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This qualitative research contributes to the telework research literature by identifying and categorizing employee motives for teleworking. Motives for telework contextualize teleworking behavior, represent proximal telework outcomes, and serve as potential boundary conditions for telework-outcome relationships. Role identity theory (Burke & Tully Social Forces, 55(4), 881-897, 1977) and the uncertainty-reduction hypothesis (Hogg & Terry Academy of Management Review, 25, 121-140, 2000) suggest that motives may be driven by role salience and the ability to meet work and nonwork demands. In this research, we sought to identify a comprehensive list of motives as well as reconcile the wide range of categories and labels given to telework motives in the literature. We asked two independent samples of workers comprised of two subsamples of teleworkers (n1 = 195; n2 = 97) and a subsample of nonteleworkers (n3 = 947) why they telework or would like to telework. A total of 2504 reasons were gathered across the three subsamples. Most respondents reported multiple reasons, especially when encouraged to list all of their reasons. After distinguishing preconditions from motives to telework, ten categories emerged from the qualitative data with “avoid commute” emerging as the most frequently reported motive. Other frequently reported motives included “tend to family demands” and “productivity.” Additional motives are discussed along with implications for telework research and policy development and implementation.

Background Music therapy (MT) programs have been used in various health care settings to reduce patients’ pain, anxiety, and stress. However, few studies have investigated its effects on patients with spinal cord injury (SCI), a frequently serious event requiring extensive rehabilitation. Objective This pilot study evaluated the feasibility of offering music-assisted relaxation (MAR) during rehabilitation for patients with SCI. We also measured the effect of MAR on the patients’ pain, anxiety, and stress levels. Methods Patients were hospitalized at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Minnesota) from September 2015 through September 2017 for rehabilitation of an SCI. Eligible patients received 2, 20-minute, personalized MAR sessions. Interventions were facilitated by a board-certified music therapist (MT-BC) and included diaphragmatic breathing, guided imagery, and passive muscle relaxation with live guitar accompaniment and spoken, improvised, or singing voice. Two surveys (Generalized Anxiety Disorder [GAD-7] and Perceived Stress Scale [PSS-10]) were used at the time of study consent and again upon hospital dismissal. Pain, anxiety, and relaxation were assessed before and after both MT sessions with visual analog scales (VASs), scored from 0 to 10. Participants completed a 7-question satisfaction survey after the second MAR session. Results Twenty patients were enrolled (12 men, 8 women); 13 (65%) completed the MAR interventions. The mean (SD) age was 53.7 (17.7) years. VAS scores for pain significantly improved after both sessions (P ≤ .02). VAS scores for anxiety also significantly improved after both sessions (P ≤ .02), as did VAS scores for relaxation (P ≤ .02 for both). The satisfaction survey indicated that patients generally believed that they benefited from MT. Rehabilitation staff indicated that MT did not interfere with routine clinical care. Conclusion MT with live MAR is a feasible treatment for patients with SCI and may be effective for reducing their pain and anxiety.

Miner et al. (2018) do an excellent job of bringing the issue of gender disparity within STEM to the forefront of I-O psychology. However, we believe the focus on STEM is woefully inadequate and urge I-O psychologists to think bigger, better, and broader. There are clear problems with the way women are viewed and treated within the workforce, within the United States, and globally. In narrowing the discussion of the problem to target only STEM, we dramatically limit our understanding of and potential impact on the multifaceted and complex gender disparity problem in the world of work. Furthermore, we assert there are additional legitimizing myths that must be addressed in order to yield a more complete picture of the dilemma and allow us to move forward to make an impact.

The great comet C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp) presented a remarkable opportunity to study its long-term brightness over four years. We used 2240 observations published in the International Comet Quarterly from 17 observers during 1995 July to 1999 September to create a secular lightcurve. In order to account for observer differences, we present a novel algorithm to reduce scatter and increase precision in a lightcurve compiled from many sources. It is implemented in a publicly available code, ICQSPLITTER, which uses a self-consistent statistical approach. To first order, the comet’s lightcurve approximates an r −4 response for both pre- and postperihelion distances. The preperihelion data are better fit with a fifth-order polynomial with inflection points at 4.0, 2.6, 2.1, and 1.1 au, some of which are associated with physical changes in the coma. Outbursts may have occurred a few days before perihelion and at ∼2.2 and 7.4 au postperihelion. The Afρ values derived from the final magnitudes are consistent with an r −1.5 dependence on heliocentric distance and are within a factor of 2–4 of those derived from spectroscopy and narrowband photometry. We present correlation equations for visual magnitudes and CO and H2O production rates that are consistent with the preperihelion brightness increasing due to CO outgassing until about 2.6–3.0 au from the Sun and then are strongly correlated with H2O production rates. We also present two generalized correlation equations that may be useful for observation planning and data analysis with the James Webb Space Telescope and other observatories.

