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Fast radio bursts (FRBs) were discovered only in 2007. However, the number of known events and sources of repeating bursts grows very rapidly. In the near future, the number of events will be ≳104 and the number of repeaters ≳100. Presently, there is a consensus that most of the sources of FRBs might be neutron stars (NSs) with large magnetic fields. These objects might have different origin as suggested by studies of their host galaxies which represent a very diverse sample: from regions of very active star formation to old globular clusters. Thus, in the following decade we expect to have a very large sample of events directly related to extragalactic magnetars of different origin. This might open new possibilities to probe various aspects of NS physics. In the review we briefly discuss the main directions of such future studies and summarize our present knowledge about FRBs and their sources.

Introduction. Currently, there are no standard methodological approaches that allow assessing the danger to human and animal reproduction of poorly soluble chemicals (industrial waste, products of destruction of organic substances, polymer materials), including substances that form complex poorly soluble systems with environmental objects. It may be impossible or ineffective to use standard routes of administration of such substances and complexes to assess their reproductive hazard. An attempt to find an experimental model for conducting toxicological and embryotoxicological studies that allow assessing the danger of prolonged interaction of poorly soluble compounds directly with tissue fluids was the main aim of the work. The study aims to investigate the possibility of using diffusion chambers to assess the reproductive hazard of poorly soluble chemicals. Material and methods. In experiments with chemicals, the researchers placed samples of dry preparations in the inner cavity of one of the rings. Experts sealed the ring on both sides with millipore membranes. The diffusion chambers obtained in this way were implanted into the abdominal cavity or under the skin in the cervical region of female rats during the most sensitive days of pregnancy to pathogenic effects. Results. When implanting diffusion chambers to animals, the possibility of assessing the embryotoxic properties of poorly soluble chemicals, such as bitumen-salt masses, polymer materials and coatings, etc., as well as soil contamination with substances potentially dangerous to the reproductive function of humans and animals is shown. With the help of diffusion chambers, experts assessed the embryotoxic activity of known dysmorphogens, cyclophosphamide, cadmium sulfate, as well as a number of polymer materials (di-paraxilylene film, acrylic acid copolymer, silloxane rubber), Scientists assessed soil contamination with a known insecticide and acaricide - endosulfan. Limitations. In the work, the experts used diffusion chambers with a volume of 400, 900 or 3000 m3. Conclusion. As a result of the experiments conducted, scientists determined that the presented method can be used to assess the reproductive hazard of poorly soluble chemicals (products of destruction of organic matter, polymer and endoprosthesis materials), when assessing the risk of prolonged presence of foreign bodies in tissues, when assessing soil contamination in places of chemical accidents, rocket crashes, storage and destruction of chemical weapons. Ethics. The study was carried out in compliance with the rules of bioethics approved by the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrates Used for Experimental and Other Purposes (Protocol No. 4 of 8.11. 2022).

Long-term periodicity in the rate of flares is observed for two repeating sources of fast radio bursts (FRBs). In this paper We present a hydrodynamical modeling of a massive binary consisting of a magnetar and an early-type star. We model the interaction of the pulsar wind from the magnetar with an intense stellar wind. It is shown that only during a fraction of the orbital period radio emission can escape the system. This explains the duty cycle of the two repeating FRB sources with periodic activity. The width of the transparency window depends on the eccentricity, stellar wind properties, and the viewing angle. To describe properties of the known sources it is necessary to assume large eccentricities $\gtrsim 0.5$. We apply the maser cyclotron mechanism of the radio emission generation to model spectral properties of the sources. The produced spectrum is not wide: $\Delta \nu/\nu \sim 0.2$ and the typical frequency depends on the radius of the shock where the emission is generated. The shock radius changes along the orbit. This, together with changing parameters of the medium, allows us to explain the frequency drift during the phase of visibility. Frequency dependence of the degree of polarization at few GHz can be a consequence of a small scale turbulence in the shocked stellar wind. It is much more difficult to explain huge ($\sim 10^5$ [rad/m$^2$]) and variable value of the rotation measure observed for FRB 121102. We suggest that this can be explained if the supernova explosion which produced the magnetar happened near a dense interstellar cloud with $n \sim100$ cm$^{-3}$., Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures, accepted by MNRAS

