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Rapidly increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) initiate unprecedented changes in climate systems, leading to severe ecological and economic disruptions. Climate change mitigation is possible through a reduction in net GHG emission by the process of carbon sequestration. Storage of carbon in a stable solid form through direct and indirect fixation in soil leading to carbon sequestration can result in an annual growth rate of 0.4% in the soil carbon stock and significantly reduce CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. The long term sequestration of carbon, viz, carbon stabilization is possible through both abiotic and biotic factors. This research paper aims to establish a literature review about the role of different agricultural management strategies for carbon sequestration and their stabilization mechanisms. Agricultural practices such as tillage, fallow elimination, erosion control and methane mitigation reduce carbon loss while crop management, nutrient management, land use systems, agro forestry and nano technology enhances carbon inputs. These agricultural management practices can facilitate carbon stabilization by acting through both biotic and abiotic mechanisms.

Biochar refers to the black carbon that is produced by the process of slow pyrolysis and act as a vehicle of carbon sequestration from renewable and sustainable biomass. This review describes the ability of biochar to improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil and thus increase crop yield and productivity. Benefits of application of biochar also includes lowering of bulk density, improving porosity, aggregation, water infiltration and water holding capacity of soils. It also darkens the soil colour which affects soil surface reflectance and thus helps to moderate soil temperature. Biochar addition enhances cation exchange capacity, increases soil pH, improves the supply and uptake of nutrients, reduces nutrient leaching losses, captures NH3 and leads to reduction in volatilization loss of nitrogen thus improving nutrient availability in soils. Application of biochar can also remediate soils contaminated with heavy metals and organic pollutants. It can also facilitate microbial colonisation in soil, enhance soil microbial biomass carbon, enzyme activity and the activity of mycorrhizal fungi.

Aim: To develop a multinutrient pellet for organic farming in rice and investigation on the nutrient release characteristics of pellet in acid sulphate soils of Kuttanad. Study Design: This experiment was conducted through completely randomized design with 8 treatments and 3 replications. Place and Duration of Study: The research was appraised at the Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture Vellayani, between July 2022 - September 2022. Methods: Pellets were prepared using organic nutrient sources permitted in NPOP and a 60 day laboratory incubation experiment was performed to evaluate the nutrient release pattern of pellets. Standard procedures were used to analyze the nutrient content in pellets and quantity of nutrients in soil samples drawn from incubation experiment. Results: Nutrient availability increased from the 15th to the 60th day, and the maximum was observed on 60thday. The soil pH, EC, dehydrogenase activity, and humic acid content increased throughout the incubation period, while organic carbon and fulvic acid content declined. Conclusion: The gross nutrient release was found to be the highest in pellet containing bloodmeal, rockphosphate and potassium sulphate.

Human dental pulp stem cells (HDPSCs) have great potential to be used in regenerative medicine. To use these stem cells effectively for this purpose, they should be grown in a 3D cell culture that mimics their natural niches instead of a 2D conventional cell culture. The aim of this study was to grow the HDPSCs in the 3D cell culture created by Transglutaminase-crosslinked collagen hydrogels (Col-Tgel) in two different strengths to find a suitable 3D cell culture environment for these stem cells. Two stiffness of the 3D Col-Tgel were used to grow the HDPSCs: soft and medium matrix with strength of 0.9-1.5 kPa and 14-20 kPa, respectively. HDPSCs express markers similar to MSCs, therefore seven such markers were analyzed in the HDPSCs during their growth in the 2D and in the 3D soft and medium Col-Tgel. The CD105 and CD90 markers were significantly (p 0.05) downregulated in HDPSCs cultured in both 3D cell culture conditions compared with HDPSCs in 2D cell culture. Furthermore, CD34 marker, a negative marker, expressed by a few cells in HDPSCs culture was upregulated (p 0.05) in HDPSCs cultured in medium 3D Col-Tgel, indicating cells that expressing the marker grow better in medium 3D Col-Tgel. The apoptosis results revealed that HDPSCs in medium 3D Col-Tgel had the least number of live cells and a significantly (p 0.05) higher early apoptosis rate compared to HDPSCs in 2D and 3D Col-Tgel medium. MTT analysis also showed a significant difference among the three cell culture conditions. We conclude that HDPSCs cultured on 3D soft Col-Tgel showed better proliferation than cells cultured in 3D medium gel. These results demonstrate that the ideal environment to grow HDPSCs in 3D is the soft Col-Tgel not medium Col-Tgel.

Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, los autores pertenecientes a la UAM y el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si lo hubiere, The Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) lightcurve repository (LCR) is a publicly available, continually updated library of gamma-ray lightcurves of variable Fermi-LAT sources generated over multiple timescales. The Fermi-LAT LCR aims to provide publication-quality lightcurves binned on timescales of 3, 7, and 30 days for 1525 sources deemed variable in the source catalog of the first 10 yr of Fermi-LAT observations. The repository consists of lightcurves generated through full likelihood analyses that model the sources and the surrounding region, providing fluxes and photon indices for each time bin. The LCR is intended as a resource for the time-domain and multimessenger communities by allowing users to search LAT data quickly to identify correlated variability and flaring emission episodes from gamma-ray sources. We describe the sample selection and analysis employed by the LCR and provide an overview of the associated data access portal, M.N. and J.V. acknowledge that the material is based upon work supported by NASA under award number 80GSFC21M0002. D.K. and M.N. acknowledge support to this work from NASA Fermi GI Program under grant number 80NSSC23K0242. A.B. is supported by the NASA Postdoctoral Program at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities. INFN and ASI personnel performed in part under ASI-INFN Agreements No. 2021-43-HH.0. Work at NRL is supported by NASA. The Fermi-LAT Collaboration acknowledges generous ongoing support from a number of agencies and institutes that have supported both the development and the operation of the LAT as well as scientific data analysis. These include the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Department of Energy in the United States, the Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules in France, the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare in Italy, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) in Japan, and the K. A. Wallenberg Foundation, the Swedish Research Council and the Swedish National Space Board in Sweden. Additional support for science analysis during the operations phase is gratefully acknowledged from the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica in Italy and the Centre National d’Études Spatiales in France. This work performed in part under DOE Contract DE-AC02-76SF00515

We used 13 years of Swift/BAT observations to probe the nature and origin of hard X-ray (14-195 KeV) emission in Centaurus A. Since the beginning of the Swift operation in 2004, significant X-ray variability in the 14-195 KeV band is detected, with mild changes in the source spectrum. Spectral variations became more eminent after 2013, following a softer-when-brighter trend. Using the power spectral density method, we found that the observed hard X-ray photon flux variations are consistent with a red-noise process of slope, $-1.3$ with no evidence for a break in the PSD. We found a significant correlation between hard X-ray and 230 GHz radio flux variations, with no time delay longer than 30 days. The temporal and spectral analysis rules out the ADAF (advection-dominated accretion flow) model, and confirms that the hard X-ray emission is produced in the inner regions of the radio jet., Accepted for publication in ApJ

Wael Talaat,1– 3 Smriti Aryal AC,1,2 Sausan Al Kawas,1,2 AB Rani Samsudin,1,2 Nadia G Kandile,4 David RK Harding,5 Mohamed M Ghoneim,6 Waleed Zeiada,7,8 Jayalakshmi Jagal,2 Ahmed Aboelnaga,9 Mohamed Haider2,10,11 1Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; 2Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; 3Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University, Ismaillia 41522, Egypt; 4Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Women, Ain Shams University, Heliopolis, Cairo 11757, Egypt; 5School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; 6Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Sinai University, Arish 45511, Egypt; 7Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; 8Public Works Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; 9Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismaillia 41522, Egypt; 10Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; 11Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 71526, EgyptCorrespondence: Wael TalaatOral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab EmiratesTel +971 65057605Fax +971 65057606Email wtaha@sharjah.ac.aePurpose: Several scaffolds and cell sources are being investigated for cartilage regeneration. The aim of the study was to prepare nanocellulose-based thermosensitive injectable hydrogel scaffolds and assess their potential as 3D scaffolds allowing the chondrogenic differentiation of embedded human dental pulp stem and progenitor cells (hDPSCs).Materials and Methods: The hydrogel-forming solutions were prepared by adding β-glycerophosphate (GP) to chitosan (CS) at different ratios. Nanocellulose (NC) suspension was produced from hemp hurd then added dropwise to the CS/GP mixture. In vitro characterization of the prepared hydrogels involved optimizing gelation and degradation time, mass-swelling ratio, and rheological properties. The hydrogel with optimal characteristics, NC-CS/GP-21, was selected for further investigation including assessment of biocompatibility. The chondrogenesis ability of hDPSCs embedded in NC-CS/GP-21 hydrogel was investigated in vitro and compared to that of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), then was confirmed in vivo in 12 adult Sprague Dawley rats.Results: The selected hydrogel showed stability in culture media, had a gelation time of 2.8 minutes, showed a highly porous microstructure by scanning electron microscope, and was morphologically intact in vivo for 14 days after injection. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses and real-time PCR confirmed the chondrogenesis ability of hDPSCs embedded in NC-CS/GP-21 hydrogel.Conclusion: Our results suggest that nanocellulose–chitosan thermosensitive hydrogel is a biocompatible, injectable, mechanically stable and slowly degradable scaffold. hDPSCs embedded in NC-CS/GP-21 hydrogel is a promising, minimally invasive, stem cell-based strategy for cartilage regeneration.Keywords: tissue regeneration, cartilage, scaffolds, stem cells, nanocellulose, chitosan, hydrogel