We examine differences between the role of social influence and worldview (i.e., anthropocentrism) in self-reported and observed recycling behavior. Based on self-determination theory, we suggest social influence prompts a sense of controlled regulation, moderating the relationship between attitudes and self-report recycling behavior; whereas ecological worldviews prompt a sense of autonomous regulation, moderating the relationship between attitudes and observed recycling behavior. Both a laboratory-based paradigm and survey were administered to 108 participants. Results indicate that self-reported and observed recycling behavior are correlated, but not strongly. Additionally, results showed that social influence moderates the relationship between recycling attitudes and self-reported recycling behavior, but not observed behavior. Conversely, anthropocentrism moderates the relationship between recycling attitudes and observed recycling behavior, but not self-reported behavior. Implications and avenues for future research are discussed.

Community service is deeply rooted in American culture (Spring, Grimm, & Dietz, 2008). Each year, over 60 million Americans, representing nearly a quarter of the U.S. population, participate in community service (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2009). Community service is also actively promoted on college campuses through formal programs such as service-learning (Zlotkowski & Duffy, 2010), through extra-curricular activities such as alternative breaks (e.g., DuPre, 2010; North, 2010; Rhoads, 1998), and through organizations such as Greek fraternities and sororities (Hayek, Carini, O’Day, & Kuh, 2002; Robbins, 2004). Although there is no single set of unified, agreed-upon goals for these types of programs, most of them probably have the dual goals of (a) addressing a specific need directly through service and (b) creating positive attitudes toward community service in general. (A full review of the outcomes of service programs is beyond the scope of this article, but see Astin, Sax, & Avalos, 1999, and Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005.) There have been repeated calls for the necessity of evaluating these programs, especially for service-learning (e.g., Butin, 2003; Gelmon, 2000; Holland, 2001), and these calls are likely to grow stronger in the demanding environment where accountability must be documented and funding grows more stringent (Leveille, 2006). Porter (2011) noted that many programs are thoughtfully designed and executed, but the challenge in the field is to systematically demonstrate the effectiveness of these programs. Unfortunately, there is not a well-established and generalized measure for assessing the effects of each program, especially with regard to creating positive attitudes. If a validated measure were available, it would encourage systematic and objective program evaluation. Such systematic research would help identify programs that are truly achieving their goals and help build a science of community service. The purpose of this research was to validate an easy-to-use scale that measures 10 components of students’ attitudes toward community service.

In the present study, we examine a model which seeks to specify the process through which work-family supportive organizations and supervisors influence important organizational outcomes, including commitment and performance. Findings indicated that family-supportive organization perceptions are best conceptualized as influencing family-supportive supervisor behaviors, which in turn influence subordinate self-efficacy, subordinate affective commitment to the organization and subordinate perceptions of supervisor work effort. Subordinate self-efficacy and affective commitment were also both found to independently mediate the relationship between family-supportive supervisor behaviors and self-rated performance. Interestingly, the model functioned similarly for employees with and without dependent care responsibilities, indicating that work-family policies and support are important for all employees, regardless of their familial status. Theoretical and practical implications, limitations and future research...

Purpose – Research on work-family conflict has primarily focused on younger workers, with little attention being paid to workers across the lifespan. To address this gap, the current study aimed to examine work-family conflict for individuals aged 18 to 70, focusing on explanations for why age is differentially related to work-family conflict at different points in one's life. Design/methodology/approach – Hypotheses were tested using data from two independent samples of working adults from the National Study of the Changing Workforce (n=3,552 and 2,852, respectively). Findings – The results supported a curvilinear relationship, with youngest and oldest workers having the fewest conflicting demands between work and home. Further, the results demonstrated that family satisfaction and the age of the youngest child help explain why these workers are less likely to experience family interference with work. Finally, work hours were found to mediate the relationship between age and work interference with family...