The transformation of the contemporary societies through digital technologies has had a profound effect on all human activities including those that are in the realm of illegal, unlawful, and criminal deeds. Moreover, the affordances provided by the anonymity creating techniques such as the Tor protocol which are beneficial for preserving civil liberties, appear to be highly profitable for various types of miscreants whose crimes range from human trafficking, arms trading, and child pornography to selling controlled substances and racketeering. The Tor similar technologies are the foundation of a vast, often mysterious, sometimes anecdotal, and occasionally dangerous space termed as the Dark Web. Using the features that make the Internet a uniquely generative knowledge agglomeration, with no borders, and permeating different jurisdictions, the Dark Web is a source of perpetual challenges for both national and international law enforcement agencies. The anonymity granted to the wrong people increases the complexity and the cost of identifying both the crimes and the criminals, which is often exacerbated with lack of proper human resources. Technologies such as machine learning and artificial intelligence come to the rescue through automation, intensive data harvesting, and analysis built into various types of web crawlers to explore and identify dark markets and the people behind them. It is essential for an effective and efficient crawling to have a pool of dark sites or onion URLs. The research study presents a way to build a crawling mechanism by extracting onion URLs from malicious executables by running them in a sandbox environment and then analysing the log file using machine learning algorithms. By discerning between the malware that uses the Tor network and the one that does not, we were able to classify the Tor using malware with an accuracy rate of 91% with a logistic regression algorithm. The initial results suggest that it is possible to use this machine learning approach to diagnose new malicious servers on the Tor network. Embedding this kind of mechanism into the crawler may also induce predictability, and thus efficiency in recognising dark market activities, and consequently, their closure.

The Arctic zone of the Russian Federation is one of the most intensively developing regions of the country. Amongst the major domains of economic and industrial growth and improvement is transport infrastructure and particularly the railway network. This area is being exposed to negative factors of rapid climate change that can significantly affect and compromise this activity. Thus, it is vital to take them into account during design, construction, and operation of the railway infrastructure facilities. This work details the production of a digital atlas comprising the 1950–2021 dynamics of the main hydrometeorological parameters: air and soil temperature, precipitation, wind speed, air and soil humidity, and snow cover thickness. The maps are based on climatic data derived from the MERRA-2 (Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2) reanalysis. In total there are 459, which are arranged into 7 chapters. The atlas geographically covers the western part of the Russian Arctic encompassing the regions of quite intensive transport development, which includes the construction of the Northern Latitudinal Railway. Original algorithms of geospatial data processing and their further representation as well as the maps compiled in GIS environment are discussed. Comprehensive analysis of climatic changes in the region of the Russian Arctic including detailed quantitative evaluation over 40 years is given. In the Discussion, we focus on those changes of the regional climate which, from our point of view, are the most significant for consideration by railway operators. The obtained results contribute to framing the theoretical basis of design, development, and sustainable operation of the railway infrastructure in the Arctic and facilitate the decision-making process. This is the first experience of building a specialized climatic cartographic product for the needs of the Russian railways, and to our knowledge the first atlas such as that in the world. In the future, the amassed experience may be transferred to other regions of the Russian Federation as well as similar regions in Canada, Sweden and Highland China that are also subject to significant climate change.

The OBJECTIVE of the study was to identify factors independently influencing intolerance to early enteral feeding via a nasogastric and nasojejunal tube in patients during the early phase of severe acute pancreatitis.METHODS AND MATERIALS. An open, randomized, controlled, cohort study was carried out. Out of 64 patients with predictors of severe acute pancreatitis, a cohort with severe form was isolated, in which 16 patients received nasogastric and 15 patients – nasojejunal feeding. The enteral feeding intolerance criteria were: discharge via the nasogastric tube >500ml at a time or >500ml/day compared to total enteral feeding administered during 24 hours, intensified pain syndrome, abdominal distension, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. Indicators featuring prognostic significance were identified using the logistic regression technique. The null hypothesis was rejected at pRESULTS. The presented findings demonstrate that a more severe multiple organ failure (SOFA – OR – 1.283, 95 % CI 1.029–1.6, p=0.027), the operative day (OR – 4.177, 95 % CI 1.542–11.313, p=0.005) increase while the nasojejunal route of nutrients delivery decreases (OR – 0.193, 95 % CI 0.08–0.4591, p≤0.001) the incidence of large residual stomach volumes. Postpyloric feeding reduces the risk of developing pain syndrome (OR – 0.191, 95 % CI 0.088–0.413, p≤0.001), abdominal distension (OR – 0.420, 95 % CI 0.203–0.870, p=0.002), nausea and vomiting (OR – 0.160, 95 % CI 0.069–0.375, p≤0.001).CONCLUSION. During severe acute pancreatitis, multiple organ dysfunction, the nasogastric route of enteral feeding delivery, and the fact of a surgery increase independently the risk of developing large residual stomach volumes. In case of severe acute pancreatitis, the nasogastric route of nutrients administration increases the development of such manifestations of enteral feeding intolerance as nausea, vomiting, pain intensification, and abdominal distension. In patients with severe acute pancreatitis, the nasoejunal route of administration of nutrients is preferable.

