1. Advances in understanding, models and parameterizations of biosphere-atmosphere ammonia exchange
- Author
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Erwan Personne, Mark A. Sutton, Benjamin Loubet, Jesse O. Bash, Eiko Nemitz, Ellen J. Cooter, Raia Silvia Massad, Christophe Flechard, David Simpson, Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Absent, R.S. Massad (ed), B. Loubet (ed), Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), National Eposure Research Laboratory, (Office of Research and Development), National Exposure Research Laboratory, and (Office of Reearch and Development)
- Subjects
Canopy ,Chemical transport model ,Reactive nitrogen ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,lcsh:Life ,010501 environmental sciences ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Atmospheric Sciences ,lcsh:QH540-549.5 ,Ecosystem ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Earth-Surface Processes ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Hydrology ,2. Zero hunger ,lcsh:QE1-996.5 ,Biosphere ,Vegetation ,15. Life on land ,Soil type ,6. Clean water ,lcsh:Geology ,lcsh:QH501-531 ,Deposition (aerosol physics) ,13. Climate action ,lcsh:Ecology - Abstract
Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) dominates global emissions of total reactive nitrogen (Nr), while emissions from agricultural production systems contribute about two-thirds of global NH3 emissions; the remaining third emanates from oceans, natural vegetation, humans, wild animals and biomass burning. On land, NH3 emitted from the various sources eventually returns to the biosphere by dry deposition to sink areas, predominantly semi-natural vegetation, and by wet and dry deposition as ammonium (NH4+) to all surfaces. However, the land/atmosphere exchange of gaseous NH3 is in fact bi-directional over unfertilized as well as fertilized ecosystems, with periods and areas of emission and deposition alternating in time (diurnal, seasonal) and space (patchwork landscapes). The exchange is controlled by a range of environmental factors, including meteorology, surface layer turbulence, thermodynamics, air and surface heterogeneous-phase chemistry, canopy geometry, plant development stage, leaf age, organic matter decomposition, soil microbial turnover, and, in agricultural systems, by fertilizer application rate, fertilizer type, soil type, crop type, and agricultural management practices. We review the range of processes controlling NH3 emission and uptake in the different parts of the soil-canopy-atmosphere continuum, with NH3 emission potentials defined at the substrate and leaf levels by different [NH4+] / [H+] ratios (Γ). Surface/atmosphere exchange models for NH3 are necessary to compute the temporal and spatial patterns of emissions and deposition at the soil, plant, field, landscape, regional and global scales, in order to assess the multiple environmental impacts of airborne and deposited NH3 and NH4+. Models of soil/vegetation/atmosphere NH3 exchange are reviewed from the substrate and leaf scales to the global scale. They range from simple steady-state, "big leaf" canopy resistance models, to dynamic, multi-layer, multi-process, multi-chemical species schemes. Their level of complexity depends on their purpose, the spatial scale at which they are applied, the current level of parameterization, and the availability of the input data they require. State-of-the-art solutions for determining the emission/sink Γ potentials through the soil/canopy system include coupled, interactive chemical transport models (CTM) and soil/ecosystem modelling at the regional scale. However, it remains a matter for debate to what extent realistic options for future regional and global models should be based on process-based mechanistic versus empirical and regression-type models. Further discussion is needed on the extent and timescale by which new approaches can be used, such as integration with ecosystem models and satellite observations.
- Published
- 2015
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