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Despite combination antiretroviral therapy, high-grade malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is still one of the most frequently acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining disorders in the end stage of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). NHL can also be observed in rhesus macaques infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Thus, they represent a useful model to study morphological characteristics and oncogenetic mechanisms of NHL in humans.When reviewing the occurrence of lymphoma at the German Primate Center over the past 25 years within the context of pathogenic SIV infection we noticed a strikingly high incidence (four out of seven animals) of these tumors in rhesus macaques infected with ex vivo derived SIVmac251/32H/spleen in AIDS-defining end-stage disease. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of this virus stock revealed the co-presence of rhesus lymphocryptovirus (rhLCV), which represents the monkey homologue to human Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), suggesting an association between co-application of SIV and rhLCV and increased tumorigenesis.In addition, we present two cases of NHL in rhesus macaques infected with a SIVmac239 nef-mutant variant because one exhibited an unusual immunophenotype and the other an uncommon organ manifestation. Histological and immunohistochemical examinations of tumors of the first animal revealed metastatic diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) affecting the stomach and the pancreaticoduodenal lymph nodes, of which the one in the stomach presented the rare dual expression of CD20 and CD3. Necropsy of the second animal revealed an obstructive DLBCL around the urinary bladder neck that led to urine backflow and eventually death due to acute uremia without any further AIDS-like manifestations. In the tumors of both animals, abundant Epstein–Barr nuclear antigen-2 expression was demonstrated, thus verifying concurrent rhLCV infection. Flow cytometric analyses revealed a high percentage of activation as well as proliferation in B cells from peripheral lymph nodes in both animals. Moreover, CD4+ T cells were depleted in blood, colon and lymphoid tissue. Concomitantly, CD8+ T cells showed an exhausted phenotype. The two case reports and the increased incidence of NHL following co-application of SIV and rhLCV underline the role of rhLCV in lymphomagenesis.

Violent behavior in correctional facilities is common and differs substantially in type, target, implication, and trigger. Research on frequency and characteristics of violent behavior in correctional facilities and psychiatric hospitals is limited. Results from recent research suggest that comorbidity of severe mental disorder, personality disorder, and diagnosis of substance abuse is related to a higher risk of violent behavior. In the Berlin prison hospital, a database was created to collect data from all violent incidences (n=210) between 1997 and 2006 and between 2010 and 2016. In a retrospective, case-control study, we analyzed specific socioeconomic data and psychiatric diagnosis and compared the group of prisoners with violent behavior with randomly selected prisoners of the same department without violent behavior (n = 210). Diagnosis of schizophrenia, non-German nationality, no use of an interpreter, no children, and no previous sentence remained significantly associated with the dependent variable violent behavior. There were no significant differences regarding age and legal statuses. Practical implications for clinical work are discussed.

Future SoCs will feature embedded FPGAs (eFPGAs) to enable flexible and efficient implementations of high-throughput digital signal processing applications. Current research projects on and emerging products containing FPGAs are mainly based on "standard FPGA"-architectures that are optimised for a very wide range of applications. The implementation costs of these FPGAs are dominated by a very complex interconnect network. This paper presents a method to improve the efficiency of eFPGAs by tailoring them for a certain application domain using a parametrisable architecture template derived from the results of a systematic evaluation of the requirements of the application domain. Two different architectures are discussed, a reference architecture to illustrate the methodology and possible optimisation measures as well as a specialised arithmetic-oriented eFPGA for applications like correlators, decoders, and filters. For the arithmetic-oriented architecture, a novel logic element (LE) and a special interconnect architecture that was designed with respect to the connectivity characteristics of regular datapaths, are presented. For both architecture templates, physically optimised implementations based on an automatic design approach have been created. As a first cost comparison of these implementations with standard FPGAs, the LE-density (number of logic elements per mm2) is evaluated. For the arithmetic-oriented architecture, the LE-density could be increased by an order of magnitude compared to standard architectures.