RELEVANCE Early enteral nutrition is an essential element of intensive care for acute pancreatitis. Its intolerance is manifested by high gastric residual volumes, pain syndrome, bloating, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. The relevance of our study is determined by the lack of information on how the routes of nutrient delivery affect its tolerability considering the gradual «as­per­protocol» increase in nutrition volumes for patients with moderately severe acute pancreatitis.THE AIM OF THE STUDY Was to identify the key factors that determine intolerance to early nasogastric and nasojejunal enteral feeding in ICU patients with the early phase of moderately severe acute pancreatitis.MATERIAL AND METHODS We conducted an open randomized controlled trial. Out of 64 patients with predicted severe course of acute pancreatitis, we identified a cohort with moderately severe acute pancreatitis, in which 17 (51.5%) patients received early enteral nutrition through a nasogastric tube, and 16 (48.5%) via an endoscopically placed nasojejunal tube. The criteria for nutrition intolerance were as follows: nasogastric tube discharge of more than 500±100 ml at a time or more than 500 ml/day in comparison with the enterally administered during this period, increased pain, bloating, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. Using the method of logistic regression, indicators with prognostic significance were determined. The null hypothesis was rejected at pRESULTS Regardless of the nutrition route, the progression of multiple organ failure increases the incidence of high gastric residual volumes (SOFA — OR (odds ratio) — 1.337, 95% CI (confidence interval) 1.001–1.787; p = 0.049). Pain syndrome is less common on the day of surgery (OR 0.258, 95% CI 0.110–0.606; p=0.002). Nasojejunal feeding was associated with a lower incidence of nausea and vomiting (OR 0.168, 95% CI 0.06–0.473; p=0.001), but with more diarrhea (OR 6.411, 95% CI 1.274–32.262; p=0.024).CONCLUSION The progression of multiple organ failure increases the incidence of high gastric residual volumes. The pain syndrome is less pronounced on the day of surgery and more intense in case of nasogastric nutrition. Postpyloric nutrition reduces the incidence of nausea and vomiting, but increases diarrhea.

In this paper we describe the performance of a prototype of the High Angle Time Projection Chambers (HA-TPCs) that are being produced for the Near Detector (ND280) upgrade of the T2K experiment. The two HA-TPCs of ND280 will be instrumented with eight Encapsulated Resistive Anode Micromegas (ERAM) on each endplate, for a total of 32 ERAMs. This innovative technique allows the detection of the charge emitted by ionization electrons over several pads, improving the determination of the track position. The TPC prototype has been equipped with the first ERAM module produced for T2K and with the HA-TPC readout electronics chain and it has been exposed to an electron beam at DESY in order to measure spatial and dE/dx resolution. In this paper we characterize the performances of the ERAM and, for the first time, we compare them with a newly developed simulation of the detector response. Spatial resolution better than 800 μm and dE/dx resolution better than 10% are observed for all the incident angles and for all the drift distances of interest. All the main features of the data are correctly reproduced by the simulation and these performances fully fulfill the requirements for the HA-TPCs of T2K. In this paper we describe the performance of a prototype of the High Angle Time Projection Chambers (HA-TPCs) that are being produced for the Near Detector (ND280) upgrade of the T2K experiment. The two HA-TPCs of ND280 will be instrumented with eight Encapsulated Resistive Anode Micromegas (ERAM) on each endplate, thus constituting in total 32 ERAMs. This innovative technique allows the detection of the charge emitted by ionization electrons over several pads, improving the determination of the track position. The TPC prototype has been equipped with the first ERAM module produced for T2K and with the HA-TPC readout electronics chain and it has been exposed to the DESY Test Beam in order to measure spatial and dE/dx resolution. In this paper we characterize the performances of the ERAM and, for the first time, we compare them with a newly developed simulation of the detector response. Spatial resolution better than 800 ${\mu \rm m}$ and dE/dx resolution better than 10% are observed for all the incident angles and for all the drift distances of interest. All the main features of the data are correctly reproduced by the simulation and these performances fully fulfill the requirements for the HA-TPCs of T2K.

