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Thermal behavior of diesel, Jatropha curcas methyl ester (JOME), and its B20 blend (20% biodiesel and 80% diesel) are examined from the profiles of thermogravimetry–differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) under air. TG profiles of samples indicate the mass loss steps to volatilization and combustion of methyl esters. Due to the higher temperature combustion of the intermediate stable compounds that are formed, the peak temperature of combustion is high for JOME compared to diesel and B20 blend. DSC profiles of diesel and B20 JOME indicate an endothermic peak associated with the vaporization of methyl esters for B20 JOME and the volatilization of a small fraction of the diesel. The ignition temperature for diesel and B20 blend is 128 °C, whereas JOME has an ignition temperature of 220 °C. The burnout temperatures for the diesel, JOME, and B20 blend are 283.24, 470.02, and 376.92 °C, respectively. The ignition index for the B20 blend was found to be 73.73% more compared to diesel. The combustion index for the B20 blend was found to be 37.81% higher compared to diesel. The B20 blend exhibits high enthalpy, better thermal stability, and a reduced peak temperature of combustion, with an improved combustion index and an intensity of combustion making it nearly comparable with diesel.

The polymer electrolytes are used in energy storage devices. Sodium ion-conducting gel polymer electrolytes based on Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) complexed with an alkali salt (NaI) and Ethylene carbonate (EC) and Dimethylformamide (DMF) as plasticizing solvents were prepared from solution cast method. The developed membrane were dimensionally stable. Structural, Impedance and conductivity studies were carried on to the prepared samples. The electrical studies were performed using lab-made conductivity setup. The complex formation between NaI salt and PAN had been confirmed by XRD studies and revealed the amorphous behaviour of the prepared membranes. The conductivity and bulk resistance of gel polymer electrolytes were measured by impedance analysis by changing the composition concentration of PAN-NaI. The maximum conductivity (1x10-3 S/cm) was observed for PAN: NaI (70:30) at temperature 373 K. The conductivity dependence temperature of these mebranes obeys the principle of Arrhenius.

Wind energy is one prominent solution to mitigate the increasing energy demand. Composite materials are exhibiting enormous advantages with their tailor-made properties. With the development of renewable energy power generation, the issue of blade vibration reduction has gotten a lot of technical attention. It has become an essential technique for blade analysis and design. Various attempts were recorded to reduce the vibration of the blade and enhance its natural frequencies. The present work aimed to characterize the mechanical properties of the GFRP composite material and the GFRP composite with 4wt% of the MWCNT filler. Both hybrid and non-hybrid GFRP are subjected to characterization, with the same free vibration analysis of NACA 63-415 wind turbine blades being analyzed. The study results revealed that the hybrid GFRP has more stiffness, which causes it to enhance the free vibrations in all mode shapes.

Composite laminated structural members in segmented cylindrical composite pressure vessels are integrated with metallic counterparts using mechanical fasteners. Load transfer in such structures will be through the laminate bearing surface via the mechanical fasteners. Earlier studies indicate a close association of bearing strength with compressive strength of the laminate and mode-2 shear failure. Specimen tests are conducted to examine the variation of strength with respect to laminate sequence, preload on fasteners, the presence of low modulus separators, and laminate thickness. Compressive stress predictions close to bearing locations are found to be higher when compared to the specified macrocompressive strength of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP). Stress measurements close to the hole are hampered by the presence of bolt head and washers. Therefore, 3-point bend tests are conducted to examine the stability of CFRP layers in the compressive stress region, and the measured strains confirm sustenance at compressive strain levels. Additional tests are conducted with fiber-metal-laminates (FMLs) to study the effects of cyclic loading on metals and the strength of bonding between FRP and metal. Effect of yielding and post-yielding residual stresses on metal, CFRP as well as the bonded interface between FRP and metal is examined. Bond failure is noticed at 1.4% strain in aluminum layer, and the CFRP layer under compressive strain sustained this loading. Finite element (FE) analysis of bearing test and 3-point bend test is performed to predict the maximum stress near the bearing surface and compressive strength response of laminates, respectively.

Thermal behaviour of dairy washed scum oil, dairy washed scum biodiesel and its B-20 blend with diesel (20% biodiesel and 80% diesel) is examined, conducting differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)...

LiMnPO4 and LiMn0.9Mg0.1PO4 nanostructures were synthesized by a rapid microwave-assisted solvothermal method. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies confirmed the orthorhombic crystal structure of LiMnPO4 and LiMn0.9Mg0.1PO4 nanostructures. It is also noticed that the Mg2+ ions doping into manganese sites did not affect the crystal structure of LiMnPO4. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs of LiMnPO4 and LiMn0.9Mg0.1PO4 showed the formation of nanoparticles with mixed morphology, i.e., spherical particle morphology and one-dimensional nanorod morphology. The LiMn0.9Mg0.1PO4 nanoparticles exhibited an improved electrical properties compared to that of LiMnPO4 nanoparticles. At room temperature, LiMn0.9Mg0.1PO4 nanoparticles exhibited an electrical conductivity of 3.705 × 10–7 S cm−1. The dielectric constant of LiMnPO4 and LiMn0.9Mg0.1PO4 nanostructures is high at low frequencies and decreases gradually towards high frequencies. The LiMnPO4 and LiMn0.9Mg0.1PO4 nanostructures are found to exhibit non-Debye-type relaxation behavior.