Employee satisfaction with performance appraisal (PA) plays a large role in the perceived effectiveness of PA. We examined the joint effects of feedback sign (positive or negative) and three goal orientation dimensions (learning, performance-prove, performance-avoid) on PA satisfaction. Results revealed the negative relationship between negative feedback and PA satisfaction was stronger for those higher in performance-prove (PPGO), performance-avoid, and learning goal orientation. Additionally, the relationship between positive feedback and PA satisfaction was stronger for individuals low on PPGO and weaker for individuals high on PPGO. Implications for enhancing PA reactions are discussed.

In der zerstorungsfreien Werkstoffprufung sind bereits zahlreiche Verfahren etabliert, deren Ziel die Detektion makroskopischer Defekt- und Fehlstellen (z.B. Risse, Poren, Fremdeinschlusse) ist. Insbesondere bei Polymerwerkstoffen muss jedoch auch die Materialalterung auf molekularer Ebene berucksichtigt werden, die sich (zumeist negativ) auf die Materialkenngrosen auswirkt. Gangige Verfahren zur Bestimmung dieser Kenngrosen arbeiten jedoch ublicherweise zerstorend und sind somit beispielsweise fur die vorbeugende Instandhaltung oder die Online-Komponentenuberwachung nur eingeschrankt geeignet. In diesem Beitrag wird ein Verfahren zur zerstorungsfreien Charakterisierung des Alterungszustandes von Polymeren vorgestellt. Dazu wird der Zusammenhang zwischen akustisch (zerstorungsfrei, mittels Ultraschall-Transmissionsmessung) bestimmten Kenngrosen und klassisch (zerstorend, z.B. mittels Zugprufung) bestimmten hydrothermischer Alterung auf das Material Polyamid 6 (PA6) untersucht. Die Ergebnisse Kenngrosen betrachtet. Exemplarisch werden die Auswirkungen zeigen einen engen Zusammenhang zwischen der zerstorend bestimmten Viskositatszahl, die ein Mas fur die mittlere Molekulkettenlange darstellt, und der akustischen Longitudinalwellengeschwindigkeit. Das Molekulkettenabbau (Depolymerisation) bestimmt ist, kann somit auch akustisch und zerstorungsfrei charakterisiert werden. Auf dieser Basis konnen neuartige, zerstorungsfrei arbeitende Messsysteme entwickelt werden.

In order to evaluate the leading and lagging effects of process safety climate on incidents, we correlated safety climate survey data with organizational safety records from before and after the survey time period. We obtained data from a large, multinational organization with manufacturing operations involving a number of complex processes, chemicals, and hazardous substances. A total of 7728 employees from 62 sites responded to a safety climate survey in 2007. Individual responses were aggregated to the site-level and matched to site-level organizational records of process safety incidents 1 year before and 1 year after survey administration. Employees’ perceptions of good routine housekeeping were significantly related to environmental impact incidents as both a leading and a lagging indicator, as well as fires/explosions and property damage outcomes. Employees’ perceptions of systems to prevent backlogs and the extent to which health and safety problems are promptly corrected were also related to environmental releases and fires/explosions. Implications for process safety climate research, organizational survey strategies, and organizational climate change are discussed.

This study was designed to investigate the validity of four different aloud reading comprehension assessment measures: Maze, comprehension questions, Maze accurate response rate (MARR), and reading comprehension rate (RCR). The criterion measures used in this study were the Woodcock–Johnson III Tests of Achievement (WJ-III ACH) Broad Reading Cluster Score and words correct per minute (WCPM). Pearson Product Correlations and linear regression were used to investigate possible relationships between Maze comprehension level (accuracy), comprehension question level (accuracy), MARR, RCR, WCPM, and the Broad Reading Cluster Score of the WJ-III ACH. Participants were sixth-, seventh-, and eighth-grade students from a middle school located in the Southeastern United States. Significant correlations were found between each of the reading comprehension assessment variables (WCPM, MARR, RCR, Maze comprehension level, and comprehension question level) and the WJ-III ACH Broad Reading Cluster Score. MARR and RCR represented the strongest correlations when compared to the other variables. Results from a linear regression analysis indicated that RCR was the best predictor of the criterion variable (WJ-III). Implications for future research and applied practice are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This paper theorizes how and why safety climate can be conceived as both a leading and a lagging indicator of safety events (i.e., accidents, injuries). When safety climate is conceived as a leading indicator, a prospective design is utilized and safety climate data are correlated with accidents/injuries that occur in the future. When safety climate is conceived as a lagging indicator, retrospective designs are used in which safety climate data are correlated with prior accidents/injuries. We examine the research literature to reveal that safety climate has been investigated as both a leading and a lagging indicator, but it is usually only examined as one or the other within a given study and has been examined as a lagging indicator most frequently. Consistent with our theorizing, prospective designs yield stronger relationships than retrospective designs, suggesting that safety climate is a better leading indicator than lagging indicator; however, it is clearly both. Implications for safety climate research and study design are discussed.