Objective A dry socket is a well-recognized complication of wound healing following tooth extraction. Its etiology is poorly understood and commonly occur among healthy patients. As such, management strategies for dry socket has always been empirical rather than scientific with varying outcome. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy of concentrated growth factor (CGF) and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and compared them to the conventional treatment in the management of dry socket. Materials and Methods Sixty patients with one dry socket each, at University Dental Hospital Sharjah, were divided into three treatment groups based on their choice. In group I (n = 30), conventional treatment comprising of gentle socket curettage and saline irrigation was done. Group II (n = 15) dry sockets were treated with CGF and group III (n = 15) sockets were lased with LLLT. All dry socket patients were seen at day 0 for treatment and subsequently followed-up at 4, 7, 14, and 21 days. Pain score, perisocket inflammation, perisocket tenderness, and amount of granulation tissue formation were noted. Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed as mean values for each treatment group. Comparisons were made for statistical analysis within the group and among the three groups to rank the efficacy of treatment using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Statistically significant difference is kept at p < 0.05. Results Conventional treatment group I took more than 7 days to match the healing phase of group II CGF treated socket and group III LLLT irradiated socket (p = 0.001). When healing rate between CGF and LLLT are compared, LLLT group III showed a delay of 4 days compared with CGF in granulation tissue formation and pain control. Conclusion CGF treated socket was superior to LLLT in its ability to generate 75% granulation tissue and eliminate pain symptom by day 7 (p = 0.001).

Neonatal rotavirus infections are predominantly asymptomatic. While an association with gastrointestinal symptoms has been described in some settings, factors influencing differences in clinical presentation are not well understood. Using multidisciplinary approaches, we show that a complex interplay between human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), milk microbiome, and infant gut microbiome impacts neonatal rotavirus infections. Validating in vitro studies where HMOs are not decoy receptors for neonatal strain G10P[11], population studies show significantly higher levels of Lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 2’-fucosyllactose (2’FL), and 6’-siallylactose (6’SL) in milk from mothers of rotavirus-positive neonates with gastrointestinal symptoms. Further, these HMOs correlate with abundance of Enterobacter/Klebsiella in maternal milk and infant stool. Specific HMOs also improve the infectivity of a neonatal strain-derived rotavirus vaccine. This study provides molecular and translational insight into host factors influencing neonatal rotavirus infections and identifies maternal components that could promote the performance of live, attenuated rotavirus vaccines., Neonatal rotavirus infections are associated with gastrointestinal symptoms in some settings, but the role of host factors in clinical presentation is unclear. Here, Ramani et al. show that human milk oligosaccharides and microbiome are associated with symptomatic infection with neonatal strain G10P[11].

Resuming regular clinical activities at dental premises after the COVID-19 lockdown period or post COVID-19 is likely to be a challenge for all dental institutes. When returning to the dental practice or training, staff and students alike should abide by the new rules and regulations. In the process of controlling viral spread, clinical dental facilities face a higher risk of disease transmission among patients as well as clinical and non-clinical staff. Aerosols formation and diffusion into the surrounding air can be a real concern of viral transmission, if no protective measures are established. We aim in this review to present the currently implemented measures and propose changes in clinical dental facilities to minimize the risk of transmission. Dental professionals should be prepared to treat every patient as a suspected COVID-19 carrier and be ready to receive and manage an overwhelming number of patients. We suggest that dental practices establish a sensible workforce shift schedule, improve ventilation levels, reduce dental aerosol generating procedures, and develop a comprehensive guidance to Healthcare Workers to reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission.