In the present study, the structure of sedimentary basins in the eastern Asia Arctic zone is analysed by employing the approach based on decompensative gravity anomalies. Two obtained models, differing in their initial conditions, provide thickness and density of sediments in the study area. They demonstrate essentially new details on the structure, shape, and density of the sedimentary basins. Significant changes in the sedimentary thickness and the depo-centre location have been found for the Anadyr Basin in its continental part. Also, new details on the sedimentary thickness distribution have been revealed for the central part of the Penzhin and Pustorets basins; for the latter, the new location of the depo-centre has been identified. The new model agrees well with the seismic data on the sedimentary thickness for the offshore part of the Chauna Basin confirming that the method is robust. The most significant lateral redistribution of the thickness has been found for the Lower Cretaceous coal-bearing strata in the northern part of the Zyryanka Basin, where the connection of two coal-bearing zones, which was not previously mapped, has been identified. Also, the new details on the sedimentary thickness distribution have been discovered for the Primorsk Basin. Therefore, the new results substantially improve our knowledge about the region, since previous geological and geophysical studies were unsystematic, sparse, and limited in depth. Thus, the implementation of the decompensative gravity anomalies approach provides a better understanding of the evolution of the sedimentary basins and the obtained results can be used for planning future detailed studies in the area.

Enteral nutrition in the early phase of predicted severe acute pancreatitis can be administered via a nasogastric or nasojejunal tube. Finding the most effective method in terms of daily balance, the volume of feeding and residual gastric volume in the early period of moderate and severe acute pancreatitis is a current challenge.The aim of the study was to estimate the efficacy of nasogastric and nasojejunal early enteral feeding duringthe early phase of predicted severe acute pancreatitis.Material and methods. The study was prospective, single-center, and randomized. The data were collected from November 2012 to October 2018. The study included 64 ICU patients in the early period of acute pancreatitis exhibiting predictors of severity. During randomization, the patients were assigned to either nasogastric (group 1) or nasojejunal (group 2) feeding for the next four days. The volume of enteral feeding on Day 1 was 250 ml/day, and on each successive day it was increased by 250 ml/day. During group allocation, the disease severity and the way of nutrient administration were taken into account. Daily balance was calculated using the difference between enterally administered and residual gastric volume. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v.23 software package. The null hypothesis was rejected at P0.05.Results. The volume of enteral nutrition administered over 4 days did not differ between the study groups. Patients with severe acute pancreatitis had significantly better nutrient absorption over 4 days when the postpyloric route was used (1.63±0.98 l/d) vs the nasogastric one (0.55±0.29 l/d) (P=0.001). In moderate pancreatitis, the enteral nutrition absorption over 4 days did not differ (P=0.107) between the groups with nasogastric (2.06±0.87 l/day) and nasojejunal (2.6±0.45 l/day) feeding.Conclusion. Nasojejunal route is the preferred way to start enteral feeding in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. In moderate acute pancreatitis, feeding can be initiated via the gastric route and only in case of intolerance it should be switched to the nasojejunal one.

A method is proposed and a technique is developed for accelerated bench tests in laboratory conditions of knives of cutting-reducing devices of forage harvesters. One of the main purposes of the developed method is an experimental comparative assessment of the long-term performance (according to the wear resistance criterion) of various knife options (according to the materials for their manufacture and structural and geometric parameters). The proposed test method solves the problem of assessing the wear resistance of agricultural harvester knives by two parameters: physical depreciation and dulling of their cutting edge. A flexible belt with an abrasive fixed on one of its surfaces is used as counter-specimens during testing, which allows for wear with sliding impact and thereby significantly accelerates the process of knives damage. The technique makes it possible to test simultaneously two knives made using different technologies, under comparable conditions. In addition, to speed up testing, not one, but several counter-specimens are mounted on the test equipment. As a result of such tests, the process of impact-fatigue loading with slipping is simulated and the damage to the knife is reproduced, which is close to the operational one: wear and an increase in the cutting edge radius. Using the developed technique, comparative accelerated tests of imported steel and domestic cast iron (produced by OJSC “Gomselmash”) knives made using various technologies were carried out. The tests conducted made it possible to quantify the difference in the service characteristics of the cutting drum knives made using various technologies, which confirms its usefulness and efficiency. The developed technique was approved in accordance with the established procedure and is used for bench testing of knives at OJSC “Gomselmash”.