Workplace accidents cost organizations and the economy billions of dollars annually, disabling and injuring millions of employees. Employee attitudes toward safety have been shown to relate to safe workplace behavior. In an effort to determine what contributes to stronger employee attitudes toward safety, we examined the relationships between safety attitudes and a wide array of individual differences reflecting preferences and tendencies toward risk and control. Using a sample of 190 engineering and occupational safety students from two universities, we found that agreeableness, conscientiousness, prevention regulatory focus, and fatalism related significantly to all six safety attitudes examined. Regression analyses demonstrated that agreeableness, prevention focus, and fatalism significantly related to safety attitudes when controlling for the other individual differences. This study illustrates the utility of examining individual differences when predicting safety-related attitudes.

Although much attention has been given to noncognitive predictors of job performance, few theories have addressed why assessments of noncognitive abilities and orientations are predictive. Drawing on the work of Motowidlo, Borman, and Schmit (1997), a framework is tested to explain the proposed relationships among noncognitive abilities, cognitive abilities, and procedural knowledge. In this framework, procedural knowledge, or understanding of the social and psychological context in which core business processes are embedded, is proposed as a direct antecedent of contextual performance (Borman & Motowidlo, 1993, 1997). Further, both cognitive and noncognitive individual differences are proposed as antecedents of both procedural knowledge and contextual performance. Two studies, which provide initial empirical support for this framework, are presented.

HISTORY Case 1. A 56-year-old man had experienced increasing dysphagia for 6 months, accompanied by a weight loss of 20 kg. A stenosing oesophageal carcinoma was suspected. Case 2. A 82-year-old man had been suffering intermittently from nausea for some years but had maintained his weight (80 kg; height 173 cm). Endoscopy 4 months before this admission had revealed a duodenal ulcer; its treatment briefly improved the symptoms. INVESTIGATIONS, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT Endoscopy in case 1 detected a severe oesophageal stenosis which could not be passed, and its cause could not be ascertained despite biopsy, barium swallow and computed tomography. After bougie dilatation an endoscope was finally passed and the typical picture of oesophageal pseudodiverticulosis (OPD) seen. In case 2, endoscopy at first indicated only marked Candida oesophagitis. But after antimycotic treatment a second endoscopy revealed OPD. No treatment is known nor necessary since OPD causes no clinical symptoms unless there are complications. CONCLUSIONS OPD, a rare condition, presents in various ways, both in its symptoms and at endoscopy. In case of oesophageal stenosis of unknown cause or Candida oesophagitis repeat endoscopy my be necessary to establish the true diagnosis: OPD should be included in the differential diagnosis.

Although situational judgment tests (SJTs) have been in use for decades, consensus has not been reached on the best way to score these assessments or others (e.g., biodata) whose items do not have a single demonstrably correct answer. The purpose of this paper is to review and to demonstrate the scoring strategies that have been described in the literature. Implementation and relative merits of these strategies are described. Then, several of these methods are applied to create 11 different keys for a video-based SJT in order to demonstrate how to evaluate the quality of keys. Implications of scoring SJTs for theory and practice are discussed.