To compare morning and evening salivary melatonin levels, sleep quality and chronotype between nurses working fixed day shifts and those working rotating night shifts.Rotating night shift work is an inevitable part of nursing and is a major reason for disrupted sleep.Cross-sectional comparative design.We used cluster sampling to recruit 520 female nurses working fixed day and rotating night shifts in the United Arab Emirates.Morning and evening melatonin were measured from corresponding saliva samples. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index used to evaluate sleep quality and self-assessment of preferred circadian times was used to assess participants' chronotypes. Data were collected between October 2017-December 2018.Rotating night shift nurses had significantly lower evening melatonin compared with the fixed day shift group. No significant difference was found in sleep quality between the groups, although more participants in the rotating night shift group (N = 110, 42.31%) expressed better sleep quality than those in the fixed day group (N = 90, 36.00). Participants in the rotating night shift group expressed better subjective sleep, longer sleep duration, less disturbed sleep and better daily function (p .05) than the fixed day group. Rotating night shift participants were more likely to have evening or intermediate chronotypes and more likely to report alignment of shift work to their chronotype compared with fixed day shift participants (p = .001). Longer shift duration, marital status and city location were associated with reduced evening melatonin among nurses on rotating night shifts.Rotating night shift nurses showed evidence of better sleep than those from the fixed day shift. Proper shift assignment, chronotype and alignment with shift work appeared to produce better sleep quality.Organizational policy must consider a novel model for work schedules that allow adequate off-duty days for sleep recovery among nurses.目的: 比较固定白班和轮值夜班护士的早晚唾液褪黑素水平、睡眠质量和作息类型。 背景: 轮值夜班工作是护理工作中不可避免的,也是影响睡眠的一个重要原因。 设计: 横截面对比研究。 受试者和环境: 我们采用整群抽样方式,在阿联酋招募了520名固定日班和轮值夜班的女护士。 方法: 从相应的唾液样本中测量早晚褪黑素。睡眠质量评估用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数和首选昼夜时间自我评估用于评估受试者的作息类型。数据收集时间为2017年10月至2018年12月。 结果: 与固定白班护士相比,轮值夜班护士的晚间褪黑素显著降低。尽管轮值夜班组受试者(N=110,42.31%)比固定日班组受试者(N=90,36.00)的睡眠质量更好,但组间睡眠质量没有显著差异。与固定日班组受试者相比,轮值夜班组受试者表示主观睡眠质量更好,睡眠时间更长,睡眠干扰更少,日常生活功能更好(P.05)。与固定日班组受试者相比,轮值夜班组受试者更有可能具有晚间或中间作息类型,更有可能报告轮班工作与他们的作息类型一致(p=.001)。在轮值夜班护士中,晚间褪黑素的减少与较长的轮班时间、婚姻状况和城市位置有关。 结论: 轮值夜班护士的睡眠质量优于固定日班护士的睡眠质量。适当的轮班制度、作息类型以及与轮班工作的一致性似乎能产生更好的睡眠质量。 影响: 组织政策必须考虑一种新的工作时间模式,该模式使得护士有足够的非工作日进行睡眠恢复。.

This paper aims to address ethical issues related to the assisted reproductive technology of artificial insemination [AI] from the Western ethical perspective. Our evaluation suggests that Western ethicists offer some arguments both for and against the application of this modern assisted reproductive technology.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Education Vol.5(1) 2014: 10-14

Archaea are an important constituent of the human gut microbiota, but there is no information on human gut archaea in an Indian population. In this study, faecal samples were obtained from different age groups (neonatal babies, pre-school children, school-going children, adolescents, adults and elderly) of a southern Indian population, and from a tribal population also resident in southern India). 16S rRNA gene sequences specific to Archaea were amplified from pooled faecal DNA in each group, sequenced, and aligned against the NCBI database. Of the 806 adequate sequences in the study, most aligned with 22 known sequences. There were 9 novel sequences in the present study. All sequences were deposited in the GenBank nucleotide sequence database with the following accession numbers: KF607113 - KF607918. Methanobrevibacter was the most prevalent genus among all the age groups accounting for 98% in neonates, 96% in post-weaning, and 100% each in preschool, school and adult population. In the elderly, Methanobrevibacter accounted for 96% and in tribal adults, 99% of the clones belonged to Methanobrevibacter genus. Other genera detected included Caldisphaera, Halobaculum, Methanosphaeraand Thermogymnomonas. Methanobrevibacter smithii predominated in all age groups, accounting for 749 (92.9%) of the 806 sequences. Archaea can be found in the faeces of southern Indian residents immediately after birth. Methanobrevibacter smithii was the dominant faecal archeon in all age groups, with other genera being found at the extremes of age.

