suited inversion parameters, which help to delineate coal facies in zone of interest. The cross plots between P-impedance and NPHI shows a clear distinction of reservoir and non-reservoir facies. Therefore modeling of NHPI has been attempted through application of Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN). In this technique, various seismic attributes viz. integrated absolute amplitude, second derivative of instantaneous amplitude, quadrature trace, average frequency, dominant frequency, instantaneous frequency, frequency filter, cosine of instantaneous phase and amplitude weighted cosine phase including inversion output (P-impedance volume) has been used to delineate reservoir in optimal manner. The set of these attributes have been trained to predict NPHI at well location. Network thus generated was then applied on the whole seismic volume for all different attributes to predict NPHI volume though PNN. Present study has brought out two areas with good sand development. This methodology presented way of unique combination of reservoir properties and seismic derived attributes through multi attribute analysis that can be utilized where the heterogeneity of fluid content is present. When there is limited number of wells in the area, this methodology is significantly useful for generation of locales/leads for exploration & exploitation strategy in development stages.

There is a significant taxonomic ambiguity among snow trout species due to their morphometric similarities. In view of this, a morphometric and molecular study was conducted on five different species of genus Schizothorax that have been reported from Kashmir valley. Morphometric data analyzed using multivariate statistics (Principal component analysis and cluster analysis) indicated the significant grouping of species to individual clusters. Mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene analysis revealed 0.2%-4.5% genetic divergence among the five species. This study confirms that utility of cytochrome oxidase I in species delineation along with morphometric data. Phylogenetic tree obtained using Neighbor-Joining method revealed that all the five species represented distinct species group. The Schizothorax genus formed two distinct clades; one containing S. niger, S. curvifrons and S. plagiostomus, while other clade containing S. esocinus and S. labiatus. This phlogeny trend was also supported by cluster analysis of morphometric characters. The phylogenetic analysis with other published COI sequences revealed distinct nature of these five species. The study may aid in the taxonomic identification of snow trout species in India. This may further increase the knowledge of the ichthyologists in planning conservation and management strategies for these important fish species along with their natural habitat.

Summary Length–weight relationships were analysed for five commercially important freshwater fishes, namely, Bangana diplostoma (Heckel, 1838), Schizopyge niger (Heckel, 1838), Schizothorax curvifrons (Heckel, 1838), Schizothorax plagiostomus (Heckel, 1838) and Glyptosternon reticulatum (McClelland, 1842) from different water bodies in the Kashmir Valley, India. A total of 610 samples were collected between October 2013 and May 2015 using various indigenous cast nets. Of these five species, Schizopyge niger has a new maximum length record for the FishBase LWR database.

Land-use change and Land-cover classes in Garur Ganga watershed of Bageshwar district in Uttranchal State during the periods 1963–1996 and 1986–1996 were analyzed through Survey of India Topographical Sheet and visual interpretation of LANDSAT 5 TM image bands 2, 3 and 4 using Geographical Information System (GIS). The detailed analysis have revealed that the area under agriculture and settlement increased from 34.98 to 42.34%. whereas the forest and barren land show a declining trend. Expansion of agriculture land and builtup areas have been found to be maximum in the 1200–1600 m elevation zone with 7–14° slope class. The loss of vegetation cover has been estimated to be 5.07% between 1963-1996 and 0.81% between 1986–1996.

Summary Length-weight relationships (LWRs) are described for 10 fish species belonging to three families from the Jhelum and Poonch River, tributaries of the Indus river basin in India. LWRs for these species were unknown to FishBase and new maximum lengths are recorded for three species. These results will be useful for fishery research, management and conservation in these tributaries of Jammu and Kashmir.

SUMMARY The Lesser Himalaya, as the most densely populated part of the tectonically active and ecologically sensitive Himalayan mountain ranges, deserves specific attention to the conservation of the environment and the sustainable development of natural resources. Rapid growth of the human population during recent years, and the absence of any viable means of livelihood other than uneconomic crop farming have led to the uncontrolled exploitation of land areas and the consequent degradation and depletion of critical biophysical resources in the region. The need for sustainable development in Himalaya, therefore, makes it imperative to adopt a comprehensive land-use policy based on land capacity analysis that is scientific and practical. The main objective of this paper is to evolve an optimal land-use framework for the Gomti Watershed, situated in Kumaon, Lesser Himalaya. A detailed study of the traditional land use, regional agricultural system and the areas prone to environmental hazards was made throug...

The varied and demanding occupations of women in rural central Himalaya have been recognized by many workers but there is paucity of information with regard to energy expended by women in central H...