The purpose of the study was to assess the dependence of development of enteral nutrition intolerance on the disease form and condition severity during early AP with severe progression predictors. Materials and Methods. An open randomized controlled study has been carried out. The study included 64 patients, 31 of them having a severe and 33 — moderately severe forms of the disease. The criteria of enteral nutrition intolerance were: discharge via the nasogastric tube > 500ml simultaneously or > 500 ml/day, compared to the amount fed enterally over 24hrs; aggravation of pain; abdominal distension, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. Indices possessing a predictive value were identified with the help of logit regression. The null hypothesis was rejected at pResults. The APACHE-II score (OR — 1.134, 95% CI: 1.068-1.2, p=0.01) and CPR concentration (OR — 1.006, 95% CI: 1.005-1.013, p=0.001) affect independently the development of a large gastric residual volume. The fact of surgery predicts large gastric residual volumes (OR — 1.821, 95% CI: 2.529-9.19, p=0.001), nausea and vomiting (OR — 2.077, 95% CI: 1.075-4.012, p=0.021). The SOFA score is associated with large gastric residual volumes (OR — 1.349, 95% CI: 1.18-1.539, p= 0.001), pain (OR — 1.203, 95% CI: 1.065-1.364, p= 0.003), nausea and vomiting (OR — 1.167, 95% CI: 1.028-1.324, p= 0.018). The moderately severe form is accompanied with a lower incidence of large gastric residual volumes (OR — 0.354, 95% CI: 0.201-0.611, p=0.001), pain (OR — 0.475, 95% CI: 0.284-0.795, p=0.004), nausea and vomiting (OR — 0.519, 95% CI: 0.304-0.888, p=0.018), and abdominal distension (OR — 0.342, 95% CI: 0.193-0.607, p=0.001). Conclusions. The development and severity of early enteral nutrition intolerance during early acute pancreatitis with severe progression predictors depend on the severity of condition (APACHE-II), extent of multiple organ dysfunction (SOFA), the fact of surgery, form of the disease, and C-reactive protein concentration. A combined use of independent factors increases their predictive value.

Background. The vaccine is the best available instrument to prevent influenza and reduce the risks of major disease complications and mortality. The vaccine effectiveness during the influenza season depends on a number of factors: (1) a person vaccinated (their age and health status); (2) the vaccine formulation; (3) types and subtypes of the circulating viruses; (4) vaccination timeline, as the immune response fades over time. An influenza vaccine can yield different effectiveness in people who have been infected or vaccinated previously and in those who have not been yet exposed to the circulating viruses. At present, trivalent and quadrivalent influenza vaccines are registered and produced in Russia. It allows for vaccination of all social groups, including high-risk populations, and for increasing the number of vaccinated individuals yearly. Russian Federation constantly improves the production of influenza vaccines, introducing new variants of vaccine formulations into national clinical usage. It is thus essential to monitor and analyze the changes in the effectiveness of influenza vaccines every season.Aim of the study. To evaluate of the effectiveness of Russian domestic influenza vaccines during the epidemic season 2019–2020 in St. Petersburg compared to the season 2018–2019.Materials and Methods. 3315 female and male adult participants aged 18 years and older were monitored from October 2019 to March 2020. The group included university students and tutors, researchers, and production and office workers of industrial enterprises. Sovigripp, Grippol Plus, Ultrix, and Ultrix Quadri influenza vaccines were used for immunization.Results and Discussion. In the context of incomplete correspondence between the viruses circulating in Russia and the strains used in the vaccines, the vaccination of the St. Petersburg population during the epidemic season 2019-2020 with Sovigripp, Grippol Plus, Ultrix, and Ultrix Quadri influenza vaccines cumulatively reduced influenza and ARI incidences by half; the total vaccine effectiveness against influenza and ARI amounted to 50.0%. The strongest preventive effect was identified for Grippol Plus, Ultrix, and Ultrix Quadri which demonstrated the total vaccine effectiveness from 70.6% to 75.0%, and their effectiveness against influenza A and B viruses reached from 65.5% to 83.5%.Conclusion. In the context of incomplete correspondence between the viral strains used in the vaccines and the strains circulating in Russia and St. Petersburg during the epidemic season 2019- 2020 and considering the active circulation of non-influenza viruses such as rhinoviruses and adenoviruses, we found a moderate preventive effectiveness of the influenza vaccines during the seasonal epidemic increase in ARI cases. Russian domestic influenza vaccines were shown to have good acceptability, be safe, and non-reactogenic.

The analysis of field observations of thunderclouds in India is provided. The characteristics of the cloud collection obtained from the radar and lightning detection network in the area of the city of Aurangabad (the Maharashtra province, India) are considered. The maximum radar reflectivity of thunderstorm cells, the volume of the supercooled part above the 0°C isotherm, the intensity and precipitation flux, and the frequency of electric discharges are obtained. It is shown that the frequency of electric discharges is linked with some radar parameters of thunderclouds, and this relationship depends on the stage of cloud development. Comparative field data for other regions are given.

Radar characteristics of convective clouds during their transition to the cumulonimbus stage are considered for three regions of the world (India, North Caucasus, and northwestern Russia). The cloud depth increases in all the regions; the cloud reflectivity and cloud volumes with high reflectivity increase in Russia; changes in the cloud reflectivity are weak in India.