A survey of college students was used to examine predictors of four types of energy conservation behavior. Our proposed predictors were derived from Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and from problem awareness variables (environmental concern, and knowledge and beliefs about global warming) thought to have indirect effects on conservation via TPB constructs. TPB constructs were significant direct predictors of target behaviors. Perceived behavioral control (PBC) was the strongest and most consistent predictor, predicting all four behaviors, followed by perceived worth (attitude), predicting three behaviors. TPB variables mediated the effects of either environmental concern or beliefs about the consequences of global warming on three behaviors. Finally, there were also significant mediating relationships among TPB variables themselves. Subjective norm predicted perceived worth and PBC, and perceived worth predicted PBC for all but one behavior. Theoretical implications and implications for intervention are discussed. To our knowledge this is the first study to separately demonstrate, in one sample, the predictive value of TPB with respect to different types of energy conservation, and to integrate TPB variables with climate-change beliefs.

Aim: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of different test positions on the static strength of ankle joint muscles and the EMG activity of the calf and thigh muscles in patients with upper motor neuron lesion due to stroke. Set-up: Static torque was recorded during isometric plantar flexion muscle action while sitting, standing and lying prone, in both the affected and the non-affected leg in seven patients. The EMG activity was recorded in the soleus, medial gastrocnemius, anterior tibial and rectus femoris muscles. Results: The affected leg showed lowered torque values in all positions compared to the non-affected leg. There were no significant differences in the torque values depending on positions nor in the EMG recordings. When the standing position was used as "normative", there was a significant difference in the EMG values between the affected and non-affected leg when sitting with the knee bent and while standing with the knee straight; i.e. in closed-chain exercises. Discussion: Training and testing of strength in the plantar flexor muscles in stroke patients may be done in both open and closed-chain exercises as far as force development is concerned. However, the outcome of these different types of exercises might be influenced by the position of the knee joint since the gastrocnemius is a two-joint muscle.

A search for the dinucleon decay $pp\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{+}{K}^{+}$ has been performed using $91.6\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{kton}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\text{yr}$ data from Super-Kamiokande-I. This decay provides a sensitive probe of the $R$-parity-violating parameter ${{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{112}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$. A boosted decision tree analysis found no signal candidates in the data. The expected background was $0.28\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.19$ atmospheric neutrino induced events and the estimated signal detection efficiency was $12.6%\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.2%$. A lower limit of $1.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{32}\text{ }\text{ }\text{years}$ has been placed on the partial lifetime of the decay $^{16}\mathrm{O}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{14}\mathrm{C}{K}^{+}{K}^{+}$ at 90% C.L. A corresponding upper limit of $7.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ has been placed on the parameter ${{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{112}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$.

In masking-pattern experiments, thresholds are commonly measured for a sinusoidal signal masked by a narrow-band noise as a function of the signal frequency. For a given spectral separation of signal and masker, beating between signal and masker may provide temporal fluctuation cues in addition to energy cues to detect the signal. In a dichotic condition, significantly broader masking patterns were found. It was hypothesized that this is due to the fact that the modulation cues do not play a major role in binaural processing. The present study investigates how masking patterns depend on signal duration. Masking patterns were not only measured for long (600 ms) signals but also for short signals (12 ms), where modulation cues should hardly play a role in signal detection even for monaural detection. The results show broader masking patterns for short signals than for long signals. In addition the binaural benefit does not change as much for the short signals than for the long signals when the signal freque...

Sensory sensitivity is typically measured using behavioural techniques (psychophysics), which rely on observers responding to very large numbers of stimulus presentations. Psychophysics can be problematic when working with special populations, such as children or clinical patients who may lack the compliance or cognitive skills to perform the behavioural tasks. We used an auditory gap-detection paradigm to develop an accurate measure of sensory threshold derived from passively-recorded magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data. Auditory evoked responses were elicited by silent gaps of varying durations in an on-going noise stimulus. Source modelling was used to spatially filter the MEG data and sigmoidal 'cortical psychometric functions' relating response amplitude to gap duration were obtained for each individual participant. Fitting the functions with a curve and estimating the gap duration at which the amplitude of the evoked response exceeded one standard deviation of the prestimulus brain activity provided an excellent prediction of psychophysical threshold. Accurate sensory thresholds can therefore be reliably extracted from MEG data recorded while participants listen passively to a stimulus. Because our paradigm required no behavioural task, the method is suitable for studies of populations where variations in cognitive skills or vigilance make traditional psychophysics unsuitable.

