Search

Les huîtres élevées le plus souvent en zone côtière peuvent être contaminées par des virus entériques humains tels que les norovirus, et entraîner des gastro-entérites chez les consommateurs. Afin d'évaluer la prévalence à l'échelle européenne, une étude a été réalisée pendant deux ans sur les zones de production et les centres d'expédition. Pendant deux ans, des échantillons ont été collectés sur 74 zones de production françaises et 167 centres d'expédition français. Les échantillons ont été analysés selon la norme ISO 15216-1. Les résultats montrent que, dans les zones de production, les échantillons prélevés dans des zones classées A étaient moins fréquemment contaminés que ceux prélevés en zone classée B. Cette différence était encore plus marquée pour les échantillons prélevés en claire (prévalence très faible). L'analyse selon les régions de production n'a pas montré de différence géographique. Dans les centres d'expédition, la prévalence observée est plus faible (5,6 %) que dans les zones de production (11,5 %), mais semble essentiellement liée au classement de la zone d’origine des coquillages, avec une efficacité limitée de la purification. Comme attendu, la majorité des échantillons contaminés par les norovirus a été détectée pendant la période de novembre à mars, période pendant laquelle les plus fortes concentrations ont été observées. Ces données pourront être utiles pour optimiser la gestion du risque de contamination, ou encore pour prioriser les bassins versants dans le cadre des objectifs de reconquête de la qualité microbiologique des eaux littorales.

Placenta praevia in the presence of a previous uterine scar is associated with increased risk of placenta accreta, which could lead to major haemorrhage at delivery. Major haemorrhage is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality in the UK. Interventional radiology with trans-catheter balloon occlusion or arterial embolisation is a recognised technique for the management of intractable obstetric haemorrhage. Between December 2002 and May 2007 thirteen women in our institution with sonographic findings of anterior placenta praevia and suspected placenta accreta or percreta underwent caesarean sections with peri-operative bilateral internal iliac artery catheterization with or without balloon occlusion or embolisation. This case series describes our experience of anaesthetic and radiological techniques, surgical procedures and outcomes. The obstetricians and anaesthetists in our institution are of the impression that the use of peri-operative, preferably pre-operative, internal iliac artery catheterization with or without balloon occlusion or embolisation, in women with placenta accreta or percreta, improves the operative field and potentially reduces blood loss and transfusion requirements. We were unable to find evidence that this technique reduces the need for caesarean hysterectomy. Through our experience, we have developed a unit protocol for the management of women with suspected placenta accreta undergoing caesarean section.

Zusammenfassung: Gegenstand und Ziel: Gegenstand der Untersuchung war zu prüfen, inwiefern eine Energiepille (E-PILL®) Einfluss auf den Energiehaushalt von Kühen nach der Abkalbung nimmt. Material und Methoden: Die E-PILL® enthält 87 g Natriumpropionat. Jeweils 10 Kühe erhielten nach der Abkalbung zwei Stück E-PILL® (Fallgruppe) oder blieben unbehandelt (Kontrollgruppe). Sowohl vor als auch 1, 3, 6 und 24 Stunden nach der Gabe wurde Blut genommen und auf den Gehalt von β-Hydroxybutyrat untersucht. Ergebnisse: Zwei E-PILL® verminderten den Gehalt von β-Hydroxybutyrat im Blut signifikant von einer Stunde bis 24 Stunden nach Gabe im Vergleich zur unbehandelten Kontrollgruppe (p = 0,01). Schlussfolgerung: Zur Verbesserung der Energieversorgung kann empfohlen werden, einen oder mehrere Tage lang zwei E-PILL® täglich zu geben. Klinische Relevanz: Der Vorteil der E-PILL® ist, dass Natriumpropionat hiermit sicher und vollständig in den Pansen gelangt.

Mo/Si multilayers with a period thickness of ∼ 7.5 nm have been fabricated by e--beam evaporation in UHV at a deposition temperature of 150°C [1]. At their interfaces interlayers of mixed Mo and Si are obtained which are thicker at the Mo-on-Si than at the Si-on-Mo interface. The composition of as-deposited Mo/Si multilayers and bilayers and changes in the composition after baking the samples have been studied with high-resolution RBS. Differences in the behaviour of the two interfaces with baking are observed. The interdiffusion of Mo and Si starts mainly at the Mo-on-Si interface. The thickness of the interlayer at the Mo-on-Si interface increases with baking temperature. With the increasing thickness the Si/Mo mixture in the interlayer changes from Mo-rich to Si-rich. After baking at temperatures higher than 600°C strong Si diffusion into Mo is observed for both interfaces.

Objective: The study analyzes the possibility of incorporating health promotion measures into the work processes of Family Health Program teams at a primary health care clinic in Brazil.We used the participatory research concept developed in 1968 by Freire. The study sample comprised the end-users of the health care system, together with 3 multidisciplinary teams. A total of 77 health care users and 55 health professionals participated in the study.Culture circles composed of health care professionals, and users from different areas investigated generative topics, encoded/decoded topics, and engaged in critical probing for clarification. Topics affecting quality of life and health were heuristically evaluated.Although most topics were related to changing the focus of health care facilities, some were related to subsidizing community-based interventions, improving environmental strategies, individual skills, and public policies. Incorporating the novel health promotion measures and creating an expanded full-treatment clinic are important steps toward that goal.Topics that can stimulate dialogue among the members of the culture circles include creating an environment of closer cultural contact, with repercussions for work processes, family health models, and general health models, as well as the inclusion of social aspects in the decision-making processes related to health issues that affect the living conditions of the population.