Methylmercury (MeHg) and, to a lesser extent, inorganic mercury (IHg) contamination of rice is a global public health concern, but little is known about how soil and grain Hg concentrations respond to elevated CO2 (ECO2), or how ECO2 alters movement of Hg through the soil-plant-grain system. To advance knowledge of how Hg contamination of rice will change in the future, this study explored the effect of elevated CO2 (ECO2, c. 800 ppm) on soil, iron plaque, root, stem/leaf, and grain concentrations of MeHg and IHg. We observed evidence that ECO2 increased accumulation of MeHg, but not IHg, in rice grain. For IHg, ECO2 did not alter its uptake from the soil, translocation through the plant, or concentration in rice grain. However, ECO2 did reduce uptake of IHg from the air into leaf tissues, likely as a result of the reduced stomatal conductivity and thus more limited direct uptake from the air.Methylmercury concentrations in the grain of plants grown at ECO2 were significantly higher than those of plants grown at ambient CO2. Moreover, MeHg concentrations were also elevated in stem/leaf (82 %) and root tissue (37 %) for ECO2 plants, although the root-tissue results were not statistically significant. In contrast, soil MeHg concentrations were virtually indistinguishable between treatments, indicating that higher rice grain MeHg concentrations were not likely due to higher microbial IHg methylation in soil. Plant uptake of MeHg into stem/leaves and grain from the soil was significantly greater in the ECO2 treatment; however, translocation patterns of MeHg within the plant itself did not differ between treatments. Notably, these patterns existed despite consistently lower transpiration in the ECO2 treatment, and thus less mass flow of solute towards and through the plant. Our results indicate that as CO2 concentrations rise, the human health risks related to MeHg in grain will likely increase.

Iver B. Neuman omtaler avhandlingen til Kristian Lundby Gjerde Russia, ‘double standards’, and the contestation of equivalence 2000–2019: A corpus-based exploration.

Abstract When resequencing animal genomes, some short reads cannot be mapped to the reference genome and are usually discarded. In this study, unmapped reads from 302 German Black Pied cattle were analyzed to identify potential pathogenic DNA. These unmapped reads were assembled and blasted against NCBI’s database to identify bacterial and viral sequences. The results provided evidence for the presence of pathogens. We found sequences of Bovine parvovirus 3 and Mycoplasma species. These findings emphasize the information content of unmapped reads for gaining insight into bacterial and viral infections, which is important for veterinarians and epidemiologists.

Artikkelens første del viser hvordan FN blir representert på to forskjellige måter i norsk utenrikspolitisk debatt: på den ene side pragmatisk, som legitimeringsarena for ført politikk, og på den annen ideologisk, som alternativ til Nato-orientert politikk. Spenningen mellom de to kommer tydelig frem idet begrepet «FN-sporet» ble vanlig i norsk utenrikspolitisk ordskifte omkring Irak-krigen (2003), og umiddelbart ble brukt på begge måter. Del to viser at det kun er i offentlig politisk diskurs FN representeres på disse to måtene; i diplomatisk diskurs er det bare den første representasjonen som forekommer. Del tre, som er normativ, er et dobbeltangrep på den ideologiske representasjonen av FN. Første ankepunkt er et generelt forsvar av pragmatisme og en avvisning av ideologi i utenrikspolitikken. Andre ankepunkt er et konjunkturavhengig forsvar av pragmatisme; i en internasjonal orden som i tiltagende grad domineres av stormaktkonfrontasjonen mellom USA og Kina, er utfordringen for Norge nå er å kjempe for at mest mulig av internasjonal politikk avgjøres i multilateral sammenheng. Hva slags multilateral sammenheng det dreier seg om, er underordnet. Jeg konkluderer med at det er en grunn til at betydningen av FN-sporet som et alternativ til Nato-orientering blir en stadig mer marginalisert betydning i norsk debatt, nemlig at en slik posisjon fremstår som rigid og derfor ubrukelig.

Artikkelen oppsummerer og vurderer Ine Marie Eriksen Søreides virke som Norges 32. utenriksminister i årene 2017–2021. Første del av artikkelen er en oversikt over Søreides handlingsrom. Innenrikspolitisk var det godt, med unntak av at Søreides sjef, statsminister Erna Solberg, la hindringer i veien for utøvelsen av hennes virke. De utenrikspolitiske rammebetingelsene var krevende. Donald Trump var den minst Europa-orienterte president USA har hatt siden Nato ble dannet. Et tiltagende aggressivt Russland skulle håndteres. Annen del er en vurdering. Søreide var svært flink til å skjøtte jobben og opprettholdt Norges spillerom. Hun tok imidlertid ingen initiativer for å øke spillerommet. Hennes svakeste side var lojalitet til egne medarbeidere. Alt i alt var Søreide den beste utenriksminister fra borgerlig side siden John Lyng (1965–1970).