In optischen Messeinrichtungen (Abstandsmessung, NIR-Materialfeuchtemessung) werden haufig in einem schmalen Wellenlangenbereich strahlende, gepulste Infrarot-Emitter eingesetzt. Leistungsstarke Strahlungspulse sind notwendig, fuhren aber zu einer thermisch bedingten Abnahme der emittierten Strahlungsleistung und zu einer Verschiebung der Maximumwellenlange. Die hierdurch entstehenden Messunsicherheiten werden aufgezeigt und Konzepte zu deren Verringerung dargestellt.

Our ultrasonic sensor system for determining the acoustic properties of liquids allows the direct and continuous observation of processes in the chemical or food industry. The principle and features will be described. An important point for reliable and exact measurement of ultrasonic absorption is the influence of geometrical construction and material properties of ultrasonic sensors on forming the receiver and echo signals. Some examples show advantageous use of ultrasonic sensor systems.

Flicker perception was investigated using two-alternative forced-choice detection and discrimination tasks with four different types of external noise: (1) broadband noise, (2) 5-Hz notched-noise--broadband noise with a 5-Hz band centered on the signal frequency removed, (3) 10-Hz notched-noise, and (4) no external noise. The signal was a burst of 10-Hz sinusoidal flicker presented in one of two observation intervals. In discrimination experiments, a pedestal--sinusoidal flicker with the same frequency, duration, and phase as the signal--was added to both observation intervals. With no noise, observers' performance first improved with increasing pedestal modulation, before deteriorating in accordance with Weber's Law, producing the typical "dipper" shaped plot of signal versus pedestal modulation. Noise affects performance, but the dipper effect persisted in each type of noise. The results exclude three models: the ideal-observer in which the pedestal improves performance by specifying the signal exactly; off-frequency-looking models in which the dipper depends on detection by channels tuned to temporal frequencies different from that of the signal; and strict energy detectors. Our data are consistent with signal processing by a single mechanism with an expansive non-linearity for near-threshold signal modulations (with an exponent of six) and a compressive "Weberian" non-linearity for high modulations.

Fitzgerald, Hulin, and Drasgow (1994) proposed that personal vulnerability characteristics (such as sex and ethnicity) would moderate the effect of sexual harassment on its outcomes. This paper argues that personal vulnerability characteristics instead moderate the effect of organizational sexual harassment climate on sexual harassment because of their role as identity markers within social hierarchies. Using a sample of nearly 8,000 male and female military personnel from four ethnicity groups, the proposition that organizational climate differentially affects sexual harassment frequency across sex and ethnicity was evaluated. Results suggested that sex is an important moderator of these relationships, but that ethnicity is not. Further, sex and ethnicity were not found to moderate the effect of sexual harassment on its outcomes. Potential generalizability of these results to other types of harassment (e.g., racial harassment, bullying), as well as needed future research in this area, is discussed.

A 71-year-old man was admitted to the emergency unit of another hospital with a mild gastroenteritis and high fever. On admission g-GT and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were markedly elevated. Under nonspecific antibiotic therapy with ampicillin/sulbactam the fever persisted and for the first time, on day 5, the patient complained of right-sided abdominal pain. An increase in the laboratory values indicated cholestasis. After changing the antibiotics to ceftriaxon and metronidazole, acute cholangitis being suspected, the fever subsided immediately and the CRP level decreased. The patient was discharged after seven days of antibiotic treatment. But he was once more admitted after four weeks to another hospital because of severely reduced general condition and mild fever. He was transferred to our unit after two weeks.The test values indicated cholestasis and CRP was markedly elevated, while aminotransferase activity was slightly increased and normocytic normochromic anemia developed. Viral hepatitis, autoimmune and metabolic liver diseases, toxic liver damage, extrahepatic cholestasis and an endocarditis were excluded. Bile was aspirated by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and added to blood culture bottles. Salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis var. Kunzendorf was isolated.The patient was treated with ciprofloxacin, 2 x 250 mg by mouth for a total of five weeks. After 17 days of treatment no Salmonella bacteria were grown from a newly aspirated bile sample and the patient became free of fever.Salmonella infections do not always present as gastroenteritis. Bacteremia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of such infections. If cholangitis persists, the aspiration of bile for microbiological tests can be a rational diagnostic step and facilitates treatment. Prolonged administration of antibiotics is necessary to avoid relapse. and follow-up is very important when treatment is finished.