Brain stroke is an emergency medical condition which occurs mainly due to insufficient blood flow to the brain. It results in permanent cellular-level damage. There are two main types of brain stroke, ischemic and hemorrhagic. Ischemic brain stroke is caused by a lack of blood flow, and the haemorrhagic form is due to internal bleeding. The affected part of brain will not function properly after this attack. Hence, early detection is important for more efficacious treatment. Computer-aided diagnosis is a type of non-invasive diagnostic tool which can help in detecting life-threatening disease in its early stage by utilizing image processing and soft computing techniques. In this paper, we have developed one such model to assess intracerebral haemorrhage by employing non-linear features combined with a probabilistic neural network classifier and computed tomography (CT) images. Our model achieved a maximum accuracy of 97.37% in discerning normal versus haemorrhagic subjects. An intracerebral haemorrhage index is also developed using only three significant features. The clinical and statistical validation of the model confirms its suitability in providing for improved treatment planning and in making strategic decisions.

Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite with neat epoxy matrix and GFRP composite with epoxy-Micro carbon and epoxy-MWCNT composite matrix in were prepared. Micro and Nanofillers taken at 5,10,15 wt%(wt%) and 2,4,6 wt% respectively. The un-notched impact test is carried on each specimen as per ASTM D4812. The strength values are compared with neat epoxy matrix five layers of GFRP composite. The lack of a notch makes test method especially useful for reinforced materials where a notch may mask the effects of the notch. The impact response measured in terms of impact strength. Rest results showed that there is a significant impact of filler material on the strength. The size of particles is also showing a definite mark on the impact response. The 4 wt% Nano filler in Epoxy GFRP showed better results than all other samples. In micro fillers, 5 wt% of composition composite exhibited better strength. Overall, the research showed the potential to tailor composite properties to enhance impact performance by using different types, concentrations, and configurations of nano/microparticles.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most common type of hemorrhagic stroke which occurs due to ruptures of weakened blood vessel in brain tissue. It is a serious medical emergency issues that needs immediate treatment. Large numbers of noncontrast-computed tomography (NCCT) brain images are analyzed manually by radiologists to diagnose the hemorrhagic stroke, which is a difficult and time-consuming process. In this study, we propose an automated transfer deep learning method that combines ResNet-50 and dense layer for accurate prediction of intracranial hemorrhage on NCCT brain images. A total of 1164 NCCT brain images were collected from 62 patients with hemorrhagic stroke from Kalinga Institute of Medical Science, Bhubaneswar and used for evaluating the model. The proposed model takes individual CT images as input and classifies them as hemorrhagic or normal. This deep transfer learning approach reached 99.6% accuracy, 99.7% specificity, and 99.4% sensitivity which are better results than that of ResNet-50 only. It is evident that the deep transfer learning model has advantages for automatic diagnosis of hemorrhagic stroke and has the potential to be used as a clinical decision support tool to assist radiologists in stroke diagnosis.

The aim of the present investigation is to examine the characteristics of diesel engine for varying concentrations of diethyl ether (DEE) as an oxygenated additive in repurpose used cooking oil (RU...

The SnO2 nanoflakes were prepared by simple one-step facile microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis. The as-prepared SnO2 nanoflakes were systematically studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). From FE-SEM images seen that SnO2 nanoparticles are stocked between the SnO2 nanoflakes and also, pores are existed between the SnO2 flakes. TEM results reveal that the SnO2 nanoflakes were formed due to the self-assembly of very thin SnO2 nanosheets and also pores coexist between the sheets. The prepared SnO2 nanoflakes are used as an anode material for the fabrication of lithium-ion battery (LIB). The SnO2 nanoflakes electrode was found to show a stable reversible lithium storage capacity of 567 mA h g−1 even at a current density of 500 mA g−1 after 50 cycles. The enhanced properties in terms of reversible capacity and cycle ability of the SnO2 nanoflakes as an anode material are owing to its porous nature, which facilitates more lithium storage and interconnection between the flakes and particles enhance the kinetic properties of the electrode material. Hence, the developed SnO2 nanoflakes by simple one-step facile microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis can be a stable and high rate anode material for lithium-ion batteries.