GRB 131108A is a bright long Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) detected by the Large Area Telescope and the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor on board the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. Dedicated temporal and spectral analyses reveal three $\gamma$-ray flares dominating above 100 MeV, which are not directly related to the prompt emission in the GBM band (10 keV - 10 MeV). The high-energy light curve of GRB 131108A (100 MeV - 10 GeV) shows an unusual evolution: a steep decay, followed by three flares with an underlying emission, and then a long-lasting decay phase. The detailed analysis of the $\gamma$-ray flares finds that the three flares are 6 - 20 times brighter than the underlying emission and are similar to each other. The fluence of each flare, (1.6 $\sim$ 2.0) $\times$ 10$^{-6}$ erg cm$^{-2}$, is comparable to that of emission during the steep decay phase, 1.7 $\times$ 10$^{-6}$ erg cm$^{-2}$. The total fluence from three $\gamma$-ray flares is 5.3 $\times$ 10$^{-6}$ erg cm$^{-2}$. The three $\gamma$-ray flares show properties similar to the usual X-ray flares that are sharp flux increases, occurring in $\sim$ 50\% of afterglows, in some cases well after the prompt emission. Also, the temporal and spectral indices during the early steep decay phase and the decaying phase of each flare show the consistency with a relation of the curvature effect ($\alpha$ = 2 + $\beta$), which is the first observational evidence of the high-latitude emission in the GeV energy band., Comment: ApJL, 10 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables

Background: Over the years, coronary angiogram (CAG) has evolved to become indispensable diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for coronary artery disease (CAD). The procedure even though minimally invasive with shorter length of hospital stay and low cost has some risk for morbidity and even mortality. Large extents of the risks are dependent on the clinical status of the patient at the time of the study and comorbid illness. Aims: The present study was planned to assess the complications and to identify the risk factors associated with complications among patients undergoing CAG for CAD. Methods: A cross-sectional observational design was used in 250 patients who underwent diagnostic or interventional procedure of CAG through either transradial or femoral route. The convenience sampling technique was used to select the study sample. Results: Majority (32.8%) of the patients were in the age group of 50-59 years, followed by 28.0% of the patients in the age group of 60-69 years. Male preponderance was noted (87.6%). About 6.8% of the participants had developed complications, among them 4.4% had hematoma, 1.2% had vasovagal reactions, and 1.2% had periprocedural myocardial infarction. History of current smoking was identified as risk factor for complications (P< 0.05). The risk of complications was higher in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) patients, (odds ratio 6.21 [1.96-19.68] at 95% confidence interval) and who had femoral access site (P< 0.05). Conclusion: Even as the improved patient outcome is seen with cardiac catheterization, it is not totally free from risk. Newer strategies such as radial approach have managed to reduce the risks considerably. History of smoking, femoral access, and PCI were identified as risk factor for complications following CAG.

Located at the center of the Perseus cluster, 3C 84 is an extremely bright and nearby radio galaxy. Because of the strong diffuse thermal emission from the cluster in X-rays, the detailed properties and the origin of a power-law component from the central active galactic nucleus (AGN) remains unclear in the source. We report here the first NuSTAR observations of 3C 84. The source was observed for 24.2 and 32 ks on February 01 and 04, 2018, respectively. NuSTAR observations spectrally decompose the power-law AGN component above 10 keV. The power-law component dominates the spectrum above 20 keV with a photon index $\sim$1.9 and an energy flux F$_{20-30 keV}$ = 1.0 $\times$10$^{-11}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$, corresponding to an isotropic luminosity, $L_{20-30 keV}$ = 7.4$\times$10$^{42}$ erg s$^{-1}$. We discuss possible emitting sites for the power-law component. The expected thermal emission from the accretion disk is not hot enough to account for the hard X-rays detected from the source. Similar X-ray and $\gamma$-ray photon indices and long-term flux variations, the absence of cutoff energy in the hard X-ray spectrum of the source, correlated hard X-ray flux and hardness ratio variations, and the similarity of optical-X-ray slope to blazar rather than Seyfert galaxies supports the hard X-ray power-law component originating from the jet., Comment: accepted for publication in ApJ Letters