High resolution Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy with an electrostatic analysis of the ion energy is applied to Mo/Si multilayers with a period of 7 nm. The multilayers have been produced for X-ray optical purposes by electron beam evaporation in ultrahigh vacuum at three different temperatures during deposition: 30, 150 and 200 °C. In the Rutherford backscattering spectra the layer structure is resolved in all three cases. The multilayers deposited at 150 and 200 °C show interlayers of mixed Mo and Si of different thicknesses on the two sides of a Mo layer. The most distinct layer structure is found for the 150 °C sample, whereas the spectra for the 30 °C sample indicate a larger interfacial roughness and those for the 200 °C sample larger interfacial layers of mixed mo and Si than for the 150 °C sample. On baking the multilayers to temperatures higher than 400 °C, interdiffusion of Mo and Si is observed. The multilayers deposited at 150 and 200 °C are destroyed after baking to 600 °C, whereas the multilayer deposited at 30 °C has already been destroyed after baking to 500 °C. Up to a baking temperature of 600 °C neither losses of material from the stack nor accumulation of Mo or Si at the surface or the interface between the stack and substrate are observed.

In insgesamt 19 langfristigen Einzel- und Gruppenfutterungsversuchen mit 180 mannlichen Kalbern, 338 Jungmastbullen, 302 weiblichen Jungrindern und 344 Milchkuhen wurde der Einflus der Futterung (Stroh, Silagen oder Grunfutter als Grundfutter) und unterschiedlich hoher Vitamin-A-Zulagen (0–40 000 IE Vitamin A je 100 kg Lebendmasse und Tag bei wachsenden Rindern bzw. 0–120 000 IE je Milchkuh und Tag) auf die Leber-Vitamin-A-Konzentration ermittelt.

The objective of this study was to investigate how well cows drink the Propeller calcium drink, and it's effect on blood calcium concentration. Drinking was tested in 120 cows right after calving, before cows drank anything else. 60 cows each were offered 20 liters of Propeller calcium drink or 20 liters of water. Cows drank the Propeller as good as water. 72% of all cows drank all 20 liters, 18% drank on average 8.2 liters and 10% drank less than 1 liter. Blood calcium concentration was studied in 16 cows right after calving. Eight cows each were offered 20 liters of Propeller calcium drink or no calcium drink. Blood calcium significantly increased ten minutes after Propeller intake and stayed significantly elevated for 24 hours. Without calcium drink blood calcium levels decreased significantly. Advantages of the new Propeller calcium drink over calcium gels or boli could be that cows now drink calcium themselves and that the Propeller increases blood calcium concentration rapidly and long lasting.

The Kapandji-Sauvé procedure was performed in 75 patients between 1990 and 2003. The most important indication was painful and restricted forearm rotation after fracture of the distal radius combined with dislocation or destruction of the distal radioulnar joint. 25 patients were followed up using a modified Martini score. We found a significant improvement of forearm rotation, reduction of pain and a good patient satisfaction in a long-term follow-up ranging from three to 12 years.

MoxSiy/Si multilayers with a period thickness of similar to 7.5 nm and bilayers MoxSiy/Si have been fabricated by e(-) -beam evaporation in UHV at a deposition temperature of 150 degrees C [ 1]. The composition of the as-deposited layer systems and changes in the composition after baking the samples have been studied with high-resolution RBS. For a multilayer with a mixing ratio y/x similar or equal to 2, no interdiffusion is observed up to a baking temperature of 830 degrees C. For samples with a mixing ratio y/x similar or equal to 1, diffusion is observed up to a baking temperature of 630 degrees C, resulting in a mixing ratio close to y/x similar or equal to 2. This mixing ratio remains almost stable up to similar to 830 degrees C, and considerable interdiffusion is only observed in those systems where regions with a mixing ratio smaller than 2 still exist. Possible reasons for the high thermal stability of the samples are the lack of a concentration gradient for Si in the system Si/Mo0.(3) over barSi0.(6) over bar and/orthe crystallization of MoSi2.

Nineteen long-term individual- and group-feeding experiments with 180 male calves, 338 growing bulls, 302 heifers, and 344 dairy cows were carried out in order to measure the influence of feeding (straw, silages or green fodder as roughages) and different vitamin-A supplies (0-40,000 IU per 100 kg body weight per day in growing cattle or 0-120,000 IU per dairy cow per day) on liver vitamin-A concentration. All together, 2,127 biopsies from livers were taken for retinol analysis. At the end of six growth experiments animals were slaughtered. Liver vitamin-A concentration of calves depends on their term at birth and is associated with the carotene intake of their mothers. The carotene content of feeds and the vitamin-A supply are the most important influencing factors on liver vitamin-A concentration of growing and lactating cattle. On the average, livers of calves fed with colostrum contained 100-200 IU, those of growing cattle fed with grass and legumes or with silages contained 200-300 or 100-200 IU resp., and those of cows fed with green fodder or silage contained 300-600 or 100-300 IU vitamin A resp. per g fresh liver. There were also values outside of the variations mentioned above. The vitamin-A storage capacity of liver and the effects of oral and parenteral vitamin-A supply to depleted calves and growing cattle were also tested.