Northern high-latitudes are projected to get warmer and wetter, which will affect rates of permafrost thaw and mechanisms by which thaw occurs. To better understand the impact of rain, as well as other factors such as snow depth, canopy cover, and microtopography, we instrumented a degrading permafrost plateau in south-central Alaska with high-resolution soil temperature sensors. The site contains ecosystem-protected permafrost, which persists in unfavorable climates due to favorable ecologic conditions. Our study (2020–2022) captured three of the snowiest years and three of the four wettest years since the site was first studied in 2015. Average thaw rates along an across-site transect increased nine-fold from 6 ± 5 cm yr ^−1 (2015–2020) to 56 ± 12 cm yr ^−1 (2020–2022). This thaw was not uniform. Hummock locations, residing on topographic high points with relatively dense canopy, experienced only 8 ± 9 cm yr ^−1 of thaw, on average. Hollows, topographic low points with low canopy cover, and transition locations, which had canopy cover and elevation between hummocks and hollows, thawed 44 ± 6 cm yr ^−1 and 39 ± 13 cm yr ^−1 , respectively. Mechanisms of thaw differed between these locations. Hollows had high warm-season soil moisture, which increased thermal conductivity, and deep cold-season snow coverage, which insulated soil. Transition locations thawed primarily due to thermal energy transported through subsurface taliks during individual rain events. Most increases in depth to permafrost occurred below the ∼45 cm thickness seasonally frozen layer, and therefore, expanded existing site taliks. Results highlight the importance of canopy cover and microtopography in controlling soil thermal inputs, the ability of subsurface runoff from individual rain events to trigger warming and thaw, and the acceleration of thaw caused by consecutive wet and snowy years. As northern high-latitudes become warmer and wetter, and weather events become more extreme, the importance of these controls on soil warming and thaw is likely to increase.

Abstract Floating communities exist throughout the world. Many live on water with a high pathogen load due to difficulties associated with sewage management. In Claverito, an informal floating community in Iquitos, Peru, we conducted a controlled experiment to test the ability of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) to remove Escherichia coli from water. When river E. coli concentrations were at or below ∼1,500 CFU 100 mL−1, water hyacinth reduced shallow concentrations (8 cm depth) down to levels deemed safe by U.S. EPA for recreational use. Above this threshold, plants were able to reduce E. coli levels within shallow water, but not down to “safe” levels. At deeper depths (>25 cm), there was evidence that plants increased E. coli concentrations. Water hyacinth removed E. coli from shallow water by providing a surface (i.e., submerged roots) onto which E. coli sorbed and by protecting organisms that can potentially consume E. coli. Unfortunately, because of root association, the total E. coli load within the water column was greater with water hyacinth present. The use of water hyacinth to keep surface water around floating communities low in E. coli could be beneficial as this is the water layer with which people most likely interact. Aquatic vegetation naturally proliferates in and around Claverito. While this study was based on curating aquatic plants in order to achieve a water‐quality outcome, it nonetheless supports concrete actions for Claverito residents under non‐curated conditions, which are outlined at the end of the manuscript.

Lake sediments store metal contaminants from historic pesticide and herbicide use and mining operations. Historical regional smelter operations in the Puget Sound lowlands have resulted in arsenic concentrations exceeding 200 μg As g-1 in urban lake sediments. Prior research has elucidated how sediment oxygen demand, warmer sediment temperatures, and alternating stratification and convective mixing in shallow lakes results in higher concentrations of arsenic in aquatic organisms when compared to deeper, seasonally stratified lakes with similar levels of arsenic pollution in profundal sediments. In this study we examine the trophic pathways for arsenic transfer through the aquatic food web of urban lakes in the Puget Sound lowlands, measuring C and N isotopes-to determine resource usage and trophic level-and total and inorganic arsenic in primary producers and primary and secondary consumers. Our results show higher levels of arsenic in periphyton than in other primary producers, and higher concentrations in snails than zooplankton or insect macroinvertebrates. In shallow lakes arsenic concentrations in littoral sediment are similar to deep profundal sediments due to arsenic remobilization, mixing, and redeposition, resulting in direct arsenic exposure to littoral benthic organisms such as periphyton and snails. The influence of littoral sediment on determining arsenic trophic transfer is evidenced by our results which show significant correlations between total arsenic in littoral sediment and total arsenic in periphyton, phytoplankton, zooplankton, snails, and fish across multiple lakes. We also found a consistent relationship between percent inorganic arsenic and trophic level (determined by δ15N) in lakes with different depths and mixing regimes. Cumulatively, these results combine to provide a strong empirical relationship between littoral sediment arsenic levels and inorganic arsenic in edible species that can be used to screen lakes for potential human health risk using an easy, inexpensive sampling and analysis method.