Formulation of the problem. At present, symmetric LAN cables are widely used in structured cabling systems (SCS) and fixed broadband access (BBA) networks in the world and in Russia. Practical experience of using LAN cables on real broadband access networks shows that high-quality transmission can only be achieved using high-quality highly uniform cables.Objective. Study of the dependence of the quality of LAN-cables on technological equipment and the quality of materials, which provide increased cable uniformity.Results. Based on the experimental studies carried out with the use of a modern measuring system, the main electrical characteristics of the transmission and the mutual influence of the most popular four-pair LAN-cable of the 5e category of the U/UTP4×2×0.52 type in the frequency range up to 100 MHz are determined. It is shown that to ensure high and stable transmission characteristics and mutual influence, modern technological equipment must be equipped with cable quality parameters automatic control systems and it is necessary to choose reliable suppliers when using domestic production materials.Practical significance. For the effective practical use of LAN cables on fixed broadband access networks and in SCS, it is very important to have high stability of electrical characteristics and their compliance with rather high established standards. This is possible only by ensuring high geometric and structural homogeneity of the structural elements of LAN cables.

Initial distributions of pulsar periods and magnetic fields are essential components of multiple modern astrophysical models. Not enough work has been done to properly constrain these distributions using direct measurements. Here we aim to fill this gap by rigorously analysing properties of young neutron stars associated to supernova remnants. In order to perform this task, we compile a catalogue of 56 neutron stars uniquely paired to supernova remnants with known age estimate. Further, we analyse this catalogue using multiple statistical techniques. We found that distribution of magnetic fields and periods for radio pulsars are both well described using the log-normal distribution. The mean magnetic field is $\log_{10} [B/\mathrm{G}] = 12.44$ and standard deviation is $\sigma_B = 0.44$. Magnetars and central compact objects do not follow the same distribution. The mean initial period is $\log_{10} P_0 [P / \mathrm{s}] = -1.04_{-0.2}^{+0.15}$ and standard deviation is $\sigma_p = 0.53_{-0.08}^{+0.12}$. We show that the normal distribution does not describe the initial periods of neutron stars sufficiently well. Parameters of the initial period distribution are not sensitive to the exact value of the braking index., Comment: Submitted to MNRAS, 15 pages, 21 figures

The aim of this work is to summarize the results of the study of the development of a high depth thunderstorm over the waters of the Gulf of Finland. A waterspout was observed under the base of the cloud. Remote sensing methods were used in the study. The general conditions of atmospheric instability, microphysical and electrical characteristics of the cloud are considered. Cloud microphysics and the relation with lightning frequency are discussed. High correlation was discovered between the frequency of lightning discharges and the supercooled volume of the cloud, as well as the precipitation flux.

The development of a thunderstorm cell in the Beijing area according to the results of numerical modeling and field observations is considered. Based on the numerical simulation, it is shown that the most intense electrification process is the separation of charges as a result of collisions of hailstones and cloud crystals. Using the field observations, the relationship between the electrical and radar characteristics of the cloud was investigated. It is demonstrated that the highest positive correlation is observed between the frequency of discharges and the volume of the supercooled part of the cloud above the 0°C isotherm, and the highest negative correlation is revealed between the frequency of discharges and the maximum current in a discharge.

The need to study the infuence of twisting methods of cable core of multi-pair LAN cables on their main electrical transmission characteristics is justifed. Experimental studies of the electrical transmission characteristics of multi-pair LAN cables of category 5e in the frequency range up to 100 MHz have been conducted. The results of experimental studies of low-frequency and high-frequency electrical transmission characteristics of these LAN cables are presented. A detailed analysis of the results of experimental studies is carried out. It has been found that high-frequency transmission characteristics such as wave resistance and return losses are most afected by cable core twisting methods. Frequency behavior of these transmission characteristics is analyzed. It was shown that high geometric and structural uniformity of isolated cores, as well as the use of modern high-speed specialized equipment for twisting the pairs provide high transmission parameters of a four-pair LAN cable of category 5e. It was found that SZ twisting technology is unacceptable due to the introduction of geometric inhomogeneities in the manufacture of multi-pair cables. It is recommended to use unidirectional twisting bow-type stranders to minimize geometric inhomogeneities.