For the wavelength region above the Si-L edge normal incidence soft X-ray mirrors are produced with peak reflectivities around 55 percent. The Mo/Si multilayer systems are fabricated by electron beam evaporation in ultrahigh vacuum. Analysis of the quality of the stack is made by using an in situ monitoring system measuring the reflection of the C-K line and ex situ grazing X-ray reflection of the Cu-K-alpha line. A smoothing of the boundaries and thereby a drastic enhancement of the reflectivity can be obtained by thermal treatment of the multilayer system during growth. The microstructure of the multilayer systems is investigated by means of Rutherford Backscattering spectroscopy and Sputter/AES technique. Baking the final stack after deposition up to 900 C is applied to study the thermal stability of the soft X-ray mirror. Near normal incidence mirrors even for short wavelengths, e.g., the water window (2.4 - 4.4 nm), are produced with a Mo/Si bilayer thickness of 2.6 nm. An improvement in the quality of the interfaces for such ultrathin multilayer systems can be obtained by bombardment of the deposited layers with Ar(+) ions as well as by thermal treatment of the multilayer system and mixing of Mo and Si in the absorber layer during the deposition run. We report on reflectivity measurements of the mirrors and their behavior as polarizers and analyzers and on the diffraction efficiencies of laterally structured multilayer systems as gratings.

The fabrication, by electron beam evaporation, of Mo/Si and Ta/Si mutilayers designed as soft-X-ray mirrors is described. The mirrors were characterized using surface analytical methods (RBS and sputtering in combination with AES), Cu-k(alpha) reflection, and soft-X-ray optical methods, and their soft-X-ray optical properties were correlated with microstructural characteristics. A comparison of in situ C-k reflectivity curves with calculations disclosed the existence of roughnesses at the interfaces, which can not be completely described by multiplying the reflected amplitude at each interface by a Debye-Waller factor. It was found that heating of Ta/Si samples induces a considerable change (up to and above 10 percent) in the d-spacing of multilayers, while the reflected amplitude is only reduced to two thirds of its original value.

Photoelectrons ejected by normally incident linearly polarized He i radiation and emitted normal to epitaxial Au layers on Pt(111) are strongly spin polarized for both emission from the Pt substrate and the Au adsorbate up to 2.2 layers coverage. Relativistic Green's-function calculations reproduce the measured data and reveal the physical origin of the polarization for a monolayer Au coverage to be a Au-induced surface state. The spin polarization is significantly influenced by the underlying Pt bulk and is thus a sensitive measure of the Au adsorption site.

For the wavelength region above the Si-L edge normal incidence, soft x-ray mirrors are produced with peak reflectivities close to 60%. The multilayer systems consist of molybdenum and silicon and are fabricated by electron beam evaporation in ultrahigh vacuum. A smoothing of the boundaries, and thereby a drastic enhancement of the reflectivity, is obtained by thermal treatment of the multilayer systems during growth. The thermal stability of the multilayer stacks could be improved considerably up to 850-degrees-C by mixing Mo and Si in the absorber layers and producing thus Mo(x)Si(y)/Si multilayers with x and y denoting the amounts of Mo and Si in the absorber layer, respectively. First attempts are reported to produce mirrors with a bilayer thickness of 2.6 nm. An improvement in the quality of these interfaces can be obtained by bombardment with Ar+ ions. We report on normal incidence reflectivity measurements of the mirrors with synchrotron radiation and finally on the normal incidence diffraction efficiencies of a Mo/Si multilayer coated grating, for which values of 5.5% are achieved for the + 1'st and - 1'st diffraction orders.

The influence of the ferromagnetism of 3d-metal substrates upon the electronic states of "nonmagnetic" adsorbate overlayers like oxygen and sulphur has been investigated by means of photoelectron spinpolarization spectroscopy. The spectra reveal a substantial exchange splitting of the O 2p- and S 3p-derived bands in chemisorption on Fe and FeCo. This demonstrates the strong magnetic coupling of these species with the substrate.

Postcolonial time, according to the authors, is that time in which colonial experience appears, simultaneously, to be consigned to the past and, precisely due to the modalities with which its "overcoming" comes about, to be installed at the centre of contemporary social experience -- with the entire burden of domination, but also the capacity for insubordination, that distinguishes this experience. Taking into account some of the main criticisms devoted to postcolonial studies in recent time (A. Dirlik, Hardt and Negri, Zizek), the essay tries to reconstruct the genealogy of the postcolonial condition, stressing the important role which is played in this genealogy by anti-colonial movements and concluding with some remarks on a possible politics of liberation able to march the challenges of the present.