German Black Pied cattle (Deutsches Schwarzbuntes Niederungsrind, DSN) are an endangered dual-purpose cattle breed originating from the North Sea region. The population comprises about 2,500 cattle and is considered one of the ancestral populations of the modern Holstein breed. The current study aimed at defining the breeds closest related to DSN cattle, characterizing their genomic diversity and inbreeding. In addition, the detection of selection signatures between DSN and Holstein was a goal. Relationship analyses using fixation index (FST), phylogenetic, and admixture analyses were performed between DSN and 68 other breeds from the 1000 Bull Genomes Project. Nucleotide diversity, observed heterozygosity, and expected heterozygosity were calculated as metrics for genomic diversity. Inbreeding was measured as excess of homozygosity (FHom) and genomic inbreeding (FRoH) through runs of homozygosity (RoHs). Region-wide FST and cross-population-extended haplotype homozygosity (XP-EHH) between DSN and Holstein were used to detect selection signatures between the two breeds, and RoH islands were used to detect selection signatures within DSN and Holstein. DSN showed a close genetic relationship with breeds from the Netherlands, Belgium, Northern Germany, and Scandinavia, such as Dutch Friesian Red, Dutch Improved Red, Belgian Red White Campine, Red White Dual Purpose, Modern Angler, Modern Danish Red, and Holstein. The nucleotide diversity in DSN (0.151%) was higher than in Holstein (0.147%) and other breeds, e.g., Norwegian Red (0.149%), Red White Dual Purpose (0.149%), Swedish Red (0.149%), Hereford (0.145%), Angus (0.143%), and Jersey (0.136%). The FHom and FRoH values in DSN were among the lowest. Regions with high FST between DSN and Holstein, significant XP-EHH regions, and RoH islands detected in both breeds harbor candidate genes that were previously reported for milk, meat, fertility, production, and health traits, including one QTL detected in DSN for endoparasite infection resistance. The selection signatures between DSN and Holstein provide evidence of regions responsible for the dual-purpose properties of DSN and the milk type of Holstein. Despite the small population size, DSN has a high level of diversity and low inbreeding. FST supports its relatedness to breeds from the same geographic origin and provides information on potential gene pools that could be used to maintain diversity in DSN.

Del en av denne fokusartikkelen sporer og feirer utviklingen i norsk Russlands-forskning de 35 årene. Del to introduserer spenningen mellom forskeren som analytiker og forskeren som kommentator og påpeker at vi ikke vet så mye om hvem debatten snakker til ut over det utenrikspolitiske miljøet selv. Del tre diskuterer hva slags standarder akademikere som opptrer som kommentatorer kan og bør holde seg med. Kommentatorer må ha mot, evne og vilje til å gi rom for andre stemmer. Kommentatoren må også forstå forskjellen på analyse, som krever ettertenksomhet, og kommentar, som skjer i kampens hete. En kommentatorisk siste del argumenterer for at Vestens politikk fremover bør være å demme opp for Russland, snarere enn å være ettergivende eller gå inn for regimeendring. Abstract in English Russologists as Pundits Part one discusses the emergence of Russia studies in Norway over the last 35 years. Part two laments our lack of knowledge regarding who the receiver of comments by researchers actually are. Part three discusses dialogism, parrhesia and phronesis as qualities needed for a researcher to be a good pundit. The article ends with a defence for continuing a policy of containment towards Russia rather than shifting to the two alternative policies, which are appeasement and roll-back.

Bioavailable organic carbon in aquifer recharge waters and sediments can fuel microbial reactions with implications for groundwater quality. A previous incubation experiment showed that sedimentary organic carbon (SOC) mobilized off sandy sediment collected from an arsenic-contaminated and methanogenic aquifer in Bangladesh was bioavailable; it was transformed into methane. We used high-resolution mass spectrometry to molecularly characterize this mobilized SOC, reference its composition against dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in surface recharge water, track compositional changes during incubation, and advance understanding of microbial processing of organic carbon in anaerobic environments. Organic carbon mobilized off aquifer sediment was more diverse, proportionately larger, more aromatic, and more oxidized than DOC in surface recharge. Mobilized SOC was predominately composed of terrestrially derived organic matter and had characteristics signifying that it evaded microbial processing within the aquifer. Approximately 50 % of identified compounds in mobilized SOC and in DOC from surface recharge water contained sulfur. During incubation, after mobilized SOC was converted into methane, new organosulfur compounds with high S-to-C ratios and a high nominal oxidation state of carbon (NOSC) were detected. We reason that these detected compounds formed abiotically following microbial reduction of sulfate to sulfide, which could have occurred during incubation but was not directly measured or that they were microbially synthesized. Most notably, microbes transformed all carbon types during incubation, including those currently considered thermodynamically unviable for microbes to degrade in anaerobic conditions (i.e., those with a low NOSC). In anaerobic environments, energy yields from redox reactions are small and the amount of energy required to remove electrons from highly reduced carbon substrates during oxidation decreases the thermodynamic favorability of degrading compounds with a low NOSC. While all compound types were eventually degraded during incubation, NOSC and compound size controlled the rates of carbon transformation. Large, more thermodynamically favorable compounds (e.g., aromatics with a high NOSC) were targeted first, while small, less thermodynamically favorable compounds (e.g., alkanes and olefinics with a low NOSC) were used last. These results indicate that in anaerobic conditions, microbial communities are capable of degrading and mineralizing all forms of organic matter, converting larger energy-rich compounds into smaller energy-poor compounds. However, in an open system, where fresh carbon is continually supplied, the slower degradation rate of reduced carbon compounds would enable this portion of the organic carbon pool to build up, explaining the apparent persistence of compounds with a low NOSC in anaerobic environments.