The objective of this article is to compare the shielding characteristics of the most applicable signal-blocking cables designs. In this paper, based on calculations and experimental studies, a comparative analysis of the shielding characteristics of cables with a solid pressed screen and a screen consisting of an aluminum-polyethylene tape and a layer of aluminum wires is performed. Special attention is paid to the characteristics of the influence of external electric fields. Measurements of the ideal protective action coefficient of signal-blocking cable samples were made, and an estimated calculation of shielding attenuation was performed. For a comparative assessment of the influence of external transverse high-frequency fields, measurements of transient attenuation at the near end were made on samples of signalblocking cables under study. It is shown that the shielding characteristics of cables with a solid aluminum screen are better than those of cables with a screen made of aluminum-polyethylene tape and aluminum wire layer. Recommendations are given – on electrified railways, preference should be given to signal-blocking cables with a solid aluminum screen.

Presently, the furnace stock of the ferrous metallurgy and heavy engineering industry comprises approximately 55%–60% of units with service life over 30–50 years. Considering that constructing new furnaces requires significant financial investments and reduces production over a long period, the technical re-equipment and modernization of units in accordance with modern requirements have become widely adopted. This paper presents an appropriate methodology for the technical re-equipment and modernization, one that enables reducing time and achieving the optimal result with the lowest cost.

The characteristics of the сumulonimbus cloud with waterspout that has passed over the Gulf of Finland are analyzed. The characteristics were obtained from polarimetric Doppler weather radar, radiometer, and lightning detector data. The waterspout was formed close to the cyclone center. The analysis of instability indices revealed high atmospheric instability. The sinking of the rotational motion in the cloud before the waterspout generation is shown. The radar characteristics of the cloud at the moment of waterspout observation are considered in detail. It is concluded that good identifiers for the waterspout detection are the “Zdr column” and the zone in the lower part of the cloud with differently directed values of Doppler velocity and with the high values of velocity spectrum width.

Assessment of the feasibility of fetal liver cells (FLC) for correction of a CCl4-induced acute toxic hepatitis was performed. Exposure to Cl4 in a dose of 3000 mg/kg caused well-defined centrilobular necrosis, hydropic, protein, carbohydrate, and adipose degeneration, as well as vascular disorders. The dynamics of morphological changes in the liver was studied, and the role of their intrinsic regenerative potential was assessed using pathomorphological, histochemical, and immunofluorescence methods. Phenotyping the cellular material was carried out to reveal expression of endodermal and mesodermal markers characteristic for the hepatic epithelium, hematopoietic stem cells, and mesenchymal cells. Three days after FLC transplantation, slowing down of necrotic and dystrophic processes in the liver parenchyma was observed. In some animals, the trabecular structure of the central hepatic zones was restored and, by 5th to 7th day of post-implantation, vascular disorders were eliminated. The resulting data can be considered as evidence for the use of fetal liver cells in the treatment of acute toxic hepatitis.

Characteristics of a thunderstorm cloud, from which a waterspout over Ladoga Lake appeared are studied with the use of the measurements from C-band Doppler Meteorological Radar (DMRL-C), a lightning detection system, and a high-altitude atmospheric radiosonde. Analysis of the indices of convective instability showed small to moderate probability of the development of intense convective processes. We applied algorithms for hydrometeor classification and updraft determination from DMRL-C measurements of polarization characteristics for the first time. These algorithms revealed the occurrence of large ice particles in the cloud at the beginning of thunderstorm activity and recorded an extended updraft associated with the waterspout. Analysis of dependences between the lightning frequency and different radar characteristics showed that the correlation is the strongest with a number of large ice particles characterized by the volume of supercooled (above 0°C isotherm) part of the cloud with reflectivity larger than 50 dBZ.

This paper continues the research started in [4] that investigates the thundercloud with hail observed over Saint Petersburg on July 22, 2017. The results of numerical simulation of the cumulonimbus cloud using a small-dimensional model are presented. The spatiotemporal variations in the updraft velocity, liquid water content, ice water content, volume charge density, electric field strength, and other parameters are studied. Two cases are simulated and intercompared: without and with the heterogeneous cloud droplet freezing. It is shown that the formation of precipitation including hail occurs more intensively in the second case. Special attention is paid to the simulation of cloud electric structure, which was performed in combination with the modeling of its dynamics and microstructure. It is demonstrated that the most powerful cloud electrification processes occur due to the interaction between cloud and precipitation particles (hailstone–ice crystal, melting hailstone–cloud droplet, raindrop–cloud droplet). The dynamics of the cloud electric structure at different life stages is modeled.