Computational fluid dynamics is a fluid mechanics field that utilizes computational modelling and data structures. CFD simulations are being developed as a useful design tool for evaluating the dynamics of engine fluid flow and optimizing over the decades. This research explores the effect of the blending ratio on combustion properties of the CI engine and variables, such as the numerical model, the composition of fuel for simulation models and emissions in CFD analysis using the software of ANSYS FLUENT. The fuel included in the study is diesel, and, 20% mixing with Nodularia Spumigena Microalgae (A20) and Karanja biodiesel (K20) combines Combustion with Diesel. Thermal NOx emissions are comparatively lower with 13.4% and 27.4% for A20 and the K20 blend while compared to diesel. CO emissions are lower with 13.1% and 7.5% for A20 and the K20 blend when compared to diesel. Maximum temperature in the combustion zone drop about 1.76% and 2.64% is observed for K20 and the A20 blend when compared to diesel.

A simple modified combustion method was demonstrated in the development of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) and samarium (Sm)-doped CoFe2O4 nanostructures. The Sm3+-doped CoFe2O4 can significantly affect their crystallite size, lattice parameter, and electrical and electrochemical properties. The powder X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the formation of cubic spinel CoFe2O4. The structural coordination of pristine and Sm3+-doped CoFe2O4 samples was confirmed by Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses and also peak positions of Sm3+-doped CoFe2O4 sample shifted toward lower wavenumber, which may be due to the cell expansion resulting from Sm3+ doping in CoFe2O4 structure. In addition to above, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results clearly demonstrated the doping of Sm3+ into CoFe2O4 crystal lattice. The electrical conductivity of Sm3+-doped CoFe2O4 is one order of magnitude higher than that of pristine CoF2O4. The prepared pristine and Sm3+-doped CoFe2O4 samples were investigated as an anode material for lithium (Li)-ion batteries. The Sm3+-doped CoFe2O4 anode showed a better reversibility and rate performance than the pristine CoFe2O4 anode. Also, the Sm3+-doped CoFe2O4 electrode exhibited a stable cycling performance with a discharge capacity of 800 mAh g−1 after 150 cycles at 0.1 C and delivered a discharge capacity of 778 mAh g−1 after 400 cycles at 200 mA g−1. The observed high electrochemical performance of Sm3+-doped CoFe2O4 electrode may be attributed to its improved structural stability and enhanced oxidation reaction which maintain the number of Li ions involved in the charge-discharge process.

A new phenylpropanoid containing flavon-3-ol has been isolated from the leaves of traditional medicinal plant, Walsura trifoliata. The structure of the compound was established on the basis of spectroscopic evidence [2D NMR, HREIMS] and by its alternative synthesis. The synthesis of this natural product was achieved from inexpensive and readily available starting materials of phloroglucinol dihydrate. Key reaction sequence includes Grubbs-II RCM reaction, Wittig reaction and sharpless dihydroxylation using AD-mix α.

In recent years use of Zr-Nb alloys has increased in nuclear and chemical industry due to its corrosion resistance and enhanced strength compared to tin based ones. Welding of zirconium alloys is one of the most critical manufacturing processes for nuclear assembly production. To select suitable welding parameters to achieve quality weld, understanding of temperature and velocity fields during process in fusion zone and heat affected zone are essential. In the present study the Nd:YAG pulsed laser welding of zirconium alloy E110 was simulated using three-dimensional heat and fluid flow model. The convection mode of heat transfer and Marangoni stresses in fusion zone are two important mechanisms in controlling the heat transfer weld bead size. The calculated heating and cooling rates are of typical in laser welding and useful in microstructure study of fusion and heat affected zones. Experiments were carried with varying peak power, pulse frequency and duration using Nd:YAG pulsed laser on 0.5 mm thick sheets of E110 to form butt joints. The comparison of the results shows that the weld geometry is well matched with the numerical model.

Single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) has very high measured elastic modulus. But nanocomposites manufactured using SWCNT does not exhibit dramatic increase in the elastic modulus due to various reasons. One of the defects noticed during the manufacturing of nanocomposites is the agglomeration of SWCNT. A novel methodology is proposed in the present paper to model the SWCNT agglomerates. Subsequently, finite element model of representative volume element (RVE) of nanocomposite is generated using validated boundary conditions and the axial elastic modulus is estimated, which is found to be in close agreement with the experimental results. The validated finite element model is used to estimate other elastic properties of nanocomposites, which can avoid costly experiments. Parametric study is carried out to understand the effect of length, diameter of SWCNT agglomerates and chirality of SWCNT on the elastic properties of nanocomposite. Finally, empirical relations are given to estimate all the elastic moduli of RVE if the diameter (hence chirality) of SWCNT and diameter of SWCNT agglomerates are measured after manufacturing nanocomposite with PVA matrix. The methodology described here can be easily extended for the nanocomposite with any other matrix.

Samarium oxide (Sm2O3) coated LiCoO2 particles were synthesized using resin coating process. The prepared samples were subjected to characterization using thermogravimetry analysis (TGA)/differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques. The formation of phase pure LiCoO2 was confirmed from XRD studies. No diffraction peak was observed for Sm2O3 phase. SEM images confirmed the spherical particle morphology of bare and Sm2O3 coated LiCoO2 samples. The presence of oxidation and reduction peaks in the CV curve confirmed the de-insertion/insertion of Li ions out/into LiCoO2 structure.