Arctic warming has increased vegetation growth and soil respiration during recent decades. The rate of Arctic warming will likely amplify over the 21st century. Previous studies have revealed that the most severe Arctic warming occurred during the cold season (September to May). The cold-season warming has posited significant CO _2 emissions to the atmosphere via respiration, possibly offsetting warm-season (June to August) net CO _2 uptake. However, prevailing Earth system land models poorly represent cold-season CO _2 emissions, making estimates of Arctic tundra annual CO _2 budgets highly uncertain. Here, we demonstrate that an improved version of the energy exascale Earth system model (E3SM) land model (ELMv1-ECA) captures the large amount of cold-season CO _2 emissions over Alaskan Arctic tundra as reported by two independent, observationally-constrained datasets. We found that the recent seven-decades warming trend of cold-season soil temperature is three times that of the warm-season. The climate sensitivity of warm-season net CO _2 uptake, however, is threefold higher than for the cold-season net CO _2 loss, mainly due to stronger plant resilience than microbial resilience to hydroclimatic extremes. Consequently, the modeled warm-season net CO _2 uptake has a larger positive trend (0.74 ± 0.14 gC m ^−2 yr ^−1 ) than that of cold-season CO _2 emissions (0.64 ± 0.11 gC m ^−2 yr ^−1 ) from 1950 to 2017, supported by enhanced plant nutrient uptake and increased light- and water-use efficiency. With continued warming and elevated CO _2 concentrations under the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario, the increasing rate of warm-season net CO _2 uptake is more than twice the rate of cold-season emissions (1.33 ± 0.32 gC m ^−2 yr ^−1 vs 0.50 ± 0.12 gC m ^−2 yr ^−1 ), making the modeled Alaskan Arctic tundra ecosystem a net CO _2 sink by 2100. However, other geomorphological and ecological disturbances (e.g. abrupt permafrost thaw, thermokarst development, landscape-scale hydrological changes, wildfire, and insects) that are not considered here might alter our conclusion.

Essential nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals, are required for human health and development. Inadequate intake can negatively affect development and result in a wide range of adverse health outcomes. Rice, maize, and wheat provide over 60% of the world’s food energy intake. Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO _2 ), water, nitrogen, and soil micronutrients are the basis of this plant material. Since 1850–1900, CO _2 concentrations have increased about 50%, with most of that increase since 1950. Higher CO _2 concentrations increase photosynthesis, which then increases plant biomass, but also alters the nutritional quality of wheat, rice, and other C3 plants. We review the possible impacts of rising CO _2 concentrations on human health, highlight uncertainties, and propose a research agenda to maintain the nutritional quality of C3 plants. We also synthesize options for addressing this critical challenge to nutritional safety and security. A complete research agenda requires addressing data and knowledge gaps surrounding plant biology and policy responses. Data on key nutrients are lacking, leading to a limited mechanistic understanding of the response of the plant ionome to elevated CO _2 concentrations. Regular data are largely missing on nutritional status and food safety in low- and middle-income countries, limiting assessments of the magnitude of the risks. Research opportunities to fill gaps in data and understanding include herbaria studies, field-based natural and manipulative studies, leveraging natural plant variability, and innovations in seed quality. Improved models of cereal crop nutritional quality can project the magnitude and direction of possible future challenges; incorporating the effects of climate change into those models can further improve their robustness. Transdisciplinary research involving at least ecologists, plant physiologists, economists, and experts in human nutrition is essential for developing a systems-based understanding of the potential impacts of rising CO _2 concentrations for human nutrition and the attendant consequences for achieving the sustainable development goal on food security.