Aim. The aim of the study was to estimate the coefficients of the equation TSmax=f(SL) considering the characteristics of an acoustic scattering model based on the morphological characteristics of the swim bladder of the Coregonus migratorius (Georgi, 1775). Material and Methods. Ninety‐nine living specimens of C. migratorius served as the study material. For each specimen, the target strength in the cage was measured using an Kongsberg Simrad EY500 echo sounder and the morphology of the swim bladder was studied. Measurements, analysis of images and data were conducted using Image Pro 6.0. Excel and SciLab software resources. Results. We determined the main morphological characteristics of the swim bladder in C. migratorius as well as the correspondence of its dimensions and proportions in relation to the length of the fish’s body. The coefficients of the equation TS=20log(SL)‐60, calculated on the results of the acoustic scattering model of a prolate spheroid, agree well with the coefficients calculated from maximum values obtained in the cage experiment. During the conversion of the coefficients relating to the allometric changes in the length of the swim bladder relative to fish length, the equation TS=23.2log(SL)‐64.4 was obtained. A comparative analysis of the available equations of the target strength for C. migratorius with those obtained in the study was undertaken. Conclusion. The equation obtained on the model of the swim bladder as a prolate spheroid adequately describes the dependence of the maximum values of the target strength on the body length of the C. migratorius and confirms the previously obtained dependence by maximum values of TS in the cage experimental conditions and can serve as a basis for further theoretical studies.

Background . Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers. Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is characterized by the high frequency of recurrence after radical treatment (up to 50–60 %), and muscle-invasive bladder cancer has a lower recurrence rate (30 %). Primary metastatic bladder cancer (Bc) is detected in 10–15 % of cases. transurethral resection of the bladder is the main treatment modality for non-muscleinvasive Bc. For muscle-invasive Bc, radical cystectomy is the curative treatment of choice. chemotherapy is used for the treatment of metastatic Bc. the role of surgery for metastatic Bc has not yet been determined. there are only a few reports regarding multimodality treatment including metastasectomy for metastatic Bc. Case description . We present a clinical case of successful treatment of metastatic Bc, we used surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and x-ray endovascular technologies. the patient is alive with no evidence of disease. Conclusion . Our findings are consistent with other reports which indicate that the removal of metastases in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma is technically feasible and can be safely performed. Metastasectomy can have a positive effect on survival. However, metastasectomy remains the subject of clinical studies, and should be recommended only for patients a good response to systemic therapy.

The most challenging and impactful uncertainties that future accelerator-based measurements of neutrino oscillations must overcome stem from our limited ability to model few-GeV neutrino-nucleus interactions. In particular, it is crucial to better understand the nuclear effects which can alter the final state topology and kinematics of neutrino interactions, inducing possible biases in neutrino energy reconstruction. The upgraded ND280 near detector of the T2K experiment will directly confront neutrino interaction uncertainties using a new suite of detectors with full polar angle acceptance, improved spatial resolutions, neutron detection capabilities and reduced tracking thresholds. In this manuscript we explore the physics sensitivity that can be expected from the upgraded detector, specifically focusing on the additional sensitivity to nuclear effects and how they can be constrained with future measurements of kinematic variables constructed using both outgoing lepton and nucleon kinematics., Physical Review D, 105 (3), ISSN:1550-7998, ISSN:0556-2821, ISSN:1550-2368

Combined dry extract BNO 1016 is a herbal drug commonly used for rhinosinusitis therapy. It is known that a significant role in rhinosinusitis pathogenesis is played by an inflammatory reaction in maxillary sinuses of the nasal cavity. At the initial stage of any inflammation the largest impact is caused by leukotrienes. Major chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) according to the guideline EPOS-2020 include facial pain as clinical diagnostic criteria for rhinosinusitis. Therefore, it is reasonable to study the analgesic effects of the combined dry extract BNO 1016 on the model of zymozan- induced hyperalgesia. The tested drug is the combined dry extract BNO 1016 ("Bionorica SE", Germany) at different dose levels. The reference drug is ibuprofen. Leukotriene hyperalgesia was induced by subplantar injection of zymozan into the paw of Wistar rats. Pain threshold was evaluated with Ugo-Basil analgesimeter and analgesic activity was calculated together with mean effective dose (ED

A four-year sky survey with the use of the eROSITA telescope on board the Spektr-RG observatory will provide the best coverage in the soft (0.5-2 keV) and standard (2-10 keV) X-ray ranges, both in terms of sensitivity and angular resolution. We have analysed the possibility of detecting various types of isolated neutron stars with eROSITA. Among already known objects, eROSITA will be able to detect more than 160 pulsars, 21 magnetars, 7 central compact objects, all seven sources of the Magnificent Seven, and two other X-ray isolated neutron stars during the four-year survey mission., 4 pages, 1 figure, to be published in proceedings of IAU Symp. 363